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Pan R, Wu D, Hu J, Dou W, Gao C, Li BM, Jia X. Temporal recall in the shadow of emotion: separate emotional contexts during encoding enhance the temporal source memory retrieval. Cogn Emot 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39431973 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2415485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory, with its emphasis on temporal-spatial contexts, has been a longstanding focus in memory research. While previous studies have investigated the role of emotion in temporal source memory using emotionally charged stimuli, such as emotional words or images, the influence of a separated emotional context remains less explored. This study sought to understand the impact of separate emotional contexts on temporal source memory. Participants were shown Chinese characters alongside separate emotional contexts (i.e. a neutral or negative picture) and then engaged in either a retrieval practice or a control condition. Finally, they were tested for recognition, temporal source memory, and emotional source memory for all the learned characters. Results revealed that a negative emotional context, unlike a neutral setting, enhanced the accuracy of temporal memory for adjacent neutral characters. However, this negative context reduced the accuracy of recalling the associated emotion. Importantly, the boost in temporal memory due to the emotional context remained even when participants were unsure or mistaken about the associated emotion. This study demonstrates the complex interplay between emotion and temporal memory, underscoring the enhancement effect of separated emotional contexts on temporal recall, irrespective of explicit emotional memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Ming Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jia
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Stieger JR, Pinheiro-Chagas P, Fang Y, Li J, Lusk Z, Perry CM, Girn M, Contreras D, Chen Q, Huguenard JR, Spreng RN, Edlow BL, Wagner AD, Buch V, Parvizi J. Cross-regional coordination of activity in the human brain during autobiographical self-referential processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316021121. [PMID: 39078679 PMCID: PMC11317603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316021121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
For the human brain to operate, populations of neurons across anatomical structures must coordinate their activity within milliseconds. To date, our understanding of such interactions has remained limited. We recorded directly from the hippocampus (HPC), posteromedial cortex (PMC), ventromedial/orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC), and the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANT) during two experiments of autobiographical memory processing that are known from decades of neuroimaging work to coactivate these regions. In 31 patients implanted with intracranial electrodes, we found that the presentation of memory retrieval cues elicited a significant increase of low frequency (LF < 6 Hz) activity followed by cross-regional phase coherence of this LF activity before select populations of neurons within each of the four regions increased high-frequency (HF > 70 Hz) activity. The power of HF activity was modulated by memory content, and its onset followed a specific temporal order of ANT→HPC/PMC→OFC. Further, we probed cross-regional causal effective interactions with repeated electrical pulses and found that HPC stimulations cause the greatest increase in LF-phase coherence across all regions, whereas the stimulation of any region caused the greatest LF-phase coherence between that particular region and ANT. These observations support the role of the ANT in gating, and the HPC in synchronizing, the activity of cortical midline structures when humans retrieve self-relevant memories of their past. Our findings offer a fresh perspective, with high temporal fidelity, about the dynamic signaling and underlying causal connections among distant regions when the brain is actively involved in retrieving self-referential memories from the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Stieger
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Ying Fang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510631, China
| | - Jian Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Zoe Lusk
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Claire M. Perry
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Manesh Girn
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Diego Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510631, China
| | - John R. Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA94305
| | - R. Nathan Spreng
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Brian L. Edlow
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Anthony D. Wagner
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Vivek Buch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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3
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Iravani B, Kaboodvand N, Stieger JR, Liang EY, Lusk Z, Fransson P, Deutsch GK, Gotlib IH, Parvizi J. Intracranial Recordings of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during Self-Referential Episodic and Valenced Self-Judgments. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1634232024. [PMID: 38316564 PMCID: PMC10941238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1634-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We recorded directly from the orbital (oPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) subregions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in 22 (9 female, 13 male) epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) monitoring during an experimental task in which the participants judged the accuracy of self-referential autobiographical statements as well as valenced self-judgments (SJs). We found significantly increased high-frequency activity (HFA) in ∼13% of oPFC sites (10/18 subjects) and 16% of vmPFC sites (4/12 subjects) during both of these self-referential thought processes, with the HFA power being modulated by the content of self-referential stimuli. The location of these activated sites corresponded with the location of fMRI-identified limbic network. Furthermore, the onset of HFA in the vmPFC was significantly earlier than that in the oPFC in all patients with simultaneous recordings in both regions. In 11 patients with available depression scores from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, we documented diminished HFA in the OFC during positive SJ trials among individuals with higher depression scores; responses during negative SJ trials were not related to the patients' depression scores. Our findings provide new temporal and anatomical information about the mode of engagement in two important subregions of the OFC during autobiographical memory and SJ conditions. Our findings from the OFC support the hypothesis that diminished brain activity during positive self-evaluations, rather than heightened activity during negative self-evaluations, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Iravani
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neda Kaboodvand
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James R Stieger
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Eugene Y Liang
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Zoe Lusk
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gayle K Deutsch
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
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Jones B, Muddle S, Jenkins T, Kitapci N, Jacobsen P. Mindfulness for voices: An experimental analogue study of the effect of manipulating response style to simulated voices in a non-clinical population. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:778-792. [PMID: 37102493 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of directly manipulating response style to simulated voice hearing on emotional and cognitive outcomes in a non-clinical population. DESIGN A between-subjects design with one independent variable, response style (with two levels: mindful acceptance vs attentional avoidance). The dependent variables were subjective distress and anxiety (primary outcomes) and performance on a sustained attention task (secondary outcomes). METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to one of two response styles (mindful acceptance vs. attentional avoidance). They completed a computerised attention task (continuous performance task) whilst listening to a simulation of voice hearing. Participants rated their experience of anxiety and distress before and after completing the sustained attention task which was used to measure their accuracy and response times. RESULTS One hundred and one participants took part (mindful acceptance (n = 54); attentional avoidance (n = 47)). There were no statistically significant group differences on post-test distress and anxiety scores, correct response rate or response times on the computerised attention task. Participants reported a range of different response styles along the spectrum of avoidance to acceptance, but this had no association with their assigned experimental condition. Adherence to task instructions was therefore low. CONCLUSIONS We are unable to conclude from this study whether experimentally inducing people to respond to voices under cognitively demanding conditions in an avoidant or accepting way has an impact on their emotional or cognitive outcomes. Further research should focus on the development of more robust and reliable procedures for inducing differences in response style under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Muddle
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Tom Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nice Kitapci
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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5
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Dalhuisen I, Schutte C, Bramson B, Roelofs K, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I. Studying additive effects of combining rTMS with cognitive control training: a pilot investigation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1201344. [PMID: 37584029 PMCID: PMC10423931 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1201344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an effective treatment for depression that has been proposed to work via the enhancement of cognitive control. Cognitive control training (CCT) can also alleviate depression by relying on DLPFC activation. As the additive effects of rTMS and CCT are unclear, we set out to conduct a within-subject pilot study in healthy controls. Methods Seventeen participants received two sessions of individualized resting-state connectivity-guided high-frequency rTMS, while randomly performing CCT or a control task. After each session, a negative mood was induced. Results We found effects on mood and cognitive control after rTMS + CCT as well as rTMS + control, which were indiscriminative between conditions. Based on the statistical evidence for the absence of an additive effect of CCT, we did not perform a full study. Conclusion Our results demonstrate no differential effects of single sessions combining rTMS and CCT in a healthy population, even with the methodological improvement of individualized neuronavigation. The improvement in cognitive control seen in both conditions could indicate that a simple cognitive task is sufficient when studying additive rTMS effects. Future studies should focus on augmenting the effects of various cognitive tasks and compare the present interventions with rTMS or cognitive tasks alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dalhuisen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Céline Schutte
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bob Bramson
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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6
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Orth M, Wagnon C, Neumann-Dunayevska E, Kaller CP, Klöppel S, Meier B, Henke K, Peter J. The left prefrontal cortex determines relevance at encoding and governs episodic memory formation. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:612-621. [PMID: 35253836 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role hemispheric lateralization in the prefrontal cortex plays for episodic memory formation in general, and for emotionally valenced information in particular, is debated. In a randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled design, healthy young participants (n = 254) performed 2 runs of encoding to categorize the perceptual, semantic, or emotionally valenced (positive or negative) features of words followed by a free recall and a recognition task. To resolve competing hypotheses about the contribution of each hemisphere, we modulated left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity using transcranial direct current stimulation during encoding (1 mA, 20 min). With stimulation of the left DLPFC, but not the right DLPFC, encoding and free recall performance improved particularly for words that were processed semantically. In addition, enhancing left DLPFC activity increased memory formation for positive content while reducing that for negative content. In contrast, promoting right DLPFC activity increased memory formation for negative content. The left DLPFC assesses semantic properties of new memory content at encoding and thus influences how successful new episodic memories are established. Hemispheric laterlization-more active left DLPFC and less active right DLPFC-at the encoding stage shifts the formation of memory traces in favor of positively valenced content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orth
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern University, 3000 Bern, Switzerland.,Neurozentrum Siloah, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland
| | - Carole Wagnon
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern University, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stefan Klöppel
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern University, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Henke
- Institute of Psychology, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Peter
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern University, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Guo T, Wang F, Cao N, Liu H. Conflicts influence affects: an FMRI study of emotional effects in a conflict task. Cogn Neurodyn 2022; 16:1261-1271. [PMID: 36408071 PMCID: PMC9666575 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prior research has confirmed that conflict itself is likely to be aversive, it is unclear whether and how emotional conflicts influence an individual's affective processing. The current fMRI study adopted a lexical valence conflict task via instructing participants to shift lexical valence or not. We found that the involvement of positive emotions enhanced the activation of the middle right temporal gyrus (R-MTG) in the non-conflict condition, whereas such activation attenuated in the conflict condition. In addition, the R-MTG was activated in the opposite way when negative emotions were involved. The functional connectivity and correlation analyses further revealed that the faster the participants processed positive emotional words, the weaker the connectivity between R-MTG and positive emotion-related areas of left MTG in the non-conflict condition would be. In contrast, the faster the participants processed negative emotional words, the stronger the connectivity between R-MTG and negative emotion-related areas of the right cerebellum in the conflict condition would become. These findings suggest that conflicts have different influences on emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning Province China
| | - Fenqi Wang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5454 USA
| | - Ningning Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning Province China
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Recall and Self-Relevance of Emotional Words Predict Subjective Self-Evaluation of Cognition in Patients with MTLE with or without Depressive Symptoms. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111402. [PMID: 34827401 PMCID: PMC8615735 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether word processing is associated with subjective self-evaluation of cognition in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) as a function of their depressive symptoms. MTLE patients with (MTLE +d, N = 28) or without (MTLE -d, N = 11) depression were compared to pair-matched healthy control participants on free recall and self-relevance ratings of emotionally valenced words. Correlation and hierarchical analyses were conducted to investigate whether the subjective self-evaluation of cognition in MTLE patients is predicted by the negative emotional bias reflected in task performance. MTLE +d patients endorsed as self-relevant fewer positive words and more negative words than the MTLE -d patients and healthy participants. They also self-evaluated their cognition poorer than the MTLE -d patients. Analyses indicated that recall and self-endorsement of emotional words predicted both self-evaluation of cognition as well as epilepsy duration. Our findings indicate that negative self-relevance emotional bias is observed in MTLE patients and is predictive of subjective self-evaluation of cognition. Application of brief behavioral tasks probing emotional functions could be valuable for clinical research and practice in the patients with MTLE.
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9
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Maier MJ, Schiel JE, Rosenbaum D, Hautzinger M, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC. To Regulate or Not to Regulate: Emotion Regulation in Participants With Low and High Impulsivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:645052. [PMID: 34393732 PMCID: PMC8363082 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.645052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful emotion regulation plays a key role in psychological health and well-being. This study examines (1) whether cognitive control and corresponding neural connectivity are associated with emotion regulation and (2) to what extent external instructions can improve emotion regulation in individuals with low vs. high cognitive control capacity. For this, emotion regulation capabilities and the impact of emotion regulation on a subsequent emotional Stroop task was tested in participants with low (N = 25) vs. high impulsivity (N = 32). The classification according to impulsivity is based upon the stable correlation between high impulsivity and reduced cognitive control capacity. A negative emotion inducing movie scene was presented with the instruction to either suppress or allow all emotions that arose. This was followed by an emotional Stroop task. Electromyography (EMG) over the corrugator supercilii was used to assess the effects of emotion regulation. Neurophysiological mechanisms were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy over frontal brain areas. While EMG activation was low in the low-impulsive group independent of instruction, high-impulsive participants showed increased EMG activity when they were not explicitly instructed to suppress arising emotions. Given the same extent of functional connectivity within frontal lobe networks, the low-impulsive participants controlled their emotions better (less EMG activation) than the high-impulsive participants. In the Stroop task, the low-impulsive subjects performed significantly better. The emotion regulation condition had no significant effect on the results. We conclude that the cognitive control network is closely associated with emotion regulation capabilities. Individuals with high cognitive control show implicit capabilities for emotion regulation. Individuals with low cognitive control require external instructions (= explicit emotion regulation) to achieve similarly low expressions of emotionality. Implications for clinical applications aiming to improve emotion regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Julian Maier
- Center for Responsible Research and Innovation, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Elias Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jochen Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Neural substrates of the interplay between cognitive load and emotional involvement in bilingual decision making. Neuropsychologia 2020; 151:107721. [PMID: 33333137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has reported that foreign language influences decision making by either reducing access to emotion or imposing additional cognitive demands. In this fMRI study, we employed a cross-task design to assess at the neural level whether and how the interaction between cognitive load and emotional involvement is affected by language (native L1 vs. foreign L2). Participants completed a Lexico-semantic task where in each trial they were presented with a neutrally or a negatively valenced word either in L1 or L2, either under cognitive load or not. We manipulated cognitive load by varying the difficulty of the task: to increase cognitive demands, we used traditional characters instead of simplified ones in L1 (Chinese), and words with capital letters instead of lowercase letters in L2 (English). After each trial, participants decided whether to take a risky decision in a gambling game. During the Gamling task, left amygdala and right insula were more activated after having processed a negative word under cognitive load in the Lexico-semantic task. However, this was true for L1 but not for L2. In particular, in L1, cognitive load facilitated rather than hindered access to emotion. Further suggesting that cognitive load can enhance emotional sensitivity in L1 but not in L2, we found that functional connectivity between reward-related striatum and right insula increased under cognitive load only in L1. Overall, results suggest that cognitive load in L1 can favor access to emotion and lead to impulsive decision making, whereas cognitive load in L2 can attenuate access to emotion and lead to more rational decisions.
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11
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Sep MSC, Joëls M, Geuze E. Individual differences in the encoding of contextual details following acute stress: An explorative study. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:2714-2738. [PMID: 33249674 PMCID: PMC9291333 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Information processing under stressful circumstances depends on many experimental conditions, like the information valence or the point in time at which brain function is probed. This also holds true for memorizing contextual details (or ‘memory contextualization’). Moreover, large interindividual differences appear to exist in (context‐dependent) memory formation after stress, but it is mostly unknown which individual characteristics are essential. Various characteristics were explored from a theory‐driven and data‐driven perspective, in 120 healthy men. In the theory‐driven model, we postulated that life adversity and trait anxiety shape the stress response, which impacts memory contextualization following acute stress. This was indeed largely supported by linear regression analyses, showing significant interactions depending on valence and time point after stress. Thus, during the acutephase of the stress response, reduced neutral memory contextualization was related to salivary cortisol level; moreover, certain individual characteristics correlated with memory contextualization of negatively valenced material: (a) life adversity, (b) α‐amylase reactivity in those with low life adversity and (c) cortisol reactivity in those with low trait anxiety. Better neutral memory contextualization during the recoveryphase of the stress response was associated with (a) cortisol in individuals with low life adversity and (b) α‐amylase in individuals with high life adversity. The data‐driven Random Forest‐based variable selection also pointed to (early) life adversity—during the acutephase—and (moderate) α‐amylase reactivity—during the recoveryphase—as individual characteristics related to better memory contextualization. Newly identified characteristics sparked novel hypotheses about non‐anxious personality traits, age, mood and states during retrieval of context‐related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou S C Sep
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Camacho MC, King LS, Ojha A, Garcia CM, Sisk LM, Cichocki AC, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Cerebral blood flow in 5- to 8-month-olds: Regional tissue maturity is associated with infant affect. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12928. [PMID: 31802580 PMCID: PMC8931704 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infancy is marked by rapid neural and emotional development. The relation between brain function and emotion in infancy, however, is not well understood. Methods for measuring brain function predominantly rely on the BOLD signal; however, interpretation of the BOLD signal in infancy is challenging because the neuronal-hemodynamic relation is immature. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) provides a context for the infant BOLD signal and can yield insight into the developmental maturity of brain regions that may support affective behaviors. This study aims to elucidate the relations among rCBF, age, and emotion in infancy. One hundred and seven mothers reported their infants' (infant age M ± SD = 6.14 ± 0.51 months) temperament. A subsample of infants completed MRI scans, 38 of whom produced usable perfusion MRI during natural sleep to quantify rCBF. Mother-infant dyads completed the repeated Still-Face Paradigm, from which infant affect reactivity and recovery to stress were quantified. We tested associations of infant age at scan, temperament factor scores, and observed affect reactivity and recovery with voxel-wise rCBF. Infant age was positively associated with CBF in nearly all voxels, with peaks located in sensory cortices and the ventral prefrontal cortex, supporting the formulation that rCBF is an indicator of tissue maturity. Temperamental Negative Affect and recovery of positive affect following a stressor were positively associated with rCBF in several cortical and subcortical limbic regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. This finding yields insight into the nature of affective neurodevelopment during infancy. Specifically, infants with relatively increased prefrontal cortex maturity may evidence a disposition toward greater negative affect and negative reactivity in their daily lives yet show better recovery of positive affect following a social stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amar Ojha
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Bovy L, Berkers RMWJ, Pottkämper JCM, Varatheeswaran R, Fernández G, Tendolkar I, Dresler M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases Emotional Memory Schemas. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3608-3616. [PMID: 31925421 PMCID: PMC7232999 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood-congruent memory bias is a critical characteristic of depression, but the underlying neural mechanism is largely unknown. Negative memory schemas might enhance encoding and consolidation of negative experiences, thereby contributing to the genesis and perpetuation of depressive pathology. To investigate this relationship, we aimed to perturb medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) processing, using neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) targeting the mPFC. Forty healthy volunteers first underwent a negative mood induction to activate negative schema processing after which they received either active inhibitory (N = 20) or control (N = 20) stimulation to the mPFC. Then, all participants performed the encoding of an emotional false memory task. Recall and recognition performance was tested the following morning. Polysomnographic data were recorded continuously during the night before and after encoding. We observed a significantly lower false recognition of negative critical lures following mPFC inhibition, but no differences in veridical memory. These findings were supported by reaction time data, showing a relative slower response to negative compared with positive critical lures. The current findings support previous causal evidence for a role of the mPFC in schema memory processing and further suggest a role of the mPFC in memory bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Bovy
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud M W J Berkers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia C M Pottkämper
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute for Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rathiga Varatheeswaran
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Combining attentional bias modification with dorsolateral prefrontal rTMS does not attenuate maladaptive attentional processing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1168. [PMID: 30718539 PMCID: PMC6362221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms and improve cognitive biases such as attentional bias. One promising technique that may complement rTMS treatment is attentional bias modification (ABM) training, given the similarity in modulating attentional bias and affecting neuronal activity. We tested whether the combination of rTMS treatment and ABM training in a single session would attenuate maladaptive attentional processing and improve mood in participants with subclinical depressive symptoms. To this end, 122 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, receiving either a single rTMS treatment, a single ABM treatment, a combination of rTMS and ABM or a sham treatment. Of these 122 participants, 72 showed a heightened BDI-II score (between 9 and 25) and were included in our main analyses. In our subclinical (≥9 and ≤25 BDI-II) sample, a single combination treatment of rTMS and ABM training induced no significant changes in attentional bias, attentional control or mood, nor did rTMS alone affect attentional bias systematically. We discuss these null findings in light of the task specifics and relate them to the ongoing discussion on ABM training in depression.
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16
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Guo J, Li D, Bi Y, Chen C. Modulating Effects of Contextual Emotions on the Neural Plasticity Induced by Word Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:464. [PMID: 30532700 PMCID: PMC6266032 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have investigated the neurocognitive mechanism of learning words in isolation or in semantic contexts. However, emotion as an important influencing factor on novel word learning has not been fully considered in the previous studies. In addition, the effects of emotion on word learning and the underlying neural mechanism have not been systematically investigated. Sixteen participants were trained to learn novel concrete or abstract words under negative, neutral, and positive contextual emotions over 3 days; then, fMRI scanning was done during the testing sessions on day 1 and day 3. We compared the brain activations in day 1 and day 3 to investigate the role of contextual emotions in learning different types of words and the corresponding neural plasticity changes. Behaviorally, the performance of the words learned in the negative context was lower than those in the neutral and positive contexts, which indicated that contextual emotions had a significant impact on novel word learning. Correspondingly, the functional plasticity changes of the right angular gyrus (AG), bilateral insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) induced by word learning were modulated by the contextual emotions. The insula also was sensitive to the concreteness of the learned words. More importantly, the functional plasticity changes of the left inferior frontal gyrus (left IFG) and left fusiform gyrus (left FG) were interactively influenced by the contextual emotions and concreteness, suggesting that the contextual emotional information had a discriminable effect on different types of words in the neural mechanism level. These results demonstrate that emotional information in contexts is inevitably involved in word learning. The role of contextual emotions in brain plasticity for learning is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjing Guo
| | - Dingding Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanling Bi
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Chunhui Chen
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17
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Fleurkens P, van Minnen A, Becker ES, van Oostrom I, Speckens A, Rinck M, Vrijsen JN. Automatic approach-avoidance tendencies as a candidate intermediate phenotype for depression: Associations with childhood trauma and the 5-HTTLPR transporter polymorphism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193787. [PMID: 29547643 PMCID: PMC5856265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression risk genes in combination with childhood events have been associated with biased processing as an intermediate phenotype for depression. The aim of the present conceptual replication study was to investigate the role of biased automatic approach-avoidance tendencies as a candidate intermediate phenotype for depression, in the context of genes (5-HTTLPR polymorphism) and childhood trauma. A naturalistic remitted depressed patients sample (N = 209) performed an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) with facial expressions (angry, sad, happy and neutral). Childhood trauma was assessed with a questionnaire. Genotype groups were created based on allele frequency: LaLa versus S/Lg-carriers. The latter is associated with depression risk. We found that remitted S/Lg-carriers who experienced childhood trauma automatically avoided sad facial expressions relatively more than LaLa homozygotes with childhood trauma. Remitted LaLa-carriers who had not experienced childhood trauma, avoided sad faces relatively more than LaLa homozygotes with childhood trauma. We did not find a main effect of childhood trauma, nor differential avoidance of any of the other facial expressions. Although tentative, the results suggest that automatic approach-avoidance tendencies for disorder-congruent materials may be a fitting intermediate phenotype for depression. The specific pattern of tendencies, and the relation to depression, may depend on the genetic risk profile and childhood trauma, but replication is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fleurkens
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnes van Minnen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Psychotrauma Expertise Centrum (PSYTREC), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janna N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pro Persona: Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Möbius M, Lacomblé L, Meyer T, Schutter DJLG, Gielkens T, Becker ES, Tendolkar I, van Eijndhoven P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates the impact of a negative mood induction. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:526-533. [PMID: 28008080 PMCID: PMC5390712 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been found to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, the mechanisms driving these effects are still poorly understood. In the current study, we tested the idea that this intervention protects against negative mood shifts following emotional provocation. We furthermore explored changes in EEG activity (frontal alpha asymmetry) and effects on attentional processing (emotional Stroop). To this end, 23 healthy individuals participated in two sessions separated by one week, whereby they once received 15 min of 10Hz rTMS stimulation (1500 pulses) at 110% of the individual motor threshold, and once sham stimulation. Then, negative mood was induced using sad movie clips. The results revealed a significantly stronger mood decline following rTMS compared to sham stimulation. No changes were observed in frontal alpha asymmetry and attentional processing. Our findings are at odds with the view that high frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC directly protects against the induction of negative mood, but rather suggest that it enhances the effects of emotional provocation. Possibly, in healthy young individuals, this stimulation protocol heightens susceptibility to mood induction procedures in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Möbius
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lylis Lacomblé
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Gielkens
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinic Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Dolcos F, Katsumi Y, Weymar M, Moore M, Tsukiura T, Dolcos S. Emerging Directions in Emotional Episodic Memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1867. [PMID: 29255432 PMCID: PMC5723010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Building upon the existing literature on emotional memory, the present review examines emerging evidence from brain imaging investigations regarding four research directions: (1) Social Emotional Memory, (2) The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Impact of Emotion on Memory, (3) The Impact of Emotion on Associative or Relational Memory, and (4) The Role of Individual Differences in Emotional Memory. Across these four domains, available evidence demonstrates that emotion- and memory-related medial temporal lobe brain regions (amygdala and hippocampus, respectively), together with prefrontal cortical regions, play a pivotal role during both encoding and retrieval of emotional episodic memories. This evidence sheds light on the neural mechanisms of emotional memories in healthy functioning, and has important implications for understanding clinical conditions that are associated with negative affective biases in encoding and retrieving emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Dolcos
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Takashi Tsukiura
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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20
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Zhang W, Gross J, Hayne H. If You're Happy and You Know It: Positive Moods Reduce Age-Related Differences in False Memory. Child Dev 2017; 89:e332-e341. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Hou Z, Song X, Jiang W, Yue Y, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yuan Y. Prognostic value of imbalanced interhemispheric functional coordination in early therapeutic efficacy in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 255:1-8. [PMID: 27497214 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the early response of antidepressant therapy by measuring the voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) in major depressive disorder (MDD). Eighty-two MDD patients [n=42 treatment-responsive depression (RD) and n=40 non-responding depression (NRD)] and n=50 normal controls (NC) underwent clinical measures and a magnetic resonance imaging scan, and the VMHC values were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine the capability of altered VMHC to distinguish NRD. The NRD showed significantly decreased VMHC in bilateral precuneus (PCU) and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), and increased VMHC in middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and caudate nucleus as compared to RD. When compared with NC, the NRD exhibited reduced VMHC in bilateral cerebellum anterior lobe, thalamus and postcentral gyrus. Moreover, VHMC in medial frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus were significantly decreased in RD. Correlation analysis showed that reduced VMHC in PCU was negatively correlated with the baseline HAMD score of the NRD group. The ROC curve indicated that the combined changes of the three regional VMHC (PCU, ITG and MFG) could effectively identify NRD. The current study suggests that interhemispheric asynchrony may represents a novel neural trait underlying the prediction of early therapeutic outcome in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Hou
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuqun Zhang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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22
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Always Approach the Bright Side of Life: A General Positivity Training Reduces Stress Reactions in Vulnerable Individuals. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015; 40:57-71. [PMID: 26855458 PMCID: PMC4729786 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotional disorders are characterized by cognitive biases towards negative stimuli, and a lack of biases towards positive ones. Therefore, we developed a cognitive bias modification training, modifying approach-avoidance tendencies to diverse emotional pictures. In Study 1, a negative training (pull negative, push positive pictures) was compared to a positive training (vice versa) in 141 students. The pre-existing positivity bias remained after positive training, but reversed into a negativity bias after negative training. This effect transferred to an attentional bias. The training affected neither mood nor emotional vulnerability to stress. In Study 2, we investigated the effects of the positive training in 102 dysphoric and non-dysphoric students, all in a sad mood state. Compared to placebo training, the positive training strengthened a positivity bias, and it reduced emotional vulnerability in dysphoric students. This suggests potential therapeutic value of the training, but further studies are needed.
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23
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Baumeister JC, Rumiati RI, Foroni F. When the mask falls: the role of facial motor resonance in memory for emotional language. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 155:29-36. [PMID: 25553341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition and interpretation of emotional information (e.g., about happiness) has been shown to elicit, amongst other bodily reactions, spontaneous facial expressions occurring in accordance to the relevant emotion (e.g. a smile). Theories of embodied cognition act on the assumption that such embodied simulations are not only an accessorial, but a crucial factor in the processing of emotional information. While several studies have confirmed the importance of facial motor resonance during the initial recognition of emotional information, its role at later stages of processing, such as during memory for emotional content, remains unexplored. The present study bridges this gap by exploring the impact of facial motor resonance on the retrieval of emotional stimuli. In a novel approach, the specific effects of embodied simulations were investigated at different stages of emotional memory processing (during encoding and/or retrieval). Eighty participants underwent a memory task involving emotional and neutral words consisting of an encoding and retrieval phase. Depending on the experimental condition, facial muscles were blocked by a hardening facial mask either during encoding, during retrieval, during both encoding and retrieval, or were left free to resonate (control). The results demonstrate that not only initial recognition but also memory of emotional items benefits from embodied simulations occurring during their encoding and retrieval.
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24
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Vrijsen JN, Speckens A, Arias-Vásquez A, Franke B, Becker ES, van Oostrom I. No evidence for the association between a polymorphism in the PCLO depression candidate gene with memory bias in remitted depressed patients and healthy individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112153. [PMID: 25379724 PMCID: PMC4224395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The PCLO rs2522833 candidate polymorphism for depression has been associated to monoaminergic neurotransmission. In healthy and currently depressed individuals, the polymorphism has been found to affect activation of brain areas during memory processing, but no direct association of PCLO with memory bias was found. We hypothesized that the absence of this association might have been obscured by current depressive symptoms or genetically driven individual differences in reactivity to stressful events. Experiencing stressful childhood events fosters dysfunctional assumptions that are related to cognitive biases, and may modulate the predisposition for depression via epigenetic effects. The association between PCLO and memory bias, as well as interaction between PCLO and childhood events was studied in patients remitted from depression (N = 299), as well as a sample of healthy individuals (N = 157). The participants performed an emotional verbal memory task after a sad mood induction. Childhood trauma and adversity were measured with a questionnaire. The Genotype main effect, and Genotype by Childhood Events interaction were analyzed for memory bias in both samples. PCLO risk allele carrying remitted depressed patients did not show more negatively biased memory than non-risk allele carriers, not even patients with stressful childhood events. A similar pattern of results was found in healthy individuals. Memory bias may not be strongly associated with the PCLO rs2522833 polymorphism. We did not find any support for the PCLO-childhood events interaction, but the power of our study was insufficient to exclude this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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25
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Vrijsen JN, Becker ES, Arias-Vásquez A, van Dijk MK, Speckens A, Oostrom IV. What is the contribution of different cognitive biases and stressful childhood events to the presence and number of previous depressive episodes? Psychiatry Res 2014; 217:134-42. [PMID: 24726815 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative cognitive biases as well as stressful childhood events are well-known risk factors for depression. Few studies have compared the association of different types of biases and events with depression. The current study examined whether different cognitive biases and stressful childhood events variables were associated with depression and recurrence. Three types of childhood events were assessed in 83 never-depressed and 337 formerly depressed individuals: trauma within the family, trauma outside the family, and adverse events. Furthermore, after a sad mood induction procedure, participants executed a Dot Probe task (selective attentional bias), an Emotional Stroop task (attentional interference bias) and an incidental learning task (memory bias). The association of these measures with case status and recurrence status (one or multiple past episodes) was examined. Negative memory bias and traumatic childhood events within the family were associated with case status, whereas none of the bias measures or childhood events variables were associated with recurrence status. The results indicate that memory bias as well as the experience of aggression and/or abuse within the family during childhood are independently associated with depression. Biases and stressful childhood events did not offer differentiation between individuals with one or multiple past episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Quarto T, Blasi G, Pallesen KJ, Bertolino A, Brattico E. Implicit processing of visual emotions is affected by sound-induced affective states and individual affective traits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103278. [PMID: 25072162 PMCID: PMC4114563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize emotions contained in facial expressions are affected by both affective traits and states and varies widely between individuals. While affective traits are stable in time, affective states can be regulated more rapidly by environmental stimuli, such as music, that indirectly modulate the brain state. Here, we tested whether a relaxing or irritating sound environment affects implicit processing of facial expressions. Moreover, we investigated whether and how individual traits of anxiety and emotional control interact with this process. 32 healthy subjects performed an implicit emotion processing task (presented to subjects as a gender discrimination task) while the sound environment was defined either by a) a therapeutic music sequence (MusiCure), b) a noise sequence or c) silence. Individual changes in mood were sampled before and after the task by a computerized questionnaire. Additionally, emotional control and trait anxiety were assessed in a separate session by paper and pencil questionnaires. Results showed a better mood after the MusiCure condition compared with the other experimental conditions and faster responses to happy faces during MusiCure compared with angry faces during Noise. Moreover, individuals with higher trait anxiety were faster in performing the implicit emotion processing task during MusiCure compared with Silence. These findings suggest that sound-induced affective states are associated with differential responses to angry and happy emotional faces at an implicit stage of processing, and that a relaxing sound environment facilitates the implicit emotional processing in anxious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Quarto
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland & Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Music Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Karen Johanne Pallesen
- The Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital & Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- pRED, Neuroscience DTA, Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland & Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Music Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Brain & Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Schoenberg PL. The error processing system in major depressive disorder: Cortical phenotypal marker hypothesis. Biol Psychol 2014; 99:100-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Arias-Vásquez A, Franke B, Becker ES, Speckens A. Association between genes, stressful childhood events and processing bias in depression vulnerable individuals. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - I. van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B. Franke
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - E. S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Gärtner M, Bajbouj M. Encoding-related EEG oscillations during memory formation are modulated by mood state. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1934-41. [PMID: 24464848 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood states have a strong impact on how we process incoming information. It has been proposed that positive mood facilitates elaborative, relational encoding, whereas negative mood promotes a more careful, stimulus-driven encoding style. Previous electrophysiological studies have linked successful information encoding to power increases in slow (<8 Hz) delta/theta and fast (>30 Hz) gamma oscillations, as well as to power decreases in midrange (8-30 Hz) alpha/beta oscillations. Whether different mood states modulate encoding-related oscillations has not been investigated yet. In order to address this question, we used an experimental mood induction procedure and recorded electroencephalograms from 20 healthy participants while they performed a free recall memory task after positive and negative mood induction. We found distinct oscillatory patterns in positive and negative mood. Successful encoding in positive mood was accompanied by widespread power increases in the delta band, whereas encoding success in negative mood was specifically accompanied by frontal power decreases in the beta band. On the behavioral level, memory performance was enhanced in positive mood. Our findings show that mood differentially modulates the neural correlates of successful information encoding and thus contribute to an understanding of how mood shapes different processing styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Gärtner
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14050 Berlin, Germany Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14050 Berlin, Germany Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14050 Berlin, Germany
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Werner NS, Kühnel S, Markowitsch HJ. The neuroscience of face processing and identification in eyewitnesses and offenders. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:189. [PMID: 24367306 PMCID: PMC3853647 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are experts in face perception. We are better able to distinguish between the differences of faces and their components than between any other kind of objects. Several studies investigating the underlying neural networks provided evidence for deviated face processing in criminal individuals, although results are often confounded by accompanying mental or addiction disorders. On the other hand, face processing in non-criminal healthy persons can be of high juridical interest in cases of witnessing a felony and afterward identifying a culprit. Memory and therefore recognition of a person can be affected by many parameters and thus become distorted. But also face processing itself is modulated by different factors like facial characteristics, degree of familiarity, and emotional relation. These factors make the comparison of different cases, as well as the transfer of laboratory results to real live settings very challenging. Several neuroimaging studies have been published in recent years and some progress was made connecting certain brain activation patterns with the correct recognition of an individual. However, there is still a long way to go before brain imaging can make a reliable contribution to court procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Kühnel
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld , Bielefeld , Germany
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Vrijsen JN, van Oostrom I, Isaac L, Becker ES, Speckens A. Coherence Between Attentional and Memory Biases in Sad and Formerly Depressed Individuals. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bayet
- Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain; Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - M.C. Bushnell
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - P. Schweinhardt
- Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain; Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
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Egidi G, Nusbaum HC. Emotional language processing: how mood affects integration processes during discourse comprehension. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2012; 122:199-210. [PMID: 22325258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This research tests whether mood affects semantic processing during discourse comprehension by facilitating integration of information congruent with moods' valence. Participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods listened to stories with positive or negative endings during EEG recording. N400 peak amplitudes showed mood congruence for happy and sad participants: endings incongruent with participants' moods demonstrated larger peaks. Happy and neutral moods exhibited larger peaks for negative endings, thus showing a similarity between negativity bias (neutral mood) and mood congruence (happy mood). Mood congruence resulted in differential processing of negative information: happy mood showed larger amplitudes for negative endings than neutral mood, and sad mood showed smaller amplitudes. N400 peaks were also sensitive to whether ending valence was communicated directly or as a result of inference. This effect was moderately modulated by mood. In conclusion, the notion of context for discourse processing should include comprehenders' affective states preceding language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Egidi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
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Isaac L, Vrijsen JN, Eling P, van Oostrom I, Speckens A, Becker ES. Verbal and facial-emotional Stroop tasks reveal specific attentional interferences in sad mood. Brain Behav 2012; 2:74-83. [PMID: 22574276 PMCID: PMC3343301 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood congruence refers to the tendency of individuals to attend to information more readily when it has the same emotional content as their current mood state. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether attentional interference occurred for participants in sad mood states for emotionally relevant stimuli (mood-congruence), and to determine whether this interference occurred for both valenced words and valenced faces. A mood induction procedure was administered to 116 undergraduate females divided into two equal groups for the sad and happy mood condition. This study employed three versions of the Stroop task: color, verbal-emotional, and a facial-emotional Stroop. The two mood groups did not differ on the color Stroop. Significant group differences were found on the verbal-emotional Stroop for sad words with longer latencies for sad-induced participants. Main findings for the facial-emotional Stroop were that sad mood is associated with attentional interference for angry-threatening faces as well as longer latencies for neutral faces. Group differences were not found for positive stimuli. These findings confirm that sad mood is associated with attentional interference for mood-congruent stimuli in the verbal domain (sad words), but this mood-congruent effect does not necessarily apply to the visual domain (sad faces). Attentional interference for neutral faces suggests sad mood participants did not necessarily see valence-free faces. Attentional interference for threatening stimuli is often associated with anxiety; however, the current results show that threat is not an attentional interference observed exclusively in states of anxiety but also in sad mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Isaac
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janna N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Eling
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tendolkar I, van Wingen G, Urner M, Jan Verkes R, Fernández G. Short-term duloxetine administration affects neural correlates of mood-congruent memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2266-75. [PMID: 21775979 PMCID: PMC3176563 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown how antidepressants reverse mood-congruent memory bias, a cognitive core factor causing and maintaining depression. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, we investigated the effect of a short-term treatment (14 days) with the dual reuptake inhibitor duloxetine on neural correlates of mood-congruent and mood-incongruent memory formation and retrieval in healthy volunteers who underwent a sad mood induction procedure. Duloxetine did not affect acute mood state or memory performance, but interacted with brain processes mediating mood-congruent memory. It decreased activity related to successful memory formation for mood-congruent and -incongruent items in a set of brain regions comprising the putamen and the middle frontal gyrus, as well as the middle and the anterior cingulate cortex. Duloxetine specifically increased amygdala activity related to successful memory retrieval for mood-incongruent items. Here we show that short-term administration of duloxetine affects the neural correlates of emotional memory formation and retrieval in a set of brain regions whose processing is related to affective state and its regulation. While duloxetine suppressed the neural correlates of emotional memory formation in general, it specifically enhanced amygdala processes associated with mood-incongruent memory retrieval. This pattern of results shows how an antidepressant may reduce emotional memory formation and reverse mood-congruent processing biases at retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Tendolkar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maren Urner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robbert Jan Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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