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Lee JH, Gohil VM, Heidari P, Seidel JL, Zulkifli M, Wei Y, Ji Y, Daneshmand A, Mahmood U, Clish CB, Mootha VK, Ayata C. Mechanism of Action and Translational Potential of ( S)-Meclizine in Preemptive Prophylaxis Against Stroke. Stroke 2024; 55:1370-1380. [PMID: 38572656 PMCID: PMC11039361 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration can confer resilience against a subsequent stroke or myocardial infarction, also known as preconditioning. However, the lack of chemicals that can safely inhibit mitochondrial respiration has impeded the clinical translation of the preconditioning concept. We previously showed that meclizine, an over-the-counter antivertigo drug, can toggle metabolism from mitochondrial respiration toward glycolysis and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, and kidney. Here, we examine the mechanism of action of meclizine and report the efficacy and improved safety of the (S) enantiomer. METHODS We determined the anoxic depolarization latency, tissue and neurological outcomes, and glucose uptake using micro-positron emission tomography after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice pretreated (-17 and -3 hours) with either vehicle or meclizine. To exclude a direct effect on tissue excitability, we also examined spreading depression susceptibility. Furthermore, we accomplished the chiral synthesis of (R)- and (S)-meclizine and compared their effects on oxygen consumption and histamine H1 receptor binding along with their brain concentrations. RESULTS Micro-positron emission tomography showed meclizine increases glucose uptake in the ischemic penumbra, providing the first in vivo evidence that the neuroprotective effect of meclizine indeed stems from its ability to toggle metabolism toward glycolysis. Consistent with reduced reliance on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain the metabolism, meclizine delayed anoxic depolarization onset after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Moreover, the (S) enantiomer showed reduced H1 receptor binding, a dose-limiting side effect for the racemate, but retained its effect on mitochondrial respiration. (S)-meclizine was at least as efficacious as the racemate in delaying anoxic depolarization onset and decreasing infarct volumes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify (S)-meclizine as a promising new drug candidate with high translational potential as a chemical preconditioning agent for preemptive prophylaxis in patients with high imminent stroke or myocardial infarction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Seidel
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ying Wei
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Grace Science, LLC, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ali Daneshmand
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Vamsi K. Mootha
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Vasireddi A, Schaefer PW, Rohatgi S. Metabolic Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke (PET, 1Hydrogen Spectroscopy, 17Oxygen Imaging, 23Sodium MRI, pH Imaging). Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2024; 34:271-280. [PMID: 38604711 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute stroke imaging plays a vital and time-sensitive role in therapeutic decision-making. Current clinical workflows widely use computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) techniques including CT and MR perfusion to estimate the volume of ischemic penumbra at risk for infarction without acute intervention. The use of imaging techniques aimed toward evaluating the metabolic derangements underlying a developing infarct may provide additional information for differentiating the penumbra from benign oligemia and infarct core. The authors review several modalities of metabolic imaging including PET, hydrogen and oxygen spectroscopy, sodium MRI, and pH-weighted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vasireddi
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Pamela W Schaefer
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Saurabh Rohatgi
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ni R, Straumann N, Fazio S, Dean-Ben XL, Louloudis G, Keller C, Razansky D, Ametamey S, Mu L, Nombela-Arrieta C, Klohs J. Imaging increased metabolism in the spinal cord in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100532. [PMID: 37645255 PMCID: PMC10461215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates crosstalk between the brain and hematopoietic system following cerebral ischemia. Here, we investigated metabolism and oxygenation in the spleen and spinal cord in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) to assess glucose metabolism. Naïve, sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) assisted by quantitative model-based reconstruction and unmixing algorithms for accurate mapping of oxygenation patterns in peripheral tissues at 24 h after reperfusion. We found increased [18F]FDG uptake and reduced MSOT oxygen saturation, indicating hypoxia in the thoracic spinal cord of tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice but not in the spleen. Reduced spleen size was observed in tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice ex vivo. tMCAO led to an increase in the numbers of mature T cells in femoral bone marrow tissues, concomitant with a stark reduction in these cell subsets in the spleen and peripheral blood. The combination of quantitative PET and MSOT thus enabled observation of hypoxia and increased metabolic activity in the spinal cord of tMCAO mice at 24 h after occlusion compared to sham-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Straumann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serana Fazio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xose Luis Dean-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Patzwaldt K, Berezhnoy G, Ionescu T, Schramm L, Wang Y, Owczorz M, Calderón E, Poli S, Serna Higuita LM, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Herfert K, Pichler B, Trautwein C, Castaneda-Vega S. Repurposing the mucolytic agent ambroxol for treatment of sub-acute and chronic ischaemic stroke. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad099. [PMID: 37065090 PMCID: PMC10090797 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambroxol is a well-known mucolytic expectorant, which has gained much attention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's and Gaucher's disease. A specific focus has been placed on ambroxol's glucocerebrosidase-stimulating activity, on grounds that the point mutation of the gba1 gene, which codes for this enzyme, is a risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease. However, ambroxol has been attributed other characteristics, such as the potent inhibition of sodium channels, modification of calcium homeostasis, anti-inflammatory effects and modifications of oxygen radical scavengers. We hypothesized that ambroxol could have a direct impact on neuronal rescue if administered directly after ischaemic stroke induction. We longitudinally evaluated 53 rats using magnetic resonance imaging to examine stroke volume, oedema, white matter integrity, resting state functional MRI and behaviour for 1 month after ischemic stroke onset. For closer mechanistic insights, we evaluated tissue metabolomics of different brain regions in a subgroup of animals using ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ambroxol-treated animals presented reduced stroke volumes, reduced cytotoxic oedema, reduced white matter degeneration, reduced necrosis, improved behavioural outcomes and complex changes in functional brain connectivity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy tissue metabolomic data at 24 h post-stroke proposes several metabolites that are capable of minimizing post-ischaemic damage and that presented prominent shifts during ambroxol treatment in comparison to controls. Taking everything together, we propose that ambroxol catalyzes recovery in energy metabolism, cellular homeostasis, membrane repair mechanisms and redox balance. One week of ambroxol administration following stroke onset reduced ischaemic stroke severity and improved functional outcome in the subacute phase followed by reduced necrosis in the chronic stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Patzwaldt
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Georgy Berezhnoy
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tudor Ionescu
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Linda Schramm
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Yi Wang
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department for Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Miriam Owczorz
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eduardo Calderón
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department for Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Lina M Serna Higuita
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kristina Herfert
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bernd Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Salvador Castaneda-Vega
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
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Du Y, Huo Y, Yang Q, Han Z, Hou L, Cui B, Fan K, Qiu Y, Chen Z, Huang W, Lu J, Cheng L, Cai W, Kang L. Ultrasmall iron-gallic acid coordination polymer nanodots with antioxidative neuroprotection for PET/MR imaging-guided ischemia stroke therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220041. [PMID: 37323619 PMCID: PMC10190924 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a reperfusion injury factor that can lead to cell damage and death. Here, ultrasmall iron-gallic acid coordination polymer nanodots (Fe-GA CPNs) were developed as antioxidative neuroprotectors for ischemia stroke therapy guided by PET/MR imaging. As proven by the electron spin resonance spectrum, the ultrasmall Fe-GA CPNs with ultrasmall size, scavenged ROS efficiently. In vitro experiments revealed that Fe-GA CPNs could protect cell viability after being treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and displayed the effective elimination of ROS by Fe-GA CPNs, which subsequently restores oxidation balance. When analyzing the middle cerebral artery occlusion model, the neurologic damage displayed by PET/MR imaging revealed a distinct recovery after treatment with Fe-GA CPNs, which was proved by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining indicated that Fe-GA CPNs inhibited apoptosis through protein kinase B (Akt) restoration, whereas western blot and immunofluorescence indicated the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway following Fe-GA CPNs application. Therefore, Fe-GA CPNs exhibit an impressive antioxidative and neuroprotective role via redox homeostasis recovery by Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation, revealing its potential for clinical ischemia stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Du
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhihui Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Linqian Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Bixiao Cui
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kevin Fan
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yongkang Qiu
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wenpeng Huang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
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6
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Ni R, Müller Herde A, Haider A, Keller C, Louloudis G, Vaas M, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Klohs J, Mu L. In vivo Imaging of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors: Functional and Structural Alterations in Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia by PET and MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:700-709. [PMID: 34642898 PMCID: PMC9581861 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stroke is one of the most prevalent vascular diseases. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to provide critical insights into the temporal dynamics and follow alterations of receptor expression and metabolism in ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to assess the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) levels in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse models at subacute stage using positron emission tomography (PET) with our novel tracer [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 and structural imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PROCEDURES Our recently developed CB2R PET tracer [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 was used for imaging neuroinflammation at 24 h after reperfusion in tMCAO mice. The RNA expression levels of CB2R and other inflammatory markers were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using brain tissues from tMCAO (1 h occlusion) and sham-operated mice. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was included for evaluation of the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc). In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging and T2-weighted imaging were performed for anatomical reference and delineating the lesion in tMCAO mice. RESULTS mRNA expressions of inflammatory markers TNF-α, Iba1, MMP9 and GFAP, CNR2 were increased to 1.3-2.5 fold at 24 h after reperfusion in the ipsilateral compared to contralateral hemisphere of tMCAO mice, while mRNA expression of the neuronal marker MAP-2 was markedly reduced to ca. 50 %. Reduced [18F]FDG uptake was observed in the ischemic striatum of tMCAO mouse brain at 24 h after reperfusion. Although higher activity of [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 in ex vivo biodistribution studies and higher standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) were detected in the ischemic ipsilateral compared to contralateral striatum in tMCAO mice, the in vivo specificity of [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 was confirmed only in the CB2R-rich spleen. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an increased [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 measure of CB2R and a reduced [18F]FDG measure of CMRglc in the ischemic striatum of tMCAO mice at subacute stage. [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 might be a promising PET tracer for detecting CB2R alterations in animal models of neuroinflammation without neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Vaas
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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He W, Tang H, Li J, Hou C, Shen X, Li C, Liu H, Yu W. Feature-based Quality Assessment of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1057-1068. [PMID: 35639276 PMCID: PMC9468193 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal experiments, ischemic stroke is usually induced through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and quality assessment of this procedure is crucial. However, an accurate assessment method based on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is still lacking. The difficulty lies in the inconsistent preprocessing pipeline, biased intensity normalization, or unclear spatiotemporal uptake of FDG. Here, we propose an image feature-based protocol to assess the quality of the procedure using a 3D scale-invariant feature transform and support vector machine. This feature-based protocol provides a convenient, accurate, and reliable tool to assess the quality of the MCAO procedure in FDG PET studies. Compared with existing approaches, the proposed protocol is fully quantitative, objective, automatic, and bypasses the intensity normalization step. An online interface was constructed to check images and obtain assessment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxian He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongtu Tang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Chenze Hou
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , 310027, China.
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Jiaxing , 314000, China.
| | - Weichuan Yu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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SathyaMurthi B, Muthu S, Howard J, Sajjan R. 18 F-FDG PET/CT Uptake in Acute Pontine Infarct Mimicking Intracranial Metastasis. Clin Nucl Med 2022; 47:e602-e604. [PMID: 35439197 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Infarcts are generally nonviable and are not avid on an 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Here, we discuss a 53-year-old man who presented with chest pain and raised d -dimer. CT pulmonary angiogram was performed to exclude pulmonary embolism, which identified incidental lung nodules. 18 F-FDG PET/CT was performed for the assessment of lung nodules, which showed incidental focal FDG uptake in the pons. This was concluded as an acute infarct on subsequent MR scan. This highlights the importance of not interpreting all focal FDG uptakes as malignant. In rare circumstances, false-positive benign causes should be considered, such as in this rare case of an acute pontine infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu SathyaMurthi
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Katyal A, Bhaskar SMM. Value of pre-intervention CT perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke prognosis. DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY (ANKARA, TURKEY) 2021; 27:774-785. [PMID: 34792033 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2021.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging plays an important role in acute stroke towards diagnosis and ongoing management of patients. Systemic thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) are proven treatments currently used in standards of care in acute stroke settings. The role of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in selecting patients with large vessel occlusion for EVT is well established. However, the value of CT perfusion (CTP) imaging in predicting outcomes after stroke remains ambiguous. This article critically evaluates the value of multimodal CT imaging in early diagnosis and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke with a focus on the role of CTP in delineating tissue characteristics, patient selection, and outcomes after reperfusion therapy. Insights on various technical and clinical considerations relevant to CTP applications in acute ischemic stroke, recommendations for existing workflow, and future areas of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Katyal
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Clinical Sciences Stream, Sydney, Australia; University of New South Wales (UNSW), South Western Sydney Clinical School, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonu Menachem Maimonides Bhaskar
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Clinical Sciences Stream, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology - Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital - South West Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Sydney, Australia;University of New South Wales (UNSW), South Western Sydney Clinical School, NSW, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Stroke - Neurology Research Group, Sydney, Australia; NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Statewide Biobank and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Thrombolysis and Endovascular WorkFLOw Network (TEFLON), Sydney, Australia
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10
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Castaneda-Vega S, Katiyar P, Russo F, Patzwaldt K, Schnabel L, Mathes S, Hempel JM, Kohlhofer U, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ziemann U, la Fougere C, Ernemann U, Pichler BJ, Disselhorst JA, Poli S. Machine learning identifies stroke features between species. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3017-3034. [PMID: 33456586 PMCID: PMC7806470 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and localization of ischemic stroke (IS) lesions is routinely performed to confirm diagnosis, assess stroke severity, predict disability and plan rehabilitation strategies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In basic research, stroke lesion segmentation is necessary to study complex peri-infarction tissue changes. Moreover, final stroke volume is a critical outcome evaluated in clinical and preclinical experiments to determine therapy or intervention success. Manual segmentations are performed but they require a specialized skill set, are prone to inter-observer variation, are not entirely objective and are often not supported by histology. The task is even more challenging when dealing with large multi-center datasets, multiple experimenters or large animal cohorts. On the other hand, current automatized segmentation approaches often lack histological validation, are not entirely user independent, are often based on single parameters, or in the case of complex machine learning methods, require vast training datasets and are prone to a lack of model interpretation. Methods: We induced IS using the middle cerebral artery occlusion model on two rat cohorts. We acquired apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2-weighted (T2W) images at 24 h and 1-week after IS induction. Subsets of the animals at 24 h and 1-week post IS were evaluated using histology and immunohistochemistry. Using a Gaussian mixture model, we segmented voxel-wise interactions between ADC and T2W parameters at 24 h using one of the rat cohorts. We then used these segmentation results to train a random forest classifier, which we applied to the second rat cohort. The algorithms' stroke segmentations were compared to manual stroke delineations, T2W and ADC thresholding methods and the final stroke segmentation at 1-week. Volume correlations to histology were also performed for every segmentation method. Metrics of success were calculated with respect to the final stroke volume. Finally, the trained random forest classifier was tested on a human dataset with a similar temporal stroke on-set. Manual segmentations, ADC and T2W thresholds were again used to evaluate and perform comparisons with the proposed algorithms' output. Results: In preclinical rat data our framework significantly outperformed commonly applied automatized thresholding approaches and segmented stroke regions similarly to manual delineation. The framework predicted the localization of final stroke regions in 1-week post-stroke MRI with a median Dice similarity coefficient of 0.86, Matthew's correlation coefficient of 0.80 and false positive rate of 0.04. The predicted stroke volumes also strongly correlated with final histological stroke regions (Pearson correlation = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Lastly, the stroke region characteristics identified by our framework in rats also identified stroke lesions in human brains, largely outperforming thresholding approaches in stroke volume prediction (P<0.01). Conclusion: Our findings reveal that the segmentation produced by our proposed framework using 24 h MRI rat data strongly correlated with the final stroke volume, denoting a predictive effect. In addition, we show for the first time that the stroke imaging features can be directly translated between species, allowing identification of acute stroke in humans using the model trained on animal data. This discovery reduces the gap between the clinical and preclinical fields, unveiling a novel approach to directly co-analyze clinical and preclinical data. Such methods can provide further biological insights into human stroke and highlight the differences between species in order to help improve the experimental setups and animal models of the disease.
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11
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Wang Z, Mascarenhas C, Jia X. Positron Emission Tomography After Ischemic Brain Injury: Current Challenges and Future Developments. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:628-642. [PMID: 31939060 PMCID: PMC7347441 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is widely used in clinical and animal studies, along with the development of diverse tracers. The biochemical characteristics of PET tracers may help uncover the pathophysiological consequences of cardiac arrest (CA) and ischemic stroke, which include cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, depletion of oxygen and glucose, and neuroinflammation. PubMed was searched for studies of the application of PET for "cardiac arrest," "ischemic stroke," and "targeted temperature management." Available studies were included and classified according to the biochemical properties involved and metabolic processes of PET tracers, and were summarized. The mechanisms of ischemic brain injuries were investigated by PET with various tracers to elucidate the pathological process from the initial decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the subsequent abnormalities in energy and oxygen metabolism, to the monitoring of inflammation. In general, the trends of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism after ischemic attack are not unidirectional but closely related to the time point of injury and recovery. Glucose metabolism after injury showed significant differences in different brain regions whereas global cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) declined. PET monitoring of neuroinflammation shows comparable efficacy to immunostaining. The technology of PET targeting in brain metabolism and the development of tracers provide new tools to track and evaluate the brain's pathological changes after ischemic brain injury. Despite no existing evidence for an available PET-based prediction method, discoveries of new tracers are expected to provide more possibilities for the whole field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 43007, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Conrad Mascarenhas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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12
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Lee JS, Hong JM, Yoon BS, Son KS, Lee KE, Im DS, Park BN, An YS, Hwang DH, Park CB, Kim BG, Joe EH. Expression of Cellular Receptors in the Ischemic Hemisphere of Mice with Increased Glucose Uptake. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:70-79. [PMID: 32122109 PMCID: PMC7075656 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many previous studies have shown reduced glucose uptake in the ischemic brain. In contrast, in a permanent unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) mouse model, our pilot experiments using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) revealed that a subset of mice exhibited conspicuously high uptake of glucose in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 week post-occlusion (asymmetric group), whereas other mice showed symmetric uptake in both hemispheres (symmetric group). Thus, we aimed to understand the discrepancy between the two groups. Cerebral blood flow and histological/metabolic changes were analyzed using laser Doppler flowmetry and immunohistochemistry/Western blotting, respectively. Contrary to the increased glucose uptake observed in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere on FDG PET (p<0.001), cerebral blood flow tended to be lower in the asymmetric group than in the symmetric group (right to left ratio [%], 36.4±21.8 vs. 58.0±24.8, p=0.059). Neuronal death was observed only in the ischemic hemisphere of the asymmetric group. In contrast, astrocytes were more activated in the asymmetric group than in the symmetric group (p<0.05). Glucose transporter-1, and monocarboxylate transporter-1 were also upregulated in the asymmetric group, compared with the symmetric group (p<0.05, respectively). These results suggest that the increased FDG uptake was associated with relatively severe ischemia, and glucose transporter-1 upregulation and astrocyte activation. Glucose metabolism may thus be a compensatory mechanism in the moderately severe ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji Man Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Bok Seon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Keoung Sun Son
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kyung Eon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Doo Soon Im
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bok-Nam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Young-Sil An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Hwang
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Chan Bae Park
- Department of Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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13
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Stroke detection with 3 different PET tracers. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 14:1447-1451. [PMID: 31695834 PMCID: PMC6823742 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality, being the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a proven tool for oncology patients, and may have utility in patients with stroke. We demonstrate findings of stroke incidentally detected on oncologic PET/CTs using 18F-FDG, 11C-Choline, and 68Ga-DOTATATE radiotracers. Specifically, focal 11C-Choline or 68Ga-DOTATATE uptakes localized in areas of MRI confirmed ischemia, and paradoxically increased 18F-FDG activity was visualized surrounding a region of hemorrhage, in different patients. These cases demonstrate that PET may have utility in evaluating patients with stroke based on flow dynamics, metabolic activity, and receptor expression.
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14
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Suh JY, Cho G, Song Y, Woo DC, Choi YS, Ryu EK, Park BW, Shim WH, Kim YR, Kim JK. Hyperoxia-Induced ΔR 1. Stroke 2018; 49:3012-3019. [PMID: 30571431 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Acceleration of longitudinal relaxation under hyperoxic challenge (ie, hyperoxia-induced ΔR1) indicates oxygen accumulation and reflects baseline tissue oxygenation. We evaluated the feasibility of hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 for evaluating cerebral oxygenation status and degree of ischemic damage in stroke. Methods- In 24-hour transient stroke rat models (n=13), hyperoxia-induced ΔR1, ischemic severity (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]), vasogenic edema (R2), total and microvascular blood volume (superparamagnetic iron oxide-driven ΔR2* and ΔR2, respectively), and glucose metabolism activity (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography) were measured. The distribution of these parameters according to hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 was analyzed. The partial pressure of tissue oxygen change during hyperoxic challenge was measured using fiberoptic tissue oximetry. In 4-hour stroke models (n=6), ADC and hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 was analyzed with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining being a criterion of infarction. Results- Ischemic hemisphere showed significantly higher hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 than nonischemic brain in a pattern depending on ADC. During hyperoxic challenge, ischemic hemisphere demonstrated uncontrolled increase of partial pressure of tissue oxygen, whereas contralateral hemisphere rapidly plateaued. Ischemic hemisphere also demonstrated significant correlation between hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 and R2. Hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 showed a significant negative correlation with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. The ADC, R2, ΔR2, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake showed a dichotomized distribution according to the hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 as their slopes and values were higher at low hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 (<50 ms-1) than at high ΔR1. In 4-hour stroke rats, the distribution of ADC according to the hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 was similar with 24-hour stroke rats. The hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 was greater in the infarct area (47±10 ms-1) than in peri-infarct area (16±4 ms-1; P<0.01). Conclusions- Hyperoxia-induced ΔR1 adequately indicates cerebral oxygenation and can be a feasible biomarker to classify the degree of ischemia-induced damage in neurovascular function and metabolism in stroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Suh
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.-Y.S., D.-C.W., B.W.P., W.H.S., J.K.K.).,Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-Y.S., G.C., Y.S., E.K.R.)
| | - Gyunggoo Cho
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-Y.S., G.C., Y.S., E.K.R.)
| | - Youngkyu Song
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-Y.S., G.C., Y.S., E.K.R.)
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.-Y.S., D.-C.W., B.W.P., W.H.S., J.K.K.)
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Medical Research Institute, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangwon-do, South Korea (Y.S.C.)
| | - Eun Kyung Ryu
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-Y.S., G.C., Y.S., E.K.R.)
| | - Bum Woo Park
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.-Y.S., D.-C.W., B.W.P., W.H.S., J.K.K.)
| | - Woo Hyun Shim
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.-Y.S., D.-C.W., B.W.P., W.H.S., J.K.K.)
| | - Young Ro Kim
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (Y.R.K.)
| | - Jeong Kon Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.-Y.S., D.-C.W., B.W.P., W.H.S., J.K.K.)
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15
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Bandla A, Liao LD, Chan SJ, Ling JM, Liu YH, Shih YYI, Pan HC, Wong PTH, Lai HY, King NKK, Chen YY, Ng WH, Thakor NV. Simultaneous functional photoacoustic microscopy and electrocorticography reveal the impact of rtPA on dynamic neurovascular functions after cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:980-995. [PMID: 28685662 PMCID: PMC5999003 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17712399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The advance of thrombolytic therapy has been hampered by the lack of optimization of the therapy during the hyperacute phase of focal ischemia. Here, we investigate neurovascular dynamics using a custom-designed hybrid electrocorticography (ECoG)-functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM) imaging system during the hyperacute phase (first 6 h) of photothrombotic ischemia (PTI) in male Wistar rats following recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA)-mediated thrombolysis. We reported, for the first time, the changes in neural activity and cerebral hemodynamic responses following rtPA infusion at different time points post PTI. Interestingly, very early administration of rtPA (< 1 h post PTI) resulted in only partial recovery of neurovascular dynamics (specifically , neural activity recovered to 71 ± 3.5% of baseline and hemodynamics to only 52 ± 2.6% of baseline) and late administration of rtPA (> 4 h post PTI) resulted in the deterioration of neurovascular function. A therapeutic window between 1 and 3 h post PTI was found to improve recovery of neurovascular function (i.e. significant restoration of neural activity to 93 ± 4.2% of baseline and hemodynamics to 81 ± 2.1% of baseline, respectively). The novel combination of fPAM and ECoG enables direct mapping of neurovascular dynamics and serves as a platform to evaluate potential interventions for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Bandla
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lun-De Liao
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,3 Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Su Jing Chan
- 4 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.,5 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ji Min Ling
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,6 Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,7 SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,8 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- 9 Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Han-Chi Pan
- 3 Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Peter Tsun-Hon Wong
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- 10 Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, China
| | | | - You-Yin Chen
- 11 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wai Hoe Ng
- 6 Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,7 SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,8 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,12 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Jin T, Mehrens H, Wang P, Kim SG. Chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock MRI of glucose analog 3-O-methyl-d-glucose in normal and ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:869-880. [PMID: 28485194 PMCID: PMC5987935 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17707419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transport is important for understanding brain glucose metabolism. We studied glucose transport with a presumably non-toxic and non-metabolizable glucose analog, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, using a chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock MRI technique at 9.4 Tesla. 3-O-methyl-d-glucose showed comparable chemical exchange properties with d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose in phantoms, and higher and lower chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock sensitivity than Glc and 2-deoxy-d-glucose in in vivo experiments, respectively. The changes of the spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame (Δ R1ρ) in normal rat brain peaked at ∼15 min after the intravenous injection of 1 g/kg 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and almost maintained a plateau for >1 h. Doses up to 4 g/kg 3-O-methyl-d-glucose were linearly correlated with Δ R1ρ. In rats with focal ischemic stroke, chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock with 3-O-methyl-d-glucose injection at 1 h after stroke onset showed reduced Δ R1ρ in the ischemic core but higher Δ R1ρ in the peri-core region compared to normal tissue, which progressed into the ischemic core at 3 h after stroke onset. This suggests that the hyper-chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock region observed at 1 h is the ischemic penumbra at-risk of infarct. In summary, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose-chemical exchange-sensitive spin-lock can be a sensitive MRI technique to probe the glucose transport in normal and ischemic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- 1 NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hunter Mehrens
- 1 NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- 1 NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- 3 Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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17
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Fernandez-Maza L, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Balcerzyk M, Civantos-Jubera G, Gordillo-Escobar E, Vilches-Arenas A, Fernandez-Gomez I, Parrado-Gallego A, Murillo-Cabezas F. Rapid and simplified synthesis of [ 18 F]Fluoromisonidazole and its use in PET imaging in an experimental model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 132:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) Correlation of Histopathology and MRI in Prion Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2017; 31:1-7. [PMID: 28121634 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other prion diseases are rapidly progressive spongiform encephalopathies that are invariably fatal. Clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities may suggest prion disease, but a definitive diagnosis can only be made by means of neuropathologic examination. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is not routinely used to evaluate patients with suspected prion disease. This study includes 11 cases of definite prion disease in which FDG-PET scans were obtained. There were 8 sporadic CJD cases, 2 genetic CJD cases, and 1 fatal familial insomnia case. Automated FDG-PET analysis revealed parietal region hypometabolism in all cases. Surprisingly, limbic and mesolimbic hypermetabolism were also present in the majority of cases. When FDG-PET hypometabolism was compared with neuropathologic changes (neuronal loss, astrocytosis, spongiosis), hypometabolism was predictive of neuropathology in 80.6% of cortical regions versus 17.6% of subcortical regions. The odds of neuropathologic changes were 2.1 times higher in cortical regions than subcortical regions (P=0.0265). A similar discordance between cortical and subcortical regions was observed between FDG-PET hypometabolism and magnetic resonance imaging diffusion weighted imaging hyperintensity. This study shows that there may be a relationship between FDG-PET hypometabolism and neuropathology in cortical regions in prion disease but it is unlikely to be helpful for diagnosis.
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19
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Liu NW, Ke CC, Zhao Y, Chen YA, Chan KC, Tan DTW, Lee JS, Chen YY, Hsu TW, Hsieh YJ, Chang CW, Yang BH, Huang WS, Liu RS. Evolutional Characterization of Photochemically Induced Stroke in Rats: a Multimodality Imaging and Molecular Biological Study. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:244-256. [PMID: 27910074 PMCID: PMC5435782 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced cerebral ischemia is an easy-manipulated, reproducible, relatively noninvasive, and lesion controllable model for translational study of ischemic stroke. In order to longitudinally investigate the characterization of the model, magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, fluorescence, and bioluminescence imaging system were performed in correlation with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry examinations of glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD68, NeuN, von willebrand factor, and α-smooth muscle actin in the infarct zone. The results suggested that the number of inflammatory cells, astrocytes, and neovascularization significantly elevated in peri-infarct region from day 7 and a belt of macrophage/microglial and astrocytes was formed surrounding infarct lesion at day 14. Both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema, as well as blood brain-barrier leakage, occurred since day 1 after stroke induction and gradually attenuated with time. Numerous cells other than neuronal cells infiltrated into infarct lesion, which resulted in no visible TTC negative regional existence at day 14. Furthermore, recovery of cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in peri-infarct zone were noted and more remarkably than that in infarct core following the stroke progression. In conclusion, these characterizations may be highly beneficial to the development of therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Chien-Chih Ke
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau.
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Chuan Chan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Tat-Wei Tan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Shian Lee
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wei Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ha Park J, Yoo KY, Hye Kim I, Cho JH, Lee JC, Hyeon Ahn J, Jin Tae H, Chun Yan B, Won Kim D, Kyu Park O, Kwon SH, Her S, Su Kim J, Hoon Choi J, Hyun Lee C, Koo Hwang I, Youl Cho J, Hwi Cho J, Kwon YG, Ryoo S, Kim YM, Won MH, Jun Kang I. Hydroquinone Strongly Alleviates Focal Ischemic Brain Injury via Blockage of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:430-441. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Zhang Y, Hao D, Lv X, Li S, Tian Y, Zheng D, Zeng Y. Quantification of MRI and MRS characteristics changes in a rat model at different stage of cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2016; 38:640-6. [PMID: 27214576 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1181345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia is important both for diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to quantify several characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to indicate the brain tissue changes at different stage of cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS In the present study, a rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the left hemisphere. MRI and MRS were performed on 15 Sprague Dawley rats 4 H, 24 H, and 1 W after MCAO. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), relative ADC including FNR, PNR, PNF, and metabolite ratio NCC were proposed to reflect the changes of water diffusion and metabolism in brain tissue. RESULTS ADCs of focal zone and penumbra zone from 1 W group were significantly larger than those from 4H group, respectively (both p < 0.05). PNR and PNF of 24H and 1 W groups were significantly less than 4H group (all p < 0.01). NCCs of focal zone and penumbra zone were significantly less than the normal zone within 4H, 24H, and 1 W groups, respectively (both p < 0.01). While NCCs of penumbra zone from 24H and 1 W groups were significantly larger than 4H group (both p < 0.01). CONCLUSION We conclude that combination of MRI and MRS characteristics can provide significant indicators for ischemic damage at different stage of cerebral ischemia in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- a College of Life Science and Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- a College of Life Science and Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiuhua Lv
- a College of Life Science and Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Shaowu Li
- b Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yunqing Tian
- c State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.C , Beijing , China
| | - Dingchang Zheng
- d Faculty of Medical Science, Health and Wellbeing Academy , Anglia Ruskin University , Chelmsford , UK
| | - Yanjun Zeng
- b Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Nieto E, Delgado M, Sobrado M, de Ceballos ML, Alajarín R, García-García L, Kelly J, Lizasoain I, Pozo MA, Álvarez-Builla J. Preliminary research on 1-(4-bromo-2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-[ 18 F]fluoropropan-2-ol as a novel brain hypoxia PET tracer in a rodent model of stroke. Eur J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Correlating Cerebral (18)FDG PET-CT Patterns with Histological Analysis During Early Brain Injury in a Rat Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:290-5. [PMID: 25833084 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) plays a significant role in poor outcomes for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Further investigations are required to characterize the cellular metabolic and related histological changes that may contribute to EBI following SAH. We investigated the image patterns of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ((18)FDG PET-CT) during EBI and correlated histopathological changes utilizing a rat SAH model. SAH was induced in six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by endovascular perforation, and animals were randomly assigned to receive (18)FDG PET-CT imaging at either 3 or 12 h post-procedure. Mean (18)FDG standard uptake value (SUV) of the brain was calculated. Animals were euthanized 48 h post-procedure, and brain samples were used for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) Mr 32 kDa immunohistochemistry. Rats within the SAH group had higher mean whole brain (18)FDG SUV (2.349 ± 0.376 g/ml in the 3-h group and 2.453 ± 0.495 g/ml in the 12-h group) compared to that of sham (n = 3; mean SUV = 2.030 ± 0.247 g/ml; P < 0.05) or control groups (n = 3; mean SUV = 1.800 ± 0.484 g/ml; P < 0.05). Whole brain (18)FDG SUV did not vary significantly between rats imaged at 3 h vs. those imaged at 12 h post-SAH (P > 0.05). Regions of decreasing SUV in SAH rats correlated with neuronal death and increased expression of HO-1. Higher (18)FDG PET SUV was evident in rats post-SAH compared to sham and control groups. Regions of decreasing SUV in SAH rats correlated with neuronal death and increased HO-1 expression as evaluated by histopathology.
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24
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Camós S, Gubern C, Sobrado M, Rodríguez R, Romera V, Moro M, Lizasoain I, Serena J, Mallolas J, Castellanos M. The high-mobility group I-Y transcription factor is involved in cerebral ischemia and modulates the expression of angiogenic proteins. Neuroscience 2014; 269:112-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shi SS, Yang WZ, Chen Y, Chen JP, Tu XK. Propofol reduces inflammatory reaction and ischemic brain damage in cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:793-9. [PMID: 24610527 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that inflammatory reaction and neuronal apoptosis are the most important pathological mechanisms in ischemia-induced brain damage. Propofol has been shown to attenuate ischemic brain damage via inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of propofol on brain damage and inflammatory reaction in rats of focal cerebral ischemia. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 h of ischemia. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and morphological characteristic were measured 24 h after cerebral ischemia. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was assessed 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 expression in ischemic rat brain was detected by western blot. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in ischemic rat brain was determined by immunohistochemistry. ELISA was performed to detect the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and MPO activity were significantly reduced by propofol administration. Furthermore, expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and TNF-α were attenuated by propofol administration. Our results demonstrated that propofol (10 and 50 mg/kg) reduces inflammatory reaction and brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Propofol exerts neuroprotection against ischemic brain damage, which might be associated with the attenuation of inflammatory reaction and the inhibition of inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
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26
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Byrnes KR, Wilson CM, Brabazon F, von Leden R, Jurgens JS, Oakes TR, Selwyn RG. FDG-PET imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: a critical review. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2014; 5:13. [PMID: 24409143 PMCID: PMC3885820 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2013.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects an estimated 1.7 million people in the United States and is a contributing factor to one third of all injury related deaths annually. According to the CDC, approximately 75% of all reported TBIs are concussions or considered mild in form, although the number of unreported mild TBIs (mTBI) and patients not seeking medical attention is unknown. Currently, classification of mTBI or concussion is a clinical assessment since diagnostic imaging is typically inconclusive due to subtle, obscure, or absent changes in anatomical or physiological parameters measured using standard magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomography (CT) imaging protocols. Molecular imaging techniques that examine functional processes within the brain, such as measurement of glucose uptake and metabolism using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), have the ability to detect changes after mTBI. Recent technological improvements in the resolution of PET systems, the integration of PET with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the availability of normal healthy human databases and commercial image analysis software contribute to the growing use of molecular imaging in basic science research and advances in clinical imaging. This review will discuss the technological considerations and limitations of FDG-PET, including differentiation between glucose uptake and glucose metabolism and the significance of these measurements. In addition, the current state of FDG-PET imaging in assessing mTBI in clinical and preclinical research will be considered. Finally, this review will provide insight into potential critical data elements and recommended standardization to improve the application of FDG-PET to mTBI research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Byrnes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA ; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin M Wilson
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fiona Brabazon
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer S Jurgens
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Reed G Selwyn
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA
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Oct-2 transcription factor binding activity and expression up-regulation in rat cerebral ischaemia is associated with a diminution of neuronal damage in vitro. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:332-49. [PMID: 24282026 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity provides a mechanism to compensate for lesions produced as a result of stroke. The present study aims to identify new transcription factors (TFs) following focal cerebral ischaemia in rat as potential therapeutic targets. A transient focal cerebral ischaemia model was used for TF-binding activity and TF-TF interaction profile analysis. A permanent focal cerebral ischaemia model was used for the transcript gene analysis and for the protein study. The identification of TF variants, mRNA analysis, and protein study was performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), qPCR, and Western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Rat cortical neurons were transfected with small interfering RNA against the TF in order to study its role. The TF-binding analysis revealed a differential binding activity of the octamer family in ischaemic brain in comparison with the control brain samples both in acute and late phases. In this study, we focused on Oct-2 TF. Five of the six putative Oct-2 transcript variants are expressed in both control and ischaemic rat brain, showing a significant increase in the late phase of ischaemia. Oct-2 protein showed neuronal localisation both in control and ischaemic rat brain cortical slices. Functional studies revealed that Oct-2 interacts with TFs involved in important brain processes (neuronal and vascular development) and basic cellular functions and that Oct-2 knockdown promotes neuronal injury. The present study shows that Oct-2 expression and binding activity increase in the late phase of cerebral ischaemia and finds Oct-2 to be involved in reducing ischaemic-mediated neuronal injury.
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28
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Godino MDC, Romera VG, Sánchez-Tomero JA, Pacheco J, Canals S, Lerma J, Vivancos J, Moro MA, Torres M, Lizasoain I, Sánchez-Prieto J. Amelioration of ischemic brain damage by peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4359-63. [PMID: 23999426 DOI: 10.1172/jci67284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition, for which there is still no effective therapy. Acute ischemic stroke is associated with high concentrations of glutamate in the blood and interstitial brain fluid. The inability of the tissue to retain glutamate within the cells of the brain ultimately provokes neuronal death. Increased concentrations of interstitial glutamate exert further excitotoxic effects on healthy tissue surrounding the infarct zone. We developed a strategy based on peritoneal dialysis to reduce blood glutamate levels, thereby accelerating brain-to-blood glutamate clearance. In a rat model of stroke, this simple procedure reduced the transient increase in glutamate, consequently decreasing the size of the infarct area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the rescued brain tissue remained functional. Moreover, in patients with kidney failure, peritoneal dialysis significantly decreased glutamate concentrations. Our results suggest that peritoneal dialysis may represent a simple and effective intervention for human stroke patients.
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Weiss HR, Grayson J, Liu X, Barsoum S, Shah H, Chi OZ. Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Increases the Heterogeneity of Local Oxygen Supply/Consumption Balance. Stroke 2013; 44:2553-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
After cerebral vessel blockage, local blood flow and O
2
consumption becomes lower and oxygen extraction increases. With reperfusion, blood flow is partially restored. We examined the effects of ischemia-reperfusion on the heterogeneity of local venous oxygen saturation in rats in order to determine the pattern of microregional O
2
supply/consumption balance in reperfusion.
Methods—
The middle cerebral artery was blocked for 1 hour using the internal carotid approach in 1 group (n=9) and was then reperfused for 2 hours in another group (n=9) of isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Regional cerebral blood flow was determined using a C
14
-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic technique. Regional small vessel arterial and venous oxygen saturations were determined microspectrophotometrically.
Results—
After 1 hour of ischemia, local cerebral blood flow (92±10 versus 50±10 mL/min per 100 g) and O
2
consumption (4.5±0.6 versus 2.7±0.5 mL O
2
/min per 100 g) decreased compared with the contralateral cortex. Oxygen extraction increased (4.7±0.2 versus 5.4±0.3 mL O
2
/100 mL) and the variation in small vein (20–60 μm) O
2
saturation as determined by its coefficient of variation (=100×SD/mean) increased (5.5 versus 10.5). With 2 hours of reperfusion, the blood flow decrement was reduced and O
2
consumption returned to the value in the contralateral cortex. Oxygen extraction remained elevated in the ischemic-reperfused area and the coefficient of variation of small vein O
2
saturation increased further (17.3).
Conclusions—
These data indicated continued reduction of O
2
supply/consumption balance with reperfusion. They also demonstrated many small regions of low oxygenation within the reperfused cortical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey R. Weiss
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Jeremy Grayson
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Xia Liu
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Sylviana Barsoum
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Harsh Shah
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Oak Z. Chi
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (H.R.W., H.S.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.G., X.L., S.B., O.Z.C.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
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30
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Yuan H, Frank JE, Hong Y, An H, Eldeniz C, Nie J, Bunevicius A, Shen D, Lin W. Spatiotemporal uptake characteristics of [18]F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Stroke 2013; 44:2292-9. [PMID: 23743978 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alterations of cerebral glucose metabolism are well anticipated during cerebral ischemia. However, detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of disturbed cerebral glucose metabolism during acute ischemia remain largely elusive. This study aims to delineate spatiotemporal distributions of [18]F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) uptake using positron emission tomography imaging, particularly at the peri-ischemic zone, and its correlation with tissue outcome. METHODS The intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia in rats (n=48). All animals underwent sequential MRI and FDG positron emission tomography imaging at different times (30-150 minutes) after middle cerebral artery occlusion. MR and positron emission tomography images were coregistered. FDG uptake in the peri-ischemic zone was assessed in relation to middle cerebral artery occlusion duration, cerebral blood flow, apparent diffusion coefficient, and 24-hour T2 lesions. RESULTS Elevated FDG uptake was consistently observed at the peri-ischemic zone surrounding the presumed ischemic core with low FDG uptake. Both the spatial volume and the uptake level of the hyper-uptake region were inversely correlated with the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The hyper-uptake regions exhibited a mild reduction of cerebral blood flow (28.2±3.2%) and apparent diffusion coefficient (9.1±1.4%) when compared with that in the contralateral hemisphere. Colocalization analysis revealed that, with reperfusion, an average of 12.1±1.7% of the hyper-uptake volume was recruited into final infarction. CONCLUSIONS Elevated FDG uptake at the peri-ischemic zone is consistently observed during acute cerebral ischemia. The region with elevated FDG uptake likely reflects viable tissues that can be salvaged with reperfusion. Therefore, acute FDG positron emission tomography imaging might hold promise in the management of patients with acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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The potential roles of 18F-FDG-PET in management of acute stroke patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:634598. [PMID: 23762852 PMCID: PMC3671294 DOI: 10.1155/2013/634598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have recently been devoted to developing noninvasive imaging tools capable of delineating brain tissue viability (penumbra) during acute ischemic stroke. These efforts could have profound clinical implications for identifying patients who may benefit from tPA beyond the currently approved therapeutic time window and/or patients undergoing neuroendovascular treatments. To date, the DWI/PWI MRI and perfusion CT have received the most attention for identifying ischemic penumbra. However, their routine use in clinical settings remains limited. Preclinical and clinical PET studies with [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) have consistently revealed a decreased 18F-FDG uptake in regions of presumed ischemic core. More importantly, an elevated 18F-FDG uptake in the peri-ischemic regions has been reported, potentially reflecting viable tissues. To this end, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the utilization of 14C-2-DG and 18F-FDG-PET in experimental as well as human stroke studies. Possible cellular mechanisms and physiological underpinnings attributed to the reported temporal and spatial uptake patterns of 18F-FDG are addressed. Given the wide availability of 18F-FDG in routine clinical settings, 18F-FDG PET may serve as an alternative, non-invasive tool to MRI and CT for the management of acute stroke patients.
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Thanos PK, Robison L, Nestler EJ, Kim R, Michaelides M, Lobo MK, Volkow ND. Mapping brain metabolic connectivity in awake rats with μPET and optogenetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6343-9. [PMID: 23575833 PMCID: PMC3666931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4997-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose was used to measure changes in regional brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in response to optogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in awake rats. We demonstrated not only increases in BGluM that correlated with c-Fos expression in the region of stimulation, but also BGluM increases in the ipsilateral striatum, periaqueductal gray, and somatosensory cortex, and in contralateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, and hippocampus, as well as decreases in BGluM in regions of the default mode network (retrosplenial cortex and cingulate gyrus) and secondary motor cortex. Additional exploration of c-Fos expression in regions found to be activated by PET results found corroborating evidence, with increased c-Fos expression in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, contralateral amygdala and globus pallidus, and bilateral periaqueductal gray. These findings are consistent with optogenetic excitation of the area of stimulation (NAc), as well as with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on downstream regions. They also confirm the utility of PET imaging to monitor connectivity in the awake rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K. Thanos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Lisa Robison
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ronald Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Mary-Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Martín A, Gómez-Vallejo V, San Sebastián E, Padró D, Markuerkiaga I, Llarena I, Llop J. In vivo imaging of dopaminergic neurotransmission after transient focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:244-52. [PMID: 23149560 PMCID: PMC3564194 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The precise biologic mechanisms involved in functional recovery processes in response to stroke such as dopaminergic neurotransmission are still largely unknown. For this purpose, we performed in parallel in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) and [(11)C]raclopride at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In the ischemic territory, PET [(18)F]FDG showed a initial decrease in cerebral metabolism followed by a time-dependent recovery to quasi-normal values at day 14 after ischemia. The PET with [(11)C]raclopride, a ligand for dopamine D(2) receptor, showed a sustained binding during the first week after ischemia that declined dramatically from day 14 to day 28. Interestingly, a slight increase in [(11)C]raclopride binding was observed at days 1 to 3 followed by the uppermost binding at day 7 in the contralateral territory. Likewise, in vitro autoradiography using [(3)H]raclopride confirmed these in vivo results. Finally, the neurologic test showed major neurologic impairment at day 1 followed by a recovery of the cerebral function at day 28 after cerebral ischemia. Taken together, these results might suggest that dopamine D(2) receptor changes in the contralateral hemisphere could have a key role in functional recovery after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Martín
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Ramos-Cejudo J, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Expósito Alcaide M, Sánchez-Cabo F, Dopazo A, Díez–Tejedor E. Spatial and temporal gene expression differences in core and periinfarct areas in experimental stroke: a microarray analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52121. [PMID: 23284893 PMCID: PMC3524135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of genes are regulated to promote brain repair following stroke. The thorough analysis of this process can help identify new markers and develop therapeutic strategies. This study analyzes gene expression following experimental stroke. Methodology/Principal Findings A microarray study of gene expression in the core, periinfarct and contralateral cortex was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) after 24 hours (acute phase) or 3 days (delayed stage) of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Independent qRT-PCR validation (n = 12) was performed for 22 of the genes. Functional data were evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The number of genes differentially expressed was 2,612 (24 h) and 5,717 (3 d) in the core; and 3,505 (24 h) and 1,686 (3 d) in the periinfarct area (logFC>|1|; adjP<0.05). Expression of many neurovascular unit development genes was altered at 24 h and 3 d including HES2, OLIG2, LINGO1 and NOGO-A; chemokines like CXCL1 and CXCL12, stress-response genes like HIF-1A, and trophic factors like BDNF or BMP4. Nearly half of the detected genes (43%) had not been associated with stroke previously. Conclusions This comprehensive study of gene regulation in the core and periinfarct areas at different times following permanent MCA occlusion provides new data that can be helpful in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Expósito Alcaide
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez–Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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35
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Iron overload, measured as serum ferritin, increases brain damage induced by focal ischemia and early reperfusion. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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37
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Lee GJ, Jeong JH, Lee S, Choi S, Pak YK, Kim W, Park HK. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of heart mitochondria for evaluating the degree of myocardial injury utilizing atomic force microscopy. Micron 2012; 44:167-73. [PMID: 22809584 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in mediating both the necrotic and apoptotic components of reperfusion injury. Because mitochondrial swelling is one of the most important indicators of the beginning of mitochondrial permeability transition, quantification of morphological changes in mitochondria would be useful in evaluating the degree of IR injury, as well as the protective effects of various therapies. In this study, we characterized the morphological changes in heart mitochondria caused by the duration and severity of ischemia utilizing particle shape analysis on atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic images. We also simultaneously investigated the nano-mechanical changes in rat heart mitochondria by injury using force-distance curve measurements. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n=3), myocardial ischemia without reperfusion (PI group, n=3), and myocardial ischemia with reperfusion (IR group, n=4). Normal mitochondria appeared ellipsoidal with a mean area of 3551±1559 nm(2) and mean perimeter of 217.54±52.09 nm (n=60). The mean area and perimeter of mitochondria in the IR groups increased to 28,181±21,248 nm(2) and 595.74±234.29 nm (n=40, p<0.0001 vs. control group, respectively), maintaining oval in shape. But, in the PI group, all parameters showed significant differences compared to parameters of the control group (n=35, p<0.0001). In particular, the mean axial ratio and roundness were significantly different from those in the IR group. Mitochondria in the PI group looked more spherical than those of control and IR groups. Adhesion force is the force before the last event on the retraction half of force-distance curve measurements, corresponding to the point where the tip and the surface loose contact. The adhesion forces of heart mitochondria in the IR and PI groups significantly decreased to 19.56±1.08 nN (n=30, p<0.0001) and 18.65±3.18 nN (n=30, p<0.0001), compared to normal mitochondria which had an adhesion force of 27.64±0.88 nN (n=30). Adhesion force is governed by the attractive portion of the interacting forces between the surface atoms of the contacts. From the morphological and nano-mechanical changes in heart mitochondria, we suggested that the outer membranes of mitochondria were broken by myocardial ischemic injury before they became swollen, and the swelling might be correlated with the ischemic injury. We inferred that the breakage of membranes leads to uptake of water and matrix swelling. As a result, shape measurement parameters for the quantitative analysis of mitochondrial swelling could be very effective for evaluating the myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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38
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Walberer M, Backes H, Rueger MA, Neumaier B, Endepols H, Hoehn M, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Graf R. Potential of Early [
18
F]-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography for Identifying Hypoperfusion and Predicting Fate of Tissue in a Rat Embolic Stroke Model. Stroke 2012; 43:193-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.624551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Experimental stroke models are essential to study in vivo pathophysiological processes of focal cerebral ischemia. In this study, an embolic stroke model in rats was applied (1) to characterize early development of regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET) using [
15
O]H
2
O and [
18
F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG); and (2) to identify potential parameters for predicting tissue fate.
Methods—
Remote occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was induced in 10 Wistar rats by injection of 4 TiO
2
macrospheres. Sequential [
15
O]H
2
O-PET (baseline, 5, 30, 60 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion) and FDG-PET measurements (75 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion) were performed. [
15
O]H
2
O-PET data and FDG kinetic parameters were compared with MRIs and histology at 24 hours.
Results—
Regional cerebral blood flow decreased substantially within 30 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (41% to 58% of baseline regional cerebral blood flow;
P
<0.001) with no relevant changes between 30 and 60 minutes. At 60 minutes, regional cerebral blood flow correlated well with the unidirectional transport parameter
K1
of FDG in all animals (
r
=0.86±0.09;
P
<0.001). Tissue fate could be accurately predicted taking into account
K1
and net influx rate constant
Ki
of FDG. The infarct volume predicted by FDG-PET (375.8±102.3 mm
3
) correlated significantly with the infarct size determined by MRI after 24 hours (360.8±93.7 mm
3
;
r
=0.85).
Conclusions—
Hypoperfused tissue can be identified by decreased
K1
of FDG. Acute ischemic tissue can be well characterized using
K1
and
Ki
allowing for discrimination between infarct core and early viable tissue. Because FDG-PET is widely spread, our findings can be easily translated into clinical application for early diagnoses of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Walberer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria A. Rueger
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Graf
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W., M.A.R., G.R.F., M.S.), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research (M.W., H.B., M.A.R., B.N., H.E., M.H., M.S., R.G.), Cologne, Germany; and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3; G.R.F.), Cognitive Neurology Section, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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