1
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Li H, Ye Q, Wang D, Shi B, Xu W, Zhang S, Han X, Zhang XY, Thompson GJ. Resting State Brain Networks under Inverse Agonist versus Complete Knockout of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1669-1683. [PMID: 38575140 PMCID: PMC11027912 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is famous as the target of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the active ingredient of marijuana. Suppression of CB1 is frequently suggested as a drug target or gene therapy for many conditions (e.g., obesity, Parkinson's disease). However, brain networks affected by CB1 remain elusive, and unanticipated psychological effects in a clinical trial had dire consequences. To better understand the whole brain effects of CB1 suppression we performed in vivo imaging on mice under complete knockout of the gene for CB1 (cnr1-/-) and also under the CB1 inverse agonist rimonabant. We examined white matter structural changes and brain function (network activity and directional uniformity) in cnr1-/- mice. In cnr1-/- mice, white matter (in both sexes) and functional directional uniformity (in male mice) were altered across the brain but network activity was largely unaltered. Conversely, under rimonabant, functional directional uniformity was not altered but network activity was altered in cortical regions, primarily in networks known to be altered by THC (e.g., neocortex, hippocampal formation). However, rimonabant did not alter many brain regions found in both our cnr1-/- results and previous behavioral studies of cnr1-/- mice (e.g., thalamus, infralimbic area). This suggests that chronic loss of cnr1 is substantially different from short-term suppression, subtly rewiring the brain but largely maintaining the network activity. Our results help explain why pathological mutations in CB1 (e.g., chronic pain) do not always provide insight into the side effects of CB1 suppression (e.g., clinical depression), and thus urge more preclinical studies for any drugs that suppress CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiong Ye
- High
Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes
of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Da Wang
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School
of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyang Han
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Institute
of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key
Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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James S, Sanggaard S, Akif A, Mishra SK, Sanganahalli BG, Blumenfeld H, Verhagen JV, Hyder F, Herman P. Spatiotemporal features of neurovascular (un)coupling with stimulus-induced activity and hypercapnia challenge in cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1891-1904. [PMID: 37340791 PMCID: PMC10676132 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231183887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is traditionally considered as metabolic waste, yet its regulation is critical for brain function. It is well accepted that hypercapnia initiates vasodilation, but its effect on neuronal activity is less clear. Distinguishing how stimulus- and CO2-induced vasodilatory responses are (dis)associated with neuronal activity has profound clinical and experimental relevance. We used an optical method in mice to simultaneously image fluorescent calcium (Ca2+) transients from neurons and reflectometric hemodynamic signals during brief sensory stimuli (i.e., hindpaw, odor) and CO2 exposure (i.e., 5%). Stimuli-induced neuronal and hemodynamic responses swiftly increased within locally activated regions exhibiting robust neurovascular coupling. However, hypercapnia produced slower global vasodilation which was temporally uncoupled to neuronal deactivation. With trends consistent across cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb as well as data from GCaMP6f/jRGECO1a mice (i.e., green/red Ca2+ fluorescence), these results unequivocally reveal that stimuli and CO2 generate comparable vasodilatory responses but contrasting neuronal responses. In summary, observations of stimuli-induced regional neurovascular coupling and CO2-induced global neurovascular uncoupling call for careful appraisal when using CO2 in gas mixtures to affect vascular tone and/or neuronal excitability, because CO2 is both a potent vasomodulator and a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun James
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Simon Sanggaard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adil Akif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sandeep K Mishra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justus V Verhagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Craft MF, Barreiro AK, Gautam SH, Shew WL, Ly C. Odor modality is transmitted to cortical brain regions from the olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1226-1242. [PMID: 37791383 PMCID: PMC10994644 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00101.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Odor perception is the impetus for important animal behaviors with two predominate modes of processing: odors pass through the front of the nose (orthonasal) while inhaling and sniffing, or through the rear (retronasal) during exhalation and while eating. Despite the importance of olfaction for an animal's well-being and that ortho and retro naturally occur, it is unknown how the modality (ortho vs. retro) is even transmitted to cortical brain regions, which could significantly affect how odors are processed and perceived. Using multielectrode array recordings in tracheotomized anesthetized rats, which decouples ortho-retro modality from breathing, we show that mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb can reliably and directly transmit orthonasal versus retronasal modality with ethyl butyrate, a common food odor. Drug manipulations affecting synaptic inhibition via GABAA lead to worse decoding of ortho versus retro, independent of whether overall inhibition increases or decreases, suggesting that the olfactory bulb circuit may naturally favor encoding this important aspect of odors. Detailed data analysis paired with a firing rate model that captures population trends in spiking statistics shows how this circuit can encode odor modality. We have not only demonstrated that ortho/retro information is encoded to downstream brain regions but also used modeling to demonstrate a plausible mechanism for this encoding; due to synaptic adaptation, it is the slower time course of the retronasal stimulation that causes retronasal responses to be stronger and less sensitive to inhibitory drug manipulations than orthonasal responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether ortho (sniffing odors) versus retro (exhalation and eating) is encoded from the olfactory bulb to other brain areas is not completely known. Using multielectrode array recordings in anesthetized rats, we show that the olfactory bulb transmits this information downstream via spikes. Altering inhibition degrades ortho/retro information on average. We use theory and computation to explain our results, which should have implications on cortical processing considering that only food odors occur retronasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Craft
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Andrea K Barreiro
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Shree Hari Gautam
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Woodrow L Shew
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Cheng Ly
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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4
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Poplawsky AJ, Cover C, Reddy S, Chishti HB, Vazquez A, Fukuda M. Odor-evoked layer-specific fMRI activities in the awake mouse olfactory bulb. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120121. [PMID: 37080347 PMCID: PMC10240534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Awake rodent fMRI is increasingly common over the use of anesthesia since it permits behavioral paradigms and does not confound normal brain function or neurovascular coupling. It is well established that adequate acclimation to the loud fMRI environment and head fixation reduces stress in the rodents and allows for whole brain imaging with little contamination from motion. However, it is unknown whether high-resolution fMRI with increased susceptibility to motion and lower sensitivity can measure small, but spatially discrete, activations in awake mice. To examine this, we used contrast-enhanced cerebral blood volume-weighted (CBVw) fMRI in the mouse olfactory bulb for its enhanced sensitivity and neural specificity. We determined that activation patterns in the glomerular layer to four different odors were spatially distinct and were consistent with previously established histological patterns. In addition, odor-evoked laminar activations were greatest in superficial layers that decreased with laminar depth, similar to previous observations. Interestingly, the fMRI response strengths in the granule cell layer were greater in awake mice than our previous anesthetized rat studies, suggesting that feedback neural activities were intact with wakefulness. We finally determined that fMRI signal changes to repeated odor exposure (i.e., olfactory adaptation) attenuated relatively more in the feedback granule cell layer compared to the input glomerular layer, which is consistent with prior observations. We, therefore, conclude that high-resolution CBVw fMRI can measure odor-specific activation patterns and distinguish changes in laminar activity of head and body restrained awake mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander John Poplawsky
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States.
| | - Christopher Cover
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sujatha Reddy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Harris B Chishti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alberto Vazquez
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mitsuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Building, 3025 E. Carson St., rm. 159, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
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5
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Bontempi C, Corbelin P, Brand G, Jacquot L. Ortho‐ and Retronasal stimulations with specific food odours: Hedonic and familiarity ratings are related to chemosensory pleasure scale (
CPS
) scores. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérard Brand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, CNRS, Inrae AgroSup Dijon F‐21000 Dijon France
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6
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Pu D, Shan Y, Wang J, Sun B, Xu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Recent trends in aroma release and perception during food oral processing: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3441-3457. [PMID: 36218375 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2132209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and complex peculiarities of the oral environment present several challenges for controlling the aroma release during food consumption. They also pose higher requirements for designing food with better sensory quality. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the basic rules of aroma transmission and aroma perception during food oral processing and its behind mechanism. This review summarized the latest developments in aroma release from food to retronasal cavity, aroma release and delivery influencing factors, aroma perception mechanisms. The individual variance is the most important factor affecting aroma release and perception. Therefore, the intelligent chewing simulator is the key to establish a standard analytical method. The key odorants perceived from the retronasal cavity should be given more attention during food oral processing. Identification of the olfactory receptor activated by specific odorants and its binding mechanisms are still the bottleneck. Electrophysiology and image technology are the new noninvasive technologies in elucidating the brain signals among multisensory, which can fill the gap between aroma perception and other senses. Moreover, it is necessary to develop a new approach to integrate the relationship among aroma binding parameters, aroma concentration, aroma attributes and cross-modal reactions to make the aroma prediction model more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wangang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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7
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Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wei L, Zhang X, Jin C, Yang J, Li Z, Liang S. The current status and trend of the functional magnetic resonance combined with stimulation in animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:963175. [PMID: 36213733 PMCID: PMC9540855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.963175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-radiative, non-invasive imaging technique, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has excellent effects on studying the activation of blood oxygen levels and functional connectivity of the brain in human and animal models. Compared with resting-state fMRI, fMRI combined with stimulation could be used to assess the activation of specific brain regions and the connectivity of specific pathways and achieve better signal capture with a clear purpose and more significant results. Various fMRI methods and specific stimulation paradigms have been proposed to investigate brain activation in a specific state, such as electrical, mechanical, visual, olfactory, and direct brain stimulation. In this review, the studies on animal brain activation using fMRI combined with different stimulation methods were retrieved. The instruments, experimental parameters, anesthesia, and animal models in different stimulation conditions were summarized. The findings would provide a reference for studies on estimating specific brain activation using fMRI combined with stimulation.
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8
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Chen YP, Feng X, Blank I, Liu Y. Strategies to improve meat-like properties of meat analogs meeting consumers' expectations. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121648. [PMID: 35780575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Due to environmental and ethical concerns, meat analogs represent an emerging trend to replace traditional animal meat. However, meat analogs lacking specific sensory properties (flavor, texture, color) would directly affect consumers' acceptance and purchasing behavior. In this review, we discussed the typical sensory characteristics of animal meat products from texture, flavor, color aspects, and sensory perception during oral processing. The related strategies were detailed to improve meat-like sensory properties for meat analogs. However, the upscaling productions of meat analogs still face many challenges (e.g.: sensory stability of plant-based meat, 3D scaffolds in cultured meat, etc.). Producing safe, low cost and sustainable meat analogs would be a hot topic in food science in the next decades. To realize these promising outcomes, reliable robust devices with automatic processing should also be considered. This review aims at providing the latest progress to improve the sensory properties of meat analogs and meet consumers' requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ping Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, San Jose State University, California, 95192, United States.
| | - Imre Blank
- Zhejiang Yiming Food Co, LTD, Yiming Industrial Park, Pingyang County, Wenzhou, 325400, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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9
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Zhu P, Liu S, Tian Y, Chen Y, Chen W, Wang P, Du L, Wu C. In Vivo Bioelectronic Nose Based on a Bioengineered Rat Realizes the Detection and Classification of Multiodorants. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1727-1737. [PMID: 35642309 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the powerful capability of the biological olfactory system, we developed an in vivo bioelectronic nose based on a bioengineered rat by recording electrophysiological-responsive signals from the olfactory bulb with implanted multichannel microelectrodes. The bioengineered rat was prepared by overexpressing a selected olfactory receptor (OR3) on the rat olfactory epithelium, and multichannel electrophysiological signals were obtained from the mitral/tufted (M/T) cell population of the olfactory bulb. The classification of target multiodorants was realized by analyzing the redundant stimuli-responsive firing information. Ligand odorants induced significant firing changes with specific response patterns compared with nonligand odorants. The responsive curves were dependent on the concentration of target ligand odorants ranging from 10-6 to 10-3 M, and the detection limit was as low as 10-5 M. In addition, different ligand odorants were successfully discriminated via principal component analysis. This in vivo bioelectronic nose provides a novel approach for the detection of specific target odorants and has promising application potential in the field of rapid on-site odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shuge Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yating Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
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10
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Sanganahalli BG, Thompson GJ, Parent M, Verhagen JV, Blumenfeld H, Herman P, Hyder F. Thalamic activations in rat brain by fMRI during tactile (forepaw, whisker) and non-tactile (visual, olfactory) sensory stimulations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267916. [PMID: 35522646 PMCID: PMC9075615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is a crucial subcortical hub that impacts cortical activity. Tracing experiments in animals and post-mortem humans suggest rich morphological specificity of the thalamus. Very few studies reported rodent thalamic activations by functional MRI (fMRI) as compared to cortical activations for different sensory stimuli. Here, we show different portions of the rat thalamus in response to tactile (forepaw, whisker) and non-tactile (visual, olfactory) sensory stimuli with high field fMRI (11.7T) using a custom-build quadrature surface coil to capture high sensitivity signals from superficial and deep brain regions simultaneously. Results demonstrate reproducible thalamic activations during both tactile and non-tactile stimuli. Forepaw and whisker stimuli activated broader regions within the thalamus: ventral posterior lateral (VPL), ventral posterior medial (VPM), lateral posterior mediorostral (LPMR) and posterior medial (POm) thalamic nuclei. Visual stimuli activated dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) of the thalamus but also parts of the superior/inferior colliculus, whereas olfactory stimuli activated specifically the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MDT). BOLD activations in LGN and MDT were much stronger than in VPL, VPM, LPMR and POm. These fMRI-based thalamic activations suggest that forepaw and whisker (i.e., tactile) stimuli engage VPL, VPM, LPMR and POm whereas visual and olfactory (i.e., non-tactile) stimuli, respectively, recruit DLG and MDT exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraju G. Sanganahalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,* E-mail: (BGS); (FH)
| | - Garth J. Thompson
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maxime Parent
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Justus V. Verhagen
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter Herman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,* E-mail: (BGS); (FH)
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11
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Mori K, Sakano H. Processing of Odor Information During the Respiratory Cycle in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:861800. [PMID: 35431818 PMCID: PMC9008203 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.861800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse olfactory system, odor signals detected in the olfactory epithelium are converted to a topographic map of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. The map information is then conveyed by projection neurons, mitral cells and tufted cells, to various areas in the olfactory cortex. An odor map is transmitted to the anterior olfactory nucleus by tufted cells for odor identification and recollection of associated memory for learned decisions. For instinct decisions, odor information is directly transmitted to the valence regions in the amygdala by specific subsets of mitral cells. Transmission of orthonasal odor signals through these two distinct pathways, innate and learned, are closely related with exhalation and inhalation, respectively. Furthermore, the retronasal/interoceptive and orthonasal/exteroceptive signals are differentially processed during the respiratory cycle, suggesting that these signals are processed in separate areas of the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. In this review article, the recent progress is summarized for our understanding of the olfactory circuitry and processing of odor signals during respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Mori
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, WAKO, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kensaku Mori,
| | - Hitoshi Sakano
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Hitoshi Sakano,
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12
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Wise PM, Ledyard A. Human Oral Sensitivity to and Taste Modulation by 3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentan-1-ol. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022; 15:70-86. [PMID: 35233259 PMCID: PMC8873352 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction 3-Mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol (3 M) is a key onion flavor (aroma), but past sensory work has focused primarily on ortho-nasal presentation. A series of experiments was conducted to characterize human sensitivity to oral 3 M solutions, then determine how 3 M impacts perception of basic tastes. Methods Detection thresholds were measured for a food grade, racemic mixture using a forced-choice staircase procedure (n = 19). Recognition was measured by presenting a single stimulus per trial (3 M, vanillin, or water), with "onion," "vanilla," or "water" as responses (n = 18). Supra-threshold intensity (n = 20) was measured for various concentrations using the general labeled magnitude scale (gLMS). Odor-taste interactions were studied using mixtures of 3 M and exemplars of basic tastes. Participants rated the intensity of basic tastes, or both taste and aroma, using the gLMS (n ranged from 10 to 15). All stimuli were in aqueous solution. Results Participants detected oral 3 M at about 0.90 ppb and recognized 3 M as "onion" at about 5 ppb. Supra-threshold intensity increased roughly as a cumulative logistic function of concentration. 3 M enhanced the rated savory intensity of monosodium glutamate, but did not enhance the dominant qualities of exemplars of the other four basic tastes. Under a response-context more favorable to an analytic approach, savory enhancement was reduced but not eliminated. Savory enhancement was eliminated with nose-clips. Conclusions Oral sensitivity was lower than previous retronasal studies would suggest, but roughly consistent with concentrations in cooked allium varieties. Oral 3 M selectively enhanced savory intensity, an effect likely due to retronasal aroma rather than taste or mouthfeel. Implication 3 M is a promising candidate aroma to enhance or impart a savory flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Wise
- grid.250221.60000 0000 9142 2735Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308 USA
| | - Anne Ledyard
- grid.250221.60000 0000 9142 2735Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308 USA
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Sanganahalli BG, Chitturi J, Herman P, Elkabes S, Heary R, Hyder F, Kannurpatti S. Supraspinal sensorimotor and pain-related reorganization after a hemicontusion rat cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3393-3405. [PMID: 34714150 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the presence of pain impedes motor recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), it is necessary to understand their supraspinal substrates in translational animal models. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a rat model of hemicontusion cervical SCI, supraspinal changes were mapped and correlated with sensorimotor behavioral outcomes. Female adult rats underwent sham or SCI using a 2.5 mm impactor and 150 kDyne force. SCI permanently impaired motor activity in only the ipsilesional forelimb along with thermal hyperalgesia at 5 and 6 wks. Spinal MRI at 8 wks after SCI showed ipsilateral T1 and T2 lesions with no discernable lesions across shams. fMRI mapping during electrical forepaw stimulation indicated SCI-induced sensorimotor reorganization with an expansion of the contralesional forelimb representation. Resting state fMRI based functional connectivity density (FCD), a marker of regional neuronal hubs increased or decreased across brain regions involved in nociception. FCD increases after SCI were in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1 and S2), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and decreases were across the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala in SCI. Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) assessments from the FCD altered regions of interest indicated cortico-cortical RSFC increases and cortico-insular, cortico-thalamic and cortico-hypothalamic RSFC decreases after SCI. Hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus showed decreased RSFC with most cortical regions and between themselves except the hippocampus-amygdala network, which showed increased RSFC after SCI. While select nociceptive region's intrinsic activity associated strongly with evoked pain behaviors after SCI (eg., PFC, ACC, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, M1 and S1BF) other nociceptive regions had weaker associations (eg., amygdala, insula, auditory cortex, S1FL, S1HL, S2 and M2), but differed significantly in their intrinsic activities between sham and SCI. The weaker associated nociceptive regions may possibly encode both the evoked and affective components of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Yale University School of Medicine, 12228, Diagnostic Radiology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States;
| | - Jyothsna Chitturi
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Radiology, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Peter Herman
- Yale University School of Medicine, 12228, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Section of Bioimaging Science, New Haven, Connecticut, United States;
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Neurosurgery, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Robert Heary
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 576909, Nutley, New Jersey, United States;
| | | | - Sridhar Kannurpatti
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Radiology, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
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Craft MF, Barreiro AK, Gautam SH, Shew WL, Ly C. Differences in olfactory bulb mitral cell spiking with ortho- and retronasal stimulation revealed by data-driven models. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009169. [PMID: 34543261 PMCID: PMC8483419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of olfaction studies focus on orthonasal stimulation where odors enter via the front nasal cavity, while retronasal olfaction, where odors enter the rear of the nasal cavity during feeding, is understudied. The coding of retronasal odors via coordinated spiking of neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) is largely unknown despite evidence that higher level processing is different than orthonasal. To this end, we use multi-electrode array in vivo recordings of rat OB mitral cells (MC) in response to a food odor with both modes of stimulation, and find significant differences in evoked firing rates and spike count covariances (i.e., noise correlations). Differences in spiking activity often have implications for sensory coding, thus we develop a single-compartment biophysical OB model that is able to reproduce key properties of important OB cell types. Prior experiments in olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) showed retro stimulation yields slower and spatially smaller ORN inputs than with ortho, yet whether this is consequential for OB activity remains unknown. Indeed with these specifications for ORN inputs, our OB model captures the salient trends in our OB data. We also analyze how first and second order ORN input statistics dynamically transfer to MC spiking statistics with a phenomenological linear-nonlinear filter model, and find that retro inputs result in larger linear filters than ortho inputs. Finally, our models show that the temporal profile of ORN is crucial for capturing our data and is thus a distinguishing feature between ortho and retro stimulation, even at the OB. Using data-driven modeling, we detail how ORN inputs result in differences in OB dynamics and MC spiking statistics. These differences may ultimately shape how ortho and retro odors are coded. Olfaction is a key sense for many cognitive and behavioral tasks, and is particularly unique because odors can naturally enter the nasal cavity from the front or rear, i.e., ortho- and retro-nasal, respectively. Yet little is known about the differences in coordinated spiking in the olfactory bulb with ortho versus retro stimulation, let alone how these different modes of olfaction may alter coding of odors. We simultaneously record many cells in rat olfactory bulb to assess the differences in spiking statistics, and develop a biophysical olfactory bulb network model to study the reasons for these differences. Using theoretical and computational methods, we find that the olfactory bulb transfers input statistics differently for retro stimulation relative to ortho stimulation. Furthermore, our models show that the temporal profile of inputs is crucial for capturing our data and is thus a distinguishing feature between ortho and retro stimulation, even at the olfactory bulb. Understanding the spiking dynamics of the olfactory bulb with both ortho and retro stimulation is a key step for ultimately understanding how the brain codes odors with different modes of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F. Craft
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrea K. Barreiro
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shree Hari Gautam
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Woodrow L. Shew
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Cheng Ly
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Qiu YQ, Huang GJ, Zhao JB, Ma QW, Zou LQ. The chemosensory pleasure scale for children (CPS-C): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Pellegrino R, Hörberg T, Olofsson J, Luckett CR. Duality of Smell: Route-Dependent Effects on Olfactory Perception and Language. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6278057. [PMID: 34007980 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory research in humans has largely focused on odors perceived via sniffing, orthonasal olfaction, whereas odors perceived from the mouth, retronasal olfaction, are less well understood. Prior work on retronasally presented odors involves animal models and focus mainly on odor sensitivity, but little is known about retronasal olfactory perception and cognition in humans. In this study, we compared orthonasal and retronasal odor presentation routes to investigate differences in odor descriptions and evaluations. Thirty-six individuals participated in a within-subjects study using twelve odors (varying in pleasantness and edibility) in perceptual and semantic tasks. Orthonasal presentation was associated with a better ability to identify odors, and with more concrete (and source-based) language. Exploratory analyses revealed that whereas orthonasal odors were described with words that had visual associations, retronasal odors were described with words that had interoceptive associations. Interestingly, these route-dependent differences in descriptor usage were not explained by differences in sensitivity and intensity, suggesting instead a cognitive and linguistic processing difference between odors presented orthonasally and retronasally. Our results indicate that olfaction is, in fact, a dual sense, in which the routes change the perception of an odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pellegrino
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas Hörberg
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology Stockholm University, Frescati hagväg 9, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10C, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Olofsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology Stockholm University, Frescati hagväg 9, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis R Luckett
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Shepherd GM, Rowe TB, Greer CA. An Evolutionary Microcircuit Approach to the Neural Basis of High Dimensional Sensory Processing in Olfaction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658480. [PMID: 33994949 PMCID: PMC8120314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor stimuli consist of thousands of possible molecules, each molecule with many different properties, each property a dimension of the stimulus. Processing these high dimensional stimuli would appear to require many stages in the brain to reach odor perception, yet, in mammals, after the sensory receptors this is accomplished through only two regions, the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. We take a first step toward a fundamental understanding by identifying the sequence of local operations carried out by microcircuits in the pathway. Parallel research provided strong evidence that processed odor information is spatial representations of odor molecules that constitute odor images in the olfactory bulb and odor objects in olfactory cortex. Paleontology provides a unique advantage with evolutionary insights providing evidence that the basic architecture of the olfactory pathway almost from the start ∼330 million years ago (mya) has included an overwhelming input from olfactory sensory neurons combined with a large olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to process that input, driven by olfactory receptor gene duplications. We identify a sequence of over 20 microcircuits that are involved, and expand on results of research on several microcircuits that give the best insights thus far into the nature of the high dimensional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Timothy B. Rowe
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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