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Ji S, Chen F, Li S, Zhou C, Liu C, Yu H. Dynamic brain entropy predicts risky decision-making across transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2024; 476:115255. [PMID: 39326636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maladaptive risky decision-making is a common pathological behavior among patients with various psychiatric disorders. Brain entropy, which measures the complexity of brain time series signals, provides a novel approach to assessing brain health. Despite its potential, the dynamics of brain entropy have seldom been explored. This study aimed to construct a dynamic model of brain entropy and examine its predictive value for risky decision-making in patients with mental disorders, utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS This study analyzed the rs-fMRI data from a total of 198 subjects, including 48 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 47 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 40 patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as 63 healthy controls (HC). Time series signals were extracted from 264 brain regions based on rs-fMRI. The traditional static entropy and dynamic entropy (coefficient of variation, CV; rate of change, Rate) were constructed, respectively. Support vector regression was employed to predict risky decision-making utilizing leave-one-out cross-validation within each group. RESULTS Our findings showed that CV achieved the best performances in HC and BD groups (r = -0.58, MAE = 6.43, R2 = 0.32; r = -0.78, MAE = 12.10, R2 = 0.61), while the Rate achieved the best in SZ and ADHD groups (r = -0.69, MAE = 10.20, R2 = 0.47; r = -0.78, MAE = 7.63, R2 = 0.60). For the dynamic entropy, the feature selection threshold rather than the time window length and overlapping ratio influenced predictive performance. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dynamic brain entropy could be a more effective predictor of risky decision-making than traditional static brain entropy. Our findings offer a novel perspective on exploring brain signal complexity and can serve as a reference for interventions targeting risky decision-making behaviors, particularly in individuals with psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanling Ji
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Fujian Chen
- Medical Imaging Department, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China.
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2
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Protopapa F, Kulashekhar S, Hayashi MJ, Kanai R, Bueti D. Effective connectivity in a duration selective cortico-cerebellar network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20674. [PMID: 38001253 PMCID: PMC10673930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
How the human brain represents millisecond unit of time is far from clear. A recent neuroimaging study revealed the existence in the human premotor cortex of a topographic representation of time i.e., neuronal units selectively responsive to specific durations and topographically organized on the cortical surface. By using high resolution functional Magnetic Resonance Images here, we go beyond this previous work, showing duration preferences across a wide network of cortical and subcortical brain areas: from cerebellum to primary visual, parietal, premotor and prefrontal cortices. Most importantly, we identify the effective connectivity structure between these different brain areas and their duration selective neural units. The results highlight the role of the cerebellum as the network hub and that of medial premotor cortex as the final stage of duration recognition. Interestingly, when a specific duration is presented, only the communication strength between the units selective to that specific duration and to the neighboring durations is affected. These findings link for the first time, duration preferences within single brain region with connectivity dynamics between regions, suggesting a communication mode that is partially duration specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masamichi J Hayashi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Araya, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Domenica Bueti
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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Sun B, Wang Y, Ye Q, Pan Y. Associations of Empathy with Teacher-Student Interactions: A Potential Ternary Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050767. [PMID: 37239239 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathy has garnered increasing recognition as a pivotal component of teacher-student interactions and a notable determinant of student achievement. Nevertheless, the exact impact of empathy on teacher-student interactions remains elusive, despite research endeavors into the neural mechanisms of teacher empathy. Our article examines the cognitive neural processes of teacher empathy during various forms of teacher-student interactions. To this end, we first present a concise review of theoretical considerations related to empathy and interactions, followed by an extensive discussion of teacher-student interactions and teacher empathy through both "single-brain" and "dual-brain" perspectives. Drawing on these discussions, we propose a potential model of empathy that integrates the affective contagion, cognitive evaluation, and behavior prediction aspects of teacher-student interactions. Finally, future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghai Sun
- Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Qun Ye
- Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Human cerebellum and corticocerebellar connections involved in emotional memory enhancement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204900119. [PMID: 36191198 PMCID: PMC9564100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced memory for emotional stimuli is crucial for survival, but it may also contribute to the development and maintenance of fear-related disorders in case of highly aversive experiences. This large-scale functional brain imaging study identifies the cerebellum and cerebellar–cerebral connections involved in the phenomenon of superior memory for emotionally arousing visual information. These findings expand knowledge on the role of the cerebellum in complex cognitive and emotional processes and may be relevant for the understanding of psychiatric disorders with aberrant emotional circuitry, such as posttraumatic stress disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Emotional information is better remembered than neutral information. Extensive evidence indicates that the amygdala and its interactions with other cerebral regions play an important role in the memory-enhancing effect of emotional arousal. While the cerebellum has been found to be involved in fear conditioning, its role in emotional enhancement of episodic memory is less clear. To address this issue, we used a whole-brain functional MRI approach in 1,418 healthy participants. First, we identified clusters significantly activated during enhanced memory encoding of negative and positive emotional pictures. In addition to the well-known emotional memory–related cerebral regions, we identified a cluster in the cerebellum. We then used dynamic causal modeling and identified several cerebellar connections with increased connection strength corresponding to enhanced emotional memory, including one to a cluster covering the amygdala and hippocampus, and bidirectional connections with a cluster covering the anterior cingulate cortex. The present findings indicate that the cerebellum is an integral part of a network involved in emotional enhancement of episodic memory.
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Asamizuya T, Saito H, Higuchi R, Naruse G, Ota S, Kato J. Effective Connectivity and Criminal Sentencing Decisions: Dynamic Causal Models in Laypersons and Legal Experts. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4304-4316. [PMID: 35040933 PMCID: PMC9528897 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This magnetic resonance imaging study is designed to obtain relevant implications for criminal justice and explores the effective connectivity underlying expertise. Laypersons and experts considered sentences for remorseful and remorseless defendants, respectively, with and without mitigation, in hypothetical murder cases. Two groups revealed no differential activation. However, dynamic causal modeling analysis found distinct patterns of connectivity associated with subjects’ expertise and mitigating factors. In sentencing for remorseful defendants, laypersons showed increased strength in all bidirectional connections among activated regions of Brodmann area (BA) 32, BA23, the right posterior insula, and the precuneus. In contrast, legal experts sentenced based on mitigation reasoning, showed increased strength only in the bidirectional connection between the insula and the precuneus. When sentencing for remorseless ones without mitigation, both laypersons and experts increased the connection strength, but with reverse directionality, between regions; legal experts strengthened connectivity from BA10 to other regions, that is, the right anterior insula and BA23, but the directionality was reversed in laypersons. In addition, the strength of connection to BA32 and BA10 was correlated with changes in punishments by mitigating factors. This is a crucial result that establishes the validity of the connectivity estimates, which were uninformed by the independent (behavioral) differences in the severity of punishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Asamizuya
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Saito
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
- Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Higuchi
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
| | - Go Naruse
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
| | - Shozo Ota
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan
- School of Law, Meiji University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Address correspondence to Junko Kato, Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan.
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Wang D, Liang S. Dynamic Causal Modeling on the Identification of Interacting Networks in the Brain: A Systematic Review. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2299-2311. [PMID: 34714747 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3123964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) has long been used to characterize effective connectivity within networks of distributed neuronal responses. Previous reviews have highlighted the understanding of the conceptual basis behind DCM and its variants from different aspects. However, no detailed summary or classification research on the task-related effective connectivity of various brain regions has been made formally available so far, and there is also a lack of application analysis of DCM for hemodynamic and electrophysiological measurements. This review aims to analyze the effective connectivity of different brain regions using DCM for different measurement data. We found that, in general, most studies focused on the networks between different cortical regions, and the research on the networks between other deep subcortical nuclei or between them and the cerebral cortex are receiving increasing attention, but far from the same scale. Our analysis also reveals a clear bias towards some task types. Based on these results, we identify and discuss several promising research directions that may help the community to attain a clear understanding of the brain network interactions under different tasks.
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Liu W, Hua M, Qin J, Tang Q, Han Y, Tian H, Lian D, Zhang Z, Wang W, Wang C, Chen C, Jiang D, Li G, Lin X, Zhuo C. Disrupted pathways from frontal-parietal cortex to basal ganglia and cerebellum in patients with unmedicated obsessive compulsive disorder as observed by whole-brain resting-state effective connectivity analysis - a small sample pilot study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1344-1354. [PMID: 32743721 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, a systematic characterization of abnormalities in resting-state effective connectivity (rsEC) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is lacking. The present study aimed to systematically characterize whole-brain rsEC in OCD patients as compared to healthy controls. METHODS Using resting-state fMRI data of 50 unmedicated patients with OCD and 50 healthy participants, we constructed whole-brain rsEC networks using Granger causality analysis followed by univariate and multivariate comparisons between patients and controls. Similar analyses were performed for resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) networks to examine how rsFC and rsEC differentially capture abnormal brain connectivity in OCD. RESULTS Univariate comparisons identified 10 rsEC networks that were significantly disrupted in patients, and which were mainly associated with frontal-parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Conversely, abnormal rsFC networks were widely distributed throughout the whole brain. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed a classification accuracy as high as 80.5% for distinguishing patients from controls using combined whole-brain rsEC and rsFC. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest disrupted communication of information from frontal-parietal cortex to basal ganglia and cerebellum in OCD patients. Using combined whole-brain rsEC and rsFC, multivariate pattern analysis revealed a classification accuracy as high as 80.5% for distinguishing patients from controls. The alterations observed in OCD patients could aid in identifying treatment mechanisms for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Minghui Hua
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Qiuju Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Yunyi Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital China, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Daxiang Lian
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital China, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Tjianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, 300305, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory (PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh people's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory (PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh people's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gongying Li
- School of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272119, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory (PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh people's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- School of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Collaboration of Psychiatric Neuro-Imaging Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272191, Shandong Province, China. .,Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, China, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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8
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Zhen S, Yu R. Neural correlates of recursive thinking during interpersonal strategic interactions. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2128-2146. [PMID: 33512053 PMCID: PMC8046141 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To navigate the complex social world, individuals need to represent others' mental states to think strategically and predict their next move. Strategic mentalizing can be classified into different levels of theory of mind according to its order of mental state attribution of other people's beliefs, desires, intentions, and so forth. For example, reasoning people's beliefs about simple world facts is the first-order attribution while going further to reason people's beliefs about the minds of others is the second-order attribution. The neural substrates that support such high-order recursive reasoning in strategic interpersonal interactions are still unclear. Here, using a sequential-move interactional game together with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we showed that recursive reasoning engaged the frontal-subcortical regions. At the stimulus stage, the ventral striatum was more activated in high-order reasoning as compared with low-order reasoning. At the decision stage, high-order reasoning activated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and other mentalizing regions. Moreover, functional connectivity between the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the insula/hippocampus was positively correlated with individual differences in high-order social reasoning. This work delineates the neural correlates of high-order recursive thinking in strategic games and highlights the key role of the interplay between mPFC and subcortical regions in advanced social decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhen
- Department of PsychologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, School of BusinessHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social SciencesHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
- Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina
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Zhen S, Chowdhury A, Yu R. The neural underpinnings of allocentric thinking in a novel signaling task. Neuroimage 2021; 230:117808. [PMID: 33524583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adopt the perspectives of others is fundamental to effective communication in social interactions. However, the neural correlates of allocentric thinking in communicative signaling remain unclear. We adapted a novel signaling task in which the signaler was given the target word and must choose a one-word signal to help the receiver guess the target. Behavioral results suggest that speakers can use allocentric thinking to choose signals that are salient from the perspective of the receiver rather than their own point of view. At the neural level, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data reveal that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral striatum, and temporal-parietal junction are more activated when signalers engage in allocentric than egocentric thinking. Moreover, functional connectivity between the mPFC and ventral striatum predicted individuals' perspective-taking ability during successful communication. These findings reveal that neural representations in the mPFC-striatum network support perspective-taking in complex social decision making, providing a new perspective on how the brain arbitrates between allocentric thinking and egocentric thinking in communication and social coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhen
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Avijit Chowdhury
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu W, Qin J, Tang Q, Han Y, Fang T, Zhang Z, Wang C, Lin X, Tian H, Zhuo C, Chen C. Disrupted pathways from the frontal-parietal cortices to basal nuclei and the cerebellum are a feature of the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum and can be used to aid in early differential diagnosis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113436. [PMID: 32889343 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A marker for distinguishing patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) spectrum has not yet been identified. Whole-brain resting-state effective and functional connectivity (rsEC and rsFC, respectively) networks were constructed for 50 unmedicated OCD (U-OCD) patients, 45 OCD patients in clinical remission (COCD), 47 treatment-resistant OCD (T-OCD) patients, 42 chronic schizophrenia patients who exhibit OCD symptoms (SCHOCD), and 50 healthy controls (HCs). Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was performed to investigate the accuracy of using connectivity alterations to distinguished among the aforementioned groups. Compared to HCs, rsEC connections were significantly disrupted in the U-OCD (n = 15), COCD (n = 8), and T-OCD (n = 19) groups. Additionally, 21 rsEC connections were significantly disrupted in the T-OCD group compared to the SCHOCD group. The disrupted rsEC networks were associated mainly with the frontal-parietal cortex, basal ganglia, limbic regions, and the cerebellum. Classification accuracies for distinguishing OCD patients from HCs and SCHOCD patients ranged from 66.6% to 98.0%. In conclusion, disrupted communication from the frontal-parietal cortices to subcortical basal nuclei and the cerebellum may represent a functional pathological feature of the OCD spectrum. MVPA based on both abnormal rsEC and rsFC patterns may aid in early differential diagnosis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Qiuju Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Yunyi Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbin Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Key Labotorary of Real Time Brian Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300024, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, 300305, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory (PNG-Lab), Wenzhou Seventh Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Key Labotorary of Real Time Brian Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300024, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Labotorary of Real Time Brian Circuits Tracing of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNP_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300024, China; Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Centre Hospital, Tianjin, 300024, Tianjin, China; Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peolples Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Ce Chen
- PNGC_Lab, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Medical Affiliated Mental Health Center, 300300, China
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Wang JJ, Ciranova N, Woods B, Apperly IA. Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240521. [PMID: 33104751 PMCID: PMC7588066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others’ mental states, and that these mental states can differ from our own. Although healthy adults have little trouble passing conceptual tests of ToM (e.g., the false belief task [1]), they do not always succeed in using ToM [2,3]. In order to be successful in referential communication, listeners need to correctly infer the way in which a speaker’s perspective constrains reference and inhibit their own perspective accordingly. However, listeners may require prompts to take these effortful inferential steps. The current study investigated the possibility of embedding prompts in the instructions for listeners to make inference about using a speaker’s perspective. Experiment 1 showed that provision of a clear introductory example of the full chain of inferences resulted in large improvement in performance. Residual egocentric errors suggested that the improvement was not simply due to superior comprehension of the instructions. Experiment 2 further dissociated the effect by placing selective emphasis on making inference about inhibiting listeners’ own perspective versus using the speaker’s perspective. Results showed that only the latter had a significant effect on successful performance. The current findings clearly demonstrated that listeners do not readily make inferences about using speakers’ perspectives, but can do so when prompted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jessica Wang
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJW); (IAA)
| | - Natalia Ciranova
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Woods
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Apperly
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJW); (IAA)
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Wang Y, Chen W. Effective brain connectivity for fNIRS data analysis based on multi-delays symbolic phase transfer entropy. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056024. [PMID: 33055365 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb4a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, effective connectivity (EC) calculation methods for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data mainly face two problems: the first problem is that noise can seriously affect the EC calculation and even lead to false connectivity; the second problem is that it ignores the various real neurotransmission delays between the brain region, and instead uses a fixed delay coefficient for calculation. APPROACH To overcome these two issues, a delay symbolic phase transfer entropy (dSPTE) is proposed by developing traditional transfer entropy (TE) to estimate EC for fNIRS. Firstly, the phase time sequence was obtained from the original sequence by the Hilbert transform and state-space reconstruction was realized using a uniform embedding scheme. Then, a symbolization technique was applied based on a neural-gas algorithm to improve its noise robustness. Finally, the EC was calculated on multiple time delay scales to match different inter-region neurotransmission delays. MAIN RESULTS A linear AR model, a nonlinear model and a multivariate hybrid model were introduced to simulate the performance of dSPTE, and the results showed that the accuracy of dSPTE was the highest, up to 74.27%, and specificity was 100% which means no false connectivity. The results confirmed that the dSPTE method realized better noise robustness, higher accuracy, and correct identification even if there was a long delay between series. Finally, we applied dSPTE to fNIRS dataset to analyse the EC during the finger-tapping task, the results showed that EC strength of task state significantly increased compared with the resting state. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed dSPTE method is a promising way to measure the EC for fNIRS. It incorporates the phase information TE with a symbolic process for fNIRS analysis for the first time. It has been confirmed to be noise robust and suitable for the complex network with different coupling delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Cross-network interactions in social cognition: A review of findings on task related brain activation and connectivity. Cortex 2020; 130:142-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Trujillo JP, Simanova I, Özyürek A, Bekkering H. Seeing the Unexpected: How Brains Read Communicative Intent through Kinematics. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:1056-1067. [PMID: 31504305 PMCID: PMC7132920 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interaction requires us to recognize subtle cues in behavior, such as kinematic differences in actions and gestures produced with different social intentions. Neuroscientific studies indicate that the putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) in the premotor cortex and mentalizing system (MS) in the medial prefrontal cortex support inferences about contextually unusual actions. However, little is known regarding the brain dynamics of these systems when viewing communicatively exaggerated kinematics. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, 28 participants viewed stick-light videos of pantomime gestures, recorded in a previous study, which contained varying degrees of communicative exaggeration. Participants made either social or nonsocial classifications of the videos. Using participant responses and pantomime kinematics, we modeled the probability of each video being classified as communicative. Interregion connectivity and activity were modulated by kinematic exaggeration, depending on the task. In the Social Task, communicativeness of the gesture increased activation of several pMNS and MS regions and modulated top-down coupling from the MS to the pMNS, but engagement of the pMNS and MS was not found in the nonsocial task. Our results suggest that expectation violations can be a key cue for inferring communicative intention, extending previous findings from wholly unexpected actions to more subtle social signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Trujillo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500HD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Asli Özyürek
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500HD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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15
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Hutsebaut J, Debbané M, Sharp C. Designing a range of mentalizing interventions for young people using a clinical staging approach to borderline pathology. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32190330 PMCID: PMC7068993 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-020-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can have a long-lasting impact on social and professional functioning, even when core symptoms of BPD are in remission. Adolescence may be a critical developmental period to change the potential long-term functional outcome of BPD. This paper presents a range of mentalizing interventions to alter the course and outcome of BPD, based upon a model of clinical staging. Mentalizing interventions have in common a focus on strengthening self-regulatory and interpersonal capacities, aiming to improve adaptive social learning. This paper argues that these interventions should be dosed and organized according to the stage of progression of BPD, which is illustrated by discussing different specific formats for mentalization-based interventions, including an early-intervention program for BPD and a standard program for full BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Hutsebaut
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders, Halsteren, the Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise on Personality Disorders, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Debbané
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas USA
- University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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16
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Sun B, Xiao W, Feng X, Shao Y, Zhang W, Li W. Behavioral and brain synchronization differences between expert and novice teachers when collaborating with students. Brain Cogn 2019; 139:105513. [PMID: 31887711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Differences in behavior and neural mechanisms between expert and novice teachers when collaborating with students are poorly understood. This study investigated whether expert teachers do better in collaborating with students than novice teachers and explored the neural basis of such differences. Novice teacher and student (NT-S) dyads and expert teacher and student (ET-S) dyads were recruited to complete an interactive task consisting of a cooperation and an independent condition. During the experiment, neural activity in the prefrontal cortex of the participants was recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results show higher accuracy for the ET-S dyads than the NT-S dyads in the cooperation condition; however, no difference was found in the independent condition. Increased interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) was detected in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of participants in ET-S dyads, but not in NT-S dyads in the cooperation condition. Moreover, an interaction effect of dyad type and conditions on IBS was observed, revealing IBS was stronger in ET-S dyads than in NT-S dyads. In ET-S dyads, IBS was positively correlated with the teachers' perspective-taking ability and accuracy. These findings suggest that expert teachers collaborate better with students than novice teachers, and IBS might be the neural marker for this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghai Sun
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilong Xiao
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Feng
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Shao
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhai Zhang
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weijian Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Tin Ka Ping Moral Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Social brain, social dysfunction and social withdrawal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:10-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Armando M, Hutsebaut J, Debbané M. A Mentalization-Informed Staging Approach to Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:385. [PMID: 31214062 PMCID: PMC6555089 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of diagnosis is fundamentally designed to orient treatment. In the case of early diagnosis for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSP) risk, the empirical base for such a practice is still young, and many clinical questions arise in the everyday clinical application of risk algorithms and ensuing therapeutic options. One of the key questions that we will focus on is the following: in cases of SSP where symptoms are successfully treated, why does residual social functioning impairment remain the most serious obstacle to remission and reinsertion in society? We will present the evidence suggesting that the roots of residual social functioning impairment may, in many cases, come from thwarted or arrested development in the specialization of social cognition during adolescence and early adulthood. We will review the evidence suggesting that both during the premorbid phase and clinical high-risk phase, attenuated psychotic symptoms may impede the maturation of key social cognitive processes, particularly the suite of reflective thinking processes coming under the term of mentalization. From this evidence base, we will adapt the staging model of SSP progression in function of our mentalization-informed model, tailored to provide a coherent framework of care addressing the key clinical needs at every stage of psychosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Armando
- Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joost Hutsebaut
- Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders (VISPD), MBT Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Debbané
- Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Dozolme D, Prigent E, Yang YF, Amorim MA. The neuroelectric dynamics of the emotional anticipation of other people's pain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200535. [PMID: 30067781 PMCID: PMC6070195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When we observe a dynamic emotional facial expression, we usually automatically anticipate how that expression will develop. Our objective was to study a neurocognitive biomarker of this anticipatory process for facial pain expressions, operationalized as a mismatch effect. For this purpose, we studied the behavioral and neuroelectric (Event-Related Potential, ERP) correlates, of a match or mismatch, between the intensity of an expression of pain anticipated by the participant, and the intensity of a static test expression of pain displayed with the use of a representational momentum paradigm. Here, the paradigm consisted in displaying a dynamic facial pain expression which suddenly disappeared, and participants had to memorize the final intensity of the dynamic expression. We compared ERPs in response to congruent (intensity the same as the one memorized) and incongruent (intensity different from the one memorized) static expression intensities displayed after the dynamic expression. This paradigm allowed us to determine the amplitude and direction of this intensity anticipation by measuring the observer's memory bias. Results behaviorally showed that the anticipation was backward (negative memory bias) for high intensity expressions of pain (participants expected a return to a neutral state) and more forward (memory bias less negative, or even positive) for less intense expressions (participants expected increased intensity). Detecting mismatch (incongruent intensity) led to faster responses than detecting match (congruent intensity). The neuroelectric correlates of this mismatch effect in response to the testing of expression intensity ranged from P100 to LPP (Late Positive Potential). Path analysis and source localization suggested that the medial frontal gyrus was instrumental in mediating the mismatch effect through top-down influence on both the occipital and temporal regions. Moreover, having the facility to detect incongruent expressions, by anticipating emotional state, could be useful for prosocial behavior and the detection of trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Dozolme
- CIAMS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Elise Prigent
- LIMSI, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Yu-Fang Yang
- CIAMS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Michel-Ange Amorim
- CIAMS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
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20
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Tamnes CK, Overbye K, Ferschmann L, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Blakemore SJ, Dumontheil I. Social perspective taking is associated with self-reported prosocial behavior and regional cortical thickness across adolescence. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1745-1757. [PMID: 30058815 PMCID: PMC6110335 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic perspective taking and mentalizing abilities develop in childhood, but recent studies indicate that the use of social perspective taking to guide decisions and actions has a prolonged development that continues throughout adolescence. Here, we aimed to replicate this research and investigate the hypotheses that individual differences in social perspective taking in adolescence are associated with real-life prosocial and antisocial behavior and differences in brain structure. We used an experimental approach and a large cross-sectional sample (n = 293) of participants aged 7–26 years old to assess age-related improvement in social perspective taking usage during performance of a version of the director task. In subsamples, we then tested how individual differences in social perspective taking were related to self-reported prosocial behavior and peer relationship problems on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (n = 184) and to MRI measures of regional cortical thickness and surface area (n = 226). The pattern of results in the director task replicated previous findings by demonstrating continued improvement in use of social perspective taking across adolescence. The study also showed that better social perspective taking usage is associated with more self-reported prosocial behavior, as well as to thinner cerebral cortex in regions in the left hemisphere encompassing parts of the caudal middle frontal and precentral gyri and lateral parietal regions. These associations were observed independently of age and might partly reflect individual developmental variability. The relevance of cortical development was additionally supported by indirect effects of age on social perspective taking usage via cortical thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Overbye
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition
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21
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Lynn AC, Padmanabhan A, Simmonds D, Foran W, Hallquist MN, Luna B, O'Hearn K. Functional connectivity differences in autism during face and car recognition: underconnectivity and atypical age-related changes. Dev Sci 2018; 21:10.1111/desc.12508. [PMID: 27748031 PMCID: PMC5392438 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Face recognition abilities improve between adolescence and adulthood over typical development (TD), but plateau in autism, leading to increasing face recognition deficits in autism later in life. Developmental differences between autism and TD may reflect changes between neural systems involved in the development of face encoding and recognition. Here, we focused on whole-brain connectivity with the fusiform face area (FFA), a well-established face-preferential brain region. Older children, adolescents, and adults with and without autism completed the Cambridge Face Memory Test, and a matched car memory test, during fMRI scanning. We then examined task-based functional connectivity between the FFA and the rest of the brain, comparing autism and TD groups during encoding and recognition of face and car stimuli. The autism group exhibited underconnectivity, relative to the TD group, between the FFA and frontal and primary visual cortices, independent of age. Underconnectivity with the medial and rostral lateral prefrontal cortex was face-specific during encoding and recognition, respectively. Conversely, underconnectivity with the L orbitofrontal cortex was evident for both face and car encoding. Atypical age-related changes in connectivity emerged between the FFA and the R temporoparietal junction, and R dorsal striatum for face stimuli only. Similar differences in age-related changes in autism emerged for FFA connectivity with the amygdala across both face and car recognition. Thus, underconnectivity and atypical development of functional connectivity may lead to a less optimal face-processing network in the context of increasing general and social cognitive deficits in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lynn
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, USA
| | | | - Daniel Simmonds
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - William Foran
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Michael N Hallquist
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kirsten O'Hearn
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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22
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Tettamanti M, Vaghi MM, Bara BG, Cappa SF, Enrici I, Adenzato M. Effective connectivity gateways to the Theory of Mind network in processing communicative intention. Neuroimage 2017; 155:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Moessnang C, Otto K, Bilek E, Schäfer A, Baumeister S, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Differential responses of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and right posterior superior temporal sulcus to spontaneous mentalizing. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3791-3803. [PMID: 28556306 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests a role of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in metacognitive representation of social information, while the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) has been linked to social perception. This study targeted these functional roles in the context of spontaneous mentalizing. An animated shapes task was presented to 46 subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Stimuli consisted of video clips depicting animated shapes whose movement patterns prompt spontaneous mentalizing or simple intention attribution. Based on their differential response during spontaneous mentalizing, both regions were characterized with respect to their task-dependent connectivity profiles and their associations with autistic traits. Functional network analyses revealed highly localized coupling of the right pSTS with visual areas in the lateral occipital cortex, while the dmPFC showed extensive coupling with instances of large-scale control networks and temporal areas including the right pSTS. Autistic traits were related to mentalizing-specific activation of the dmPFC and to the strength of connectivity between the dmPFC and posterior temporal regions. These results are in good agreement with the hypothesized roles of the dmPFC and right pSTS for metacognitive representation and perception-based processing of social information, respectively, and further inform their implication in social behavior linked to autism. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3791-3803, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Otto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Edda Bilek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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24
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Spisák T, Pozsgay Z, Aranyi C, Dávid S, Kocsis P, Nyitrai G, Gajári D, Emri M, Czurkó A, Kincses ZT. Central sensitization-related changes of effective and functional connectivity in the rat inflammatory trigeminal pain model. Neuroscience 2016; 344:133-147. [PMID: 28003158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Central sensitization is a key mechanism in the pathology of several neuropathic pain disorders. We aimed to investigate the underlying brain connectivity changes in a rat model of chronic pain. Non-noxious whisker stimulation was used to evoke blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in a block-design functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiment on 9.4T. Measurements were repeated two days and one week after injecting complete Freund's adjuvant into the rats' whisker pad. We found that acute pain reduced activation in the barrel cortex, most probably due to a plateau effect. After one week, increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex was found. Analyses of effective connectivity driven by stimulus-related activation revealed that chronic pain-related central sensitization manifested as a widespread alteration in the activity of the somatosensory network. Changes were mainly mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum and affected the somatosensory and motor cortices and the superior colliculus. Functional connectivity analysis of nested BOLD oscillations justified that the anterior cingular-somatosensory interplay is a key element of network changes. Additionally, a decreased cingulo-motor functional connectivity implies that alterations also involve the output tract of the network. Our results extend the knowledge about the role of the cingulate cortex in the chronification of pain and indicate that integration of multiple connectivity analysis could be fruitful in studying the central sensitization in the pain matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Spisák
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Pozsgay
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Aranyi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Dávid
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Kocsis
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dávid Gajári
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Czurkó
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Tamás Kincses
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Hungary; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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25
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van Ackeren MJ, Smaragdi A, Rueschemeyer SA. Neuronal interactions between mentalising and action systems during indirect request processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1402-10. [PMID: 27131039 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human communication relies on the ability to process linguistic structure and to map words and utterances onto our environment. Furthermore, as what we communicate is often not directly encoded in our language (e.g. in the case of irony, jokes or indirect requests), we need to extract additional cues to infer the beliefs and desires of our conversational partners. Although the functional interplay between language and the ability to mentalise has been discussed in theoretical accounts in the past, the neurobiological underpinnings of these dynamics are currently not well understood. Here, we address this issue using functional imaging (fMRI). Participants listened to question-reply dialogues. In these dialogues, a reply is interpreted as a direct reply, an indirect reply or a request for action, depending on the question. We show that inferring meaning from indirect replies engages parts of the mentalising network (mPFC) while requests for action also activate the cortical motor system (IPL). Subsequent connectivity analysis using Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) revealed that this pattern of activation is best explained by an increase in effective connectivity from the mentalising network (mPFC) to the action system (IPL). These results are an important step towards a more integrative understanding of the neurobiological basis of indirect speech processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Areti Smaragdi
- Department of Psychology, the University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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26
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Striatal–cerebellar networks mediate consolidation in a motor sequence learning task: An fMRI study using dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 2015; 122:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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27
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Otti A, Wohlschlaeger AM, Noll-Hussong M. Is the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Necessary for Theory of Mind? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135912. [PMID: 26301900 PMCID: PMC4547759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful social interaction relies on the ability to attribute mental states to other people. Previous functional neuroimaging studies have shown that this process, described as Theory of Mind (ToM) or mentalization, is reliably associated with activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, this study presents a novel and surprising finding that provides new insight into the role of the mPFC in mentalization tasks. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty healthy individuals were recruited from a wide range of ages and social backgrounds. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing a well-established ToM visual paradigm involving moving triangles. Functional MRI data were analyzed using a classical general linear model. No activation was detected in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during movement patterns that typically elicit ToM. However, increased activity was observed in the right middle occipital gyrus, right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), left middle occipital gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus. No correlation was found between participants’ age and BOLD response. Conclusions/Significance In contrast with previous neuroimaging research, our findings support the notion that mPFC function is not critical for reasoning about the mental states of others; furthermore, our data indicate that the right TPJ and right inferior frontal gyrus are able to perform mentalization without any contributions from the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Otti
- Klinik fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Afra M. Wohlschlaeger
- Abteilung fuer Neuroradiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Noll-Hussong
- Klinik fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitaetsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Guàrdia-Olmos J, Peró-Cebollero M, Zarabozo-Hurtado D, González-Garrido AA, Gudayol-Ferré E. Effective connectivity of visual word recognition and homophone orthographic errors. Front Psychol 2015; 6:640. [PMID: 26042070 PMCID: PMC4438596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of orthographic errors in a transparent language like Spanish is an important topic in relation to writing acquisition. The development of neuroimaging techniques, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has enabled the study of such relationships between brain areas. The main objective of the present study was to explore the patterns of effective connectivity by processing pseudohomophone orthographic errors among subjects with high and low spelling skills. Two groups of 12 Mexican subjects each, matched by age, were formed based on their results in a series of ad hoc spelling-related out-scanner tests: a high spelling skills (HSSs) group and a low spelling skills (LSSs) group. During the f MRI session, two experimental tasks were applied (spelling recognition task and visuoperceptual recognition task). Regions of Interest and their signal values were obtained for both tasks. Based on these values, structural equation models (SEMs) were obtained for each group of spelling competence (HSS and LSS) and task through maximum likelihood estimation, and the model with the best fit was chosen in each case. Likewise, dynamic causal models (DCMs) were estimated for all the conditions across tasks and groups. The HSS group's SEM results suggest that, in the spelling recognition task, the right middle temporal gyrus, and, to a lesser extent, the left parahippocampal gyrus receive most of the significant effects, whereas the DCM results in the visuoperceptual recognition task show less complex effects, but still congruent with the previous results, with an important role in several areas. In general, these results are consistent with the major findings in partial studies about linguistic activities but they are the first analyses of statistical effective brain connectivity in transparent languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Facultat de Psicologia, Institut de Recerca en Cognició, Cervell i Conducta, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Peró-Cebollero
- Facultat de Psicologia, Institut de Recerca en Cognició, Cervell i Conducta, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Healey ML, McMillan CT, Golob S, Spotorno N, Rascovsky K, Irwin DJ, Clark R, Grossman M. Getting on the same page: the neural basis for social coordination deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal degeneration. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:56-66. [PMID: 25619850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For social interactions to be successful, individuals must establish shared mental representations that allow them to reach a common understanding and "get on the same page". We refer to this process as social coordination. While examples of social coordination are ubiquitous in daily life, relatively little is known about the neuroanatomic basis of this complex behavior. This is particularly true in a language context, as previous studies have used overly complex paradigms to study this. Although traditional views of language processing and the recent interactive-alignment account of conversation focus on peri-Sylvian regions, our model of social coordination predicts prefrontal involvement. To test this hypothesis, we examine the neural basis of social coordination during conversational exchanges in non-aphasic patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal degeneration (bvFTD). bvFTD patients show impairments in executive function and social comportment due to disease in frontal and anterior temporal regions. To investigate social coordination in bvFTD, we developed a novel language-based task that assesses patients' ability to convey an object's description to a conversational partner. Experimental conditions manipulated the amount of information shared by the participant and the conversational partner, and the associated working memory demands. Our results indicate that, although patients did not have difficulty identifying the features of the objects, they did produce descriptions that included insufficient or inappropriate adjectives and thus struggled to communicate effectively. Impaired performance was related to gray matter atrophy particularly in medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Our findings suggest an important role for non-language brain areas that belong to a large-scale neurocognitive network for social coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Healey
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Neuroscience Graduate Group, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA.
| | - Corey T McMillan
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Golob
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - Nicola Spotorno
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - Robin Clark
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Neuroscience Graduate Group, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA.
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Effective connectivity during animacy perception--dynamic causal modelling of Human Connectome Project data. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6240. [PMID: 25174814 PMCID: PMC4150124 DOI: 10.1038/srep06240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological agents are the most complex systems humans have to model and predict. In predictive coding, high-level cortical areas inform sensory cortex about incoming sensory signals, a comparison between the predicted and actual sensory feedback is made, and information about unpredicted sensory information is passed forward to higher-level areas. Predictions about animate motion - relative to inanimate motion - should result in prediction error and increase signal passing from lower level sensory area MT+/V5, which is responsive to all motion, to higher-order posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), which is selectively activated by animate motion. We tested this hypothesis by investigating effective connectivity in a large-scale fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project. 132 participants viewed animations of triangles that were designed to move in a way that appeared animate (moving intentionally), or inanimate (moving in a mechanical way). We found that forward connectivity from V5 to the pSTS increased, and inhibitory self-connection in the pSTS decreased, when viewing intentional motion versus inanimate motion. These prediction errors associated with animate motion may be the cause for increased attention to animate stimuli found in previous studies.
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Bazargani N, Hillebrandt H, Christoff K, Dumontheil I. Developmental changes in effective connectivity associated with relational reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3262-76. [PMID: 25050424 PMCID: PMC6869537 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is part of a frontoparietal network of regions involved in relational reasoning, the mental process of working with relationships between multiple mental representations. RLPFC has shown functional and structural changes with age, with increasing specificity of left RLPFC activation for relational integration during development. Here, we used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to investigate changes in effective connectivity during a relational reasoning task through the transition from adolescence into adulthood. We examined fMRI data of 37 healthy female participants (11–30 years old) performing a relational reasoning paradigm. Comparing relational integration to the manipulation of single relations revealed activation in five regions: the RLPFC, anterior insula, dorsolateral PFC, inferior parietal lobe, and medial superior frontal gyrus. We used a new exhaustive search approach and identified a full DCM model, which included all reciprocal connections between the five clusters in the left hemisphere, as the optimal model. In line with previous resting state fMRI results, we showed distinct developmental effects on the strength of long-range frontoparietal versus frontoinsular short-range fixed connections. The modulatory connections associated with relational integration increased with age. Gray matter volume in left RLPFC, which decreased with age, partly accounted for changes in fixed PFC connectivity. Finally, improvements in relational integration performance were associated with greater modulatory and weaker fixed PFC connectivity. This pattern provides further evidence of increasing specificity of left PFC function for relational integration compared to the manipulation of single relations, and demonstrates an association between effective connectivity and performance during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bazargani
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
| | - Hauke Hillebrandt
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
| | - Kalina Christoff
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonWC1E 7HXUnited Kingdom
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Schuwerk T, Döhnel K, Sodian B, Keck IR, Rupprecht R, Sommer M. Functional activity and effective connectivity of the posterior medial prefrontal cortex during processing of incongruent mental states. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:2950-65. [PMID: 24115202 PMCID: PMC6869201 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurocognitive components of Theory of Mind reasoning remain poorly understood. In particular the role of the posterior medial prefrontal cortex in the processing of other's mental states such as beliefs that are incongruent with one's own knowledge of reality is not clear-cut. It is unknown whether this region is involved in computing discrepant mental states or in subsequently resolving a response conflict between the discrepant others' and one's own beliefs. To test this, we adapted a false belief paradigm for the separate inspection of functional brain activity related to (1) the computation of diverging beliefs and (2) the subsequent consideration and selection of another's or one's own belief. Based on statistical parametric findings from functional neuroimaging, we employed dynamic causal modelling combined with Bayesian model selection to further characterize the interplay of resulting brain regions. In the initial computation of diverging beliefs, the posterior medial prefrontal cortex (pMPFC) and the bilateral temporoparietal cortex were crucially involved. The findings suggest that the bilateral temporal cortex engages in the construction and adjustment of diverging mental states by encoding relevant environmental information. The pMPFC inhibits this stimulus-bound processing which helps to compute discrepant mental states and process another's false belief decoupled from one's own perception of reality. In the subsequent question phase the right temporoparietal cortex showed increased activity related to switching to and reconsidering another's beliefs in order to select the correct response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schuwerk
- Department of PsychologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
| | - Katrin Döhnel
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
| | - Beate Sodian
- Department of PsychologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Ingo R. Keck
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
| | - Monika Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of RegensburgGermany
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