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Augenstein TE, Oh S, Norris TA, Mekler J, Sethi A, Krishnan C. Corticospinal excitability during motor preparation of upper extremity reaches reflects flexor muscle synergies: A novel principal component-based motor evoked potential analyses. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2024:RNN231367. [PMID: 38607772 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Background Previous research has shown that noninvasive brain stimulation can be used to study how the central nervous system (CNS) prepares the execution of a motor task. However, these previous studies have been limited to a single muscle or single degree of freedom movements (e.g., wrist flexion). It is currently unclear if the findings of these studies generalize to multi-joint movements involving multiple muscles, which may be influenced by kinematic redundancy and muscle synergies. Objective The objective of this study was to characterize corticospinal excitability during motor preparation in the cortex prior to functional upper extremity reaches. Methods 20 participants without neurological impairments volunteered for this study. During the experiment, the participants reached for a cup in response to a visual "Go Cue". Prior to movement onset, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to stimulate the motor cortex and measured the changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in several upper extremity muscles. We varied each participant's initial arm posture and used a novel synergy-based MEP analysis to examine the effect of muscle coordination on MEPs. Additionally, we varied the timing of the stimulation between the Go Cue and movement onset to examine the time course of motor preparation. Results We found that synergies with strong proximal muscle (shoulder and elbow) components emerged as the stimulation was delivered closer to movement onset, regardless of arm posture, but MEPs in the distal (wrist and finger) muscles were not facilitated. We also found that synergies varied with arm posture in a manner that reflected the muscle coordination of the reach. Conclusions We believe that these findings provide useful insight into the way the CNS plans motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Augenstein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seonga Oh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trevor A Norris
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Amit Sethi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chandramouli Krishnan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Holmes NP, Di Chiaro NV, Crowe EM, Marson B, Göbel K, Gaigalas D, Jay T, Lockett AV, Powell ES, Zeni S, Reader AT. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over supramarginal gyrus stimulates primary motor cortex directly and impairs manual dexterity: implications for TMS focality. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:360-378. [PMID: 38197162 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00369.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on human motor cortex, the effective spatial resolution of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as 5-20 mm, because small changes in TMS coil position can have large effects on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). MEPs are often studied at rest, with muscles relaxed. During muscle contraction and movement, corticospinal excitability is higher, thresholds for effective stimulation are lower, and MEPs can be evoked from larger regions of scalp, so the effective spatial resolution of TMS is larger. We found that TMS over the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) impaired manual dexterity in the grooved pegboard task. It also resulted in short-latency MEPs in hand muscles, despite the coil being 55 mm away from the motor cortex hand area (M1). MEPs might be evoked by either a specific corticospinal connection from SMG or a remote but direct electromagnetic stimulation of M1. To distinguish these alternatives, we mapped MEPs across the scalp during rest, isotonic contraction, and manual dexterity tasks and ran electric field simulations to model the expected M1 activation from 27 scalp locations and four coil orientations. We also systematically reviewed studies using TMS during movement. Across five experiments, TMS over SMG reliably evoked MEPs during hand movement. These MEPs were consistent with direct M1 stimulation and substantially decreased corticospinal thresholds during natural movement. Systematic review suggested that 54 published experiments may have suffered from similar motor activation confounds. Our results have implications for the assumed spatial resolution of TMS, and especially when TMS is presented within 55 mm of the motor cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as having an effective spatial resolution of ∼10 mm, because of the limited area of the scalp on which TMS produces motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting muscles. We find that during natural hand movement TMS evokes MEPs from a much larger scalp area, in particular when stimulating over the supramarginal gyrus 55 mm away. Our results show that TMS can be effective at much larger distances than generally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Holmes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emily M Crowe
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Marson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Göbel
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominykas Gaigalas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Talia Jay
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail V Lockett
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor S Powell
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Zeni
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Arran T Reader
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Parsowith EJ, Stock MS, Girts RM, Beausejour JP, Alberto A, Carr JC, Harmon KK. The Influence of Resistance Training Experience on the Efficacy of Motor Imagery for Acutely Increasing Corticospinal Excitability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1635. [PMID: 38137083 PMCID: PMC10742069 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both motor imagery and resistance-training enhance motor function and corticospinal excitability. We tested the hypothesis that young participants with significant resistance-training experience would show heightened corticospinal excitability during a single session of motor imagery training. Fifty-six participants (mean ± SD age = 22 ± 2 years) were divided into resistance-trained and untrained groups. Forty-one upper-body resistance trained (21 males, 20 females; mean ± SD relative one repetition maximum bench press = 0.922 ± 0.317 kg/kg) and 15 untrained (4 males, 11 females; mean ± SD relative one repetition maximum bench press = 0.566 ± 0.175 kg/kg) participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions. The first visit served as the familiarization session. During visits 2 and 3, participants engaged in a hand/wrist motor imagery protocol or rested quietly (control condition) in a randomized order. Before and after the interventions, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex was used to measure resting motor-evoked potential amplitude of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Our main finding was that motor imagery acutely increased corticospinal excitability by ~64% (marginal means pre = 784.1 µV, post = 1246.6 µV; p < 0.001, d = 0.487). However, there was no evidence that the increase in corticospinal excitability was influenced by resistance-training experience. We suspect that our results may have been influenced by the specific nature of the motor imagery task. Our findings have important implications for motor imagery prescription and suggest that motor imagery training may be equally beneficial for both resistance-trained and untrained populations. This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03889548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Parsowith
- Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.S.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.S.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Ryan M. Girts
- Department of Natural and Health Sciences, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC 28109, USA;
| | - Jonathan P. Beausejour
- Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.S.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Ariel Alberto
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Joshua C. Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA;
- Department of Medical Education, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Kylie K. Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Makaroff SN, Qi Z, Rachh M, Wartman WA, Weise K, Noetscher GM, Daneshzand M, Deng ZD, Greengard L, Nummenmaa AR. A fast direct solver for surface-based whole-head modeling of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18657. [PMID: 37907689 PMCID: PMC10618282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
When modeling transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the brain, a fast and accurate electric field solver can support interactive neuronavigation tasks as well as comprehensive biophysical modeling. We formulate, test, and disseminate a direct (i.e., non-iterative) TMS solver that can accurately determine global TMS fields for any coil type everywhere in a high-resolution MRI-based surface model with ~ 200,000 or more arbitrarily selected observation points within approximately 5 s, with the solution time itself of 3 s. The solver is based on the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM), which incorporates the latest mathematical advancement in the theory of fast multipole methods-an FMM-based LU decomposition. This decomposition is specific to the head model and needs to be computed only once per subject. Moreover, the solver offers unlimited spatial numerical resolution. Despite the fast execution times, the present direct solution is numerically accurate for the default model resolution. In contrast, the widely used brain modeling software SimNIBS employs a first-order finite element method that necessitates additional mesh refinement, resulting in increased computational cost. However, excellent agreement between the two methods is observed for various practical test cases following mesh refinement, including a biophysical modeling task. The method can be readily applied to a wide range of TMS analyses involving multiple coil positions and orientations, including image-guided neuronavigation. It can even accommodate continuous variations in coil geometry, such as flexible H-type TMS coils. The FMM-LU direct solver is freely available to academic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Makaroff
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Z Qi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - M Rachh
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - W A Wartman
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - K Weise
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Advanced Electromagnetics Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Helmholtzplatz 2, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - G M Noetscher
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - M Daneshzand
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Computational Neurostimulation Research Program, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - L Greengard
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - A R Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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Amoruso E, Terhune DB, Kromm M, Kirker S, Muret D, Makin TR. Reassessing referral of touch following peripheral deafferentation: The role of contextual bias. Cortex 2023; 167:167-177. [PMID: 37567052 PMCID: PMC11139647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Some amputees have been famously reported to perceive facial touch as arising from their phantom hand. These referred sensations have since been replicated across multiple neurological disorders and were classically interpreted as a perceptual correlate of cortical plasticity. Common to all these and related studies is that participants might have been influenced in their self-reports by the experimental design or related contextual biases. Here, we investigated whether referred sensations reports might be confounded by demand characteristics (e.g., compliance, expectation, suggestion). Unilateral upper-limb amputees (N = 18), congenital one-handers (N = 19), and two-handers (N = 22) were repeatedly stimulated with computer-controlled vibrations on 10 body-parts and asked to report the occurrence of any concurrent sensations on their hand(s). To further manipulate expectations, we gave participants the suggestion that some of these vibrations had a higher probability to evoke referred sensations. We also assessed similarity between (phantom) hand and face representation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) multivariate representational similarity analysis. We replicated robust reports of referred sensations in amputees towards their phantom hand; however, the frequency and distribution of reported referred sensations were similar across groups. Moreover, referred sensations were evoked by stimulation of multiple body-parts and similarly reported on both the intact and phantom hand in amputees. Face-to-phantom-hand representational similarity was not different in amputees' missing hand region, compared with controls. These findings weaken the interpretation of referred sensations as a perceptual correlate of S1 plasticity and reveal the need to account for contextual biases when evaluating anomalous perceptual phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amoruso
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Devin B Terhune
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Maria Kromm
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Stephen Kirker
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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6
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Bonanno L, Cannuli A, Pignolo L, Marino S, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS, Cerasa A. Neural Plasticity Changes Induced by Motor Robotic Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients: The Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:990. [PMID: 37627875 PMCID: PMC10451271 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Robotic rehabilitation is one of the most advanced treatments helping people with stroke to faster recovery from motor deficits. The clinical impact of this type of treatment has been widely defined and established using clinical scales. The neurofunctional indicators of motor recovery following conventional rehabilitation treatments have already been identified by previous meta-analytic investigations. However, a clear definition of the neural correlates associated with robotic neurorehabilitation treatment has never been performed. This systematic review assesses the neurofunctional correlates (fMRI, fNIRS) of cutting-edge robotic therapies in enhancing motor recovery of stroke populations in accordance with PRISMA standards. A total of 7, of the initial yield of 150 articles, have been included in this review. Lessons from these studies suggest that neural plasticity within the ipsilateral primary motor cortex, the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, and the premotor cortices are more sensitive to compensation strategies reflecting upper and lower limbs' motor recovery despite the high heterogeneity in robotic devices, clinical status, and neuroimaging procedures. Unfortunately, the paucity of RCT studies prevents us from understanding the neurobiological differences induced by robotic devices with respect to traditional rehabilitation approaches. Despite this technology dating to the early 1990s, there is a need to translate more functional neuroimaging markers in clinical settings since they provide a unique opportunity to examine, in-depth, the brain plasticity changes induced by robotic rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Antonio Cannuli
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98123 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | | | - Antonio Cerasa
- S’Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
- Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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7
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Makaroff SN, Qi Z, Rachh M, Wartman WA, Weise K, Noetscher GM, Daneshzand M, Deng ZD, Greengard L, Nummenmaa AR. A fast direct solver for surface-based whole-head modeling of transcranial magnetic stimulation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3079433. [PMID: 37503106 PMCID: PMC10371170 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3079433/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background When modeling transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the brain, a fast and accurate electric field solver can support interactive neuronavigation tasks as well as comprehensive biophysical modeling. Objective We formulate, test, and disseminate a direct (i.e., non-iterative) TMS solver that can accurately determine global TMS fields for any coil type everywhere in a high-resolution MRI-based surface model with ~200,000 or more arbitrarily selected observation points within approximately 5 sec, with the solution time itself of 3 sec. Method The solver is based on the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM), which incorporates the latest mathematical advancement in the theory of fast multipole methods - an FMM-based LU decomposition. This decomposition is specific to the head model and needs to be computed only once per subject. Moreover, the solver offers unlimited spatial numerical resolution. Results Despite the fast execution times, the present direct solution is numerically accurate for the default model resolution. In contrast, the widely used brain modeling software SimNIBS employs a first-order finite element method that necessitates additional mesh refinement, resulting in increased computational cost. However, excellent agreement between the two methods is observed for various practical test cases following mesh refinement, including a biophysical modeling task. Conclusion The method can be readily applied to a wide range of TMS analyses involving multiple coil positions and orientations, including image-guided neuronavigation. It can even accommodate continuous variations in coil geometry, such as flexible H-type TMS coils. The FMM-LU direct solver is freely available to academic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Makaroff
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Z Qi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - M Rachh
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - W A Wartman
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - K Weise
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig Germany
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Advanced Electromagnetics Group, Helmholtzplatz 2, 98693 Ilmenau Germany
| | - G M Noetscher
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - M Daneshzand
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Computational Neurostimulation Research Program, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - L Greengard
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010 USA
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10012 USA
| | - A R Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Ctr. for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Passera B, Harquel S, Chauvin A, Gérard P, Lai L, Moro E, Meoni S, Fraix V, David O, Raffin E. Multi-scale and cross-dimensional TMS mapping: A proof of principle in patients with Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1004763. [PMID: 37214390 PMCID: PMC10192635 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping has become a critical tool for exploratory studies of the human corticomotor (M1) organization. Here, we propose to gather existing cutting-edge TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG approaches into a combined multi-dimensional TMS mapping that considers local and whole-brain excitability changes as well as state and time-specific changes in cortical activity. We applied this multi-dimensional TMS mapping approach to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) ON and OFF. Our goal was to identifying one or several TMS mapping-derived markers that could provide unprecedent new insights onto the mechanisms of DBS in movement disorders. Methods Six PD patients (1 female, mean age: 62.5 yo [59-65]) implanted with DBS-STN for 1 year, underwent a robotized sulcus-shaped TMS motor mapping to measure changes in muscle-specific corticomotor representations and a movement initiation task to probe state-dependent modulations of corticospinal excitability in the ON (using clinically relevant DBS parameters) and OFF DBS states. Cortical excitability and evoked dynamics of three cortical areas involved in the neural control of voluntary movements (M1, pre-supplementary motor area - preSMA and inferior frontal gyrus - IFG) were then mapped using TMS-EEG coupling in the ON and OFF state. Lastly, we investigated the timing and nature of the STN-to-M1 inputs using a paired pulse DBS-TMS-EEG protocol. Results In our sample of patients, DBS appeared to induce fast within-area somatotopic re-arrangements of motor finger representations in M1, as revealed by mediolateral shifts of corticomuscle representations. STN-DBS improved reaction times while up-regulating corticospinal excitability, especially during endogenous motor preparation. Evoked dynamics revealed marked increases in inhibitory circuits in the IFG and M1 with DBS ON. Finally, inhibitory conditioning effects of STN single pulses on corticomotor activity were found at timings relevant for the activation of inhibitory GABAergic receptors (4 and 20 ms). Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a predominant role of some markers in explaining beneficial DBS effects, such as a context-dependent modulation of corticospinal excitability and the recruitment of distinct inhibitory circuits, involving long-range projections from higher level motor centers and local GABAergic neuronal populations. These combined measures might help to identify discriminative features of DBS mechanisms towards deep clinical phenotyping of DBS effects in Parkinson's Disease and in other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Passera
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, INSERM, IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan Chauvin
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Gérard
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Lisa Lai
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Fraix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
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Pinardi M, Schuler AL, Arcara G, Ferreri F, Marinazzo D, Di Pino G, Pellegrino G. Reduced connectivity of primary auditory and motor cortices during exposure to auditory white noise. Neurosci Lett 2023; 804:137212. [PMID: 36966962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Auditory white noise (WN) is widely used in daily life for inducing sleep, and in neuroscience to mask unwanted environmental noise and cues. However, WN was recently reported to influence corticospinal excitability and behavioral performance. Here, we expand previous preliminary findings on the influence of WN exposure on cortical functioning, and we hypothesize that it may modulate cortical connectivity. We tested our hypothesis by performing magnetoencephalography in 20 healthy subjects. WN reduces cortical connectivity of the primary auditory and motor regions with very distant cortical areas, showing a right lateralized connectivity reduction for primary motor cortex. The present results, together with previous finding concerning WN impact on corticospinal excitability and behavioral performance, further support the role of WN as a modulator of cortical function. This suggest avoiding its unrestricted use as a masking tool, while purposely designed and controlled WN application could be exploited to harness brain function and to treat neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Numssen O, van der Burght CL, Hartwigsen G. Revisiting the focality of non-invasive brain stimulation - implications for studies of human cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105154. [PMID: 37011776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are popular tools to investigate brain function in health and disease. Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in cognitive neuroscience research to probe causal structure-function relationships, studies often yield inconclusive results. To improve the effectiveness of TMS studies, we argue that the cognitive neuroscience community needs to revise the stimulation focality principle - the spatial resolution with which TMS can differentially stimulate cortical regions. In the motor domain, TMS can differentiate between cortical muscle representations of adjacent fingers. However, this high degree of spatial specificity cannot be obtained in all cortical regions due to the influences of cortical folding patterns on the TMS-induced electric field. The region-dependent focality of TMS should be assessed a priori to estimate the experimental feasibility. Post-hoc simulations allow modeling of the relationship between cortical stimulation exposure and behavioral modulation by integrating data across stimulation sites or subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Numssen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Methods and Development Group Brain Networks, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Germany
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11
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Cai Z, Pellegrino G, Lina J, Benali H, Grova C. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of the relationship between task-related hemodynamic responses and cortical excitability. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:876-900. [PMID: 36250709 PMCID: PMC9875942 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between task-related hemodynamic responses and cortical excitability is challenging because it requires simultaneous measurement of hemodynamic responses while applying noninvasive brain stimulation. Moreover, cortical excitability and task-related hemodynamic responses are both associated with inter-/intra-subject variability. To reliably assess such a relationship, we applied hierarchical Bayesian modeling. This study involved 16 healthy subjects who underwent simultaneous Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS10, PAS25, Sham) while monitoring brain activity using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), targeting the primary motor cortex (M1). Cortical excitability was measured by Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs), and the motor task-related hemodynamic responses were measured using fNIRS 3D reconstructions. We constructed three models to investigate: (1) PAS effects on the M1 excitability, (2) PAS effects on fNIRS hemodynamic responses to a finger tapping task, and (3) the correlation between PAS effects on M1 excitability and PAS effects on task-related hemodynamic responses. Significant increase in cortical excitability was found following PAS25, whereas a small reduction of the cortical excitability was shown after PAS10 and a subtle increase occurred after sham. Both HbO and HbR absolute amplitudes increased after PAS25 and decreased after PAS10. The probability of the positive correlation between modulation of cortical excitability and hemodynamic activity was 0.77 for HbO and 0.79 for HbR. We demonstrated that PAS stimulation modulates task-related cortical hemodynamic responses in addition to M1 excitability. Moreover, the positive correlation between PAS modulations of excitability and hemodynamics brought insight into understanding the fundamental properties of cortical function and cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Cai
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of PhysicsConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada,PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Epilepsy Program, Schulich School of Medicine and DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada,Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Jean‐Marc Lina
- Département de Génie ElectriqueÉcole de Technologie SupérieureMontréalQuébecCanada,Centre De Recherches En MathématiquesMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Habib Benali
- PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada,Centre De Recherches En MathématiquesMontréalQuébecCanada,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Concordia UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Christophe Grova
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of PhysicsConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada,PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada,Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada,Centre De Recherches En MathématiquesMontréalQuébecCanada
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12
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Hehl M, Swinnen SP, Van Malderen S, Cuypers K. No evidence for a difference in lateralization and distinctiveness level of transcranial magnetic stimulation-derived cortical motor representations over the adult lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:971858. [PMID: 36313026 PMCID: PMC9608504 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.971858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence and patterns of age-related differences in TMS-based measures of lateralization and distinctiveness of the cortical motor representations of two different hand muscles. In a sample of seventy-three right-handed healthy participants over the adult lifespan, the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) cortical motor representations of both hemispheres were acquired using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In addition, dexterity and maximum force levels were measured. Lateralization quotients were calculated for homolog behavioral and TMS measures, whereas the distinctiveness between the FDI and ADM representation within one hemisphere was quantified by the center of gravity (CoG) distance and cosine similarity. The presence and patterns of age-related changes were examined using linear, polynomial, and piecewise linear regression. No age-related differences could be identified for the lateralization quotient of behavior or cortical motor representations of both intrinsic hand muscles. Furthermore, no evidence for a change in the distinctiveness of the FDI and ADM representation with advancing age was found. In conclusion this work showed that lateralization and distinctiveness of cortical motor representations, as determined by means of TMS-based measures, remain stable over the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hehl
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shanti Van Malderen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Koen Cuypers,
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13
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Siebner HR, Funke K, Aberra AS, Antal A, Bestmann S, Chen R, Classen J, Davare M, Di Lazzaro V, Fox PT, Hallett M, Karabanov AN, Kesselheim J, Beck MM, Koch G, Liebetanz D, Meunier S, Miniussi C, Paulus W, Peterchev AV, Popa T, Ridding MC, Thielscher A, Ziemann U, Rothwell JC, Ugawa Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? - A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:59-97. [PMID: 35738037 PMCID: PMC9753778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial (electro)magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently the method of choice to non-invasively induce neural activity in the human brain. A single transcranial stimulus induces a time-varying electric field in the brain that may evoke action potentials in cortical neurons. The spatial relationship between the locally induced electric field and the stimulated neurons determines axonal depolarization. The induced electric field is influenced by the conductive properties of the tissue compartments and is strongest in the superficial parts of the targeted cortical gyri and underlying white matter. TMS likely targets axons of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The propensity of individual axons to fire an action potential in response to TMS depends on their geometry, myelination and spatial relation to the imposed electric field and the physiological state of the neuron. The latter is determined by its transsynaptic dendritic and somatic inputs, intrinsic membrane potential and firing rate. Modeling work suggests that the primary target of TMS is axonal terminals in the crown top and lip regions of cortical gyri. The induced electric field may additionally excite bends of myelinated axons in the juxtacortical white matter below the gyral crown. Neuronal excitation spreads ortho- and antidromically along the stimulated axons and causes secondary excitation of connected neuronal populations within local intracortical microcircuits in the target area. Axonal and transsynaptic spread of excitation also occurs along cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections, impacting on neuronal activity in the targeted network. Both local and remote neural excitation depend critically on the functional state of the stimulated target area and network. TMS also causes substantial direct co-stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral co-excitation propagates centrally in auditory and somatosensory networks, but also produces brain responses in other networks subserving multisensory integration, orienting or arousal. The complexity of the response to TMS warrants cautious interpretation of its physiological and behavioural consequences, and a deeper understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of TMS will be critical for advancing it as a scientific and therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aman S Aberra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Bestmann
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Davare
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anke N Karabanov
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition and Exercise, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine Kesselheim
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mikkel M Beck
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Laboratorio di NeurologiaClinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS 4 UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Traian Popa
- Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Ridding
- University of South Australia, IIMPACT in Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Centre, Advanced Clinical Research Centre, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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14
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Stimulation with acoustic white noise enhances motor excitability and sensorimotor integration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13108. [PMID: 35907889 PMCID: PMC9338990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory white noise (WN) is widely used in neuroscience to mask unwanted environmental noise and cues, e.g. TMS clicks. However, to date there is no research on the influence of WN on corticospinal excitability and potentially associated sensorimotor integration itself. Here we tested the hypothesis, if WN induces M1 excitability changes and improves sensorimotor performance. M1 excitability (spTMS, SICI, ICF, I/O curve) and sensorimotor reaction-time performance were quantified before, during and after WN stimulation in a set of experiments performed in a cohort of 61 healthy subjects. WN enhanced M1 corticospinal excitability, not just during exposure, but also during silence periods intermingled with WN, and up to several minutes after the end of exposure. Two independent behavioural experiments highlighted that WN improved multimodal sensorimotor performance. The enduring excitability modulation combined with the effects on behaviour suggest that WN might induce neural plasticity. WN is thus a relevant modulator of corticospinal function; its neurobiological effects should not be neglected and could in fact be exploited in research applications.
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15
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Nakazawa K. Brain Reorganization and Neural Plasticity in Elite Athletes With Physical Impairments. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:118-127. [PMID: 35175230 PMCID: PMC9197146 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use-dependent and impairment-specific brain plasticity are hypothesized to interact and enhance neural reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) of athletes with physical impairments. Paralympic brain studies are helpful in achieving a fundamental understanding of the underlying neural mechanism related to CNS reorganization after physical therapy or athletic training. Information learned from these individuals also provides new insights into sports- and rehabilitation-related neuroscience.
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16
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Passera B, Chauvin A, Raffin E, Bougerol T, David O, Harquel S. Exploring the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling on the sensorimotor region. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119419. [PMID: 35777633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of TMS-EEG coupling as a neuroimaging tool for the functional exploration of the human brain recently gained strong interest. If this tool directly inherits the fine temporal resolution from EEG, its spatial counterpart remains unknown. In this study, we explored the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling by evaluating the minimal distance between two stimulated cortical sites that would significantly evoke different response dynamics. TMS evoked responses were mapped on the sensorimotor region in twenty participants. The stimulation grid was composed of nine targets separated between 10 and 15 mm on average. The dynamical signatures of TMS evoked activity were extracted and compared between sites using both local and remote linear regression scores and spatial generalized mixed models. We found a significant effect of the distance between stimulated sites on their dynamical signatures, neighboring sites showing differentiable response dynamics. Besides, common dynamical signatures were also found between sites up to 25-30 mm from each other. This overlap in dynamical properties decreased with distance and was stronger between sites within the same Brodmann area. Our results suggest that the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling might be at least as high as 10 mm. Furthermore, our results reveal an anisotropic spatial resolution that was higher across than within the same Brodmann areas, in accordance with the TMS induced E-field modeling. Common cytoarchitectonic leading to shared dynamical properties within the same Brodmann area could also explain this anisotropy. Overall, these findings suggest that TMS-EEG benefits from the spatial resolution of TMS, which makes it an accurate technique for meso-scale brain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Passera
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Chauvin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Bougerol
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Service de Psychiatrie, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland.
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17
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Ojala J, Vanhanen J, Harno H, Lioumis P, Vaalto S, Kaunisto MA, Putaala J, Kangasniemi M, Kirveskari E, Mäkelä JP, Kalso E. A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Targeting M1 and S2 in Central Poststroke Pain: A Pilot Trial. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:538-548. [PMID: 35670063 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Central poststroke pain (CPSP), a neuropathic pain condition, is difficult to treat. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeted to the primary motor cortex (M1) can alleviate the condition, but not all patients respond. We aimed to assess a promising alternative rTMS target, the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), for CPSP treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled three-arm crossover trial assessed navigated rTMS (nrTMS) targeted to M1 and S2 (10 sessions, 5050 pulses per session at 10 Hz). Participants were evaluated for pain, depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, upper limb function, and three plasticity-related gene polymorphisms including Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2). We monitored pain intensity and interference before and during stimulations and at one month. A conditioned pain modulation test was performed using the cold pressor test. This assessed the efficacy of the descending inhibitory system, which may transmit TMS effects in pain control. RESULTS We prescreened 73 patients, screened 29, and included 21, of whom 17 completed the trial. NrTMS targeted to S2 resulted in long-term (from baseline to one-month follow-up) pain intensity reduction of ≥30% in 18% (3/17) of participants. All stimulations showed a short-term effect on pain (17-20% pain relief), with no difference between M1, S2, or sham stimulations, indicating a strong placebo effect. Only nrTMS targeted to S2 resulted in a significant long-term pain intensity reduction (15% pain relief). The cold pressor test reduced CPSP pain intensity significantly (p = 0.001), indicating functioning descending inhibitory controls. The homozygous DRD2 T/T genotype is associated with the M1 stimulation response. CONCLUSIONS S2 is a promising nrTMS target in the treatment of CPSP. The DRD2 T/T genotype might be a biomarker for M1 nrTMS response, but this needs confirmation from a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Ojala
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka Vanhanen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Harno
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pantelis Lioumis
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Selja Vaalto
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Kangasniemi
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Kirveskari
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P Mäkelä
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Database of 25 validated coil models for electric field simulations for TMS. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:697-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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19
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Cai Z, Machado A, Chowdhury RA, Spilkin A, Vincent T, Aydin Ü, Pellegrino G, Lina JM, Grova C. Diffuse optical reconstructions of functional near infrared spectroscopy data using maximum entropy on the mean. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2316. [PMID: 35145148 PMCID: PMC8831678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures the hemoglobin concentration changes associated with neuronal activity. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) consists of reconstructing the optical density changes measured from scalp channels to the oxy-/deoxy-hemoglobin concentration changes within the cortical regions. In the present study, we adapted a nonlinear source localization method developed and validated in the context of Electro- and Magneto-Encephalography (EEG/MEG): the Maximum Entropy on the Mean (MEM), to solve the inverse problem of DOT reconstruction. We first introduced depth weighting strategy within the MEM framework for DOT reconstruction to avoid biasing the reconstruction results of DOT towards superficial regions. We also proposed a new initialization of the MEM model improving the temporal accuracy of the original MEM framework. To evaluate MEM performance and compare with widely used depth weighted Minimum Norm Estimate (MNE) inverse solution, we applied a realistic simulation scheme which contained 4000 simulations generated by 250 different seeds at different locations and 4 spatial extents ranging from 3 to 40\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {cm}^2$$\end{document}cm2 along the cortical surface. Our results showed that overall MEM provided more accurate DOT reconstructions than MNE. Moreover, we found that MEM was remained particularly robust in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. The proposed method was further illustrated by comparing to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) activation maps, on real data involving finger tapping tasks with two different montages. The results showed that MEM provided more accurate HbO and HbR reconstructions in spatial agreement with the main fMRI cluster, when compared to MNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Cai
- Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Alexis Machado
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rasheda Arman Chowdhury
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amanda Spilkin
- Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Vincent
- Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre de médecine préventive et d'activité physique, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ümit Aydin
- Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- École de technologie supérieure de l'Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christophe Grova
- Department of Physics and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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20
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Nieminen JO, Sinisalo H, Souza VH, Malmi M, Yuryev M, Tervo AE, Stenroos M, Milardovich D, Korhonen JT, Koponen LM, Ilmoniemi RJ. Multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation system for electronically targeted brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:116-124. [PMID: 34818580 PMCID: PMC8807400 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows non-invasive stimulation of the cortex. In multi-locus TMS (mTMS), the stimulating electric field (E-field) is controlled electronically without coil movement by adjusting currents in the coils of a transducer. OBJECTIVE To develop an mTMS system that allows adjusting the location and orientation of the E-field maximum within a cortical region. METHODS We designed and manufactured a planar 5-coil mTMS transducer to allow controlling the maximum of the induced E-field within a cortical region approximately 30 mm in diameter. We developed electronics with a design consisting of independently controlled H-bridge circuits to drive up to six TMS coils. To control the hardware, we programmed software that runs on a field-programmable gate array and a computer. To induce the desired E-field in the cortex, we developed an optimization method to calculate the currents needed in the coils. We characterized the mTMS system and conducted a proof-of-concept motor-mapping experiment on a healthy volunteer. In the motor mapping, we kept the transducer placement fixed while electronically shifting the E-field maximum on the precentral gyrus and measuring electromyography from the contralateral hand. RESULTS The transducer consists of an oval coil, two figure-of-eight coils, and two four-leaf-clover coils stacked on top of each other. The technical characterization indicated that the mTMS system performs as designed. The measured motor evoked potential amplitudes varied consistently as a function of the location of the E-field maximum. CONCLUSION The developed mTMS system enables electronically targeted brain stimulation within a cortical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko O Nieminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki Sinisalo
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor H Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Mikko Malmi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Yuryev
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Aino E Tervo
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; AMI Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti Stenroos
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Diego Milardovich
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Institute for Microelectronics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juuso T Korhonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lari M Koponen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Risto J Ilmoniemi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Ranieri F, Pellegrino G, Ciancio AL, Musumeci G, Noce E, Insola A, Diaz Balzani LA, Di Lazzaro V, Di Pino G. Sensorimotor integration within the primary motor cortex by selective nerve fascicle stimulation. J Physiol 2021; 600:1497-1514. [PMID: 34921406 PMCID: PMC9305922 DOI: 10.1113/jp282259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cortical integration of sensory inputs is crucial for dexterous movement. Short-latency somatosensory afferent inhibition of motor cortical output is typically produced by peripheral whole-nerve stimulation. We exploited intraneural multichannel electrodes used to provide sensory feedback for prosthesis control to assess whether and how selective intraneural sensory stimulation affects sensorimotor cortical circuits in humans. The activation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was explored by recording scalp somatosensory evoked potentials. Sensorimotor integration was tested by measuring the inhibitory effect of the afferent stimulation on the output of the primary motor cortex (M1) generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We demonstrate in humans that selective intraneural sensory stimulation elicits a measurable activation of S1 and that it inhibits the output of M1 at the same time range of whole-nerve superficial stimulation. ABSTRACT The integration of sensory inputs in the motor cortex is crucial for dexterous movement. We recently demonstrated that a closed-loop control based on the feedback provided through intraneural multi-channel electrodes implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of a participant with upper limb amputation improved manipulation skills and increased prosthesis embodiment. Here we assessed, in the same participant, whether and how selective intraneural sensory stimulation also elicits a measurable cortical activation and affects sensorimotor cortical circuits. After estimating the activation of the primary somatosensory cortex evoked by intraneural stimulation, sensorimotor integration was investigated by testing the inhibition of primary motor cortex (M1) output to transcranial magnetic stimulation, after both intraneural and perineural stimulation. Selective sensory intraneural stimulation evoked a low-amplitude, 16 ms-latency, parietal response in the same area of the earliest component evoked by whole-nerve stimulation, compatible with fast-conducting afferent fiber activation. For the first time, we show that the same intraneural stimulation was also capable of decreasing M1 output, at the same time range of the short-latency afferent inhibition effect of whole-nerve superficial stimulation. The inhibition generated by the stimulation of channels activating only sensory fibers was stronger than the one due to intraneural or perineural stimulation of channels activating mixed fibers. We demonstrate in a human subject that the cortical sensorimotor integration inhibiting M1 output previously described after the experimental whole-nerve stimulation is present also with a more ecological selective sensory fiber stimulation. Abstract Figure: Double-sided filament electrodes (ds-FILE), bearing 16 active sites, and perineural Cuff electrodes were implanted in the median and ulnar nerve of the arm in a hand amputee (upper left panel, single nerve represented). Selectivity of stimulation (1), evoked activity in the somatosensory cortex (2), and sensorimotor integration (3) were investigated. TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ranieri
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Lisa Ciancio
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Musumeci
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Noce
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Insola
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Ramalho BL, Moly J, Raffin E, Bouet R, Harquel S, Farnè A, Reilly KT. Face-hand sensorimotor interactions revealed by afferent inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:189-200. [PMID: 34796553 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following permanent (e.g., amputation) or temporary (e.g., local anaesthesia) deafferentation of the hand has revealed large-scale plastic changes between the hand and face representations that are accompanied by perceptual correlates. The physiological mechanisms underlying this reorganization remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate sensorimotor interactions between the face and hand using an afferent inhibition transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol in which the motor evoked potential elicited by the magnetic pulse is inhibited when it is preceded by an afferent stimulus. We hypothesized that if face and hand representations in the sensorimotor cortex are functionally coupled, then electrocutaneous stimulation of the face would inhibit hand muscle motor responses. In two separate experiments, we delivered an electrocutaneous stimulus to either the skin over the right upper lip (Experiment 1) or right cheek (Experiment 2) and recorded muscular activity from the right first dorsal interosseous. Both lip and cheek stimulation inhibited right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials. To investigate the specificity of this effect, we conducted two additional experiments in which electrocutaneous stimulation was applied to either the right forearm (Experiment 3) or right upper arm (Experiment 4). Forearm and upper arm stimulation also significantly inhibited the right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials, but this inhibition was less robust than the inhibition associated with face stimulation. These findings provide the first evidence for face-to-hand afferent inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bia Lima Ramalho
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology II, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Jamil Haddad, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julien Moly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Bouet
- University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team - DyCog, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition - LPNC, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5105, Grenoble, France.,IRMaGe, University Grenoble-Alpes, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM US17, CNRS UMS3552, Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, Mouvement and Handicap, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Karen T Reilly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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23
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Cortese AM, Cacciante L, Schuler AL, Turolla A, Pellegrino G. Cortical Thickness of Brain Areas Beyond Stroke Lesions and Sensory-Motor Recovery: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:764671. [PMID: 34803596 PMCID: PMC8595399 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.764671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The clinical outcome of patients suffering from stroke is dependent on multiple factors. The features of the lesion itself play an important role but clinical recovery is remarkably influenced by the plasticity mechanisms triggered by the stroke and occurring at a distance from the lesion. The latter translate into functional and structural changes of which cortical thickness might be easy to quantify one of the main players. However, studies on the changes of cortical thickness in brain areas beyond stroke lesion and their relationship to sensory-motor recovery are sparse. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of cerebral stroke on cortical thickness (CT) beyond the stroke lesion and its association with sensory-motor recovery. Materials and Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library) were searched. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized controlled trials and the Risk of Bias Cochrane tool for randomized controlled trials. Results: The search strategy retrieved 821 records, 12 studies were included and risk of bias assessed. In most of the included studies, cortical thinning was seen at the ipsilesional motor area (M1). Cortical thinning can occur beyond the stroke lesion, typically in regions anatomically connected because of anterograde degeneration. Nonetheless, studies also reported cortical thickening of regions of the unaffected hemisphere, likely related to compensatory plasticity. Some studies revealed a significant correlation between changes in cortical thickness of M1 or somatosensory (S1) cortical areas and motor function recovery. Discussion and Conclusions: Following a stroke, changes in cortical thickness occur both in regions directly connected to the stroke lesion and in contralateral hemisphere areas as well as in the cerebellum. The underlying mechanisms leading to these changes in cortical thickness are still to be fully understood and further research in the field is needed. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020200539; PROSPERO 2020, identifier: CRD42020200539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Cortese
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technologies, San Camillo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice, Italy
| | - Luisa Cacciante
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technologies, San Camillo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice, Italy
| | - Anna-Lisa Schuler
- Laboratory of Clinical Imaging and Stimulation, San Camillo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technologies, San Camillo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Laboratory of Clinical Imaging and Stimulation, San Camillo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venice, Italy
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24
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Zaidi TA, Makarov SN, Fujimoto K. Electric Field Comparison for TMS Using Different Neuroimaging Segmentation Methods. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:6565-6568. [PMID: 34892613 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Computational electromagnetic modeling is a powerful technique to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation of the human brain. The results of these simulations can vary depending on the specific segmentation of the head and brain generated from the patient images. Using an existing boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) electromagnetic solver, this work evaluates the electric field differences modeled using two neuroimaging segmentation methods. A transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil targeting both the primary motor cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was simulated. Average field differences along a 100 mm line from the coil were small (2% for motor cortex, 3% for DLPFC) and the average field differences in the regions directly surrounding the target stimulation point were 5% for the motor cortex and 2% for DLPFC. More studies evaluating different coils and other segmentation options may further improve the computational modeling for robust TMS treatment.Clinical relevance- Patient-specific computational modeling will provide more information to clinicians for improved localization and targeting of neuromodulation therapies.
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25
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Cai Z, Uji M, Aydin Ü, Pellegrino G, Spilkin A, Delaire É, Abdallah C, Lina J, Grova C. Evaluation of a personalized functional near infra-red optical tomography workflow using maximum entropy on the mean. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4823-4843. [PMID: 34342073 PMCID: PMC8449120 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we proposed and evaluated a workflow of personalized near infra-red optical tomography (NIROT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for spatiotemporal imaging of cortical hemodynamic fluctuations. The proposed workflow from fNIRS data acquisition to local 3D reconstruction consists of: (a) the personalized optimal montage maximizing fNIRS channel sensitivity to a predefined targeted brain region; (b) the optimized fNIRS data acquisition involving installation of optodes and digitalization of their positions using a neuronavigation system; and (c) the 3D local reconstruction using maximum entropy on the mean (MEM) to accurately estimate the location and spatial extent of fNIRS hemodynamic fluctuations along the cortical surface. The workflow was evaluated on finger-tapping fNIRS data acquired from 10 healthy subjects for whom we estimated the reconstructed NIROT spatiotemporal images and compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results from the same individuals. Using the fMRI activation maps as our reference, we quantitatively compared the performance of two NIROT approaches, the MEM framework and the conventional minimum norm estimation (MNE) method. Quantitative comparisons were performed at both single subject and group-level. Overall, our results suggested that MEM provided better spatial accuracy than MNE, while both methods offered similar temporal accuracy when reconstructing oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) concentration changes evoked by finger-tapping. Our proposed complete workflow was made available in the brainstorm fNIRS processing plugin-NIRSTORM, thus providing the opportunity for other researchers to further apply it to other tasks and on larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Cai
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Makoto Uji
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Ümit Aydin
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Amanda Spilkin
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Édouard Delaire
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Chifaou Abdallah
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Jean‐Marc Lina
- Département de Génie ElectriqueÉcole de Technologie SupérieureMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre De Recherches En MathématiquesMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Christophe Grova
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre De Recherches En MathématiquesMontréalQuébecCanada
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26
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Numssen O, Zier AL, Thielscher A, Hartwigsen G, Knösche TR, Weise K. Efficient high-resolution TMS mapping of the human motor cortex by nonlinear regression. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118654. [PMID: 34653612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to investigate causal structure-function relationships in the human brain. However, a precise delineation of the effectively stimulated neuronal populations is notoriously impeded by the widespread and complex distribution of the induced electric field. Here, we propose a method that allows rapid and feasible cortical localization at the individual subject level. The functional relationship between electric field and behavioral effect is quantified by combining experimental data with numerically modeled fields to identify the cortical origin of the modulated effect. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from three finger muscles were recorded for a set of random stimulations around the primary motor area. All induced electric fields were nonlinearly regressed against the elicited MEPs to identify their cortical origin. We could distinguish cortical muscle representation with high spatial resolution and localized them primarily on the crowns and rims of the precentral gyrus. A post-hoc analysis revealed exponential convergence of the method with the number of stimulations, yielding a minimum of about 180 random stimulations to obtain stable results. Establishing a functional link between the modulated effect and the underlying mode of action, the induced electric field, is a fundamental step to fully exploit the potential of TMS. In contrast to previous approaches, the presented protocol is particularly easy to implement, fast to apply, and very robust due to the random coil positioning and therefore is suitable for practical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Numssen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anna-Leah Zier
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weise
- Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universität Ilmenau, Advanced Electromagnetics Group, Helmholtzplatz 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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27
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Desmons M, Rohel A, Desgagnés A, Mercier C, Massé-Alarie H. Influence of different transcranial magnetic stimulation current directions on the corticomotor control of lumbar erector spinae muscles during a static task. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1276-1288. [PMID: 34550037 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00137.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different directions of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can activate different neuronal circuits. Whereas posteroanterior current (PA-TMS) depolarizes mainly interneurons in primary motor cortex (M1), an anteroposterior current (AP-TMS) has been suggested to activate different M1 circuits and perhaps axons from the premotor regions. Although M1 is also involved in the control of axial muscles, no study has explored whether different current directions activate different M1 circuits that may have distinct functional roles. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different current directions (PA- and AP-TMS) on the corticomotor control and spatial cortical organization of the lumbar erector spinae muscle (LES). Thirty-four healthy participants were recruited for two independent experiments, and LES motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded. In experiment 1 (n = 17), active motor threshold (AMT), MEP latencies, recruitment curve (90% to 160% AMT), and excitatory and inhibitory intracortical mechanisms by paired-pulse TMS (80% followed by 120% AMT stimuli at 2-, 3-, 10-, and 15-ms interstimulus intervals) were tested with a double-cone (n = 12) and a figure-of-eight (n = 5) coil. In experiment 2 (n = 17), LES cortical representations were tested with PA- and AP-TMS. AMT was higher for AP- compared with PA-TMS (P = 0.002). Longer latencies with AP-TMS were present compared with PA-TMS (P = 0.017). AP-TMS produced more inhibition compared with PA-TMS at 2 ms and 3 ms (P = 0.010), but no difference was observed for longer intervals. No difference was found for recruitment curve and mapping. These findings suggest that PA- and AP-TMS may activate different cortical circuits controlling low back muscles, as proposed for hand muscles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, anteroposterior and posteroanterior induced electric currents in the brain were compared when targeting back muscle representation with transcranial magnetic stimulation. The use of the anteroposterior current resulted in later response latency, larger inhibition probed by paired-pulse stimulation, and higher motor threshold. These important differences between current directions suggest that each of the current directions may recruit specific cortical circuits involved in the control of back muscles, similar to that for hand muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Desmons
- CIRRIS Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Rohel
- CIRRIS Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amélie Desgagnés
- CIRRIS Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- CIRRIS Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Rehabilitation Unit, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- CIRRIS Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Rehabilitation Unit, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Sondergaard RE, Martino D, Kiss ZHT, Condliffe EG. TMS Motor Mapping Methodology and Reliability: A Structured Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:709368. [PMID: 34489629 PMCID: PMC8417420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.709368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor cortical representation can be probed non-invasively using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique known as motor mapping. The mapping technique can influence features of the maps because of several controllable elements. Here we review the literature on six key motor mapping parameters, as well as their influence on outcome measures and discuss factors impacting their selection. 132 of 1,587 distinct records were examined in detail and synthesized to form the basis of our review. A summary of mapping parameters, their impact on outcome measures and feasibility considerations are reported to support the design and interpretation of TMS mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Sondergaard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zelma H. T. Kiss
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G. Condliffe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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29
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Makarov SN, Wartman WA, Noetscher GM, Fujimoto K, Zaidi T, Burnham EH, Daneshzand M, Nummenmaa A. Degree of improving TMS focality through a geometrically stable solution of an inverse TMS problem. Neuroimage 2021; 241:118437. [PMID: 34332043 PMCID: PMC8561647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) inverse problem (TMS-IP) investigated in this study aims to focus the TMS induced electric field close to a specified target point defined on the gray matter interface in the M1HAND area while otherwise minimizing it. The goal of the study is to numerically evaluate the degree of improvement of the TMS-IP solutions relative to the well-known sulcus-aligned mapping (a projection approach with the 90∘ local sulcal angle). In total, 1536 individual TMS-IP solutions have been analyzed for multiple target points and multiple subjects using the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) as the forward solver. Our results show that the optimal TMS inverse-problem solutions improve the focality - reduce the size of the field "hot spot" and its deviation from the target - by approximately 21-33% on average for all considered subjects, all observation points, two distinct coil types, two segmentation types, two intracortical observation surfaces under study, and three tested values of the field threshold. The inverse-problem solutions with the maximized focality simultaneously improve the TMS mapping resolution (differentiation between neighbor targets separated by approximately 10 mm) although this improvement is quite modest. Coil position/orientation and conductivity uncertainties have been included into consideration as the corresponding de-focalization factors. The present results will change when the levels of uncertainties change. Our results also indicate that the accuracy of the head segmentation critically influences the expected TMS-IP performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Makarov
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
| | - W A Wartman
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - G M Noetscher
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - K Fujimoto
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - T Zaidi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - E H Burnham
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - M Daneshzand
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - A Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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30
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Sollmann N, Krieg SM, Säisänen L, Julkunen P. Mapping of Motor Function with Neuronavigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Review on Clinical Application in Brain Tumors and Methods for Ensuring Feasible Accuracy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070897. [PMID: 34356131 PMCID: PMC8305823 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) has developed into a reliable non-invasive clinical and scientific tool over the past decade. Specifically, it has undergone several validating clinical trials that demonstrated high agreement with intraoperative direct electrical stimulation (DES), which paved the way for increasing application for the purpose of motor mapping in patients harboring motor-eloquent intracranial neoplasms. Based on this clinical use case of the technique, in this article we review the evidence for the feasibility of motor mapping and derived models (risk stratification and prediction, nTMS-based fiber tracking, improvement of clinical outcome, and assessment of functional plasticity), and provide collected sets of evidence for the applicability of quantitative mapping with nTMS. In addition, we provide evidence-based demonstrations on factors that ensure methodological feasibility and accuracy of the motor mapping procedure. We demonstrate that selection of the stimulation intensity (SI) for nTMS and spatial density of stimuli are crucial factors for applying motor mapping accurately, while also demonstrating the effect on the motor maps. We conclude that while the application of nTMS motor mapping has been impressively spread over the past decade, there are still variations in the applied protocols and parameters, which could be optimized for the purpose of reliable quantitative mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandro M. Krieg
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland; (L.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland; (L.S.); (P.J.)
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Nazarova M, Novikov P, Ivanina E, Kozlova K, Dobrynina L, Nikulin VV. Mapping of multiple muscles with transcranial magnetic stimulation: absolute and relative test-retest reliability. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2508-2528. [PMID: 33682975 PMCID: PMC8090785 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be as small as a few millimeters. Despite such great potential, navigated TMS (nTMS) mapping is still underused for the assessment of motor plasticity, particularly in clinical settings. Here, we investigate the within-limb somatotopy gradient as well as absolute and relative reliability of three hand muscle cortical representations (MCRs) using a comprehensive grid-based sulcus-informed nTMS motor mapping. We enrolled 22 young healthy male volunteers. Two nTMS mapping sessions were separated by 5-10 days. Motor evoked potentials were obtained from abductor pollicis brevis (APB), abductor digiti minimi, and extensor digitorum communis. In addition to individual MRI-based analysis, we studied normalized MNI MCRs. For the reliability assessment, we calculated intraclass correlation and the smallest detectable change. Our results revealed a somatotopy gradient reflected by APB MCR having the most lateral location. Reliability analysis showed that the commonly used metrics of MCRs, such as areas, volumes, centers of gravity (COGs), and hotspots had a high relative and low absolute reliability for all three muscles. For within-limb TMS somatotopy, the most common metrics such as the shifts between MCR COGs and hotspots had poor relative reliability. However, overlaps between different muscle MCRs were highly reliable. We, thus, provide novel evidence that inter-muscle MCR interaction can be reliably traced using MCR overlaps while shifts between the COGs and hotspots of different MCRs are not suitable for this purpose. Our results have implications for the interpretation of nTMS motor mapping results in healthy subjects and patients with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nazarova
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal center of brain research and neurotechnologies» of the Federal Medical Biological AgencyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Pavel Novikov
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Ivanina
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Ksenia Kozlova
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
| | | | - Vadim V. Nikulin
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscowRussian Federation
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
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Simultaneous Recording of Motor Evoked Potentials in Hand, Wrist and Arm Muscles to Assess Corticospinal Divergence. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:415-429. [PMID: 33945041 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to further develop methods to assess corticospinal divergence and muscle coupling using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Ten healthy right-handed adults participated (7 females, age 34.0 ± 12.9 years). Monophasic single pulses were delivered to 14 sites over the right primary motor cortex at 40, 60, 80 and 100% of maximum stimulator output (MSO), using MRI-based neuronavigation. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded simultaneously from 9 muscles of the contralateral hand, wrist and arm. For each intensity, corticospinal divergence was quantified by the average number of muscles that responded to TMS per cortical site, coactivation across muscle pairs as reflected by overlap of cortical representations, and correlation of MEP amplitudes across muscle pairs. TMS to each muscle's most responsive site elicited submaximal MEPs in most other muscles. The number of responsive muscles per cortical site and the extent of coactivation increased with increasing intensity (ANOVA, p < 0.001). In contrast, correlations of MEP amplitudes did not differ across the 60, 80 and 100% MSO intensities (ANOVA, p = 0.34), but did differ across muscle pairs (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis identified 4 sets of muscle pairs (Tukey homogenous subsets, p < 0.05). Correlations were highest for pairs involving two hand muscles and lowest for pairs that included an upper arm muscle. Correlation of MEP amplitudes may quantify varying levels of muscle coupling. In future studies, this approach may be a biomarker to reveal altered coupling induced by neural injury, neural repair and/or motor learning.
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33
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The Myelin Content of the Human Precentral Hand Knob Reflects Interindividual Differences in Manual Motor Control at the Physiological and Behavioral Level. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3163-3179. [PMID: 33653698 PMCID: PMC8026359 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0390-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex hand area (M1HAND) and adjacent dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) form the so-called motor hand knob in the precentral gyrus. M1HAND and PMd are critical for dexterous hand use and are densely interconnected via corticocortical axons, lacking a sharp demarcating border. In 24 young right-handed volunteers, we performed multimodal mapping to delineate the relationship between structure and function in the right motor hand knob. Quantitative structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 tesla yielded regional R1 maps as a proxy of cortical myelin content. Participants also underwent functional MRI (fMRI). We mapped task-related activation and temporal precision, while they performed a visuomotor synchronization task requiring visually cued abduction movements with the left index or little finger. We also performed sulcus-aligned transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor hand knob to localize the optimal site (hotspot) for evoking a motor evoked potential (MEP) in two intrinsic hand muscles. Individual motor hotspot locations varied along the rostrocaudal axis. The more rostral the motor hotspot location in the precentral crown, the longer were corticomotor MEP latencies. “Hotspot rostrality” was associated with the regional myelin content in the precentral hand knob. Cortical myelin content also correlated positively with task-related activation of the precentral crown and temporal precision during the visuomotor synchronization task. Together, our results suggest a link among cortical myelination, the spatial cortical representation, and temporal precision of finger movements. We hypothesize that the myelination of cortical axons facilitates neuronal integration in PMd and M1HAND and, hereby, promotes the precise timing of movements. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we used magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the precentral motor hand knob to test for a link among cortical myelin content, functional corticomotor representations, and manual motor control. A higher myelin content of the precentral motor hand knob was associated with more rostral corticomotor presentations, with stronger task-related activation and a higher precision of movement timing during a visuomotor synchronization task. We propose that a high precentral myelin content enables fast and precise neuronal integration in M1 (primary motor cortex) and dorsal premotor cortex, resulting in higher temporal precision during dexterous hand use. Our results identify the degree of myelination as an important structural feature of the neocortex that is tightly linked to the function and behavior supported by the cortical area.
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34
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Gomez-Tames J, Tani K, Hayashi K, Tanaka S, Ueno S, Hirata A. Dosimetry Analysis in Non-brain Tissues During TMS Exposure of Broca's and M1 Areas. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:644951. [PMID: 33679319 PMCID: PMC7933205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.644951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For human protection, the internal electric field is used as a dosimetric quantity for electromagnetic fields lower than 5–10 MHz. According to international standards, in this frequency range, electrostimulation is the main adverse effect against which protection is needed. One of the topics to be investigated is the quantification of the internal electric field threshold levels of perception and pain. Pain has been reported as a side effect during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), especially during stimulation of the Broca’s (speech) area of the brain. In this study, we designed an experiment to conduct a dosimetry analysis to quantify the internal electric field corresponding to perception and pain thresholds when targeting the Broca’s and M1 areas from magnetic stimulator exposure. Dosimetry analysis was conducted using a multi-scale analysis in an individualized head model to investigate electrostimulation in an axonal model. The main finding is that the stimulation on the primary motor cortex has higher perception and pain thresholds when compared to Broca’s area. Also, TMS-induced electric field applied to Broca’s area exhibited dependence on the coil orientation at lower electric field threshold which was found to be related to the location and thickness of pain fibers. The derived dosimetry quantities provide a scientific rationale for the development of human protection guidelines and the estimation of possible side effects of magnetic stimulation in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gomez-Tames
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tani
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hayashi
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shoogo Ueno
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Gomez LJ, Dannhauer M, Peterchev AV. Fast computational optimization of TMS coil placement for individualized electric field targeting. Neuroimage 2020; 228:117696. [PMID: 33385544 PMCID: PMC7956218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) a coil placed on the scalp is used to non-invasively modulate activity of targeted brain networks via a magnetically induced electric field (E-field). Ideally, the E-field induced during TMS is concentrated on a targeted cortical region of interest (ROI). Determination of the coil position and orientation that best achieve this objective presently requires a large computational effort. Objective: To improve the accuracy of TMS we have developed a fast computational auxiliary dipole method (ADM) for determining the optimum coil position and orientation. The optimum coil placement maximizes the E-field along a predetermined direction or, alternatively, the overall E-field magnitude in the targeted ROI. Furthermore, ADM can assess E-field uncertainty resulting from precision limitations of TMS coil placement protocols. Method: ADM leverages the electromagnetic reciprocity principle to compute rapidly the TMS induced E-field in the ROI by using the E-field generated by a virtual constant current source residing in the ROI. The framework starts by solving for the conduction currents resulting from this ROI current source. Then, it rapidly determines the average E-field induced in the ROI for each coil position by using the conduction currents and a fast-multipole method. To further speed-up the computations, the coil is approximated using auxiliary dipoles enabling it to represent all coil orientations for a given coil position with less than 600 dipoles. Results: Using ADM, the E-fields generated in an MRI-derived head model when the coil is placed at 5900 different scalp positions and 360 coil orientations per position (over 2.1 million unique configurations) can be determined in under 15 min on a standard laptop computer. This enables rapid extraction of the optimum coil position and orientation as well as the E-field variation resulting from coil positioning uncertainty. ADM is implemented in SimNIBS 3.2. Conclusion: ADM enables the rapid determination of coil placement that maximizes E-field delivery to a specific brain target. This method can find the optimum coil placement in under 15 min enabling its routine use for TMS. Furthermore, it enables the fast quantification of uncertainty in the induced E-field due to limited precision of TMS coil placement protocols, enabling minimization and statistical analysis of the E-field dose variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Gomez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Box 3620 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Moritz Dannhauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Box 3620 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Box 3620 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, NC 27708, USA.
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36
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Konakanchi D, de Jongh Curry AL, Waters RS, Narayana S. Focality of the Induced E-Field Is a Contributing Factor in the Choice of TMS Parameters: Evidence from a 3D Computational Model of the Human Brain. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1010. [PMID: 33353125 PMCID: PMC7766380 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising, non-invasive approach in the diagnosis and treatment of several neurological conditions. However, the specific results in the cortex of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the secondary electrical field (E-field) resulting from TMS at different stimulation sites/orientations and varied TMS parameters are not clearly understood. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of TMS stimulation site and coil orientation on the induced E-field, including spatial distribution and the volume of activation in the cortex across brain areas, and hence demonstrate the need for customized optimization, using a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM). A considerable difference was noted in E-field values and distribution at different brain areas. We observed that the volume of activated cortex varied from 3000 to 7000 mm3 between the selected nine clinically relevant coil locations. Coil orientation also changed the induced E-field by a maximum of 10%, and we noted the least optimal values at the standard coil orientation pointing to the nose. The volume of gray matter activated varied by 10% on average between stimulation sites in homologous brain areas in the two hemispheres of the brain. This FEM simulation model clearly demonstrates the importance of TMS parameters for optimal results in clinically relevant brain areas. The results show that TMS parameters cannot be interchangeably used between individuals, hemispheres, and brain areas. The focality of the TMS induced E-field along with its optimal magnitude should be considered as critical TMS parameters that should be individually optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Konakanchi
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (A.L.d.J.C.); (R.S.W.)
| | - Amy L. de Jongh Curry
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (A.L.d.J.C.); (R.S.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert S. Waters
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (A.L.d.J.C.); (R.S.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shalini Narayana
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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37
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Corp DT, Bereznicki HGK, Clark GM, Youssef GJ, Fried PJ, Jannati A, Davies CB, Gomes-Osman J, Stamm J, Chung SW, Bowe SJ, Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB, Koch G, Di Lazzaro V, Pascual-Leone A, Enticott PG. Large-scale analysis of interindividual variability in theta-burst stimulation data: Results from the 'Big TMS Data Collaboration'. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1476-1488. [PMID: 32758665 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have attempted to identify the sources of interindividual variability in response to theta-burst stimulation (TBS). However, these studies have been limited by small sample sizes, leading to conflicting results. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS This study brought together over 60 TMS researchers to form the 'Big TMS Data Collaboration', and create the largest known sample of individual participant TBS data to date. The goal was to enable a more comprehensive evaluation of factors driving TBS response variability. METHODS 118 corresponding authors of TMS studies were emailed and asked to provide deidentified individual TMS data. Mixed-effects regression investigated a range of individual and study level variables for their contribution to iTBS and cTBS response variability. RESULTS 430 healthy participants' TBS data was pooled across 22 studies (mean age = 41.9; range = 17-82; females = 217). Baseline MEP amplitude, age, target muscle, and time of day significantly predicted iTBS-induced plasticity. Baseline MEP amplitude and timepoint after TBS significantly predicted cTBS-induced plasticity. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest known study of interindividual variability in TBS. Our findings indicate that a significant portion of variability can be attributed to the methods used to measure the modulatory effects of TBS. We provide specific methodological recommendations in order to control and mitigate these sources of variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Corp
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hannah G K Bereznicki
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter J Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte B Davies
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Julie Stamm
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sung Wook Chung
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit Faculty of Health Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research. Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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38
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The Clinical Utility of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Determining Hemispheric Dominance for Language: A Magnetoencephalography Comparison Study. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:90-103. [PMID: 32142020 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has recently emerged as a noninvasive alternative to the intracarotid sodium amytal (Wada) procedure for establishing hemispheric dominance (HD) for language. The accuracy of HD determined by TMS was examined by comparing against the HD derived by magnetoencephalography (MEG), a prominent clinical technique with excellent concordance with the Wada procedure. METHODS Sixty-seven patients (54 patients ≤18 years) underwent language mapping with TMS and MEG as part of clinical epilepsy and tumor presurgical assessment. Language was mapped in MEG during an auditory word recognition paradigm, and a laterality index was calculated using the number of dipoles and their spatial extent in the two hemispheres. Transcranial magnetic stimulation language mapping was performed as patients performed a naming task, and TMS-induced speech disruptions were recorded during 5-Hz TMS applied to anterior and posterior language cortices. Transcranial magnetic stimulation laterality index was estimated using the number and type of speech disruption in the language regions of each hemisphere. RESULTS Transcranial magnetic stimulation and MEG estimates of HD were concordant in 42 (63%) patients, resulting in a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 72%. The overall accuracy of TMS was 73%, equivalent to an odds ratio of 7.35. CONCLUSIONS In this first large-scale comparative study in a clinical population, we demonstrate that TMS is a safe and reliable noninvasive tool in determining HD for language. Improving the accuracy of TMS by optimizing TMS parameters and improving task choice will further facilitate the use of TMS to characterize language function, especially in pediatrics.
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Pellegrino G, Hedrich T, Porras-Bettancourt M, Lina JM, Aydin Ü, Hall J, Grova C, Kobayashi E. Accuracy and spatial properties of distributed magnetic source imaging techniques in the investigation of focal epilepsy patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3019-3033. [PMID: 32386115 PMCID: PMC7336148 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Source localization of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) is clinically useful in the presurgical workup of epilepsy patients. We aimed to compare the performance of four different distributed magnetic source imaging (dMSI) approaches: Minimum norm estimate (MNE), dynamic statistical parametric mapping (dSPM), standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA), and coherent maximum entropy on the mean (cMEM). We also evaluated whether a simple average of maps obtained from multiple inverse solutions (Ave) can improve localization accuracy. We analyzed dMSI of 206 IEDs derived from magnetoencephalography recordings in 28 focal epilepsy patients who had a well-defined focus determined through intracranial EEG (iEEG), epileptogenic MRI lesions or surgical resection. dMSI accuracy and spatial properties were quantitatively estimated as: (a) distance from the epilepsy focus, (b) reproducibility, (c) spatial dispersion (SD), (d) map extension, and (e) effect of thresholding on map properties. Clinical performance was excellent for all methods (median distance from the focus MNE = 2.4 mm; sLORETA = 3.5 mm; cMEM = 3.5 mm; dSPM = 6.8 mm, Ave = 0 mm). Ave showed the lowest distance between the map maximum and epilepsy focus (Dmin lower than cMEM, MNE, and dSPM, p = .021, p = .008, p < .001, respectively). cMEM showed the best spatial features, with lowest SD outside the focus (SD lower than all other methods, p < .001 consistently) and high contrast between the generator and surrounding regions. The average map Ave provided the best localization accuracy, whereas cMEM exhibited the lowest amount of spurious distant activity. dMSI techniques have the potential to significantly improve identification of iEEG targets and to guide surgical planning, especially when multiple methods are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pellegrino
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,IRCCS Fondazione San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.,Department of Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanguy Hedrich
- Department of Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel Porras-Bettancourt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Departement de Genie Electrique, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherches Mathematiques, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ümit Aydin
- Physics Department and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffery Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Grova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherches Mathematiques, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Physics Department and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schiller K, Choudhri AF, Jones T, Holder C, Wheless JW, Narayana S. Concordance Between Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Derived Localization of Language in a Clinical Cohort. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:363-379. [PMID: 32122221 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820901415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a newer noninvasive language mapping tool that is safe and well-tolerated by children. We examined the accuracy of TMS-derived language maps in a clinical cohort by comparing it against functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived language map. The number of TMS-induced speech disruptions and the volume of activation during functional MRI tasks were localized to Brodmann areas for each modality in 40 patients with epilepsy or brain tumor. We examined the concordance between TMS- and functional MRI-derived language maps by deriving statistical performance metrics for TMS including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and diagnostic odds ratio. Brodmann areas 6, 44, and 9 in the frontal lobe and 22 and 40 in the temporal lobe were the most commonly identified language areas by both modalities. Overall accuracy of TMS compared to functional MRI in localizing language cortex was 71%, with a diagnostic odds ratio of 1.27 and higher sensitivity when identifying left hemisphere regions. TMS was more accurate in determining the dominant hemisphere for language with a diagnostic odds ratio of 6. This study is the first to examine the accuracy of the whole brain language map derived by TMS in the largest cohort examined to date. While this comparison against functional MRI confirmed that TMS reliably localizes cortical areas that are not essential for speech function, it demonstrated only slight concordance between TMS- and functional MRI-derived language areas. That the localization of specific language cortices by TMS demonstrated low accuracy reveals a potential need to use concordant tasks between the modalities and other avenues for further optimization of TMS parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schiller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Asim F Choudhri
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tamekia Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christen Holder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James W Wheless
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shalini Narayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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41
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Hehl M, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Alterations of hand sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations over the adult lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4617-4640. [PMID: 32160591 PMCID: PMC7093194 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a cross sectional design, we aimed to identify the effect of aging on sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations of two intrinsic hand muscles, as well as the course and timing of those changes. Furthermore, the link between cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and intracortical inhibition and facilitation was investigated. Seventy-seven participants over the full adult lifespan were enrolled. For the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle, cortical motor representations, GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and glutamate-mediated intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dominant primary motor cortex. Additionally, participants' dexterity and force were measured. Linear, polynomial, and piecewise linear regression analyses were conducted to identify the course and timing of age-related differences. Our results demonstrated variation in sensorimotor function over the lifespan, with a marked decline starting around the mid-thirties. Furthermore, an age-related reduction in cortical motor representation volume and maximal MEP of the FDI, but not for ADM, was observed, occurring mainly until the mid-forties. Area of the cortical motor representation did not change with advancing age. Furthermore, cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation were not interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hehl
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Raffin E, Siebner HR. Use-Dependent Plasticity in Human Primary Motor Hand Area: Synergistic Interplay Between Training and Immobilization. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:356-371. [PMID: 30364930 PMCID: PMC6294416 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Training and immobilization are powerful drivers of use-dependent plasticity in human primary motor hand area (M1HAND). In young right-handed volunteers, corticomotor representations of the left first dorsal interosseus and abductor digiti minimi muscles were mapped with neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elucidate how finger-specific training and immobilization interact within M1HAND. A first group of volunteers trained to track a moving target on a smartphone with the left index or little finger for one week. Linear sulcus shape-informed TMS mapping revealed that the tracking skill acquired with the trained finger was transferred to the nontrained finger of the same hand. The cortical representations of the trained and nontrained finger muscle converged in proportion with skill transfer. In a second group, the index or little finger were immobilized for one week. Immobilization alone attenuated the corticomotor representation and pre-existing tracking skill of the immobilized finger. In a third group, the detrimental effects of finger immobilization were blocked by concurrent training of the nonimmobilized finger. Conversely, immobilization of the nontrained fingers accelerated learning in the adjacent trained finger during the first 2 days of training. Together, the results provide novel insight into use-dependent cortical plasticity, revealing synergistic rather than competitive interaction patterns within M1HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raffin
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.,Brain Mind Institute and Centre of Neuroprosthetics (CNP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nakagawa K, Takemi M, Nakanishi T, Sasaki A, Nakazawa K. Cortical reorganization of lower-limb motor representations in an elite archery athlete with congenital amputation of both arms. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 25:102144. [PMID: 31958685 PMCID: PMC6970184 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cortical reorganization in an amputated archer who used his feet. Lower-limb motor representations were examined using fMRI and TMS mapping. M1 areas innervating lower-limb muscles were larger in the amputated athlete. The toe and knee representations were expanded towards the lateral part of the M1. Paralympic athletes have a unique and dynamic M1 plasticity.
Despite their disabilities, top Paralympic athletes have better motor skills than able-bodied athletes. However, the neural underpinnings of these better motor skills remain unclear. We investigated the reorganization of the primary motor cortex (M1) in a Paralympic athlete with congenital amputation of both arms who holds the world record for the farthest accurate shot in archery (Amputee Archer: AA). We recorded brain activity during contraction of right toe, ankle, knee, and hip joint muscles in the AA and 12 able-bodied control subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results revealed that M1 activation was more widespread in the AA compared with control subjects during all tasks, and shifted towards the lateral part of the M1 during contraction of toe and knee muscles. We also conducted a motor mapping experiment using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. The M1 area receiving stimulation elicited motor-evoked potentials from the toe, lower-leg, and thigh muscles, which were larger in the AA compared with 12 control subjects. Furthermore, the AA's motor maps were shifted towards the lateral side of M1. These results suggest an expansion of lower-limb M1 representation towards the lateral side of M1, including the trunk and upper-limb representations, and an expansion of the area of corticomotor neurons innervating the lower limb muscles in the AA. This unique M1 reorganization could underpin the AA's excellent archery performance in the absence of upper limbs. The current results suggest that Paralympic athletes may exhibit extreme M1 plasticity, which could arise through a combination of rigorous long-term motor training and compensatory M1 reorganization for missing body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Takemi
- Division of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Morishita T, Miki K, Inoue T. Penfield Homunculus and Recent Advances in Brain Mapping. World Neurosurg 2019; 134:515-517. [PMID: 31785433 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Morishita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koichi Miki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tooru Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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45
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Nieminen JO, Koponen LM, Mäkelä N, Souza VH, Stenroos M, Ilmoniemi RJ. Short-interval intracortical inhibition in human primary motor cortex: A multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Reijonen J, Säisänen L, Könönen M, Mohammadi A, Julkunen P. The effect of coil placement and orientation on the assessment of focal excitability in motor mapping with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 331:108521. [PMID: 31733284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is used for mapping muscle representations in the primary motor cortex. We used sulcus-aligned mapping and electric field (E-field) modeling to investigate the excitability of the motor hand area for further understanding the methodological limitations of nTMS. NEW METHOD We studied 10 healthy volunteers to locate the cortical target eliciting the largest responses (the hotspot) in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Six additional targets were placed along the central sulcus at 5-mm distances. Resting motor thresholds (rMTs) and optimal coil orientations were determined at all targets, and a conventional motor mapping was conducted. The cortical E-fields, induced by stimulating the targets with rMT intensities and optimal coil orientations, were modeled in a realistic head geometry to estimate the activated cortical sites. RESULTS The rMTs increased with increasing distance from the hotspot (p < 0.001). The greatest motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes occurred with the coil perpendicular to the sulcus and with the coil pointing towards the hotspot or the center of gravity of the motor map. The E-field strengths at the hotspot (99±26 V/m) remained above previously estimated thresholds for activation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Depending on the target location, optimal coil orientations may deviate significantly from the conventional perpendicular-to-sulcus angle, which is often assumed optimal. These orientations seem to maintain the E-field stable in the hand knob, regardless of the sulcal shape near the stimulated target. CONCLUSIONS The coil orientation is crucial for the accuracy of motor mapping, and the apparent motor map may extend due to remote hotspot activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusa Reijonen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Zangrandi A, Mioli A, D'Alonzo M, Formica D, Pellegrino G, Di Pino G. Conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation of ventral premotor cortex shortens simple reaction time. Cortex 2019; 121:322-331. [PMID: 31670027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is a key area of the sensorimotor control loop, it subtends complex motor sequences, especially when the hand is involved. However, its specific contribution to simple motor response to sensory cue is still not completely clear. To investigate the role of PMv, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere with its function during a simple reaction time (SRT) task. We ran two experiments where participants were required to respond as fast as possible to a median nerve stimulation (go-signal), while sub-M1-threshold single pulse TMS was delivered either on left (contralateral) PMv or right (ipsilateral to sensory stimulus and motor response) PMv, 5-65 ms after the go-signal. TMS delivered on either PMv up to 25 ms after the go-signal shortened reaction time. This is the time window compatible with the arrive of sensory afferences, as if conditioning before sensory afferences arrive lower the threshold needed to release the pre-planned motor program to the primary motor cortex. This is in line with a putative PMv function of buffer of pre-planned motor program not strictly lateralized in one hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zangrandi
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mioli
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Formica
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- San Camillo Hospital IRCCS, Venice, Italy; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Steady-state auditory evoked fields reflect long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in tinnitus. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1665-1672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Ahrens MM, Veniero D, Freund IM, Harvey M, Thut G. Both dorsal and ventral attention network nodes are implicated in exogenously driven visuospatial anticipation. Cortex 2019; 117:168-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Romero MC, Davare M, Armendariz M, Janssen P. Neural effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation at the single-cell level. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2642. [PMID: 31201331 PMCID: PMC6572776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can non-invasively modulate neural activity in humans. Despite three decades of research, the spatial extent of the cortical area activated by TMS is still controversial. Moreover, how TMS interacts with task-related activity during motor behavior is unknown. Here, we applied single-pulse TMS over macaque parietal cortex while recording single-unit activity at various distances from the center of stimulation during grasping. The spatial extent of TMS-induced activation is remarkably restricted, affecting the spiking activity of single neurons in an area of cortex measuring less than 2 mm in diameter. In task-related neurons, TMS evokes a transient excitation followed by reduced activity, paralleled by a significantly longer grasping time. Furthermore, TMS-induced activity and task-related activity do not summate in single neurons. These results furnish crucial experimental evidence for the neural effects of TMS at the single-cell level and uncover the neural underpinnings of behavioral effects of TMS. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can modulate human brain activity, but the extent of the cortical area activated by TMS is unclear. Here, the authors show that TMS affects monkey single neuron activity in an area less than 2 mm diameter, while TMS-induced activity and task-related activity do not summate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Romero
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Onderzoeksgroep Bewegingscontrole & Neuroplasticiteit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marco Davare
- Onderzoeksgroep Bewegingscontrole & Neuroplasticiteit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marcelo Armendariz
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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