1
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Pailthorpe BA. Simulated dynamical transitions in a heterogeneous marmoset pFC cluster. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1398898. [PMID: 38863681 PMCID: PMC11165126 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1398898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Network analysis of the marmoset cortical connectivity data indicates a significant 3D cluster in and around the pre-frontal cortex. A multi-node, heterogeneous neural mass model of this six-node cluster was constructed. Its parameters were informed by available experimental and simulation data so that each neural mass oscillated in a characteristic frequency band. Nodes were connected with directed, weighted links derived from the marmoset structural connectivity data. Heterogeneity arose from the different link weights and model parameters for each node. Stimulation of the cluster with an incident pulse train modulated in the standard frequency bands induced a variety of dynamical state transitions that lasted in the range of 5-10 s, suggestive of timescales relevant to short-term memory. A short gamma burst rapidly reset the beta-induced transition. The theta-induced transition state showed a spontaneous, delayed reset to the resting state. An additional, continuous gamma wave stimulus induced a new beating oscillatory state. Longer or repeated gamma bursts were phase-aligned with the beta oscillation, delivering increasing energy input and causing shorter transition times. The relevance of these results to working memory is yet to be established, but they suggest interesting opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A. Pailthorpe
- Brain Dynamics Group, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Milozzi A, Ricci S, Ielmini D. Memristive tonotopic mapping with volatile resistive switching memory devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2812. [PMID: 38561389 PMCID: PMC10985068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
To reach the energy efficiency and the computing capability of biological neural networks, novel hardware systems and paradigms are required where the information needs to be processed in both spatial and temporal domains. Resistive switching memory (RRAM) devices appear as key enablers for the implementation of large-scale neuromorphic computing systems with high energy efficiency and extended scalability. Demonstrating a full set of spatiotemporal primitives with RRAM-based circuits remains an open challenge. By taking inspiration from the neurobiological processes in the human auditory systems, we develop neuromorphic circuits for memristive tonotopic mapping via volatile RRAM devices. Based on a generalized stochastic device-level approach, we demonstrate the main features of signal processing of cochlea, namely logarithmic integration and tonotopic mapping of signals. We also show that our tonotopic classification is suitable for speech recognition. These results support memristive devices for physical processing of temporal signals, thus paving the way for energy efficient, high density neuromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Milozzi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano and IU.NET, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Ricci
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano and IU.NET, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Ielmini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano and IU.NET, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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3
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Meng R, Bouchard KE. Bayesian inference of structured latent spaces from neural population activity with the orthogonal stochastic linear mixing model. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011975. [PMID: 38669271 PMCID: PMC11078355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain produces diverse functions, from perceiving sounds to producing arm reaches, through the collective activity of populations of many neurons. Determining if and how the features of these exogenous variables (e.g., sound frequency, reach angle) are reflected in population neural activity is important for understanding how the brain operates. Often, high-dimensional neural population activity is confined to low-dimensional latent spaces. However, many current methods fail to extract latent spaces that are clearly structured by exogenous variables. This has contributed to a debate about whether or not brains should be thought of as dynamical systems or representational systems. Here, we developed a new latent process Bayesian regression framework, the orthogonal stochastic linear mixing model (OSLMM) which introduces an orthogonality constraint amongst time-varying mixture coefficients, and provide Markov chain Monte Carlo inference procedures. We demonstrate superior performance of OSLMM on latent trajectory recovery in synthetic experiments and show superior computational efficiency and prediction performance on several real-world benchmark data sets. We primarily focus on demonstrating the utility of OSLMM in two neural data sets: μECoG recordings from rat auditory cortex during presentation of pure tones and multi-single unit recordings form monkey motor cortex during complex arm reaching. We show that OSLMM achieves superior or comparable predictive accuracy of neural data and decoding of external variables (e.g., reach velocity). Most importantly, in both experimental contexts, we demonstrate that OSLMM latent trajectories directly reflect features of the sounds and reaches, demonstrating that neural dynamics are structured by neural representations. Together, these results demonstrate that OSLMM will be useful for the analysis of diverse, large-scale biological time-series datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Meng
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kristofer E. Bouchard
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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4
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Martínez-Gallego I, Rodríguez-Moreno A. Adenosine and Cortical Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241236773. [PMID: 38497585 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241236773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Brain plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change its structure and functioning in response to experiences. These changes occur mainly at synaptic connections, and this plasticity is named synaptic plasticity. During postnatal development, environmental influences trigger changes in synaptic plasticity that will play a crucial role in the formation and refinement of brain circuits and their functions in adulthood. One of the greatest challenges of present neuroscience is to try to explain how synaptic connections change and cortical maps are formed and modified to generate the most suitable adaptive behavior after different external stimuli. Adenosine is emerging as a key player in these plastic changes at different brain areas. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the induction and duration of synaptic plasticity at different postnatal brain development stages in which adenosine, probably released by astrocytes, directly participates in the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity and in the control of the duration of plasticity windows at different cortical synapses. In addition, we comment on the role of the different adenosine receptors in brain diseases and on the potential therapeutic effects of acting via adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Gallego
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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5
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Graham G, Chimenti MS, Knudtson KL, Grenard DN, Co L, Sumner M, Tchou T, Bieszczad KM. Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex. Hear Res 2023; 438:108878. [PMID: 37659220 PMCID: PMC10529106 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Learning can induce neurophysiological plasticity in the auditory cortex at multiple timescales. Lasting changes to auditory cortical function that persist over days, weeks, or even a lifetime, require learning to induce de novo gene expression. Indeed, transcription is the molecular determinant for long-term memories to form with a lasting impact on sound-related behavior. However, auditory cortical genes that support auditory learning, memory, and acquired sound-specific behavior are largely unknown. Using an animal model of adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats, this report is the first to identify genome-wide changes in learning-induced gene expression within the auditory cortex that may underlie long-lasting discriminative memory formation of acoustic frequency cues. Auditory cortical samples were collected from animals in the initial learning phase of a two-tone discrimination sound-reward task known to induce sound-specific neurophysiological and behavioral effects. Bioinformatic analyses on gene enrichment profiles from bulk RNA sequencing identified cholinergic synapse (KEGG rno04725), extra-cellular matrix receptor interaction (KEGG rno04512), and neuroactive receptor interaction (KEGG rno04080) among the top biological pathways are likely to be important for auditory discrimination learning. The findings characterize candidate effectors underlying the early stages of changes in cortical and behavioral function to ultimately support the formation of long-term discriminative auditory memory in the adult brain. The molecules and mechanisms identified are potential therapeutic targets to facilitate experiences that induce long-lasting changes to sound-specific auditory function in adulthood and prime for future gene-targeted investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Graham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K L Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D N Grenard
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - L Co
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M Sumner
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - T Tchou
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - K M Bieszczad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ, USA; Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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6
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Graham G, Chimenti MS, Knudtson KL, Grenard DN, Co L, Sumner M, Tchou T, Bieszczad KM. Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.15.536914. [PMID: 37090563 PMCID: PMC10120736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.15.536914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Learning can induce neurophysiological plasticity in the auditory cortex at multiple timescales. Lasting changes to auditory cortical function that persist over days, weeks, or even a lifetime, require learning to induce de novo gene expression. Indeed, transcription is the molecular determinant for long-term memories to form with a lasting impact on sound-related behavior. However, auditory cortical genes that support auditory learning, memory, and acquired sound-specific behavior are largely unknown. This report is the first to identify in young adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) genome-wide changes in learning-induced gene expression within the auditory cortex that may underlie the formation of long-lasting discriminative memory for acoustic frequency cues. Auditory cortical samples were collected from animals in the initial learning phase of a two-tone discrimination sound-reward task known to induce sound-specific neurophysiological and behavioral effects (e.g., Shang et al., 2019). Bioinformatic analyses on gene enrichment profiles from bulk RNA sequencing identified cholinergic synapse (KEGG 04725), extra-cellular matrix receptor interaction (KEGG 04512) , and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (KEGG 04080) as top biological pathways for auditory discrimination learning. The findings characterize key candidate effectors underlying changes in cortical function that support the initial formation of long-term discriminative auditory memory in the adult brain. The molecules and mechanisms identified are potential therapeutic targets to facilitate lasting changes to sound-specific auditory function in adulthood and prime for future gene-targeted investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Graham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - M S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Univ. of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - K L Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Univ. of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - D N Grenard
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - L Co
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - M Sumner
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - T Tchou
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
| | - K M Bieszczad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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7
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Narayanan DP, Tsukano H, Kline AM, Onodera K, Kato HK. Biological constraints on stereotaxic targeting of functionally-defined cortical areas. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3293-3310. [PMID: 35834935 PMCID: PMC10016058 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding computational principles in hierarchically organized sensory systems requires functional parcellation of brain structures and their precise targeting for manipulations. Although brain atlases are widely used to infer area locations in the mouse neocortex, it has been unclear whether stereotaxic coordinates based on standardized brain morphology accurately represent functional domains in individual animals. Here, we used intrinsic signal imaging to evaluate the accuracy of area delineation in the atlas by mapping functionally-identified auditory cortices onto bregma-based stereotaxic coordinates. We found that auditory cortices in the brain atlas correlated poorly with the true complexity of functional area boundaries. Inter-animal variability in functional area locations predicted surprisingly high error rates in stereotaxic targeting with atlas coordinates. This variability was not simply attributed to brain sizes or suture irregularities but instead reflected differences in cortical geography across animals. Our data thus indicate that functional mapping in individual animals is essential for dissecting cortical area-specific roles with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroaki Tsukano
- Corresponding authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States. ; Hiroaki Tsukano, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States.
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Corresponding authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States. ; Hiroaki Tsukano, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States.
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8
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Goldblatt D, Huang S, Greaney MR, Hamling KR, Voleti V, Perez-Campos C, Patel KB, Li W, Hillman EMC, Bagnall MW, Schoppik D. Neuronal birthdate reveals topography in a vestibular brainstem circuit for gaze stabilization. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1265-1281.e7. [PMID: 36924768 PMCID: PMC10089979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Across the nervous system, neurons with similar attributes are topographically organized. This topography reflects developmental pressures. Oddly, vestibular (balance) nuclei are thought to be disorganized. By measuring activity in birthdated neurons, we revealed a functional map within the central vestibular projection nucleus that stabilizes gaze in the larval zebrafish. We first discovered that both somatic position and stimulus selectivity follow projection neuron birthdate. Next, with electron microscopy and loss-of-function assays, we found that patterns of peripheral innervation to projection neurons were similarly organized by birthdate. Finally, birthdate revealed spatial patterns of axonal arborization and synapse formation to projection neuron outputs. Collectively, we find that development reveals previously hidden organization to the input, processing, and output layers of a highly conserved vertebrate sensorimotor circuit. The spatial and temporal attributes we uncover constrain the developmental mechanisms that may specify the fate, function, and organization of vestibulo-ocular reflex neurons. More broadly, our data suggest that, like invertebrates, temporal mechanisms may assemble vertebrate sensorimotor architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Goldblatt
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Stephanie Huang
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Marie R Greaney
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kyla R Hamling
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Citlali Perez-Campos
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kripa B Patel
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wenze Li
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Elizabeth M C Hillman
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Martha W Bagnall
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David Schoppik
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Benner J, Reinhardt J, Christiner M, Wengenroth M, Stippich C, Schneider P, Blatow M. Temporal hierarchy of cortical responses reflects core-belt-parabelt organization of auditory cortex in musicians. Cereb Cortex 2023:7030622. [PMID: 36786655 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human auditory cortex (AC) organization resembles the core-belt-parabelt organization in nonhuman primates. Previous studies assessed mostly spatial characteristics; however, temporal aspects were little considered so far. We employed co-registration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in musicians with and without absolute pitch (AP) to achieve spatial and temporal segregation of human auditory responses. First, individual fMRI activations induced by complex harmonic tones were consistently identified in four distinct regions-of-interest within AC, namely in medial Heschl's gyrus (HG), lateral HG, anterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), and planum temporale (PT). Second, we analyzed the temporal dynamics of individual MEG responses at the location of corresponding fMRI activations. In the AP group, the auditory evoked P2 onset occurred ~25 ms earlier in the right as compared with the left PT and ~15 ms earlier in the right as compared with the left anterior STG. This effect was consistent at the individual level and correlated with AP proficiency. Based on the combined application of MEG and fMRI measurements, we were able for the first time to demonstrate a characteristic temporal hierarchy ("chronotopy") of human auditory regions in relation to specific auditory abilities, reflecting the prediction for serial processing from nonhuman studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Benner
- Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Christiner
- Centre for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Musicology, Vitols Jazeps Latvian Academy of Music, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martina Wengenroth
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Stippich
- Department of Neuroradiology and Radiology, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Peter Schneider
- Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Musicology, Vitols Jazeps Latvian Academy of Music, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maria Blatow
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neurocenter, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
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10
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Zhou W, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Deciphering neural circuits mediating sound-induced analgesia. Zool Res 2023; 44:223-225. [PMID: 36594395 PMCID: PMC9841187 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhou
- Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China. E-mail:
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11
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Baratham VL, Dougherty ME, Hermiz J, Ledochowitsch P, Maharbiz MM, Bouchard KE. Columnar Localization and Laminar Origin of Cortical Surface Electrical Potentials. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3733-3748. [PMID: 35332084 PMCID: PMC9087723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1787-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticography (ECoG) methodologically bridges basic neuroscience and understanding of human brains in health and disease. However, the localization of ECoG signals across the surface of the brain and the spatial distribution of their generating neuronal sources are poorly understood. To address this gap, we recorded from rat auditory cortex using customized μECoG, and simulated cortical surface electrical potentials with a full-scale, biophysically detailed cortical column model. Experimentally, μECoG-derived auditory representations were tonotopically organized and signals were anisotropically localized to less than or equal to ±200 μm, that is, a single cortical column. Biophysical simulations reproduce experimental findings and indicate that neurons in cortical layers V and VI contribute ∼85% of evoked high-gamma signal recorded at the surface. Cell number and synchrony were the primary biophysical properties determining laminar contributions to evoked μECoG signals, whereas distance was only a minimal factor. Thus, evoked μECoG signals primarily originate from neurons in the infragranular layers of a single cortical column.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ECoG methodologically bridges basic neuroscience and understanding of human brains in health and disease. However, the localization of ECoG signals across the surface of the brain and the spatial distribution of their generating neuronal sources are poorly understood. We investigated the localization and origins of sensory-evoked ECoG responses. We experimentally found that ECoG responses were anisotropically localized to a cortical column. Biophysically detailed simulations revealed that neurons in layers V and VI were the primary sources of evoked ECoG responses. These results indicate that evoked ECoG high-gamma responses are primarily generated by the population spike rate of pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI of single cortical columns and highlight the possibility of understanding how microscopic sources produce mesoscale signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyassa L Baratham
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Maximilian E Dougherty
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - John Hermiz
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | - Michel M Maharbiz
- Center for Neural Engineering and Prosthesis, University of California-Berkeley/San Francisco, Berkeley, California 94720-3370
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kristofer E Bouchard
- Center for Neural Engineering and Prosthesis, University of California-Berkeley/San Francisco, Berkeley, California 94720-3370
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
- Scientific Data Division, Lawerence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawerence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720
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12
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Saldeitis K, Jeschke M, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Happel MFK. Laser-Induced Apoptosis of Corticothalamic Neurons in Layer VI of Auditory Cortex Impact on Cortical Frequency Processing. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:659280. [PMID: 34322001 PMCID: PMC8311662 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.659280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticofugal projections outnumber subcortical input projections by far. However, the specific role for signal processing of corticofugal feedback is still less well understood in comparisonto the feedforward projection. Here, we lesioned corticothalamic (CT) neurons in layers V and/or VI of the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils by laser-induced photolysis to investigate their contribution to cortical activation patterns. We have used laminar current-source density (CSD) recordings of tone-evoked responses and could show that, particularly, lesion of CT neurons in layer VI affected cortical frequency processing. Specifically, we found a decreased gain of best-frequency input in thalamocortical (TC)-recipient input layers that correlated with the relative lesion of layer VI neurons, but not layer V neurons. Using cortical silencing with the GABA a -agonist muscimol and layer-specific intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), we found that direct activation of infragranular layers recruited a local recurrent cortico-thalamo-cortical loop of synaptic input. This recurrent feedback was also only interrupted when lesioning layer VI neurons, but not cells in layer V. Our study thereby shows distinct roles of these two types of CT neurons suggesting a particular impact of CT feedback from layer VI to affect the local feedforward frequency processing in auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Saldeitis
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, Cognitive Hearing in Primates Lab, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Jeschke
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, Cognitive Hearing in Primates Lab, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Biology (IBIO), University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Max F K Happel
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Meng X, Solarana K, Bowen Z, Liu J, Nagode DA, Sheikh A, Winkowski DE, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Transient Subgranular Hyperconnectivity to L2/3 and Enhanced Pairwise Correlations During the Critical Period in the Mouse Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1914-1930. [PMID: 31667495 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the critical period, neuronal connections are shaped by sensory experience. While the basis for this temporarily heightened plasticity remains unclear, shared connections introducing activity correlations likely play a key role. Thus, we investigated the changing intracortical connectivity in primary auditory cortex (A1) over development. In adult, layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons receive ascending inputs from layer 4 (L4) and also receive few inputs from subgranular layer 5/6 (L5/6). We measured the spatial pattern of intracortical excitatory and inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons in slices of mouse A1 across development using laser-scanning photostimulation. Before P11, L2/3 cells receive most excitatory input from within L2/3. Excitatory inputs from L2/3 and L4 increase after P5 and peak during P9-16. L5/6 inputs increase after P5 and provide most input during P12-16, the peak of the critical period. Inhibitory inputs followed a similar pattern. Functional circuit diversity in L2/3 emerges after P16. In vivo two-photon imaging shows low pairwise signal correlations in neighboring neurons before P11, which peak at P15-16 and decline after. Our results suggest that the critical period is characterized by high pairwise activity correlations and that transient hyperconnectivity of specific circuits, in particular those originating in L5/6, might play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Krystyna Solarana
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zac Bowen
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel A Nagode
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aminah Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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14
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Kozma R, Hu S, Sokolov Y, Wanger T, Schulz AL, Woldeit ML, Gonçalves AI, Ruszinkó M, Ohl FW. State Transitions During Discrimination Learning in the Gerbil Auditory Cortex Analyzed by Network Causality Metrics. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:641684. [PMID: 33967706 PMCID: PMC8100519 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.641684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studies the evolution of cortical networks during the transition from escape strategy to avoidance strategy in auditory discrimination learning in Mongolian gerbils trained by the well-established two-way active avoidance learning paradigm. The animals were implanted with electrode arrays centered on the surface of the primary auditory cortex and electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings were made during performance of an auditory Go/NoGo discrimination task. Our experiments confirm previous results on a sudden behavioral change from the initial naïve state to an avoidance strategy as learning progresses. We employed two causality metrics using Granger Causality (GC) and New Causality (NC) to quantify changes in the causality flow between ECoG channels as the animals switched to avoidance strategy. We found that the number of channel pairs with inverse causal interaction significantly increased after the animal acquired successful discrimination, which indicates structural changes in the cortical networks as a result of learning. A suitable graph-theoretical model is developed to interpret the findings in terms of cortical networks evolving during cognitive state transitions. Structural changes lead to changes in the dynamics of neural populations, which are described as phase transitions in the network graph model with small-world connections. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of functional reorganization in sensory cortical areas as a possible neural contributor to behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kozma
- Center for Large-Scale Intelligent Optimization and Networks, Department of Mathematics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sanqing Hu
- College of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yury Sokolov
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tim Wanger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie L Woldeit
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana I Gonçalves
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miklós Ruszinkó
- Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center of Behavioral Brain Science (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Redolfi N, Lodovichi C. Spontaneous Afferent Activity Carves Olfactory Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637536. [PMID: 33767612 PMCID: PMC7985084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity has a key role in shaping neuronal circuits during development. In most sensory modalities, early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts the initial layout of neuronal wiring. With the maturation of the sense organs, the system relies more on sensory-evoked electrical activity. Stimuli-driven neuronal discharge is required for the transformation of immature circuits in the specific patterns of neuronal connectivity that subserve normal brain function. The olfactory system (OS) differs from this organizational plan. Despite the important role of odorant receptors (ORs) in shaping olfactory topography, odor-evoked activity does not have a prominent role in refining neuronal wiring. On the contrary, afferent spontaneous discharge is required to achieve and maintain the specific diagram of connectivity that defines the topography of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we provide an overview of the development of olfactory topography, with a focus on the role of afferent spontaneous discharge in the formation and maintenance of the specific synaptic contacts that result in the topographic organization of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Wang M, Yu Z, Li G, Yu X. Multiple Morphological Factors Underlie Experience-Dependent Cross-Modal Plasticity in the Developing Sensory Cortices. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:2418-2433. [PMID: 31828301 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory experience regulates the structural and functional wiring of sensory cortices. In previous work, we showed that whisker deprivation (WD) from birth not only reduced excitatory synaptic transmission of layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the correspondent barrel cortex in mice, but also cross-modally reduced synaptic transmission of L2/3 pyramidal neurons in other sensory cortices. Here, we used in utero electroporation, in combination with optical clearing, to examine the main morphological components regulating neural circuit wiring, namely presynaptic bouton density, spine density, as well as dendrite and axon arbor lengths. We found that WD from P0 to P14 reduced presynaptic bouton density in both L4 and L2/3 inputs to L2/3 pyramidal neurons, as well as spine density across the dendritic tree of L2/3 pyramidal neurons, in the barrel field of the primary somatosensory cortex. The cross-modal effects in the primary auditory cortex were manifested mostly as reduced dendrite and axon arbor size, as well as reduced bouton density of L2/3 inputs. Increasing sensory experience by rearing mice in an enriched environment rescued the effects of WD. Together, these results demonstrate that multiple morphological factors contribute to experience-dependent structural plasticity during early wiring of the sensory cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Ohlemiller KK. Mouse methods and models for studies in hearing. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3668. [PMID: 31795658 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice have become the dominant animal model for hearing research. The mouse cochlea operates according to standard "mammalian" principles, uses the same cochlear cell types, and exhibits the same types of injury as found in other mammals. The typical mouse lifespan is less than 3 years, yet the age-associated pathologies that may be found are quite similar to longer-lived mammals. All Schuknecht's types of presbycusis have been identified in existing mouse lines, some favoring hair cell loss while others favor strial degeneration. Although noise exposure generally affects the mouse cochlea in a manner similar to other mammals, mice appear more prone to permanent alterations to hair cells or the organ of Corti than to hair cell loss. Therapeutic compounds may be applied systemically or locally through the tympanic membrane or onto (or through) the round window membrane. The thinness of the mouse cochlear capsule and annular ligament may promote drug entry from the middle ear, although an extremely active middle ear lining may quickly remove most drugs. Preclinical testing of any therapeutic will always require tests in multiple animal models. Mice constitute one model providing supporting evidence for any therapeutic, while genetically engineered mice can test hypotheses about mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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18
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Rathour RK, Narayanan R. Degeneracy in hippocampal physiology and plasticity. Hippocampus 2019; 29:980-1022. [PMID: 31301166 PMCID: PMC6771840 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Degeneracy, defined as the ability of structurally disparate elements to perform analogous function, has largely been assessed from the perspective of maintaining robustness of physiology or plasticity. How does the framework of degeneracy assimilate into an encoding system where the ability to change is an essential ingredient for storing new incoming information? Could degeneracy maintain the balance between the apparently contradictory goals of the need to change for encoding and the need to resist change towards maintaining homeostasis? In this review, we explore these fundamental questions with the mammalian hippocampus as an example encoding system. We systematically catalog lines of evidence, spanning multiple scales of analysis that point to the expression of degeneracy in hippocampal physiology and plasticity. We assess the potential of degeneracy as a framework to achieve the conjoint goals of encoding and homeostasis without cross-interferences. We postulate that biological complexity, involving interactions among the numerous parameters spanning different scales of analysis, could establish disparate routes towards accomplishing these conjoint goals. These disparate routes then provide several degrees of freedom to the encoding-homeostasis system in accomplishing its tasks in an input- and state-dependent manner. Finally, the expression of degeneracy spanning multiple scales offers an ideal reconciliation to several outstanding controversies, through the recognition that the seemingly contradictory disparate observations are merely alternate routes that the system might recruit towards accomplishment of its goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K. Rathour
- Cellular Neurophysiology LaboratoryMolecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology LaboratoryMolecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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19
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Xin Y, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Pan J, Xu NL. Sensory-to-Category Transformation via Dynamic Reorganization of Ensemble Structures in Mouse Auditory Cortex. Neuron 2019; 103:909-921.e6. [PMID: 31296412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to group physical stimuli into behaviorally relevant categories is fundamental to perception and cognition. Despite a large body of work on stimulus categorization at the behavioral and cognitive levels, little is known about the underlying mechanisms at the neuronal level. Here, combining mouse auditory psychophysical behavior and in vivo two-photon imaging from the auditory cortex, we investigate how sensory-to-category transformation is implemented by cortical neurons during a stimulus categorization task. Distinct from responses during passive listening, many neurons exhibited emergent selectivity to stimuli near the category boundary during task performance, reshaping local tuning maps; other neurons became more selective to category membership of stimuli. At the population level, local cortical ensembles robustly encode category information and predict trial-by-trial decisions during task performance. Our data uncover a task-dependent dynamic reorganization of cortical response patterns serving as a neural mechanism for sensory-to-category transformation during perceptual decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingwei Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ning-Long Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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20
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Deneux T, Harrell ER, Kempf A, Ceballo S, Filipchuk A, Bathellier B. Context-dependent signaling of coincident auditory and visual events in primary visual cortex. eLife 2019; 8:44006. [PMID: 31115334 PMCID: PMC6544434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting rapid, coincident changes across sensory modalities is essential for recognition of sudden threats or events. Using two-photon calcium imaging in identified cell types in awake, head-fixed mice, we show that, among the basic features of a sound envelope, loud sound onsets are a dominant feature coded by the auditory cortex neurons projecting to primary visual cortex (V1). In V1, a small number of layer 1 interneurons gates this cross-modal information flow in a context-dependent manner. In dark conditions, auditory cortex inputs lead to suppression of the V1 population. However, when sound input coincides with a visual stimulus, visual responses are boosted in V1, most strongly after loud sound onsets. Thus, a dynamic, asymmetric circuit connecting AC and V1 contributes to the encoding of visual events that are coincident with sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Deneux
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evan R Harrell
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Kempf
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sebastian Ceballo
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brice Bathellier
- Department for Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), UMR9197 CNRS, University Paris Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Fritzsch B, Elliott KL, Pavlinkova G. Primary sensory map formations reflect unique needs and molecular cues specific to each sensory system. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-345. [PMID: 30984379 PMCID: PMC6439788 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17717.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction with the world around us requires extracting meaningful signals to guide behavior. Each of the six mammalian senses (olfaction, vision, somatosensation, hearing, balance, and taste) has a unique primary map that extracts sense-specific information. Sensory systems in the periphery and their target neurons in the central nervous system develop independently and must develop specific connections for proper sensory processing. In addition, the regulation of sensory map formation is independent of and prior to central target neuronal development in several maps. This review provides an overview of the current level of understanding of primary map formation of the six mammalian senses. Cell cycle exit, combined with incompletely understood molecules and their regulation, provides chemoaffinity-mediated primary maps that are further refined by activity. The interplay between cell cycle exit, molecular guidance, and activity-mediated refinement is the basis of dominance stripes after redundant organ transplantations in the visual and balance system. A more advanced level of understanding of primary map formation could benefit ongoing restoration attempts of impaired senses by guiding proper functional connection formations of restored sensory organs with their central nervous system targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
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22
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Local homogeneity of tonotopic organization in the primary auditory cortex of marmosets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3239-3244. [PMID: 30718428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816653116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marmoset has emerged as a useful nonhuman primate species for studying brain structure and function. Previous studies on the mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) showed that neurons with preferential frequency-tuning responses are mixed within local cortical regions, despite a large-scale tonotopic organization. Here we found that frequency-tuning properties of marmoset A1 neurons are highly uniform within local cortical regions. We first defined the tonotopic map of A1 using intrinsic optical imaging and then used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of large neuronal populations to examine the tonotopic preference at the single-cell level. We found that tuning preferences of layer 2/3 neurons were highly homogeneous over hundreds of micrometers in both horizontal and vertical directions. Thus, marmoset A1 neurons are distributed in a tonotopic manner at both macro- and microscopic levels. Such organization is likely to be important for the organization of auditory circuits in the primate brain.
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23
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Zhu S, Allitt B, Samuel A, Lui L, Rosa MGP, Rajan R. Sensitivity to Vocalization Pitch in the Caudal Auditory Cortex of the Marmoset: Comparison of Core and Belt Areas. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:5. [PMID: 30774587 PMCID: PMC6367263 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on anatomical connectivity and basic response characteristics, primate auditory cortex is divided into a central core surrounded by belt and parabelt regions. The encoding of pitch, a prototypical element of sound identity, has been studied in primary auditory cortex (A1) but little is known about how it is encoded and represented beyond A1. The caudal auditory belt and parabelt cortical fields process spatial information but also contain information on non-spatial aspects of sounds. In this study, we examined neuronal responses in these areas to pitch-varied marmoset vocalizations, to derive the consequent representation of pitch in these regions and the potential underlying mechanisms, to compare to the encoding and representation of pitch of the same sounds in A1. With respect to response patterns to the vocalizations, neurons in caudal medial belt (CM) showed similar short-latency and short-duration response patterns to A1, but caudal lateral belt (CL) neurons at the same hierarchical level and caudal parabelt (CPB) neurons at a higher hierarchical level showed delayed or much delayed response onset and prolonged response durations. With respect to encoding of pitch, neurons in all cortical fields showed sensitivity to variations in the vocalization pitch either through modulation of spike-count or of first spike-latency. The utility of the encoding mechanism differed between fields: pitch sensitivity was reliably represented by spike-count variations in A1 and CM, while first spike-latency variation was better for encoding pitch in CL and CPB. In summary, our data show that (a) the traditionally-defined belt area CM is functionally very similar to A1 with respect to the representation and encoding of complex naturalistic sounds, (b) the CL belt area, at the same hierarchical level as CM, and the CPB area, at a higher hierarchical level, have very different response patterns and appear to use different pitch-encoding mechanisms, and (c) caudal auditory fields, proposed to be specialized for encoding spatial location, can also contain robust representations of sound identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Allitt
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anil Samuel
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Leo Lui
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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24
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Imaizumi K, Yanagawa Y, Feng G, Lee CC. Functional Topography and Development of Inhibitory Reticulothalamic Barreloid Projections. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:87. [PMID: 30429777 PMCID: PMC6220084 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is the main source of inhibition to the somatosensory thalamus (ventrobasal nucleus, VB) in mice. However, the functional topography and development of these projections with respect to the VB barreloids has been largely unexplored. In this respect, to assist in the study of these projections, we have utilized a vesicular gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT)-Venus transgenic mouse line to develop a brain slice preparation that enables the rapid identification of inhibitory neurons and projections. We demonstrate the utility of our in vitro brain slice preparation for physiologically mapping inhibitory reticulothalamic (RT) topography, using laser-scanning photostimulation via glutamate uncaging. Furthermore, we utilized this slice preparation to compare the development of excitatory and inhibitory projections to VB. We found that excitatory projections to the barreloids, created by ascending projections from the brain stem, develop by postnatal day 2-3 (P2-P3). By contrast, inhibitory projections to the barreloids lag ~5 days behind excitatory projections to the barreloids, developing by P7-P8. We probed this lag in inhibitory projection development through early postnatal whisker lesions. We found that in whisker-lesioned animals, the development of inhibitory projections to the barreloids closed by P4, in register with that of the excitatory projections to the barreloids. Our findings demonstrate both developmental and topographic organizational features of the RT projection to the VB barreloids, whose mechanisms can now be further examined utilizing the VGAT-Venus mouse slice preparation that we have characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Imaizumi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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25
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Patton MH, Blundon JA, Zakharenko SS. Rejuvenation of plasticity in the brain: opening the critical period. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:83-89. [PMID: 30286407 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits are particularly sensitive to incoming sensory information during well-defined intervals of postnatal development called 'critical periods'. The critical period for cortical plasticity closes in adults, thus restricting the brain's ability to indiscriminately store new sensory information. For example, children acquire language in an exposure-based manner, whereas learning language in adulthood requires more effort and attention. It has been suggested that pairing sounds with the activation of neuromodulatory circuits involved in attention reopens this critical period. Here, we review two critical period hypotheses related to neuromodulation: cortical disinhibition and thalamic adenosine. We posit that these mechanisms co-regulate the critical period for auditory cortical plasticity. We also discuss ways to reopen this period and rejuvenate cortical plasticity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Patton
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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26
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Azarfar A, Calcini N, Huang C, Zeldenrust F, Celikel T. Neural coding: A single neuron's perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:238-247. [PMID: 30227142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
What any sensory neuron knows about the world is one of the cardinal questions in Neuroscience. Information from the sensory periphery travels across synaptically coupled neurons as each neuron encodes information by varying the rate and timing of its action potentials (spikes). Spatiotemporally correlated changes in this spiking regimen across neuronal populations are the neural basis of sensory representations. In the somatosensory cortex, however, spiking of individual (or pairs of) cortical neurons is only minimally informative about the world. Recent studies showed that one solution neurons implement to counteract this information loss is adapting their rate of information transfer to the ongoing synaptic activity by changing the membrane potential at which spike is generated. Here we first introduce the principles of information flow from the sensory periphery to the primary sensory cortex in a model sensory (whisker) system, and subsequently discuss how the adaptive spike threshold gates the intracellular information transfer from the somatic post-synaptic potential to action potentials, controlling the information content of communication across somatosensory cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azarfar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Niccoló Calcini
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Zeldenrust
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour Radboud University, the Netherlands.
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Schwartz ZP, David SV. Focal Suppression of Distractor Sounds by Selective Attention in Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:323-339. [PMID: 29136104 PMCID: PMC6057511 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory selective attention is required for parsing crowded acoustic environments, but cortical systems mediating the influence of behavioral state on auditory perception are not well characterized. Previous neurophysiological studies suggest that attention produces a general enhancement of neural responses to important target sounds versus irrelevant distractors. However, behavioral studies suggest that in the presence of masking noise, attention provides a focal suppression of distractors that compete with targets. Here, we compared effects of attention on cortical responses to masking versus non-masking distractors, controlling for effects of listening effort and general task engagement. We recorded single-unit activity from primary auditory cortex (A1) of ferrets during behavior and found that selective attention decreased responses to distractors masking targets in the same spectral band, compared with spectrally distinct distractors. This suppression enhanced neural target detection thresholds, suggesting that limited attention resources serve to focally suppress responses to distractors that interfere with target detection. Changing effort by manipulating target salience consistently modulated spontaneous but not evoked activity. Task engagement and changing effort tended to affect the same neurons, while attention affected an independent population, suggesting that distinct feedback circuits mediate effects of attention and effort in A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Schwartz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
| | - Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
- Address Correspondence to Stephen V. David, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, MC L335A, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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28
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Curry RJ. Activity-dependent synaptic integration and modulation of bilateral excitatory inputs in an auditory coincidence detection circuit. J Physiol 2018; 596:1981-1997. [PMID: 29572827 DOI: 10.1113/jp275735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Binaural excitatory inputs to coincidence detection neurons in nucleus laminaris (NL) play essential roles in interaural time difference coding for sound localization. Here, we show that the two excitatory inputs are physiologically nearly completely segregated. Synaptic integration shows linear summation of EPSPs, ensuring high efficiency of coincidence detection of the bilateral excitatory inputs. We further show that the two excitatory inputs to single NL neurons are symmetrical in synaptic strength, kinetics and short-term plasticity. Modulation of the EPSCs by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) is identical between the two excitatory inputs, maintaining balanced bilateral excitation under neuromodulatory conditions. Unilateral hearing deprivation reduces synaptic excitation and paradoxically strengthens mGluR modulation of EPSCs, suggesting activity-dependent anti-homeostatic regulation, a novel synaptic plasticity in response to sensory manipulations. ABSTRACT Neurons in the avian nucleus laminaris (NL) receive bilateral excitatory inputs from the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis, via morphologically symmetrical dorsal (ipsilateral) and ventral (contralateral) dendrites. Using in vitro whole-cell patch recordings in chicken brainstem slices, we investigated synaptic integration and modulation of the bilateral inputs to NL under normal and hearing deprivation conditions. We found that the two excitatory inputs onto single NL neurons were nearly completely segregated, and integration of the two inputs was linear for EPSPs. The two inputs had similar synaptic strength, kinetics and short-term plasticity. EPSCs in low but not middle and high frequency neurons were suppressed by activation of group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR I and II), with similar modulatory strength between the ipsilateral and contralateral inputs. Unilateral hearing deprivation by cochlea removal reduced the excitatory transmission on the deprived dendritic domain of NL. Interestingly, EPSCs evoked at the deprived domain were modulated more strongly by mGluR II than at the counterpart domain that received intact input in low frequency neurons, suggesting anti-homeostatic regulation. This was supported by a stronger expression of mGluR II protein on the deprived neuropils of NL. Under mGluR II modulation, EPSCs on the deprived input show transient synaptic facilitation, forming a striking contrast with normal hearing conditions under which pure synaptic depression is observed. These results demonstrate physiological symmetry and thus balanced bilateral excitatory inputs to NL neurons. The activity-dependent anti-homeostatic plasticity of mGluR modulation constitutes a novel mechanism regulating synaptic transmission in response to sensory input manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Rebecca J Curry
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
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Physiological evidence of sensory integration in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of Gnathonemus petersii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194347. [PMID: 29641541 PMCID: PMC5894992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mormyrid fish rely on reafferent input for active electrolocation. Their electrosensory input consists of phase and amplitude information. These are encoded by differently tuned receptor cells within the Mormyromasts, A- and B-cells, respectively, which are distributed over the animal’s body. These convey their information to two topographically ordered medullary zones in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). The so-called medial zone receives only amplitude information, while the dorsolateral zone receives amplitude and phase information. Using both sources of information, Mormyrid fish can disambiguate electrical impedances. Where and how this disambiguation takes place is presently unclear. We here investigate phase-sensitivity downstream from the electroreceptors. We provide first evidence of phase-sensitivity in the medial zone of ELL. In this zone I-cells consistently decreased their rate to positive phase-shifts (6 of 20 cells) and increased their rate to negative shifts (11/20), while E-cells of the medial zone (3/9) responded oppositely to I-cells. In the dorsolateral zone the responses of E- and I-cells were opposite to those found in the medial zone. Tracer injections revealed interzonal projections that interconnect the dorsolateral and medial zones in a somatotopic manner. In summary, we show that phase information is processed differently in the dorsolateral and the medial zones. This is the first evidence for a mechanism that enhances the contrast between two parallel sensory channels in Mormyrid fish. This could be beneficial for impedance discrimination that ultimately must rely on a subtractive merging of these two sensory streams.
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Panniello M, King AJ, Dahmen JC, Walker KMM. Local and Global Spatial Organization of Interaural Level Difference and Frequency Preferences in Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:350-369. [PMID: 29136122 PMCID: PMC5991210 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of microelectrode recordings, fundamental questions remain about how auditory cortex represents sound-source location. Here, we used in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging to measure the sensitivity of layer II/III neurons in mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) to interaural level differences (ILDs), the principal spatial cue in this species. Although most ILD-sensitive neurons preferred ILDs favoring the contralateral ear, neurons with either midline or ipsilateral preferences were also present. An opponent-channel decoder accurately classified ILDs using the difference in responses between populations of neurons that preferred contralateral-ear-greater and ipsilateral-ear-greater stimuli. We also examined the spatial organization of binaural tuning properties across the imaged neurons with unprecedented resolution. Neurons driven exclusively by contralateral ear stimuli or by binaural stimulation occasionally formed local clusters, but their binaural categories and ILD preferences were not spatially organized on a more global scale. In contrast, the sound frequency preferences of most neurons within local cortical regions fell within a restricted frequency range, and a tonotopic gradient was observed across the cortical surface of individual mice. These results indicate that the representation of ILDs in mouse A1 is comparable to that of most other mammalian species, and appears to lack systematic or consistent spatial order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Panniello
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes C Dahmen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kerry M M Walker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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Vasquez-Lopez SA, Weissenberger Y, Lohse M, Keating P, King AJ, Dahmen JC. Thalamic input to auditory cortex is locally heterogeneous but globally tonotopic. eLife 2017; 6:25141. [PMID: 28891466 PMCID: PMC5614559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Topographic representation of the receptor surface is a fundamental feature of sensory cortical organization. This is imparted by the thalamus, which relays information from the periphery to the cortex. To better understand the rules governing thalamocortical connectivity and the origin of cortical maps, we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the properties of thalamic axons innervating different layers of mouse auditory cortex. Although tonotopically organized at a global level, we found that the frequency selectivity of individual thalamocortical axons is surprisingly heterogeneous, even in layers 3b/4 of the primary cortical areas, where the thalamic input is dominated by the lemniscal projection. We also show that thalamocortical input to layer 1 includes collaterals from axons innervating layers 3b/4 and is largely in register with the main input targeting those layers. Such locally varied thalamocortical projections may be useful in enabling rapid contextual modulation of cortical frequency representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Weissenberger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lohse
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Keating
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes C Dahmen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Limitations of Neural Map Topography for Decoding Spatial Information. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5385-96. [PMID: 27170134 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0385-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Topographic maps are common throughout the nervous system, yet their functional role is still unclear. In particular, whether they are necessary for decoding sensory stimuli is unknown. Here we examined this question by recording population activity at the cellular level from the larval zebrafish tectum in response to visual stimuli at three closely spaced locations in the visual field. Due to map imprecision, nearby stimulus locations produced intermingled tectal responses, and decoding based on map topography yielded an accuracy of only 64%. In contrast, maximum likelihood decoding of stimulus location based on the statistics of the evoked activity, while ignoring any information about the locations of neurons in the map, yielded an accuracy close to 100%. A simple computational model of the zebrafish visual system reproduced these results. Although topography is a useful initial decoding strategy, we suggest it may be replaced by better methods following visual experience. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A very common feature of brain wiring is that neighboring points on a sensory surface (eg, the retina) are connected to neighboring points in the brain. It is often assumed that this "topography" of wiring is essential for decoding sensory stimuli. However, here we show in the developing zebrafish that topographic decoding performs very poorly compared with methods that do not rely on topography. This suggests that, although wiring topography could provide a starting point for decoding at a very early stage in development, it may be replaced by more accurate methods as the animal gains experience of the world.
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Ravi N, Sanchez-Guardado L, Lois C, Kelsch W. Determination of the connectivity of newborn neurons in mammalian olfactory circuits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:849-867. [PMID: 27695873 PMCID: PMC11107630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb is a forebrain structure just one synapse downstream from the olfactory sensory neurons and performs the complex computations of sensory inputs. The formation of this sensory circuit is shaped through activity-dependent and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that cell-type specific connectivity and the organization of synapses in dendritic compartments are determined through cell-intrinsic programs already preset in progenitor cells. These progenitor programs give rise to subpopulations within a neuron type that have distinct synaptic organizations. The intrinsically determined formation of distinct synaptic organizations requires factors from contacting cells that match the cell-intrinsic programs. While certain genes control wiring within the newly generated neurons, other regulatory genes provide intercellular signals and are only expressed in neurons that will form contacts with the newly generated cells. Here, the olfactory system has provided a useful model circuit to reveal the factors regulating assembly of the highly structured connectivity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ravi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luis Sanchez-Guardado
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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34
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Tsukano H, Horie M, Ohga S, Takahashi K, Kubota Y, Hishida R, Takebayashi H, Shibuki K. Reconsidering Tonotopic Maps in the Auditory Cortex and Lemniscal Auditory Thalamus in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:14. [PMID: 28293178 PMCID: PMC5330090 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory thalamus and auditory cortex (AC) are pivotal structures in the central auditory system. However, the thalamocortical mechanisms of processing sounds are largely unknown. Investigation of this process benefits greatly from the use of mice because the mouse is a powerful animal model in which various experimental techniques, especially genetic tools, can be applied. However, the use of mice has been limited in auditory research, and thus even basic anatomical knowledge of the mouse central auditory system has not been sufficiently collected. Recently, optical imaging combined with morphological analyses has enabled the elucidation of detailed anatomical properties of the mouse auditory system. These techniques have uncovered fine AC maps with multiple frequency-organized regions, each of which receives point-to-point thalamocortical projections from different origins inside the lemniscal auditory thalamus, the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGv). This precise anatomy now provides a platform for physiological research. In this mini review article, we summarize these recent achievements that will facilitate physiological investigations in the mouse auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsukano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinpei Ohga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Takahashi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Yamato Kubota
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hishida
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuei Shibuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
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Ohlemiller KK, Jones SM, Johnson KR. Application of Mouse Models to Research in Hearing and Balance. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2016; 17:493-523. [PMID: 27752925 PMCID: PMC5112220 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-016-0589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mice (Mus musculus) have become the major model species for inner ear research. The major uses of mice include gene discovery, characterization, and confirmation. Every application of mice is founded on assumptions about what mice represent and how the information gained may be generalized. A host of successes support the continued use of mice to understand hearing and balance. Depending on the research question, however, some mouse models and research designs will be more appropriate than others. Here, we recount some of the history and successes of the use of mice in hearing and vestibular studies and offer guidelines to those considering how to apply mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Sherri M Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Akram S, Simon JZ, Babadi B. Dynamic Estimation of the Auditory Temporal Response Function From MEG in Competing-Speaker Environments. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:1896-1905. [PMID: 28113290 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2628884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A central problem in computational neuroscience is to characterize brain function using neural activity recorded from the brain in response to sensory inputs with statistical confidence. Most of existing estimation techniques, such as those based on reverse correlation, exhibit two main limitations: first, they are unable to produce dynamic estimates of the neural activity at a resolution comparable with that of the recorded data, and second, they often require heavy averaging across time as well as multiple trials in order to construct statistical confidence intervals for a precise interpretation of data. In this paper, we address the above-mentioned issues for estimating auditory temporal response function (TRF) as a parametric computational model for selective auditory attention in competing-speaker environments. METHODS The TRF is a sparse kernel which regresses auditory MEG data with respect to the envelopes of the speech streams. We develop an efficient estimation technique by exploiting the sparsity of the TRF and adopting an ℓ1-regularized least squares estimator which is capable of producing dynamic TRF estimates as well as confidence intervals at sampling resolution from single-trial MEG data. RESULTS We evaluate the performance of our proposed estimator using evoked MEG responses from the human brain in an auditory attention experiment with two competing speakers. The TRFs are estimated dynamically over time using the proposed technique with multisecond resolution, which is a significant improvement over previous results with a temporal resolution of the order of a minute. CONCLUSION Application of our method to MEG data reveals a precise characterization of the modulation of M50 and M100 evoked responses with respect to the attentional state of the subject at multisecond resolution. SIGNIFICANCE Our proposed estimation technique provides a high resolution real-time attention decoding framework in multispeaker environments with potential application in smart hearing aid technology.
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37
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Brown MG, Lee CC. From Savannas to Settlements: Exploring Cognitive Foundations for the Design of Urban Spaces. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1607. [PMID: 27826264 PMCID: PMC5078783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban configurations in developing countries have become the subject of urban design, with good design promoting economic benefits. Yet, the common practice of urban design lacks a principled scientific foundation. In this respect, cognitive neuroscience could provide a unique perspective and potential foundational insights regarding how embodied cognition links configuration with movement. Although the neural networks that underlie navigation abilities in the brain have been extensively studied, the manner in which these networks might best constrain urban configurations has not been examined specifically. Moreover, it remains an open issue whether the neurological development and functional topographies in the brain that could potentially constrain such urban configurations might also replicate the geometric structures of those environments that were the cradle of human evolution. We propose urban grid-form settlement patterns may be a result of the naturally evolved structures of the human brain. We suggest then that a potential agenda for experimentation and debate could focus on neurological underpinnings of movement choices in urban places. Such an agenda would benefit from bridging a gap between C.P. Snow’s two cultures, i.e., among architects and neuroscientists. Here, we provide a perspective to engender such further dialog on the design of embodied urban spaces and the potential neural systems that may constrain their design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, USA
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38
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Maor I, Shalev A, Mizrahi A. Distinct Spatiotemporal Response Properties of Excitatory Versus Inhibitory Neurons in the Mouse Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:4242-4252. [PMID: 27600839 PMCID: PMC5066836 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the auditory system, early neural stations such as brain stem are characterized by strict tonotopy, which is used to deconstruct sounds to their basic frequencies. But higher along the auditory hierarchy, as early as primary auditory cortex (A1), tonotopy starts breaking down at local circuits. Here, we studied the response properties of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the auditory cortex of anesthetized mice. We used in vivo two photon-targeted cell-attached recordings from identified parvalbumin-positive neurons (PVNs) and their excitatory pyramidal neighbors (PyrNs). We show that PyrNs are locally heterogeneous as characterized by diverse best frequencies, pairwise signal correlations, and response timing. In marked contrast, neighboring PVNs exhibited homogenous response properties in pairwise signal correlations and temporal responses. The distinct physiological microarchitecture of different cell types is maintained qualitatively in response to natural sounds. Excitatory heterogeneity and inhibitory homogeneity within the same circuit suggest different roles for each population in coding natural stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Maor
- Department of Neurobiology
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Amos Shalev
- Department of Neurobiology
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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39
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Binder JR, Conant LL, Humphries CJ, Fernandino L, Simons SB, Aguilar M, Desai RH. Toward a brain-based componential semantic representation. Cogn Neuropsychol 2016; 33:130-74. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1147426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Functional and anatomical studies have clearly demonstrated that auditory cortex is populated by multiple subfields. However, functional characterization of those fields has been largely the domain of animal electrophysiology, limiting the extent to which human and animal research can inform each other. In this study, we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize human auditory cortical subfields using a variety of low-level acoustic features in the spectral and temporal domains. Specifically, we show that topographic gradients of frequency preference, or tonotopy, extend along two axes in human auditory cortex, thus reconciling historical accounts of a tonotopic axis oriented medial to lateral along Heschl's gyrus and more recent findings emphasizing tonotopic organization along the anterior-posterior axis. Contradictory findings regarding topographic organization according to temporal modulation rate in acoustic stimuli, or "periodotopy," are also addressed. Although isolated subregions show a preference for high rates of amplitude-modulated white noise (AMWN) in our data, large-scale "periodotopic" organization was not found. Organization by AM rate was correlated with dominant pitch percepts in AMWN in many regions. In short, our data expose early auditory cortex chiefly as a frequency analyzer, and spectral frequency, as imposed by the sensory receptor surface in the cochlea, seems to be the dominant feature governing large-scale topographic organization across human auditory cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we examine the nature of topographic organization in human auditory cortex with fMRI. Topographic organization by spectral frequency (tonotopy) extended in two directions: medial to lateral, consistent with early neuroimaging studies, and anterior to posterior, consistent with more recent reports. Large-scale organization by rates of temporal modulation (periodotopy) was correlated with confounding spectral content of amplitude-modulated white-noise stimuli. Together, our results suggest that the organization of human auditory cortex is driven primarily by its response to spectral acoustic features, and large-scale periodotopy spanning across multiple regions is not supported. This fundamental information regarding the functional organization of early auditory cortex will inform our growing understanding of speech perception and the processing of other complex sounds.
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41
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Bidelman GM, Nelms C, Bhagat SP. Musical experience sharpens human cochlear tuning. Hear Res 2016; 335:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Ohmae S, Tanaka M. Two different mechanisms for the detection of stimulus omission. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20615. [PMID: 26847381 PMCID: PMC4742881 DOI: 10.1038/srep20615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we can detect slight changes in musical rhythm, the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that two distinct mechanisms are automatically selected depending on the speed of the rhythm. When human subjects detected a single omission of isochronous repetitive auditory stimuli, reaction time strongly depended on the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) for shorter SOAs (<250 ms), but was almost constant for longer SOAs. For shorter SOAs, subjects were unable to detect stimulus omission when either monaural stimuli or those in different frequencies were randomly presented. In contrast, for longer SOAs, reaction time increased when different tempos were presented simultaneously to different ears. These results suggest that depending on the speed of rhythms, the brain may use either temporal grouping of discrete sounds or temporal prediction of upcoming stimuli to detect the absence of a regular stimulus. Because we also found a similar relationship between reaction time and SOA for both visual and tactile stimuli, dual detection strategies could be generalized to other sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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43
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O'Connell MN, Barczak A, Ross D, McGinnis T, Schroeder CE, Lakatos P. Multi-Scale Entrainment of Coupled Neuronal Oscillations in Primary Auditory Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:655. [PMID: 26696866 PMCID: PMC4673342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies demonstrate that when the frequency of rhythmic tone sequences or streams is task relevant, ongoing excitability fluctuations (oscillations) of neuronal ensembles in primary auditory cortex (A1) entrain to stimulation in a frequency dependent way that sharpens frequency tuning. The phase distribution across A1 neuronal ensembles at time points when attended stimuli are predicted to occur reflects the focus of attention along the spectral attribute of auditory stimuli. This study examined how neuronal activity is modulated if only the temporal features of rhythmic stimulus streams are relevant. We presented macaques with auditory clicks arranged in 33 Hz (gamma timescale) quintets, repeated at a 1.6 Hz (delta timescale) rate. Such multi-scale, hierarchically organized temporal structure is characteristic of vocalizations and other natural stimuli. Monkeys were required to detect and respond to deviations in the temporal pattern of gamma quintets. As expected, engagement in the auditory task resulted in the multi-scale entrainment of delta- and gamma-band neuronal oscillations across all of A1. Surprisingly, however, the phase-alignment, and thus, the physiological impact of entrainment differed across the tonotopic map in A1. In the region of 11–16 kHz representation, entrainment most often aligned high excitability oscillatory phases with task-relevant events in the input stream and thus resulted in response enhancement. In the remainder of the A1 sites, entrainment generally resulted in response suppression. Our data indicate that the suppressive effects were due to low excitability phase delta oscillatory entrainment and the phase amplitude coupling of delta and gamma oscillations. Regardless of the phase or frequency, entrainment appeared stronger in left A1, indicative of the hemispheric lateralization of auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N O'Connell
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - A Barczak
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - D Ross
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - T McGinnis
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - C E Schroeder
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, NY, USA
| | - P Lakatos
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, NY, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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44
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Whissell PD, Cajanding JD, Fogel N, Kim JC. Comparative density of CCK- and PV-GABA cells within the cortex and hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:124. [PMID: 26441554 PMCID: PMC4585045 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK)- and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons constitute the two major populations of perisomatic GABAergic neurons in the cortex and the hippocampus. As CCK- and PV-GABA neurons differ in an array of morphological, biochemical and electrophysiological features, it has been proposed that they form distinct inhibitory ensembles which differentially contribute to network oscillations and behavior. However, the relationship and balance between CCK- and PV-GABA neurons in the inhibitory networks of the brain is currently unclear as the distribution of these cells has never been compared on a large scale. Here, we systemically investigated the distribution of CCK- and PV-GABA cells across a wide number of discrete forebrain regions using an intersectional genetic approach. Our analysis revealed several novel trends in the distribution of these cells. While PV-GABA cells were more abundant overall, CCK-GABA cells outnumbered PV-GABA cells in several subregions of the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral temporal cortex. Interestingly, CCK-GABA cells were relatively more abundant in secondary/association areas of the cortex (V2, S2, M2, and AudD/AudV) than they were in corresponding primary areas (V1, S1, M1, and Aud1). The reverse trend was observed for PV-GABA cells. Our findings suggest that the balance between CCK- and PV-GABA cells in a given cortical region is related to the type of processing that area performs; inhibitory networks in the secondary cortex tend to favor the inclusion of CCK-GABA cells more than networks in the primary cortex. The intersectional genetic labeling approach employed in the current study expands upon the ability to study molecularly defined subsets of GABAergic neurons. This technique can be applied to the investigation of neuropathologies which involve disruptions to the GABAergic system, including schizophrenia, stress, maternal immune activation and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Whissell
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Fogel
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada ; Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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45
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Noda T, Takahashi H. Anesthetic effects of isoflurane on the tonotopic map and neuronal population activity in the rat auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2298-311. [PMID: 26118739 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly four decades ago, sequential microelectrode mapping using hundreds of recording sites has been able to reveal a precise tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex. Despite concerns regarding the effects that anesthesia might have on neuronal responses to tones, anesthesia was essential for these experiments because such dense mapping was elaborate and time-consuming. Here, taking an 'all-at-once' approach, we investigated how isoflurane modifies spatiotemporal activities by using a dense microelectrode array. The array covered the entire auditory cortex in rats, including the core and belt cortices. By comparing neuronal activity in the awake state with activity under isoflurane anesthesia, we made four observations. First, isoflurane anesthesia did not modify the tonotopic topography within the auditory cortex. Second, in terms of general response properties, isoflurane anesthesia decreased the number of active single units and increased their response onset latency. Third, in terms of tuning properties, isoflurane anesthesia shifted the response threshold without changing the shape of the frequency response area and decreased the response quality. Fourth, in terms of population activities, isoflurane anesthesia increased the noise correlations in discharges and phase synchrony in local field potential (LFP) oscillations, suggesting that the anesthesia made neuronal activities redundant at both single-unit and LFP levels. Thus, while isoflurane anesthesia had little effect on the tonotopic topography, its profound effects on neuronal activities decreased the encoding capacity of the auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Noda
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Givat Ram Jerusalem, Israel;
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Osmanski MS, Wang X. Behavioral dependence of auditory cortical responses. Brain Topogr 2015; 28:365-78. [PMID: 25690831 PMCID: PMC4409507 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural responses in the auditory cortex have historically been measured from either anesthetized or awake but non-behaving animals. A growing body of work has begun to focus instead on recording from auditory cortex of animals actively engaged in behavior tasks. These studies have shown that auditory cortical responses are dependent upon the behavioral state of the animal. The longer ascending subcortical pathway of the auditory system and unique characteristics of auditory processing suggest that such dependencies may have a more profound influence on cortical processing in the auditory system compared to other sensory systems. It is important to understand the nature of these dependencies and their functional implications. In this article, we review the literature on this topic pertaining to cortical processing of sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Osmanski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Traylor 410, Baltimore, MD, 21025, USA,
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48
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Evidence for differential modulation of primary and nonprimary auditory cortex by forward masking in tinnitus. Hear Res 2015; 327:9-27. [PMID: 25937134 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that tinnitus is generated by aberrant neural activity that develops among neurons in tonotopic of regions of primary auditory cortex (A1) affected by hearing loss, which is also the frequency region where tinnitus percepts localize (Eggermont and Roberts 2004; Roberts et al., 2010, 2013). These models suggest (1) that differences between tinnitus and control groups of similar age and audiometric function should depend on whether A1 is probed in tinnitus frequency region (TFR) or below it, and (2) that brain responses evoked from A1 should track changes in the tinnitus percept when residual inhibition (RI) is induced by forward masking. We tested these predictions by measuring (128-channel EEG) the sound-evoked 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) known to localize tonotopically to neural sources in A1. For comparison the N1 transient response localizing to distributed neural sources in nonprimary cortex (A2) was also studied. When tested under baseline conditions where tinnitus subjects would have heard their tinnitus, ASSR responses were larger in a tinnitus group than in controls when evoked by 500 Hz probes while the reverse was true for tinnitus and control groups tested with 5 kHz probes, confirming frequency-dependent group differences in this measure. On subsequent trials where RI was induced by masking (narrow band noise centered at 5 kHz), ASSR amplitude increased in the tinnitus group probed at 5 kHz but not in the tinnitus group probed at 500 Hz. When collapsed into a single sample tinnitus subjects reporting comparatively greater RI depth and duration showed comparatively larger ASSR increases after masking regardless of probe frequency. Effects of masking on ASSR amplitude in the control groups were completely reversed from those in the tinnitus groups, with no change seen to 5 kHz probes but ASSR increases to 500 Hz probes even though the masking sound contained no energy at 500 Hz (an "off-frequency" masking effect). In contrast to these findings for the ASSR, N1 amplitude was larger in tinnitus than control groups at both probe frequencies under baseline conditions, decreased after masking in all conditions, and did not relate to RI. These results suggest that aberrant neural activity occurring in the TFR of A1 underlies tinnitus and its modulation during RI. They indicate further that while neural changes occur in A2 in tinnitus, these changes do not reflect the tinnitus percept. Models for tinnitus and forward masking are described that integrate these findings within a common framework.
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49
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Beetz MJ, El Jundi B, Heinze S, Homberg U. Topographic organization and possible function of the posterior optic tubercles in the brain of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1589-607. [PMID: 25557150 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Migrating desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, are able to use the skylight polarization pattern for navigation. They detect polarized light with a specialized dorsal rim area in their compound eye. After multistage processing, polarization signals are transferred to the central complex, a midline-spanning brain area involved in locomotor control. Polarization-sensitive tangential neurons (TB-neurons) of the protocerebral bridge, a part of the central complex, give rise to a topographic arrangement of preferred polarization angles in the bridge, suggesting that the central complex acts as an internal sky compass. TB-neurons connect the protocerebral bridge with two adjacent brain areas, the posterior optic tubercles. To analyze the polarotopic organization of the central complex further, we investigated the number and morphologies of TB-neurons and the presence and colocalization of three neuroactive substances in these neurons. Triple immunostaining with antisera against Diploptera punctata allatostatin (Dip-AST), Manduca sexta allatotropin (Mas-AT), and serotonin (5HT) raised in the same host species revealed three spatially distinct TB-neuron clusters, each consisting of 10 neurons per hemisphere: cluster 1 and 3 showed Dip-AST/5HT immunostaining, whereas cluster 2 showed Dip-AST/Mas-AT immunostaining. Five subtypes of TB-neuron could be distinguished based on ramification patterns. Corresponding to ramification domains in the protocerebral bridge, the neurons invaded distinct but overlapping layers within the posterior optic tubercle. Similarly, neurons interconnecting the tubercles of the two hemispheres also targeted distinct layers of these neuropils. From these data we propose a neuronal circuit that may be suited to stabilize the internal sky compass in the central complex of the locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jerome Beetz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Basil El Jundi
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stanley Heinze
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Homberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
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50
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Plasticity in developing brain: active auditory exposure impacts prelinguistic acoustic mapping. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13349-63. [PMID: 25274814 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0972-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major task across infancy is the creation and tuning of the acoustic maps that allow efficient native language processing. This process crucially depends on ongoing neural plasticity and keen sensitivity to environmental cues. Development of sensory mapping has been widely studied in animal models, demonstrating that cortical representations of the sensory environment are continuously modified by experience. One critical period for optimizing human language mapping is early in the first year; however, the neural processes involved and the influence of passive compared with active experience are as yet incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that, while both active and passive acoustic experience from 4 to 7 months of age, using temporally modulated nonspeech stimuli, impacts acoustic mapping, active experience confers a significant advantage. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we show that active experience increases perceptual vigilance/attention to environmental acoustic stimuli (e.g., larger and faster P2 peaks) when compared with passive experience or maturation alone. Faster latencies are also seen for the change discrimination peak (N2*) that has been shown to be a robust infant predictor of later language through age 4 years. Sharpening is evident for both trained and untrained stimuli over and above that seen for maturation alone. Effects were also seen on ERP morphology for the active experience group with development of more complex waveforms more often seen in typically developing 12- to 24-month-old children. The promise of selectively "fine-tuning" acoustic mapping as it emerges has far-reaching implications for the amelioration and/or prevention of developmental language disorders.
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