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Yonelinas A, Hawkins C, Abovian A, Aly M. The role of recollection, familiarity, and the hippocampus in episodic and working memory. Neuropsychologia 2024; 193:108777. [PMID: 38141964 PMCID: PMC10872349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an essential role in long-term episodic memory by supporting the recollection of contextual details, whereas surrounding regions such as the perirhinal cortex support familiarity-based recognition discriminations. Working memory - the ability to maintain information over very brief periods of time - is traditionally thought to rely heavily on frontoparietal attention networks, but recent work has shown that it can also rely on the hippocampus. However, the conditions in which the hippocampus becomes involved in working memory tasks are unclear and whether it contributes to recollection or familiarity-based responses in working memory is only beginning to be explored. In the current paper, we first review and contrast the existing amnesia literature examining recollection and familiarity in episodic and working memory. The results indicate that recollection and familiarity contribute to both episodic and working memory. However, in contrast to episodic memory, in working memory the hippocampus is particularly critical for familiarity-based rather than recollection-based discrimination. Moreover, the results indicate that the role of the hippocampus in working memory can be obscured due to 'criterion-induced process-masking' because it primarily supports intermediate-confidence recognition decisions. We then report results from a new working memory study examining the ability of amnesics to detect global and local changes in novel complex objects (i.e., fribbles), which indicates that the hippocampus plays an especially critical role in working memory when the task requires the detection of global rather than discrete changes. We conclude by considering the results in light of neurocomputational models and proposing a general framework for understanding the relationship between episodic and working memory.
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2
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EEG resting-state networks in Alzheimer's disease associated with clinical symptoms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3964. [PMID: 36894582 PMCID: PMC9998651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neuropsychiatric disease affecting many elderly people and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment of memory, visuospatial, and executive functions. As the elderly population is growing, the number of AD patients is increasing considerably. There is currently growing interest in determining AD's cognitive dysfunction markers. We used exact low-resolution-brain-electromagnetic-tomography independent-component-analysis (eLORETA-ICA) to assess activities of five electroencephalography resting-state-networks (EEG-RSNs) in 90 drug-free AD patients and 11 drug-free patients with mild-cognitive-impairment due to AD (ADMCI). Compared to 147 healthy subjects, the AD/ADMCI patients showed significantly decreased activities in the memory network and occipital alpha activity, where the age difference between the AD/ADMCI and healthy groups was corrected by linear regression analysis. Furthermore, the age-corrected EEG-RSN activities showed correlations with cognitive function test scores in AD/ADMCI. In particular, decreased memory network activity showed correlations with worse total cognitive scores for both Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease-Assessment-Scale-cognitive-component-Japanese version (ADAS-J cog) including worse sub-scores for orientation, registration, repetition, word recognition and ideational praxis. Our results indicate that AD affects specific EEG-RSNs and deteriorated network activity causes symptoms. Overall, eLORETA-ICA is a useful, non-invasive tool for assessing EEG-functional-network activities and provides better understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease.
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3
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Yue Q, Martin RC. Phonological Working Memory Representations in the Left Inferior Parietal Lobe in the Face of Distraction and Neural Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:890483. [PMID: 35814962 PMCID: PMC9259857 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.890483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of phonological working memory (WM) was investigated through an examination of the effects of irrelevant speech distractors and disruptive neural stimulation from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Embedded processes models argue that the same regions involved in speech perception are used to support phonological WM whereas buffer models assume that a region separate from speech perception regions is used to support WM. Thus, according to the embedded processes approach but not the buffer approach, irrelevant speech and TMS to the speech perception region should disrupt the decoding of phonological WM representations. According to the buffer account, decoding of WM items should be possible in the buffer region despite distraction and should be disrupted with TMS to this region. Experiment 1 used fMRI and representational similarity analyses (RSA) with a delayed recognition memory paradigm using nonword stimuli. Results showed that decoding of memory items in the speech perception regions (superior temporal gyrus, STG) was possible in the absence of distractors. However, the decoding evidence in the left STG was susceptible to interference from distractors presented during the delay period whereas decoding in the proposed buffer region (supramarginal gyrus, SMG) persisted. Experiment 2 examined the causal roles of the speech processing region and the buffer region in phonological WM performance using TMS. TMS to the SMG during the early delay period caused a disruption in recognition performance for the memory nonwords, whereas stimulations at the STG and an occipital control region did not affect WM performance. Taken together, results from the two experiments are consistent with predictions of a buffer model of phonological WM, pointing to a critical role of the left SMG in maintaining phonological representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiuhai Yue Randi C. Martin
| | - Randi C. Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiuhai Yue Randi C. Martin
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4
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Yue Q, Martin RC. Components of language processing and their long-term and working memory storage in the brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:109-126. [PMID: 35964966 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a consensus that the temporal lobes are involved in representing various types of information critical for language processing, including phonological (i.e., speech sound), semantic (meaning), and orthographic (spelling) representations. An important question is whether the same regions that represent our long-term knowledge of phonology, semantics, and orthography are used to support the maintenance of these types of information in working memory (WM) (for instance, maintaining semantic information during sentence comprehension), or whether regions outside the temporal lobes provide the neural basis for WM maintenance in these domains. This review focuses on the issue of whether temporal lobe regions support WM for phonological information, with a brief discussion of related findings in the semantic and orthographic domains. Across all three domains, evidence from lesion-symptom mapping and functional neuroimaging indicates that parietal or frontal regions are critical for supporting WM, with different regions supporting WM in the three domains. The distinct regions in different domains argue against these regions as playing a general attentional role. The findings imply an interaction between the temporal lobe regions housing the long-term memory representations in these domains and the frontal and parietal regions needed to maintain these representations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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5
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Mesulam MM, Coventry CA, Rader BM, Kuang A, Sridhar J, Martersteck A, Zhang H, Thompson CK, Weintraub S, Rogalski EJ. Modularity and granularity across the language network-A primary progressive aphasia perspective. Cortex 2021; 141:482-496. [PMID: 34153680 PMCID: PMC8319115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tests of grammar, repetition and semantics were administered to 62 prospectively enrolled right-handed participants with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Structural brain images were obtained at the time of testing. Regression analyses uncovered 3 clearly delineated non-overlapping left hemisphere clusters where cortical thinning (atrophy) was significantly correlated with impaired performance. A morphosyntactic cluster associated with the grammaticality of sentence construction was located predominantly within the middle and inferior frontal gyri; a phonolexical cluster associated with language repetition was located in the temporoparietal junction; a lexicosemantic cluster associated with object naming and single word comprehension was located within the middle and anterior parts of the temporal lobe and extended into insular, orbitofrontal, and mediotemporal cortices. Commonality analyses were undertaken to explore whether these three clusters were as modular as indicated by the regression analyses or whether some underlying functional granularity could be uncovered. Modularity was defined as the exclusive association of an anatomical cluster with a single type of language task whereas granularity was defined as the association of a single anatomical cluster with more than one type of language task. The commonality analyses revealed a predominantly modular organization with quantitatively minor instances of inter-cluster granularity. The results also reconfirmed previous work on PPA which had shown that Wernicke's area is not essential for word comprehension, that naming impairments can be based either on deficits of lexical retrieval or word comprehension, and that the essential substrates of word comprehension encompass much wider areas of the temporal lobe than the temporal pole. The anatomy of the language network has traditionally been explored through patients with focal cerebrovascular accidents and experiments based on functional activation. Investigations on PPA are showing that focal neurodegenerations can add new perspectives to existing models of the language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Christina A Coventry
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alan Kuang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaiashre Sridhar
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Martersteck
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia K Thompson
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University School of Communication, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily J Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhen Z, Song Y, Hu S, Liu J. Quantifying the variability of neural activation in working memory: A functional probabilistic atlas. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118301. [PMID: 34171499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is a fundamental cognitive ability that allows the maintenance and manipulation of information for a brief period of time. Previous studies found a set of brain regions activated during working memory tasks, such as the prefrontal and parietal cortex. However, little is known about the variability of neural activation in working memory. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to quantify individual, hemispheric, and sex differences of working memory activation in a large cohort of healthy adults (N = 477). We delineated subject-specific activated regions in each individual, including the frontal pole, middle frontal gyrus, frontal eye field, superior parietal lobule, insular, precuneus, and anterior cingulate cortex. A functional probabilistic atlas was created to quantify individual variability in working memory regions. More than 90% of the participants activated all seven regions in both hemispheres, but the intersection of regions across participants was markedly less (50%), indicating significant individual differences in working memory activations. Moreover, we found hemispheric and sex differences in activation location, extent, and magnitude. Most activation regions were larger in the right than in the left hemisphere, but the magnitude of activation did not follow a similar pattern. Men showed more extensive and stronger activations than women. Taken together, our functional probabilistic atlas quantified variabilities of neural activation in working memory, providing a robust spatial reference for standardization of functional localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonglei Zhen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiying Song
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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7
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Yue Q, Martin RC. Maintaining verbal short-term memory representations in non-perceptual parietal regions. Cortex 2021; 138:72-89. [PMID: 33677329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Buffer accounts of verbal short-term memory (STM) assume dedicated buffers for maintaining different types of information (e.g., phonological, visual) whereas embedded processes accounts argue against the existence of buffers and claim that STM consists of the activated portion of long-term memory (LTM). We addressed this debate by determining whether STM recruits the same neural substrate as LTM, or whether additional regions are involved in short-term storage. Using fMRI with representational similarity analysis (RSA), we examined the representational correspondence of multi-voxel neural activation patterns with the theoretical predictions for the maintenance of both phonological and semantic codes in STM. We found that during the delay period of a phonological STM task, phonological representations could be decoded in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) but not the superior temporal gyrus (STG), a speech processing region, for word stimuli. Whereas the pattern in the SMG was specific to phonology, a different region in the left angular gyrus showed RSA decoding evidence for the retention of either phonological or semantic codes, depending on the task context. Taken together, the results provide clear support for a dedicated buffer account of phonological STM, although evidence for a semantic buffer is equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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8
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Hare SM, Adhikari BM, Du X, Garcia L, Bruce H, Kochunov P, Simon JZ, Hong LE. Local versus long-range connectivity patterns of auditory disturbance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:262-270. [PMID: 33493774 PMCID: PMC7987759 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Auditory hallucinations are a debilitating symptom of schizophrenia. Effective treatment is limited because the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. Our study investigates how local and long-range functional connectivity is associated with auditory perceptual disturbances (APD) in schizophrenia. APD was assessed using the Auditory Perceptual Trait and State Scale. Resting state fMRI data were collected for N=99 patients with schizophrenia. Local functional connectivity was estimated using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis; long-range connectivity was estimated using resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis. Mediation analyses tested whether local (ReHo) connectivity significantly mediated associations between long-distance rsFC and APD. Severity of APD was significantly associated with reduced ReHo in left and right putamen, left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and right hippocampus-pallidum. Higher APD was also associated with reduced rsFC between the right putamen and the contralateral putamen and auditory cortex. Local and long-distance connectivity measures together explained 40.3% of variance in APD (P < 0.001), with the strongest predictor being the left TPJ ReHo (P < 0.001). Additionally, TPJ ReHo significantly mediated the relationship between right putamen - left putamen rsFC and APD (Sobel test, P = 0.001). Our findings suggest that both local and long-range functional connectivity deficits contribute to APD, emphasizing the role of striatum and auditory cortex. Considering the translational impact of these circuit-based findings within the context of prior clinical trials to treat auditory hallucinations, we propose a model in which correction of both local and long-distance functional connectivity deficits may be necessary to treat auditory hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Hare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhim M. Adhikari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Heather Bruce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jonathan Z. Simon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Park, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Martin RC, Ding J, Hamilton AC, Schnur TT. Working Memory Capacities Neurally Dissociate: Evidence from Acute Stroke. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab005. [PMID: 33870195 PMCID: PMC8030664 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial behavioral evidence implies the existence of separable working memory (WM) components for maintaining phonological and semantic information. In contrast, only a few studies have addressed the neural basis of phonological versus semantic WM using functional neuroimaging and none has used a lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) approach. Here, we address this gap, reporting a multivariate LSM study of phonological and semantic WM for 94 individuals at the acute stage of left hemisphere stroke. Testing at the acute stage avoids issues of brain reorganization and the adoption of patient strategies for task performance. The LSM analyses for each WM component controlled for the other WM component and semantic and phonological knowledge at the single word level. For phonological WM, the regions uncovered included the supramarginal gyrus, argued to be the site of phonological storage, and several cortical and subcortical regions plausibly related to inner rehearsal. For semantic WM, inferior frontal regions and the angular gyrus were uncovered. The findings thus provide converging evidence for separable systems for phonological and semantic WM that are distinguished from the systems supporting long-term knowledge representations in those domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Junhua Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A Cris Hamilton
- Department of Institution Reporting, Research and Information Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78701, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana T Schnur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Wu T, Chen C, Spagna A, Wu X, Mackie M, Russell‐Giller S, Xu P, Luo Y, Liu X, Hof PR, Fan J. The functional anatomy of cognitive control: A domain‐general brain network for uncertainty processing. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1265-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Caiqi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of PsychologySouth China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of PsychologyColumbia University in the City of New York New York New York
| | - Xia Wu
- Faculty of PsychologyTianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Melissa‐Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Shira Russell‐Giller
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
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11
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Functional Dissociations of the Left Anterior and Posterior Occipitotemporal Cortex for Semantic and Non-semantic Phonological Access. Neuroscience 2020; 430:94-104. [PMID: 32032670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the ventral and dorsal brain regions that respectively support semantic and non-semantic phonological access. Nevertheless, the specific role of the left occipitotemporal cortex (lOTC) in the two pathways of phonological access is ambiguous. To address that question, the present study compared word reading in Chinese (presumably relying on the semantic pathway) with that in English (presumably relying on the non-semantic pathway). Results revealed a clear dissociation in the involvement of the anterior and posterior lOTC in semantic and non-semantic phonological access. Specifically, the anterior lOTC showed greater activation for Chinese than for English, whereas the posterior lOTC showed greater activation for English than for Chinese. More importantly, both psychophysiological interaction analysis and resting-state functional connectivity analysis showed that the anterior lOTC was functionally connected to the ventral brain regions (e.g., left anterior fusiform gyrus, anterior temporal lobe, and ventral inferior frontal gyrus), whereas the posterior lOTC was functionally connected to the dorsal brain regions (e.g., left posterior superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and dorsal inferior frontal gyrus). These results suggest that the anterior and posterior lOTC are involved in semantic and non-semantic phonological access, respectively.
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12
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Kowialiewski B, Van Calster L, Attout L, Phillips C, Majerus S. Neural Patterns in Linguistic Cortices Discriminate the Content of Verbal Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2997-3014. [PMID: 31813984 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An influential theoretical account of working memory (WM) considers that WM is based on direct activation of long-term memory knowledge. While there is empirical support for this position in the visual WM domain, direct evidence is scarce in the verbal WM domain. This question is critical for models of verbal WM, as the question of whether short-term maintenance of verbal information relies on direct activation within the long-term linguistic knowledge base or not is still debated. In this study, we examined the extent to which short-term maintenance of lexico-semantic knowledge relies on neural activation patterns in linguistic cortices, and this by using a fast encoding running span task for word and nonword stimuli minimizing strategic encoding mechanisms. Multivariate analyses showed specific neural patterns for the encoding and maintenance of word versus nonword stimuli. These patterns were not detectable anymore when participants were instructed to stop maintaining the memoranda. The patterns involved specific regions within the dorsal and ventral pathways, which are considered to support phonological and semantic processing to various degrees. This study provides novel evidence for a role of linguistic cortices in the representation of long-term memory linguistic knowledge during WM processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kowialiewski
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Calster
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Phillips
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Kim H. Neural activity during working memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval: A network-based model and meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4912-4933. [PMID: 31373730 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether and to what extent working memory (WM) temporal subprocesses (i.e., encoding, maintenance, and retrieval) involve shared or distinct intrinsic networks. To address this issue, I constructed a model of intrinsic network contributions to different WM phases and then evaluated the validity of the model by performing a quantitative meta-analysis of relevant functional neuroimaging data. The model suggests that the transition from the encoding to maintenance and to retrieval stages involves progressively decreasing involvement of the dorsal attention network (DAN), but progressively increasing involvement of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Separate meta-analysis of each phase effect and direct comparisons between them yielded results that were largely consistent with the model. This evidence included between-phase double dissociations that were consistent with the model, such as encoding > maintenance contrast showing some DAN, but no FPCN, regions, and maintenance > encoding contrast showing the reverse, that is, some FPCN, but no DAN, regions. Two closely juxtaposed regions that are members of the DAN and FPCN, such as inferior frontal junction versus caudal prefrontal cortex and superior versus inferior intraparietal sulcus, showed a high degree of functional differentiation. Although all regions identified in the present study were already identified in previous WM studies, this study uniquely enhances our understating of their roles by clarifying their network membership and specific associations with different WM phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
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14
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Predicting prognosis in patients with first-episode psychosis using auditory P300: A 1-year follow-up study. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Yue Q, Martin RC, Hamilton AC, Rose NS. Non-perceptual Regions in the Left Inferior Parietal Lobe Support Phonological Short-term Memory: Evidence for a Buffer Account? Cereb Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Cris Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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16
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Joue G, Boven L, Willmes K, Evola V, Demenescu LR, Hassemer J, Mittelberg I, Mathiak K, Schneider F, Habel U. Handling or being the concept: An fMRI study on metonymy representations in coverbal gestures. Neuropsychologia 2018; 109:232-244. [PMID: 29275004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In "Two heads are better than one," "head" stands for people and focuses the message on the intelligence of people. This is an example of figurative language through metonymy, where substituting a whole entity by one of its parts focuses attention on a specific aspect of the entity. Whereas metaphors, another figurative language device, are substitutions based on similarity, metonymy involves substitutions based on associations. Both are figures of speech but are also expressed in coverbal gestures during multimodal communication. The closest neuropsychological studies of metonymy in gestures have been nonlinguistic tool-use, illustrated by the classic apraxic problem of body-part-as-object (BPO, equivalent to an internal metonymy representation of the tool) vs. pantomimed action (external metonymy representation of the absent object/tool). Combining these research domains with concepts in cognitive linguistic research on gestures, we conducted an fMRI study to investigate metonymy resolution in coverbal gestures. Given the greater difficulty in developmental and apraxia studies, perhaps explained by the more complex semantic inferencing involved for external metonymy than for internal metonymy representations, we hypothesized that external metonymy resolution requires greater processing demands and that the neural resources supporting metonymy resolution would modulate regions involved in semantic processing. We found that there are indeed greater activations for external than for internal metonymy resolution in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). This area is posterior to the lateral temporal regions recruited by metaphor processing. Effective connectivity analysis confirmed our hypothesis that metonymy resolution modulates areas implicated in semantic processing. We interpret our results in an interdisciplinary view of what metonymy in action can reveal about abstract cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Joue
- Human Technology Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Linda Boven
- School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Willmes
- Section Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vito Evola
- Human Technology Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Liliana R Demenescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julius Hassemer
- Human Technology Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Irene Mittelberg
- Human Technology Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA, Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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17
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Paulesu E, Shallice T, Danelli L, Sberna M, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD. Anatomical Modularity of Verbal Working Memory? Functional Anatomical Evidence from a Famous Patient with Short-Term Memory Deficits. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28567009 PMCID: PMC5434108 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive skills are the emergent property of distributed neural networks. The distributed nature of these networks does not necessarily imply a lack of specialization of the individual brain structures involved. However, it remains questionable whether discrete aspects of high-level behavior might be the result of localized brain activity of individual nodes within such networks. The phonological loop of working memory, with its simplicity, seems ideally suited for testing this possibility. Central to the development of the phonological loop model has been the description of patients with focal lesions and specific deficits. As much as the detailed description of their behavior has served to refine the phonological loop model, a classical anatomoclinical correlation approach with such cases falls short in telling whether the observed behavior is based on the functions of a neural system resembling that seen in normal subjects challenged with phonological loop tasks or whether different systems have taken over. This is a crucial issue for the cross correlation of normal cognition, normal physiology, and cognitive neuropsychology. Here we describe the functional anatomical patterns of JB, a historical patient originally described by Warrington et al. (1971), a patient with a left temporo-parietal lesion and selective short phonological store deficit. JB was studied with the H215O PET activation technique during a rhyming task, which primarily depends on the rehearsal system of the phonological loop. No residual function was observed in the left temporo-parietal junction, a region previously associated with the phonological buffer of working memory. However, Broca's area, the major counterpart of the rehearsal system, was the major site of activation during the rhyming task. Specific and autonomous activation of Broca's area in the absence of afferent inputs from the other major anatomical component of the phonological loop shows that a certain degree of functional independence or modularity exists in this distributed anatomical-cognitive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy.,fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, International School for Advanced StudiesTrieste, Italy
| | - Laura Danelli
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sberna
- Department of Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Niguarda Ca' Granda HospitalMilan, Italy
| | - Richard S J Frackowiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, BioTech CampusGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris D Frith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Studies, University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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18
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Relationship Between Perisylvian Essential Language Sites and Arcuate Fasciculus in the Left Hemisphere of Healthy Adults. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:616-626. [PMID: 28501904 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential language sites and the arcuate fasciculus (AF) have been extensively researched. However, the relationship between them remains insufficiently studied, especially in healthy people. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is increasingly used in language mapping. While enjoying the advantage of non-invasiveness, it is also capable of inducing a virtual lesion in the brain. Thus, it offers the possibility of using the virtual-lesion method to study the healthy brain. This study combined nTMS and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to investigate the relationship between essential language sites and the AF in 30 healthy right-handed volunteers. A total of 143 essential language sites were identified using nTMS, and a total of 175 AF terminations were identified using DTI tractography. Sixty-six sites had a direct correlation with the AF, accounting for 46% of the total essential language sites. Forty-seven AF terminations harbored essential language sites, accounting for 27% of the total AF terminations. Upon data rendering to the cortical parcellation system, a region-related heterogeneity of the correlation rate was found. This study provides the first data on the relationship between essential language sites and the AF in healthy adults.
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19
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Schilbach L, Derntl B, Aleman A, Caspers S, Clos M, Diederen KMJ, Gruber O, Kogler L, Liemburg EJ, Sommer IE, Müller VI, Cieslik EC, Eickhoff SB. Differential Patterns of Dysconnectivity in Mirror Neuron and Mentalizing Networks in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1135-48. [PMID: 26940699 PMCID: PMC4988733 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impairments of social cognition are well documented in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), but the neural basis remains poorly understood. In light of evidence that suggests that the "mirror neuron system" (MNS) and the "mentalizing network" (MENT) are key substrates of intersubjectivity and joint action, it has been suggested that dysfunction of these neural networks may underlie social difficulties in SCZ patients. Additionally, MNS and MENT might be associated differently with positive vs negative symptoms, given prior social cognitive and symptom associations. We assessed resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in meta-analytically defined MNS and MENT networks in this patient group. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from 116 patients and 133 age-, gender- and movement-matched healthy controls (HC) at 5 different MRI sites. Network connectivity was analyzed for group differences and correlations with clinical symptoms. Results demonstrated decreased connectivity within the MNS and also the MENT in patients compared to controls. Notably, dysconnectivity of the MNS was related to symptom severity, while no such relationship was observed for the MENT. In sum, these findings demonstrate that differential patterns of dysconnectivity exist in SCZ patients, which may contribute differently to the interpersonal difficulties commonly observed in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Schilbach
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany;,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany;,These authors contributed equally
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-BRAIN, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Andre Aleman
- BCN Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Mareike Clos
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Kelly M. J. Diederen
- Neuroscience Division, University Medical Center Utrecht & Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;,Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lydia Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany;,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-BRAIN, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany;,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edith J. Liemburg
- BCN Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Iris E. Sommer
- Neuroscience Division, University Medical Center Utrecht & Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Veronika I. Müller
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany;,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, HHU Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Edna C. Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany;,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, HHU Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany;,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, HHU Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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20
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Fengler A, Meyer L, Friederici AD. How the brain attunes to sentence processing: Relating behavior, structure, and function. Neuroimage 2016; 129:268-278. [PMID: 26777477 PMCID: PMC4819595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other aspects of language comprehension, the ability to process complex sentences develops rather late in life. Brain maturation as well as verbal working memory (vWM) expansion have been discussed as possible reasons. To determine the factors contributing to this functional development, we assessed three aspects in different age-groups (5–6 years, 7–8 years, and adults): first, functional brain activity during the processing of increasingly complex sentences; second, brain structure in language-related ROIs; and third, the behavioral comprehension performance on complex sentences and the performance on an independent vWM test. At the whole-brain level, brain functional data revealed a qualitatively similar neural network in children and adults including the left pars opercularis (PO), the left inferior parietal lobe together with the posterior superior temporal gyrus (IPL/pSTG), the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum. While functional activation of the language-related ROIs PO and IPL/pSTG predicted sentence comprehension performance for all age-groups, only adults showed a functional selectivity in these brain regions with increased activation for more complex sentences. The attunement of both the PO and IPL/pSTG toward a functional selectivity for complex sentences is predicted by region-specific gray matter reduction while that of the IPL/pSTG is additionally predicted by vWM span. Thus, both structural brain maturation and vWM expansion provide the basis for the emergence of functional selectivity in language-related brain regions leading to more efficient sentence processing during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fengler
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Clemens B, Regenbogen C, Koch K, Backes V, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Pauly K, Shah NJ, Schneider F, Habel U, Kellermann T. Incidental Memory Encoding Assessed with Signal Detection Theory and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:305. [PMID: 26635557 PMCID: PMC4649056 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that apply a “subsequent memory” approach, successful encoding is indicated by increased fMRI activity during the encoding phase for hits vs. misses, in areas underlying memory encoding such as the hippocampal formation. Signal-detection theory (SDT) can be used to analyze memory-related fMRI activity as a function of the participant’s memory trace strength (d′). The goal of the present study was to use SDT to examine the relationship between fMRI activity during incidental encoding and participants’ recognition performance. To implement a new approach, post-experimental group assignment into High- or Low Performers (HP or LP) was based on 29 healthy participants’ recognition performance, assessed with SDT. The analyses focused on the interaction between the factors group (HP vs. LP) and recognition performance (hits vs. misses). A whole-brain analysis revealed increased activation for HP vs. LP during incidental encoding for remembered vs. forgotten items (hits > misses) in the insula/temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the fusiform gyrus (FFG). Parameter estimates in these regions exhibited a significant positive correlation with d′. As these brain regions are highly relevant for salience detection (insula), stimulus-driven attention (TPJ), and content-specific processing of mnemonic stimuli (FFG), we suggest that HPs’ elevated memory performance was associated with enhanced attentional and content-specific sensory processing during the encoding phase. We provide first correlative evidence that encoding-related activity in content-specific sensory areas and content-independent attention and salience detection areas influences memory performance in a task with incidental encoding of facial stimuli. Based on our findings, we discuss whether the aforementioned group differences in brain activity during incidental encoding might constitute the basis of general differences in memory performance between HP and LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Regenbogen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich Munich, Germany ; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Backes
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Pauly
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, (INM 4), Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany
| | - Thilo Kellermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine Aachen, Germany
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22
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Achal S, Hoeft F, Bray S. Individual Differences in Adult Reading Are Associated with Left Temporo-parietal to Dorsal Striatal Functional Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4069-4081. [PMID: 26400921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading skills vary widely in both children and adults, with a number of factors contributing to this variability. The most prominent factor may be related to efficiency of storage, representation, or retrieval of speech sounds. This phonological hypothesis is supported by findings of reduced activation in poor readers in left hemisphere ventro-lateral prefrontal and temporo-parietal phonological processing regions. Less well explained by phonological theories are reported hyperactivation in prefrontal, striatal, and insular regions. This study investigated functional connectivity of a core phonological processing region, the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), in relation to reading skill in an adult community sample. We hypothesized that connectivity between TPJ and regions implicated in meta-analyses of reading disorder would correlate with individual differences in reading. Forty-four adults aged 30-54, ranging in reading ability, underwent resting fMRI scans. Data-driven connectivity clustering was used to identify TPJ subregions for seed-based connectivity analyses. Correlations were assessed between TPJ connectivity and timed-pseudoword reading (decoding) ability. We found a significant correlation wherein greater left supramarginal gyrus to anterior caudate connectivity was associated with weaker decoding. This suggests that hyperactivation of the dorsal striatum, reported in poor readers during reading tasks, may reflect compensatory or inefficient overintegration into attention networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Achal
- Department of Neuroscience.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Signe Bray
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.,Department of Paediatrics.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8
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23
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Meyer L, Grigutsch M, Schmuck N, Gaston P, Friederici AD. Frontal-posterior theta oscillations reflect memory retrieval during sentence comprehension. Cortex 2015; 71:205-18. [PMID: 26233521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successful working-memory retrieval requires that items be retained as distinct units. At the neural level, it has been shown that theta-band oscillatory power increases with the number of to-be-distinguished items during working-memory retrieval. Here we hypothesized that during sentence comprehension, verbal-working-memory retrieval demands lead to increased theta power over frontal cortex, supposedly supporting the distinction amongst stored items during verbal-working-memory retrieval. Also, synchronicity may increase between the frontal cortex and the posterior cortex, with the latter supposedly supporting item retention. We operationalized retrieval by using pronouns, which refer to and trigger the retrieval of antecedent nouns from a preceding sentence part. Retrieval demand was systematically varied by changing the pronoun antecedent: Either, it was non-embedded in the preceding main clause, and thus easy-to-retrieve across a single clause boundary, or embedded in the preceding subordinate clause, and thus hard-to-retrieve across a double clause boundary. We combined electroencephalography (EEG), scalp-level time-frequency analysis, source localization, and source-level coherence analysis, observing a frontal-midline and broad left-hemispheric theta-power increase for embedded-antecedent compared to non-embedded-antecedent retrieval. Sources were localized to left-frontal, left-parietal, and bilateral-inferior-temporal cortices. Coherence analyses suggested synchronicity between left-frontal and left-parietal and between left-frontal and right-inferior-temporal cortices. Activity of an array of left-frontal, left-parietal, and bilateral-inferior-temporal cortices may thus assist retrieval during sentence comprehension, potentially indexing the orchestration of item distinction, verbal working memory, and long-term memory. Our results extend prior findings by mapping prior knowledge on the functional role of theta oscillations onto processes genuine to human sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maren Grigutsch
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Noura Schmuck
- Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phoebe Gaston
- Neuroscience of Language Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Smucny J, Olincy A, Eichman LC, Tregellas JR. Neuronal effects of nicotine during auditory selective attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2017-28. [PMID: 25491929 PMCID: PMC4426219 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the attention-enhancing effects of nicotine have been behaviorally and neurophysiologically well-documented, its localized functional effects during selective attention are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the neuronal effects of nicotine during auditory selective attention in healthy human nonsmokers. We hypothesized to observe significant effects of nicotine in attention-associated brain areas, driven by nicotine-induced increases in activity as a function of increasing task demands. METHODS A single-blind, prospective, randomized crossover design was used to examine neuronal response associated with a go/no-go task after 7 mg nicotine or placebo patch administration in 20 individuals who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The task design included two levels of difficulty (ordered vs. random stimuli) and two levels of auditory distraction (silence vs. noise). RESULTS Significant treatment × difficulty × distraction interaction effects on neuronal response were observed in the hippocampus, ventral parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate. In contrast to our hypothesis, U and inverted U-shaped dependencies were observed between the effects of nicotine on response and task demands, depending on the brain area. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nicotine may differentially affect neuronal response depending on task conditions. These results have important theoretical implications for understanding how cholinergic tone may influence the neurobiology of selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA,
| | - Ann Olincy
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA
| | - Lindsay C. Eichman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA
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25
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Klaas HS, Frühholz S, Grandjean D. Aggressive vocal expressions-an investigation of their underlying neural network. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:121. [PMID: 26029069 PMCID: PMC4426728 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neural network models for the production of primate vocalizations are largely based on research in nonhuman primates. These models seem yet not fully capable of explaining the neural network dynamics especially underlying different types of human vocalizations. Unlike animal vocalizations, human affective vocalizations might involve higher levels of vocal control and monitoring demands, especially in case of more complex vocal expressions of emotions superimposed on speech. Here we therefore investigated the functional cortico-subcortical network underlying different types (evoked vs. repetition) of producing human affective vocalizations in terms of affective prosody, especially examining the aggressive tone of a voice while producing meaningless speech-like utterances. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed, first, that bilateral auditory cortices showed a close functional interconnectivity during affective vocalizations pointing to a bilateral exchange of relevant acoustic information of produced vocalizations. Second, bilateral motor cortices (MC) that directly control vocal motor behavior showed functional connectivity to the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the right superior temporal gyrus (STG). Thus, vocal motor behavior during affective vocalizations seems to be controlled by a right lateralized network that provides vocal monitoring (IFG), probably based on auditory feedback processing (STG). Third, the basal ganglia (BG) showed both positive and negative modulatory connectivity with several frontal (ACC, IFG) and temporal brain regions (STG). Finally, the repetition of affective prosody compared to evoked vocalizations revealed a more extended neural network probably based on higher control and vocal monitoring demands. Taken together, the functional brain network underlying human affective vocalizations revealed several features that have been so far neglected in models of primate vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Klaas
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Frühholz
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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Joseph S, Iverson P, Manohar S, Fox Z, Scott SK, Husain M. Precision of working memory for speech sounds. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:2022-40. [PMID: 25607721 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.1002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory for speech sounds is a key component of models of verbal working memory (WM). But how good is verbal WM? Most investigations assess this using binary report measures to derive a fixed number of items that can be stored. However, recent findings in visual WM have challenged such "quantized" views by employing measures of recall precision with an analogue response scale. WM for speech sounds might rely on both continuous and categorical storage mechanisms. Using a novel speech matching paradigm, we measured WM recall precision for phonemes. Vowel qualities were sampled from a formant space continuum. A probe vowel had to be adjusted to match the vowel quality of a target on a continuous, analogue response scale. Crucially, this provided an index of the variability of a memory representation around its true value and thus allowed us to estimate how memories were distorted from the original sounds. Memory load affected the quality of speech sound recall in two ways. First, there was a gradual decline in recall precision with increasing number of items, consistent with the view that WM representations of speech sounds become noisier with an increase in the number of items held in memory, just as for vision. Based on multidimensional scaling (MDS), the level of noise appeared to be reflected in distortions of the formant space. Second, as memory load increased, there was evidence of greater clustering of participants' responses around particular vowels. A mixture model captured both continuous and categorical responses, demonstrating a shift from continuous to categorical memory with increasing WM load. This suggests that direct acoustic storage can be used for single items, but when more items must be stored, categorical representations must be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Joseph
- a Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London , London , UK
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27
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Aoki Y, Ishii R, Pascual-Marqui RD, Canuet L, Ikeda S, Hata M, Imajo K, Matsuzaki H, Musha T, Asada T, Iwase M, Takeda M. Detection of EEG-resting state independent networks by eLORETA-ICA method. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:31. [PMID: 25713521 PMCID: PMC4322703 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that functional networks can be extracted even from resting state data, the so called "Resting State independent Networks" (RS-independent-Ns) by applying independent component analysis (ICA). However, compared to fMRI, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have much higher temporal resolution and provide a direct estimation of cortical activity. To date, MEG studies have applied ICA for separate frequency bands only, disregarding cross-frequency couplings. In this study, we aimed to detect EEG-RS-independent-Ns and their interactions in all frequency bands. We applied exact low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography-ICA (eLORETA-ICA) to resting-state EEG data in 80 healthy subjects using five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma band) and found five RS-independent-Ns in alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands. Next, taking into account previous neuroimaging findings, five RS-independent-Ns were identified: (1) the visual network in alpha frequency band, (2) dual-process of visual perception network, characterized by a negative correlation between the right ventral visual pathway (VVP) in alpha and beta frequency bands and left posterior dorsal visual pathway (DVP) in alpha frequency band, (3) self-referential processing network, characterized by a negative correlation between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in beta frequency band and right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) in alpha frequency band, (4) dual-process of memory perception network, functionally related to a negative correlation between the left VVP and the precuneus in alpha frequency band; and (5) sensorimotor network in beta and gamma frequency bands. We selected eLORETA-ICA which has many advantages over the other network visualization methods and overall findings indicate that eLORETA-ICA with EEG data can identify five RS-independent-Ns in their intrinsic frequency bands, and correct correlations within RS-independent-Ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Ishii
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
| | - Roberto D Pascual-Marqui
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonides Canuet
- UCM-UPM Centre for Biomedical Technology, Department of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Shunichiro Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Asada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The language-relevant brain regions, Brodmann's area in the inferior frontal cortex and Wernicke's area in the superior temporal cortex, are connected via long-range fiber bundles, which are located dorsally and ventrally to the sylvian fissure. These dorsal and ventral pathways consist of a number of partly parallel-running fiber tracts, which can be differentiated by their termination regions and by the particular language functions of these termination regions. Dorsally, there are two major fiber tracts connecting the posterior temporal cortex with the frontal cortex: one terminating in the premotor cortex that subserves sensory-to-motor mapping and one terminating in posterior Broca's area, the pars opercularis, that supports the processing of complex syntactic structures. Ventrally, two language-related fiber tracts are discussed: one connects the inferior frontal cortex, i.e., the pars triangularis and orbitalis, with Wernicke's area and supports semantic processes and another one connects the most ventral portions of the inferior frontal cortex, including the frontal operculum, with the anterior temporal cortex. This latter ventral tract is suggested to subserve elementary combinatorial processes in language. Together these fiber tracts guarantee the transmission of information between different brain regions within the neural language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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tDCS to temporoparietal cortex during familiarisation enhances the subsequent phonological coherence of nonwords in immediate serial recall. Cortex 2014; 63:132-44. [PMID: 25282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that direct current stimulation (tDCS) over left temporoparietal cortex - a region implicated in phonological processing - aids new word learning. The locus of this effect remains unclear since (i) experiments have not empirically separated the acquisition of phonological forms from lexical-semantic links and (ii) outcome measures have focused on learnt associations with a referent rather than phonological stability. We tested the hypothesis that left temporoparietal tDCS would strengthen the acquisition of phonological forms, even in the absence of the opportunity to acquire lexical-semantic associations. Participants were familiarised with nonwords paired with (i) photographs of concrete referents or (ii) blurred images where no clear features were visible. Nonword familiarisation proceeded under conditions of anodal tDCS and sham stimulation in different sessions. We examined the impact of these manipulations on the stability of the phonological trace in an immediate serial recall (ISR) task the following day, ensuring that any effects were due to the influence of tDCS on long-term learning and not a direct consequence of short-term changes in neural excitability. We found that only a few exposures to the phonological forms of nonwords were sufficient to enhance nonword ISR overall compared to entirely novel items. Anodal tDCS during familiarisation further enhanced the acquisition of phonological forms, producing a specific reduction in the frequency of phoneme migrations when sequences of nonwords were maintained in verbal short-term memory. More of the phonemes that were recalled were bound together as a whole correct nonword following tDCS. These data show that tDCS to left temporoparietal cortex can facilitate word learning by strengthening the acquisition of long-term phonological forms, irrespective of the availability of a concrete referent, and that the consequences of this learning can be seen beyond the learning task as strengthened phonological coherence in verbal short-term memory.
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Langel J, Hakun J, Zhu DC, Ravizza SM. Functional specialization of the left ventral parietal cortex in working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:440. [PMID: 24994977 PMCID: PMC4061583 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the ventral parietal cortex (VPC) is subject to much debate. Many studies suggest a lateralization of function in the VPC, with the left hemisphere facilitating verbal working memory and the right subserving stimulus-driven attention. However, many attentional tasks elicit activity in the VPC bilaterally. To elucidate the potential divides across the VPC in function, we assessed the pattern of activity in the VPC bilaterally across two tasks that require different demands, an oddball attentional task with low working memory demands and a working memory task. An anterior region of the VPC was bilaterally active during novel targets in the oddball task and during retrieval in WM, while more posterior regions of the VPC displayed dissociable functions in the left and right hemisphere, with the left being active during the encoding and retrieval of WM, but not during the oddball task and the right showing the reverse pattern. These results suggest that bilateral regions of the anterior VPC subserve non-mnemonic processes, such as stimulus-driven attention during WM retrieval and oddball detection. The left posterior VPC may be important for speech-related processing important for both working memory and perception, while the right hemisphere is more lateralized for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Langel
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Hakun
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David C Zhu
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ; Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ; Department of Radiology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Susan M Ravizza
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ; Department of Psychology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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31
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Frühholz S, Klaas HS, Patel S, Grandjean D. Talking in Fury: The Cortico-Subcortical Network Underlying Angry Vocalizations. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2752-62. [PMID: 24735671 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the neural basis for the perception of vocal emotions has been described extensively, the neural basis for the expression of vocal emotions is almost unknown. Here, we asked participants both to repeat and to express high-arousing angry vocalizations to command (i.e., evoked expressions). First, repeated expressions elicited activity in the left middle superior temporal gyrus (STG), pointing to a short auditory memory trace for the repetition of vocal expressions. Evoked expressions activated the left hippocampus, suggesting the retrieval of long-term stored scripts. Secondly, angry compared with neutral expressions elicited activity in the inferior frontal cortex IFC and the dorsal basal ganglia (BG), specifically during evoked expressions. Angry expressions also activated the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the latter correlated with pupil size as an indicator of bodily arousal during emotional output behavior. Though uncorrelated, both ACC activity and pupil diameter were also increased during repetition trials indicating increased control demands during the more constraint production type of precisely repeating prosodic intonations. Finally, different acoustic measures of angry expressions were associated with activity in the left STG, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, and dorsal BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Frühholz
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hannah S Klaas
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sona Patel
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vergauwe E, Cowan N. A common short-term memory retrieval rate may describe many cognitive procedures. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:126. [PMID: 24639643 PMCID: PMC3945934 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the relationship between response speed and the number of items in short-term memory (STM) in four different paradigms and find evidence for a similar high-speed processing rate of about 25–30 items per second (∼35–40 ms/item). We propose that the similarity of the processing rates across paradigms reflects the operation of a very basic covert memory process, high-speed retrieval, that is involved in both the search for information in STM and the reactivation or refreshing of information that keeps it in STM. We link this process to a specific pattern of rhythmic, repetitive neural activity in the brain (gamma oscillations). This proposal generates ideas for research and calls for an integrative approach that combines neuroscientific measures with behavioral cognitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Vergauwe
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Geng JJ, Vossel S. Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in attentional control: contextual updating? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2608-20. [PMID: 23999082 PMCID: PMC3878596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) is widely considered as part of a network that reorients attention to task-relevant, but currently unattended stimuli (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002). Despite the prevalence of this theory in cognitive neuroscience, there is little direct evidence for the principal hypothesis that TPJ sends an early reorientation signal that "circuit breaks" attentional processing in regions of the dorsal attentional network (e.g., the frontal eye fields) or is completely right lateralized during attentional processing. In this review, we examine both functional neuroimaging work on TPJ in the attentional literature as well as anatomical findings. We first critically evaluate the idea that TPJ reorients attention and is right lateralized; we then suggest that TPJ signals might rather reflect post-perceptual processes involved in contextual updating and adjustments of top-down expectations; and then finally discuss how these ideas relate to the electrophysiological (P300) literature, and to TPJ findings in other cognitive and social domains. We conclude that while much work is needed to define the computational functions of regions encapsulated as TPJ, there is now substantial evidence that it is not specialized for stimulus-driven attentional reorienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy J. Geng
- Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Simone Vossel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, UK
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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34
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DeSouza DD, Hodaie M, Davis KD. Abnormal trigeminal nerve microstructure and brain white matter in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Pain 2013; 155:37-44. [PMID: 23999058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is classically associated with neurovascular compression (NVC) of the trigeminal nerve at the root entry zone (REZ), but NVC-induced structural alterations are not always apparent on conventional imaging. Previous studies report lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the affected trigeminal nerves of TN patients using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, it is not known if TN patients have trigeminal nerve abnormalities of mean, radial, or axial diffusivity (MD, RD, AD - metrics linked to neuroinflammation and edema) or brain white matter (WM) abnormalities. DTI scans in 18 right-sided TN patients and 18 healthy controls were retrospectively analyzed to extract FA, RD, AD, and MD from the trigeminal nerve REZ, and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to assess brain WM. In patients, the affected trigeminal nerve had lower FA, and higher RD, AD, and MD was found bilaterally compared to controls. Group TBSS (P<0.05, corrected) showed patients had lower FA and increased RD, MD, and AD in brain WM connecting areas involved in the sensory and cognitive-affective dimensions of pain, attention, and motor functions, including the corpus callosum, cingulum, posterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. These data indicate that TN patients have abnormal tissue microstructure in their affected trigeminal nerves, and as a possible consequence, WM microstructural alterations in the brain. These findings suggest that trigeminal nerve structural abnormalities occur in TN, even if not apparent on gross imaging. Furthermore, MD and RD findings suggest that neuroinflammation and edema may contribute to TN pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D DeSouza
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Faraco CC, Puente AN, Brown C, Terry DP, Stephen Miller L. Lateral temporal hyper-activation as a novel biomarker of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2281-93. [PMID: 23933482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Memory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's pathology is primarily associated with episodic memory deficits linked to deterioration of the medial temporal lobes (MTLs). Currently, there is a call to discover novel biomarkers of MCI in order to improve research criteria. Functional activation differences in MCI during episodic memory-task performance are often evidenced in the MTLs, and frontal and parietal lobes, but it has been suggested that examination of working memory (WM) differences may be more useful in detecting MCI. In the current study, MCI and control participants performed a complex WM span (CWMS) task while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired. Results indicated hyper-activation of the lateral temporal lobes, MTLs, and frontal and parietal regions during encoding and maintenance, and hyper-activation of the lateral temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes during CWMS recall for the MCI participants. Medial and lateral temporal differences during encoding and maintenance are consistent with previous findings, but lateral temporal differences are often not elaborated upon. Hyper-activation of the lateral temporal lobes during WM encoding and maintenance, and also during recall, suggests that this region may provide valuable information regarding WM impairment in MCI and Alzheimer's. Given that whole-brain functional imaging of the MTLs is often limited due to artifact and partial voluming of sub-fields, examination of lateral temporal differences may provide a novel biomarker related to WM impairment in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Faraco
- Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, Division of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Psychology Building, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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36
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Smucny J, Rojas DC, Eichman LC, Tregellas JR. Neural effects of auditory distraction on visual attention in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60606. [PMID: 23560100 PMCID: PMC3613360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory flooding, particularly during auditory stimulation, is a common problem for patients with schizophrenia. The functional consequences of this impairment during cross-modal attention tasks, however, are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine how auditory distraction differentially affects task-associated response during visual attention in patients and healthy controls. To that end, 21 outpatients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy comparison subjects performed a visual attention task in the presence or absence of distracting, environmentally relevant "urban" noise while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The task had two conditions (difficult and easy); task-related neural activity was defined as difficult - easy. During task performance, a significant distraction (noise or silence) by group (patient or control) interaction was observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right hippocampus, left temporoparietal junction, and right fusiform gyrus, with patients showing relative hypoactivation during noise compared to controls. In patients, the ability to recruit the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the task in noise was negatively correlated with the effect of noise on reaction time. Clinically, the ability to recruit the fusiform gyrus during the task in noise was negatively correlated with SANS affective flattening score, and hippocampal recruitment during the task in noise was positively correlated with global functioning. In conclusion, schizophrenia may be associated with abnormalities in neural response during visual attention tasks in the presence of cross-modal noise distraction. These response differences may predict global functioning in the illness, and may serve as a biomarker for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donald C. Rojas
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsay C. Eichman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Abstract
Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) is a form of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) characterized by hesitant speech with marked impairment in naming and repetition. LPA is associated with brain atrophy in the left temporal and inferior parietal cortices and is predominantly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. In contrast to LPA, ‘‘typical’’ AD is commonly associated with episodic memory disturbance and bilateral medial temporal lobe atrophy. Recent evidence suggests verbal short-term memory is more impaired than visuospatial short-term memory in LPA. This study investigated verbal and visuospatial short-term memory in 12 LPA and 12 AD patients matched for disease severity, and in 12 age- and education-matched healthy controls. Overall, both patient groups showed significantly reduced verbal and visuospatial spans compared with controls. In addition, LPA patients performed significantly worse than AD patients on both forward and backward conditions of the Digit Span task. In contrast, no difference was present between patient groups on either version of the Spatial Span task. Importantly, LPA patients showed better visuospatial than verbal span whereas AD patients and controls did not differ across modality. This study demonstrates the specificity of the short-term memory disturbance in LPA, which arises from a breakdown of the phonological system.
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Meyer L, Obleser J, Kiebel SJ, Friederici AD. Spatiotemporal dynamics of argument retrieval and reordering: an FMRI and EEG study on sentence processing. Front Psychol 2012; 3:523. [PMID: 23248607 PMCID: PMC3518874 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In sentence processing, it is still unclear how the neural language network successfully establishes argument–verb dependencies in its spatiotemporal neuronal dynamics. Previous work has suggested that the establishment of subject–verb and object–verb dependencies requires argument retrieval from working memory, and that dependency establishment in object-first sentences additionally necessitates argument reordering. We examine the spatiotemporal neuronal dynamics of the brain regions that subserve these sub-processes by crossing an argument reordering factor (i.e., subject-first versus object-first sentences) with an argument retrieval factor (i.e., short versus long argument–verb dependencies) in German. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that reordering demands focally activate the left pars opercularis (Broca’s area), while storage and retrieval demands activated left temporo-parietal (TP) regions. In addition, when analyzing the time course of fMRI-informed equivalent current dipole sources in the EEG at the subcategorizing verb, we found that activity in the TP-region occurs relatively early (40–180 ms), followed by activity in Broca’s area (300–500 ms). These findings were matched by topographical correlation analyses of fMRI activations in EEG sensor space, showing that, in the scalp potential, TP-region activity surfaces as an early positivity and IFG activity as a later positivity in the scalp potential. These results provide fine-grained evidence for spatiotemporally separable sub-processes of argument retrieval and reordering in sentence processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Berryhill ME. Insights from neuropsychology: pinpointing the role of the posterior parietal cortex in episodic and working memory. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:31. [PMID: 22701406 PMCID: PMC3371666 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in various forms of memory is a current topic of interest in the broader field of cognitive neuroscience. This large cortical region has been linked with a wide range of mnemonic functions affecting each stage of memory processing: encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Yet, the precise role of the PPC in memory remains mysterious and controversial. Progress in understanding PPC function will require researchers to incorporate findings in a convergent manner from multiple experimental techniques rather than emphasizing a particular type of data. To facilitate this process, here, we review findings from the human neuropsychological research and examine the consequences to memory following PPC damage. Recent patient-based research findings have investigated two typically disconnected fields: working memory (WM) and episodic memory. The findings from patient participants with unilateral and bilateral PPC lesions performing diverse experimental paradigms are summarized. These findings are then related to findings from other techniques including neurostimulation (TMS and tDCS) and the influential and more abundant functional neuroimaging literature. We then review the strengths and weaknesses of hypotheses proposed to account for PPC function in these forms of memory. Finally, we address what missing evidence is needed to clarify the role(s) of the PPC in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Berryhill
- Department of Psychology, Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno NV, USA
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40
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Decoding ability makes waves in reading: Deficient interactions between attention and phonological analysis in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1553-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Meyer L, Obleser J, Anwander A, Friederici AD. Linking ordering in Broca's area to storage in left temporo-parietal regions: the case of sentence processing. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1987-98. [PMID: 22634860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In sentence processing, storage and ordering of the verb and its arguments (subject and object) are core tasks. Their cortical representation is a matter of ongoing debate, and it is unclear whether prefrontal activations in neuroimaging studies on sentence processing reflect the storage of arguments or their ordering. Moreover, it is unclear how storage during sentence processing relates to the neuroanatomy of storage outside the sentence processing domain. To tackle these questions, we crossed the factor "ordering" (subject-first vs. object-first German sentences) with the factor "storage" (one vs. four phrases intervene between the critical argument and the verb) in an auditory fMRI study. Ordering focally activated the left pars opercularis in Broca's area, while storage activated deep left temporo-parietal (TP) regions. Notably, left TP activation correlated with listener's digit span, while Broca's area activation did not. Furthermore, fractional anisotropy of listeners' left arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus (AF/SLF) is shown to covary with the functional effect of increased storage demands at sites along the tract. Functionally, the results suggest that storage during sentence processing relies on TP regions, likely shared between sentence processing and other working memory-related tasks, while Broca's area appears as a distinct neural correlate of ordering. We conclude that the abstract notion of sentence processing can be captured by the interplay of concrete cognitive concepts such as ordering and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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Price CJ. A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage 2012; 62:816-47. [PMID: 22584224 PMCID: PMC3398395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1281] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of language has been investigated with PET or fMRI for more than 20 years. Here I attempt to provide an overview of the brain areas associated with heard speech, speech production and reading. The conclusions of many hundreds of studies were considered, grouped according to the type of processing, and reported in the order that they were published. Many findings have been replicated time and time again leading to some consistent and undisputable conclusions. These are summarised in an anatomical model that indicates the location of the language areas and the most consistent functions that have been assigned to them. The implications for cognitive models of language processing are also considered. In particular, a distinction can be made between processes that are localized to specific structures (e.g. sensory and motor processing) and processes where specialisation arises in the distributed pattern of activation over many different areas that each participate in multiple functions. For example, phonological processing of heard speech is supported by the functional integration of auditory processing and articulation; and orthographic processing is supported by the functional integration of visual processing, articulation and semantics. Future studies will undoubtedly be able to improve the spatial precision with which functional regions can be dissociated but the greatest challenge will be to understand how different brain regions interact with one another in their attempts to comprehend and produce language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Abstract
Contextual cues are predictive and provide behaviorally relevant information; they are not the main objective of the current task but can make behavior more efficient. Using fMRI, we investigated the brain networks involved in representing contextual information and translating it into an attentional control signal. Human subjects performed a visual search task for a low-contrast target accompanied by a single non-target that was either perceptually similar or more salient (i.e., higher contrast). Shorter reaction times (RTs) and higher accuracy were found on salient trials, suggesting that the salient item was rapidly identified as a non-target and immediately acts as a spatial "anti-cue" to reorient attention to the target. The relative saliency of the non-target determined BOLD responses in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). IFG correlated with RT specifically on salient non-target trials. In contrast, bilateral dorsal frontoparietal regions [including the frontal eye fields (FEFs)] were correlated with RT in all conditions. Effective connectivity analyses using dynamic causal modeling found an excitatory pathway from TPJ to IFG to FEF, suggesting that this was the pathway by which the contextual cue was translated into an attentional control signal that facilitated behavior. Additionally, the connection from FEF to TPJ was negatively modulated during target-similar trials, consistent with the inhibition of TPJ by dorsal attentional control regions during top-down serial visual search. We conclude that left TPJ and IFG form a sensory-driven network that integrates contextual knowledge with ongoing sensory information to provide an attentional control signal to FEF.
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Savill NJ, Thierry G. Electrophysiological evidence for impaired attentional engagement with phonologically acceptable misspellings in developmental dyslexia. Front Psychol 2011; 2:139. [PMID: 21734903 PMCID: PMC3124829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies of word recognition have provided fundamental insights into the time-course and stages of visual and auditory word form processing in reading. Here, we used ERPs to track the time-course of phonological processing in dyslexic adults and matched controls. Participants engaged in semantic judgments of visually presented high-cloze probability sentences ending either with (a) their best completion word, (b) a homophone of the best completion, (c) a pseudohomophone of the best completion, or (d) an unrelated word, to examine the interplay of phonological and orthographic processing in reading and the stage(s) of processing affected in developmental dyslexia. Early ERP peaks (N1, P2, N2) were modulated in amplitude similarly in the two groups of participants. However, dyslexic readers failed to show the P3a modulation seen in control participants for unexpected homophones and pseudohomophones (i.e., sentence completions that are acceptable phonologically but are misspelt). Furthermore, P3a amplitudes significantly correlated with reaction times in each experimental condition. Our results showed no sign of a deficit in accessing phonological representations during reading, since sentence primes yielded phonological priming effects that did not differ between participant groups in the early phases of processing. On the other hand, we report new evidence for a deficient attentional engagement with orthographically unexpected but phonologically expected words in dyslexia, irrespective of task focus on orthography or phonology. In our view, this result is consistent with deficiency in reading occurring from the point at which attention is oriented to phonological analysis, which may underlie broader difficulties in sublexical decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Thierry
- School of Psychology, Bangor UniversityBangor, UK
- Economic and Social Research Council Centre for Research on Bilingualism in Theory and Practice, Bangor UniversityBangor, UK
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Berryhill ME, Chein J, Olson IR. At the intersection of attention and memory: the mechanistic role of the posterior parietal lobe in working memory. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1306-1315. [PMID: 21345344 PMCID: PMC3078173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Portions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) play a role in working memory (WM) yet the precise mechanistic function of this region remains poorly understood. The pure storage hypothesis proposes that this region functions as a short-lived modality-specific memory store. Alternatively, the internal attention hypothesis proposes that the PPC functions as an attention-based storage and refreshing mechanism deployable as an alternative to material-specific rehearsal. These models were tested in patients with bilateral PPC lesions. Our findings discount the pure storage hypothesis because variables indexing storage capacity and longevity were not disproportionately affected by PPC damage. Instead, our data support the internal attention account by showing that (a) normal participants tend to use a rehearsal-based WM maintenance strategy for recall tasks but not for recognition tasks; (b) patients with PPC lesions performed normally on WM tasks that relied on material-specific rehearsal strategies but poorly on WM tasks that relied on attention-based maintenance strategies and patient strategy usage could be shifted by task or instructions; (c) patients' memory deficits extended into the long-term domain. These findings suggest that the PPC maintains or shifts internal attention among the representations of items in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Berryhill
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.
| | - Jason Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ingrid R Olson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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