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Zhao X, Wang Y, Mouilleau V, Solak AC, Garcia J, Chen X, Wilkinson CJ, Royer L, Dong Z, Guo S. PCM1 conveys centrosome asymmetry to polarized endosome dynamics in regulating daughter cell fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599416. [PMID: 38948739 PMCID: PMC11212863 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate radial glia progenitors (RGPs), the principal neural stem cells, balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which unequal inheritance of centrosomes is observed. Mechanistically, how centrosome asymmetry leads to distinct daughter cell fate remains largely unknown. Here we find that the centrosome protein Pericentriolar Material 1 (Pcm1), asymmetrically distributed at the centrosomes, regulates polarized endosome dynamics and RGP fate. In vivo time-lapse imaging and nanoscale-resolution expansion microscopy of zebrafish embryonic RGPs detect Pcm1 on Notch ligand-containing endosomes, in a complex with the polarity regulator Par-3 and dynein motor. Loss of pcm1 disrupts endosome dynamics, with clonal analysis uncovering increased neuronal production at the expense of progenitors. Pcm1 facilitates an exchange of Rab5b (early) for Rab11a (recycling) endosome markers and promotes the formation of Par-3 and dynein macromolecular complexes on recycling endosomes. Finally, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, PCM1 shows asymmetry and co-localization with PARD3 and RAB11A in mitotic neural progenitors. Our data reveal a new mechanism by which centrosome asymmetry is conveyed by Pcm1 to polarize endosome dynamics and Notch signaling in regulating ACD and progenitor fate.
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2
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Wu J, Tan HY, Chan YT, Lu Y, Feng Z, Yuan H, Zhang C, Feng Y, Wang N. PARD3 drives tumorigenesis through activating Sonic Hedgehog signalling in tumour-initiating cells in liver cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:42. [PMID: 38317186 PMCID: PMC10845773 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Par-3 Family Cell Polarity Regulator (PARD3) is a cellular protein essential for asymmetric cell division and polarized growth. This study aimed to study the role of PARD3 in hepatic tumorigenesis. METHODS The essential role of PARD3 in mediating hepatic tumorigenesis was assessed in diet-induced spontaneous liver tumour and syngeneic tumour models. The mechanism of PARD3 was delineated by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. The clinical significance of PARD3 was identified by tissue array analysis. RESULTS PARD3 was overexpressed in tumour tissues and PARD3 overexpression was positively correlated with high tumour stage as well as the poor prognosis in patients. In models of spontaneous liver cancer induced by choline-deficient, amino acid-defined (CDAA) and methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diets, upregulation of PARD3 was induced specifically at the tumorigenesis stage rather than other early stages of liver disease progression. Site-directed knockout of PARD3 using an adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8)-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 single-guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmid blocked hepatic tumorigenesis, while PARD3 overexpression accelerated liver tumour progression. In particular, single-cell sequencing analysis suggested that PARD3 was enriched in primitive tumour cells and its overexpression enhanced tumour-initiating cell (TICs). Overexpression of PARD3 maintained the self-renewal ability of the CD133+ TIC population within hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and promoted the in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity of CD133+ TICs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalling was activated in PARD3-overexpressing CD133+ TICs. Mechanistically, PARD3 interacted with aPKC to further activate SHH signalling and downstream stemness-related genes. Suppression of SHH signalling and aPKC expression attenuated the in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity of PARD3-overexpressing CD133+ TICs. Tissue array analysis revealed that PARD3 expression was positively associated with the phosphorylation of aPKC, SOX2 and Gli1 and that the combination of these markers could be used to stratify HCC patients into two clusters with different clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival prognoses. The natural compound berberine was selected as a potent suppressor of PARD3 expression and could be used as a preventive agent for liver cancer that completely blocks diet-induced hepatic tumorigenesis in a PARD3-dependent manner. CONCLUSION This study revealed PARD3 as a potential preventive target of liver tumorigenesis via TIC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Chinese Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yau-Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zixin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongchao Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Wang NB, Lende-Dorn BA, Adewumi HO, Beitz AM, Han P, O'Shea TM, Galloway KE. Proliferation history and transcription factor levels drive direct conversion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.26.568736. [PMID: 38077004 PMCID: PMC10705288 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.26.568736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The sparse and stochastic nature of reprogramming has obscured our understanding of how transcription factors drive cells to new identities. To overcome this limit, we developed a compact, portable reprogramming system that increases direct conversion of fibroblasts to motor neurons by two orders of magnitude. We show that subpopulations with different reprogramming potentials are distinguishable by proliferation history. By controlling for proliferation history and titrating each transcription factor, we find that conversion correlates with levels of the pioneer transcription factor Ngn2, whereas conversion shows a biphasic response to Lhx3. Increasing the proliferation rate of adult human fibroblasts generates morphologically mature, induced motor neurons at high rates. Using compact, optimized, polycistronic cassettes, we generate motor neurons that graft with the murine central nervous system, demonstrating the potential for in vivo therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Honour O Adewumi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adam M Beitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M O'Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kate E Galloway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Katsura M, Urade Y, Nansai H, Kobayashi M, Taguchi A, Ishikawa Y, Ito T, Fukunaga H, Tozawa H, Chikaoka Y, Nakaki R, Echigo A, Kohro T, Sone H, Wada Y. Low-dose radiation induces unstable gene expression in developing human iPSC-derived retinal ganglion organoids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12888. [PMID: 37558727 PMCID: PMC10412642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of low-dose radiation on undifferentiated cells carry important implications. However, the effects on developing retinal cells remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the gene expression characteristics of neuronal organoids containing immature human retinal cells under low-dose radiation and predicted their changes. Developing retinal cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were irradiated with either 30 or 180 mGy on days 4-5 of development for 24 h. Genome-wide gene expression was observed until day 35. A knowledge-based pathway analysis algorithm revealed fluctuations in Rho signaling and many other pathways. After a month, the levels of an essential transcription factor of eye development, the proportion of paired box 6 (PAX6)-positive cells, and the proportion of retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific transcription factor POU class 4 homeobox 2 (POU4F2)-positive cells increased with 30 mGy of irradiation. In contrast, they decreased after 180 mGy of irradiation. Activation of the "development of neurons" pathway after 180 mGy indicated the dedifferentiation and development of other neural cells. Fluctuating effects after low-dose radiation exposure suggest that developing retinal cells employ hormesis and dedifferentiation mechanisms in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Katsura
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Reiwa Eye Clinic, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nansai
- Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Kobayashi
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akashi Taguchi
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ito
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisako Fukunaga
- Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Chikaoka
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takahide Kohro
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Environmental Health and Prevention Research Unit, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Xu J, Deng X, Gu A, Cai Y, Huang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wen W, Xie Y. Ccdc85c-Par3 condensates couple cell polarity with Notch to control neural progenitor proliferation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112677. [PMID: 37352102 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity proteins regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to generate neurons during brain development through multiple signaling pathways. However, how cell polarity couples the signaling pathways remains unclear. Here, we show that coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85c (Ccdc85c) interacts with the polarity protein Par3 to regulate the proliferation of radial glial cells (RGCs) via phase separation coupled to percolation (PSCP). We find that the interaction with Ccdc85c relieves the intramolecular auto-inhibition of Par3, which leads to PSCP of Par3. Downregulation of Ccdc85c causes RGC differentiation. Importantly, the open conformation of Par3 facilitates the recruitment of the Notch regulator Numb to the Par3 condensates, which might prevent the attenuation of Notch activity to maintain RGC proliferation. Furthermore, ectopic activation of Notch signaling rescues RGC proliferation defects caused by the downregulation of Ccdc85c. These results suggest that Ccdc85c-mediated PSCP of Par3 regulates Notch signaling to control RGC proliferation during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aihong Gu
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuqun Cai
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yunli Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Samanta P, Bhowmik A, Biswas S, Sarkar R, Ghosh R, Pakhira S, Mondal M, Sen S, Saha P, Hajra S. Therapeutic Effectiveness of Anticancer Agents Targeting Different Signaling Molecules Involved in Asymmetric Division of Cancer Stem Cell. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10523-3. [PMID: 36952080 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Intra-tumoral heterogeneity is maintained by cancer stem cells (CSCs) with dysregulated self-renewal and asymmetric cell division (ACD). According to the cancer stem cell theory, by ACD a CSC can generate two daughter progenies with different fates such as one cancer stem cell and one differentiated cell. Therefore, this type of mitotic division supports vital process of the maintenance of CSC population. But this CSC pool reservation by ACD complicates the treatment of cancer patients, as CSCs give rise to aggressive clones which are prone to metastasis and drug-insensitivity. Hence, identification of therapeutic modalities which can target ACD of cancer stem cell is an intriguing part of cancer research. In this review, other than the discussion about the extrinsic inducers of ACD role of different proteins, miRNAs and lncRNAs in this type of cell division is also mentioned. Other than these, mode of action of the proven and potential drugs targeting ACD of CSC is also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samanta
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
| | - Souradeep Biswas
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Rupali Sarkar
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Shampa Pakhira
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Mrinmoyee Mondal
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Soummadeep Sen
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Prosenjit Saha
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Subhadip Hajra
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
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7
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Liu W, Xie H, Liu X, Xu S, Cheng S, Wang Z, Xie T, Zhang ZC, Han J. PQBP1 regulates striatum development through balancing striatal progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112277. [PMID: 36943865 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for maintaining the neural progenitor pool and brain development. Although the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation and differentiation at the transcriptional level have been studied intensively, post-transcriptional regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation remains largely unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the alternative splicing regulator PQBP1 in striatal progenitors results in defective striatal development due to impaired neurogenesis of spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Pqbp1-deficient striatal progenitors exhibit declined proliferation and increased differentiation, resulting in a reduced striatal progenitor pool. We further reveal that PQBP1 associates with components in splicing machinery. The alternative splicing profiles identify that PQBP1 promotes the exon 9 inclusion of Numb, a variant that mediates progenitor proliferation. These findings identify PQBP1 as a regulator in balancing striatal progenitor proliferation and differentiation and provide alternative insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying Renpenning syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shoujing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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8
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D’Arcy BR, Lennox AL, Manso Musso C, Bracher A, Escobar-Tomlienovich C, Perez-Sanchez S, Silver DL. Non-muscle myosins control radial glial basal endfeet to mediate interneuron organization. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001926. [PMID: 36854011 PMCID: PMC9974137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are essential for the generation and organization of neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGCs have an elongated bipolar morphology with basal and apical endfeet that reside in distinct niches. Yet, how this subcellular compartmentalization of RGCs controls cortical development is largely unknown. Here, we employ in vivo proximity labeling, in the mouse, using unfused BirA to generate the first subcellular proteome of RGCs and uncover new principles governing local control of cortical development. We discover a cohort of proteins that are significantly enriched in RGC basal endfeet, with MYH9 and MYH10 among the most abundant. Myh9 and Myh10 transcripts also localize to endfeet with distinct temporal dynamics. Although they each encode isoforms of non-muscle myosin II heavy chain, Myh9 and Myh10 have drastically different requirements for RGC integrity. Myh9 loss from RGCs decreases branching complexity and causes endfoot protrusion through the basement membrane. In contrast, Myh10 controls endfoot adhesion, as mutants have unattached apical and basal endfeet. Finally, we show that Myh9- and Myh10-mediated regulation of RGC complexity and endfoot position non-cell autonomously controls interneuron number and organization in the marginal zone. Our study demonstrates the utility of in vivo proximity labeling for dissecting local control of complex systems and reveals new mechanisms for dictating RGC integrity and cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R. D’Arcy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Lennox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Camila Manso Musso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Annalise Bracher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carla Escobar-Tomlienovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephany Perez-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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9
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Zhu P, Zheng P, Kong X, Wang S, Cao M, Zhao C. Rassf7a promotes spinal cord regeneration and controls spindle orientation in neural progenitor cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54984. [PMID: 36408859 PMCID: PMC9827555 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause long-lasting disability in mammals due to the lack of axonal regrowth together with the inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis at the injury site. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells is critical for understanding spinal neurogenesis after injury. Compared with mammals, zebrafish show a remarkable capability of spinal cord regeneration. Here, we show that Rassf7a, a member of the Ras-association domain family, promotes spinal cord regeneration after injury. Zebrafish larvae harboring a rassf7a mutation show spinal cord regeneration and spinal neurogenesis defects. Live imaging shows abnormal asymmetric neurogenic divisions and spindle orientation defects in mutant neural progenitor cells. In line with this, the expression of rassf7a is enriched in neural progenitor cells. Subcellular analysis shows that Rassf7a localizes to the centrosome and is essential for cell cycle progression. Our data indicate a role for Rassf7a in modulating spindle orientation and the proliferation of neural progenitor cells after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xinlong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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Andrews MG, Subramanian L, Salma J, Kriegstein AR. How mechanisms of stem cell polarity shape the human cerebral cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:711-724. [PMID: 36180551 PMCID: PMC10571506 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apical-basal progenitor cell polarity establishes key features of the radial and laminar architecture of the developing human cortex. The unique diversity of cortical stem cell populations and an expansion of progenitor population size in the human cortex have been mirrored by an increase in the complexity of cellular processes that regulate stem cell morphology and behaviour, including their polarity. The study of human cells in primary tissue samples and human stem cell-derived model systems (such as cortical organoids) has provided insight into these processes, revealing that protein complexes regulate progenitor polarity by controlling cell membrane adherence within appropriate cortical niches and are themselves regulated by cytoskeletal proteins, signalling molecules and receptors, and cellular organelles. Studies exploring how cortical stem cell polarity is established and maintained are key for understanding the features of human brain development and have implications for neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Ideaya Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jahan Salma
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Hirose T, Sugitani Y, Kurihara H, Kazama H, Kusaka C, Noda T, Takahashi H, Ohno S. PAR3 restricts the expansion of neural precursor cells by regulating hedgehog signaling. Development 2022; 149:277212. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During brain development, neural precursor cells (NPCs) expand initially, and then switch to generating stage-specific neurons while maintaining self-renewal ability. Because the NPC pool at the onset of neurogenesis crucially affects the final number of each type of neuron, tight regulation is necessary for the transitional timing from the expansion to the neurogenic phase in these cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this transition are poorly understood. Here, we report that the telencephalon-specific loss of PAR3 before the start of neurogenesis leads to increased NPC proliferation at the expense of neurogenesis, resulting in disorganized tissue architecture. These NPCs demonstrate hyperactivation of hedgehog signaling in a smoothened-dependent manner, as well as defects in primary cilia. Furthermore, loss of PAR3 enhanced ligand-independent ciliary accumulation of smoothened and an inhibitor of smoothened ameliorated the hyperproliferation of NPCs in the telencephalon. Thus, these findings support the idea that PAR3 has a crucial role in the transition of NPCs from the expansion phase to the neurogenic phase by restricting hedgehog signaling through the establishment of ciliary integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hirose
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Sugitani
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Juntendo University School of Medicine 3 Department of Pathology and Oncology , , Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Department of Anatomy and Life Structure , , Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Aino University 5 , Osaka 567-0012 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Kazama
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Chiho Kusaka
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Director's Room, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 6 , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
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12
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Filippone MG, Freddi S, Zecchini S, Restelli S, Colaluca IN, Bertalot G, Pece S, Tosoni D, Di Fiore PP. Aberrant phosphorylation inactivates Numb in breast cancer causing expansion of the stem cell pool. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213525. [PMID: 36200956 PMCID: PMC9545709 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a key tumor suppressor mechanism that prevents the uncontrolled expansion of the stem cell (SC) compartment by generating daughter cells with alternative fates: one retains SC identity and enters quiescence and the other becomes a rapidly proliferating and differentiating progenitor. A critical player in this process is Numb, which partitions asymmetrically at SC mitosis and inflicts different proliferative and differentiative fates in the two daughters. Here, we show that asymmetric Numb partitioning per se is insufficient for the proper control of mammary SC dynamics, with differential phosphorylation and functional inactivation of Numb in the two progeny also required. The asymmetric phosphorylation/inactivation of Numb in the progenitor is mediated by the atypical PKCζ isoform. This mechanism is subverted in breast cancer via aberrant activation of PKCs that phosphorylate Numb in both progenies, leading to symmetric division and expansion of the cancer SC compartment, associated with aggressive disease. Thus, Numb phosphorylation represents a target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Filippone
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Freddi
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Restelli
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Nicola Colaluca
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Tosoni
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IEO-IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,Correspondence to Pier Paolo Di Fiore:
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13
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Lv T, Xu J, Yuan H, Wang J, Jiang X. Dual Function of Par3 in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:915957. [PMID: 35875120 PMCID: PMC9305838 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.915957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell maintenance and the establishment of cell polarity involve complicated interactions among multiple protein complexes as well as the regulation of different signaling pathways. As an important cell polarity protein, Par3 is evolutionarily conserved and involved in tight junction formation as well as tumorigenesis. In this review, we aimed to explore the function of Par3 in tumorigenesis. Research has shown that Par3 exhibits dual functions in human cancers, both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive. Here, we focus on the activities of Par3 in different stages and types of tumors, aiming to offer a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the functions of Par3 in tumor development. Tumor origin, tumor microenvironment, tumor type, cell density, cell–cell contact, and the synergistic effect of Par3 and other tumor-associated signaling pathways may be important reasons for the dual function of Par3. The important role of Par3 in mammalian tumorigenesis and potential signaling pathways is context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of Qujing Natural History and Early Vertebrate Evolution, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Jiashun Xu
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Hemei Yuan
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianling Wang, ; Xinni Jiang,
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianling Wang, ; Xinni Jiang,
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14
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Metabolic lactate production coordinates vasculature development and progenitor behavior in the developing mouse neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:865-875. [PMID: 35726058 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proper neural progenitor behavior in conjunction with orderly vasculature formation is fundamental to the development of the neocortex. However, the mechanisms coordinating neural progenitor behavior and vessel growth remain largely elusive. Here we show that robust metabolic production of lactate by radial glial progenitors (RGPs) co-regulates vascular development and RGP division behavior in the developing mouse neocortex. RGPs undergo a highly organized lineage progression program to produce diverse neural progeny. Systematic single-cell metabolic state analysis revealed that RGPs and their progeny exhibit distinct metabolic features associated with specific cell types and lineage progression statuses. Symmetrically dividing, proliferative RGPs preferentially express a cohort of genes that support glucose uptake and anaerobic glycolysis. Consequently, they consume glucose in anaerobic metabolism and produce a high level of lactate, which promotes vessel growth. Moreover, lactate production enhances RGP proliferation by maintaining mitochondrial length. Together, these results suggest that specific metabolic states and metabolites coordinately regulate vasculature formation and progenitor behavior in neocortical development.
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15
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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16
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Casas Gimeno G, Paridaen JTML. The Symmetry of Neural Stem Cell and Progenitor Divisions in the Vertebrate Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885269. [PMID: 35693936 PMCID: PMC9174586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust brain development requires the tight coordination between tissue growth, neuronal differentiation and stem cell maintenance. To achieve this, neural stem cells need to balance symmetric proliferative and terminal divisions with asymmetric divisions. In recent years, the unequal distribution of certain cellular components in mitosis has emerged as a key mechanism to regulate the symmetry of division, and the determination of equal and unequal sister cell fates. Examples of such components include polarity proteins, signaling components, and cellular structures such as endosomes and centrosomes. In several types of neural stem cells, these factors show specific patterns of inheritance that correlate to specific cell fates, albeit the underlying mechanism and the potential causal relationship is not always understood. Here, we review these examples of cellular neural stem and progenitor cell asymmetries and will discuss how they fit into our current understanding of neural stem cell function in neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. We will focus mainly on the vertebrate brain, though we will incorporate relevant examples from invertebrate organisms as well. In particular, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complexities related cellular asymmetries in determining division mode outcomes, and how these mechanisms are spatiotemporally regulated to match the different needs for proliferation and differentiation as the brain forms.
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17
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Progenitor-Based Cell Biological Aspects of Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892922. [PMID: 35602606 PMCID: PMC9119302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the decision of stem and progenitor cells to switch from proliferation to differentiation is of critical importance for the overall size of an organ. Too early a switch will deplete the stem/progenitor cell pool, and too late a switch will not generate the required differentiated cell types. With a focus on the developing neocortex, a six-layered structure constituting the major part of the cerebral cortex in mammals, we discuss here the cell biological features that are crucial to ensure the appropriate proliferation vs. differentiation decision in the neural progenitor cells. In the last two decades, the neural progenitor cells giving rise to the diverse types of neurons that function in the neocortex have been intensely investigated for their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. In this review, we will first describe these different progenitor types and their diversity. We will then review the various cell biological features associated with the cell fate decisions of these progenitor cells, with emphasis on the role of the radial processes emanating from these progenitor cells. We will also discuss the species-specific differences in these cell biological features that have allowed for the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in humans. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of cell cycle parameters in neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
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18
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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19
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Zhao X, Garcia J, Royer LA, Guo S. Colocalization Analysis for Cryosectioned and Immunostained Tissue Samples with or without Label Retention Expansion Microscopy (LR-ExM) by JACoP. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4336. [PMID: 35592606 PMCID: PMC8918214 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is fundamental for balancing cell proliferation and differentiation in metazoans. During active neurogenesis in the developing zebrafish forebrain, radial glia progenitors (RGPs) mainly undergo ACD to produce one daughter with high activity of Delta/Notch signaling (proliferative cell fate) and another daughter with low Delta/Notch signaling (differentiative cell fate). The cell polarity protein partitioning-defective 3 (Par-3) is critical for regulating this process. To understand how polarized Par-3 on the cell cortex can lead to differential Notch activity in the nuclei of daughter cells, we combined an anti-Delta D (Dld) -atto 647N antibody uptake assay with label retention expansion microscopy (LR-ExM), to obtain high resolution immunofluorescent images of Par-3, dynein light intermediate chain 1 (Dlic1), and Dld endosomes in mitotic RGPs. We then developed a protocol for analyzing the colocalization of Par-3, Dlic1, and endosomal DeltaD, using JACoP (Just Another Co-localization Plugin) in ImageJ software (Bolte and Cordelières, 2006). Through such analyses, we have shown that cytosolic Par-3 is associated with Dlic1 on Dld endosomes. Our work demonstrates a direct involvement of Par-3 in dynein-mediated polarized transport of Notch signaling endosomes. This bio-protocol may be generalizable for analysis of protein co-localization in any cryosectioned and immunostained tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Fan B, Zhang Q, Wang N, Wang G. LncRNAs, the Molecules Involved in Communications With Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811374. [PMID: 35155247 PMCID: PMC8829571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) can actively self-renew, as well as having multidirectional differentiation and tumor regeneration abilities. Because the high functional activities of CRCSCs are associated with low cure rates in patients with colorectal cancer, efforts have sought to determine the function and regulatory mechanisms of CRCSCs. To date, however, the potential regulatory mechanisms of CRCSCs remain incompletely understood. Many non-coding genes are involved in tumor invasion and spread through their regulation of CRCSCs, with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) being important non-coding RNAs. LncRNAs may be involved in the colorectal cancer development and drug resistance through their regulation of CRCSCs. This review systematically evaluates the latest research on the ability of lncRNAs to regulate CRCSC signaling pathways and the involvement of these lncRNAs in colorectal cancer promotion and suppression. The regulatory network of lncRNAs in the CRCSC signaling pathway has been determined. Further analysis of the potential clinical applications of lncRNAs as novel clinical diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer may provide new ideas and protocols for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Fan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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21
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Par3 regulates the asymmetric division of basal stem cells in psoriasis via the Par3/mInsc/LGN signaling axis. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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23
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Bestetti I, Barbieri C, Sironi A, Specchia V, Yatsenko SA, De Donno MD, Caslini C, Gentilini D, Crippa M, Larizza L, Marozzi A, Rajkovic A, Toniolo D, Bozzetti MP, Finelli P. Targeted whole exome sequencing and Drosophila modelling to unveil the molecular basis of primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2975-2991. [PMID: 34480478 PMCID: PMC8523209 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can a targeted whole exome sequencing (WES) on a cohort of women showing a primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) phenotype at a young age, combined with a study of copy number variations, identify variants in candidate genes confirming their deleterious effect on ovarian function? SUMMARY ANSWER This integrated approach has proved effective in identifying novel candidate genes unveiling mechanisms involved in POI pathogenesis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY POI, a condition occurring in 1% of women under 40 years of age, affects women’s fertility leading to a premature loss of ovarian reserve. The genetic causes of POI are highly heterogeneous and several determinants contributing to its prominent oligogenic inheritance pattern still need to be elucidated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION WES screening for pathogenic variants of 41 Italian women with non-syndromic primary and early secondary amenorrhoea occurring before age 25 was replicated on another 60 POI patients, including 35 French and 25 American women, to reveal statistically significant shared variants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The Italian POI patients’ DNA were processed by targeted WES including 542 RefSeq genes expressed or functioning during distinct reproductive or ovarian processes (e.g. DNA repair, meiosis, oocyte maturation, folliculogenesis and menopause). Extremely rare variants were filtered and selected by means of a Fisher Exact test using several publicly available datasets. A case-control Burden test was applied to highlight the most significant genes using two ad-hoc control female cohorts. To support the obtained data, the identified genes were screened on a novel cohort of 60 Caucasian POI patients and the same case-control analysis was carried out. Comparative analysis of the human identified genes was performed on mouse and Drosophila melanogaster by analysing the orthologous genes in their ovarian phenotype, and two of the selected genes were fruit fly modelled to explore their role in fertility. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The filtering steps applied to search for extremely rare pathogenic variants in the Italian cohort revealed 64 validated single-nucleotide variants/Indels in 59 genes in 30 out of 41 screened women. Burden test analysis highlighted 13 ovarian genes as being the most enriched and significant. To validate these findings, filtering steps and Burden analysis on the second cohort of Caucasian patients yielded 11 significantly enriched genes. Among them, AFP, DMRT3, MOV10, FYN and MYC were significant in both patient cohorts and hence were considered strong candidates for POI. Mouse and Drosophila comparative analysis evaluated a conserved role through the evolution of several candidates, and functional studies using a Drosophila model, when applicable, supported the conserved role of the MOV10 armitage and DMRT3 dmrt93B orthologues in female fertility. LARGE SCALE DATA The datasets for the Italian cohort generated during the current study are publicly available at ClinVar database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/): accession numbers SCV001364312 to SCV001364375. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a targeted WES analysis hunting variants in candidate genes previously identified by different genomic approaches. For most of the investigated sporadic cases, we could not track the parental inheritance, due to unavailability of the parents’ DNA samples; in addition, we might have overlooked additional rare variants in novel candidate POI genes extracted from the exome data. On the contrary, we might have considered some inherited variants whose clinical significance is uncertain and might not be causative for the patients’ phenotype. Additionally, as regards the Drosophila model, it will be extremely important in the future to have more mutants or RNAi strains available for each candidate gene in order to validate their role in POI pathogenesis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The genomic, statistical, comparative and functional approaches integrated in our study convincingly support the extremely heterogeneous oligogenic nature of POI, and confirm the maintenance across the evolution of some key genes safeguarding fertility and successful reproduction. Two principal classes of genes were identified: (i) genes primarily involved in meiosis, namely in synaptonemal complex formation, asymmetric division and oocyte maturation and (ii) genes safeguarding cell maintenance (piRNA and DNA repair pathways). STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by Italian Ministry of Health grants ‘Ricerca Corrente’ (08C621_2016 and 08C924_2019) provided to IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, and by ‘Piano Sostegno alla Ricerca’ (PSR2020_FINELLI_LINEA_B) provided by the University of Milan; M.P.B. was supported by Telethon-Italy (grant number GG14181). There are no conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bestetti
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - C Barbieri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - A Sironi
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - V Specchia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M D De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - C Caslini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - D Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Crippa
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - L Larizza
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Marozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rajkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San, Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - M P Bozzetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Finelli
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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24
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Dadras MS, Caja L, Mezheyeuski A, Liu S, Gélabert C, Gomez-Puerto MC, Gallini R, Rubin CJ, Ten Dijke P, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The polarity protein Par3 coordinates positively self-renewal and negatively invasiveness in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:932. [PMID: 34642295 PMCID: PMC8511086 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a brain malignancy characterized by invasiveness to the surrounding brain tissue and by stem-like cells, which propagate the tumor and may also regulate invasiveness. During brain development, polarity proteins, such as Par3, regulate asymmetric cell division of neuro-glial progenitors and neurite motility. We, therefore, studied the role of the Par3 protein (encoded by PARD3) in GBM. GBM patient transcriptomic data and patient-derived culture analysis indicated diverse levels of expression of PARD3 across and independent from subtypes. Multiplex immunolocalization in GBM tumors identified Par3 protein enrichment in SOX2-, CD133-, and NESTIN-positive (stem-like) cells. Analysis of GBM cultures of the three subtypes (proneural, classical, mesenchymal), revealed decreased gliomasphere forming capacity and enhanced invasiveness upon silencing Par3. GBM cultures with suppressed Par3 showed low expression of stemness (SOX2 and NESTIN) but higher expression of differentiation (GFAP) genes. Moreover, Par3 silencing reduced the expression of a set of genes encoding mitochondrial enzymes that generate ATP. Accordingly, silencing Par3 reduced ATP production and concomitantly increased reactive oxygen species. The latter was required for the enhanced migration observed upon silencing of Par3 as anti-oxidants blocked the enhanced migration. These findings support the notion that Par3 exerts homeostatic redox control, which could limit the tumor cell-derived pool of oxygen radicals, and thereby the tumorigenicity of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Laia Caja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Gélabert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Abstract
The human brain is characterized by the large size and intricate folding of its cerebral cortex, which are fundamental for our higher cognitive function and frequently altered in pathological dysfunction. Cortex folding is not unique to humans, nor even to primates, but is common across mammals. Cortical growth and folding are the result of complex developmental processes that involve neural stem and progenitor cells and their cellular lineages, the migration and differentiation of neurons, and the genetic programs that regulate and fine-tune these processes. All these factors combined generate mechanical stress and strain on the developing neural tissue, which ultimately drives orderly cortical deformation and folding. In this review we examine and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular, cellular, histogenic and mechanical mechanisms that are involved in and influence folding of the cerebral cortex, and how they emerged and changed during mammalian evolution. We discuss the main types of pathological malformations of human cortex folding, their specific developmental origin, and how investigating their genetic causes has illuminated our understanding of key events involved. We close our review by presenting the state-of-the-art animal and in vitro models of cortex folding that are currently used to study these devastating developmental brain disorders in children, and what are the main challenges that remain ahead of us to fully understand brain folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Valle Anton
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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26
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Lechler T, Mapelli M. Spindle positioning and its impact on vertebrate tissue architecture and cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:691-708. [PMID: 34158639 PMCID: PMC10544824 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular systems, oriented cell divisions are essential for morphogenesis and homeostasis as they determine the position of daughter cells within the tissue and also, in many cases, their fate. Early studies in invertebrates led to the identification of conserved core mechanisms of mitotic spindle positioning centred on the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex. In recent years, much has been learnt about the way this complex functions in vertebrate cells. In particular, studies addressed how the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex dynamically crosstalks with astral microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton, and how it is regulated to orient the spindle according to cellular and tissue-wide cues. We have also begun to understand how dynein motors and actin regulators interact with mechanosensitive adhesion molecules sensing extracellular mechanical stimuli, such as cadherins and integrins, and with signalling pathways so as to respond to extracellular cues instructing the orientation of the division axis in vivo. In this Review, with the focus on epithelial tissues, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation in vertebrate cells, and how this machinery is regulated by epithelial cues and extracellular signals to maintain tissue cohesiveness during mitosis. We also outline recent knowledge of how spindle orientation impacts tissue architecture in epithelia and its emerging links to the regulation of cell fate decisions. Finally, we describe how defective spindle orientation can be corrected or its effects eliminated in tissues under physiological conditions, and the pathological implications associated with spindle misorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
Somatic stem cells are distinguished by their capacity to regenerate themselves and also to produce daughter cells that will differentiate. Self-renewal is achieved through the process of asymmetric cell division which helps to sustain tissue morphogenesis as well as maintain homeostasis. Asymmetric cell division results in the development of two daughter cells with different fates after a single mitosis. Only one daughter cell maintains "stemness" while the other differentiates and achieves a non-stem cell fate. Stem cells also have the capacity to undergo symmetric division of cells that results in the development of two daughter cells which are identical. Symmetric division results in the expansion of the stem cell population. Imbalances and deregulations in these processes can result in diseases such as cancer. Adult mammary stem cells (MaSCs) are a group of cells that play a critical role in the expansion of the mammary gland during puberty and any subsequent pregnancies. Furthermore, given the relatively long lifespans and their capability to undergo self-renewal, adult stem cells have been suggested as ideal candidates for transformation events that lead to the development of cancer. With the possibility that MaSCs can act as the source cells for distinct breast cancer types; understanding their regulation is an important field of research. In this review, we discuss asymmetric cell division in breast/mammary stem cells and implications on further research. We focus on the background history of asymmetric cell division, asymmetric cell division monitoring techniques, identified molecular mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division, and the role asymmetric cell division may play in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian W Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Head-Cellular Engineering Laboratory, 401-1 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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28
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Kalebic N, Namba T. Inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity: a clue for understanding human brain development and evolution. Development 2021; 148:272121. [PMID: 34499710 PMCID: PMC8451944 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamentally important for understanding brain development. Here, we hypothesize that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity during neocortex development could be implicated in neocortical evolutionary expansion. Molecular and morphological features of cell polarity may be inherited from one type of progenitor cell to the other and finally transmitted to neurons. Furthermore, key cell types, such as basal progenitors and neurons, exhibit a highly flexible polarity. We suggest that both inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the amplification of basal progenitors and tangential dispersion of neurons, which are key features of the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Summary: We suggest that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the evolutionary expansion of the developing neocortex by promoting the amplification of neural progenitors and tangential migration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:256-266. [PMID: 34303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the primary microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, centrosomes regulate microtubule cytoskeleton to support various cellular behaviors. They also serve as the base for nucleating primary cilia, the hub of diverse signaling pathways. Cells typically possess one centrosome that contains two inequal centrioles and undergoes semi-conservative duplication during cell division, resulting in two centrosomes with an inherent asymmetry in age and properties. While the centrosome is ubiquitously present, mutations of centrosome proteins are strongly associated with human microcephaly characterized by a small cerebral cortex, underscoring the importance of an intact centrosome in supporting cortical neurogenesis. Here we review recent advances on centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neural progenitors and discuss the implications for a better understanding of cortical neurogenesis and related disease mechanisms.
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30
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Neural specification, targeting, and circuit formation during visual system assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101823118. [PMID: 34183440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101823118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other sensory systems, the visual system is topographically organized: Its sensory neurons, the photoreceptors, and their targets maintain point-to-point correspondence in physical space, forming a retinotopic map. The iterative wiring of circuits in the visual system conveniently facilitates the study of its development. Over the past few decades, experiments in Drosophila have shed light on the principles that guide the specification and connectivity of visual system neurons. In this review, we describe the main findings unearthed by the study of the Drosophila visual system and compare them with similar events in mammals. We focus on how temporal and spatial patterning generates diverse cell types, how guidance molecules distribute the axons and dendrites of neurons within the correct target regions, how vertebrates and invertebrates generate their retinotopic map, and the molecules and mechanisms required for neuronal migration. We suggest that basic principles used to wire the fly visual system are broadly applicable to other systems and highlight its importance as a model to study nervous system development.
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31
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Peña-Corona SI, Vásquez Aguire WS, Vargas D, Juárez I, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA. Effects of bisphenols on Blood-Testis Barrier protein expression in vitro: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:139-148. [PMID: 34146661 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols are a group of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals that produce alterations in the expression of intercellular junction proteins of the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) involved in spermatogenesis. The association between bisphenol exposure and BTB protein expression is controversial. Therefore, we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify bisphenol effects on Sertoli cell BTB protein expression in vitro. The Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was used to evaluate the association between alterations in the BTB protein expression and bisphenol exposure in vitro. Six articles were included in the meta-analysis. Bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure at 200 μM was associated with significant decrease in BTB protein expression (SMD = -2.70, 95 %CI: -3.59, -1.80, p het = 0.46, p = <0.00001). In the moderate (40-50 μM) and low dose (<25 μM), no significant associations were obtained. We also found a non-monotonic dose-response curve of bisphenol effect in ZO-1 protein expression; low and high doses presented a significant decrease compared to control, while moderate dose presented no change. The current temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (tTDI) of BPA is 4 μg/kg bw/day. The 5-25 μM doses of BPA are equivalent to ∼1-5 mg/kg bw, respectively. Although the low dose group (<25 μM) assessed doses below the previous NOAEL value, these doses are above the current tTDI. Thus, it is necessary to conduct more studies with lower bisphenol concentrations to avoid underestimating the potential adverse effects of bisphenols at doses below tTDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Irais Peña-Corona
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Walker Sixto Vásquez Aguire
- Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Escuela Académica de Estadística, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos 15081, Lima, Peru
| | - Dinorah Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Juárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - C Adriana Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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32
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Zhao X, Garcia JQ, Tong K, Chen X, Yang B, Li Q, Dai Z, Shi X, Seiple IB, Huang B, Guo S. Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytoplasmic Par-3 that recruits dynein during asymmetric cell division. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1244. [PMID: 34117063 PMCID: PMC8195473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the developing embryos, the cortical polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing Notch signaling asymmetry between daughter cells during asymmetric cell division (ACD). How cortically localized Par-3 establishes asymmetric Notch activity in the nucleus is not understood. Here, using in vivo time-lapse imaging of mitotic radial glia progenitors in the developing zebrafish forebrain, we uncover that during horizontal ACD along the anteroposterior embryonic axis, endosomes containing the Notch ligand DeltaD (Dld) move toward the cleavage plane and preferentially segregate into the posterior (subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and dynein motor complex. Using label retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol colocalizing the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (Dlic1) onto Dld endosomes. Par-3, Dlic1, and Dld are associated in protein complexes in vivo. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which cytoplasmic Par-3 directly polarizes Notch signaling components during ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kai Tong
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingye Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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33
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The polarity protein PARD3 and cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4245-4262. [PMID: 34099863 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue disorganisation is one of the main hallmarks of cancer. Polarity proteins are responsible for the arrangement of cells within epithelial tissues through the asymmetric organisation of cellular components. Partition defective 3 (PARD3) is a master regulator of the Par polarity complex primarily due to its ability to form large complexes via its self-homologous binding domain. In addition to its role in polarity, PARD3 is a scaffolding protein that binds to intracellular signalling molecules, many of which are frequently deregulated in cancer. The role of PARD3 has been implicated in multiple solid cancers as either a tumour suppressor or promoter. This dual functionality is both physiologically and cell context dependent. In this review, we will discuss PARD3's role in tumourigenesis in both laboratory and clinical settings. We will also review several of the mechanisms underpinning PARD3's function including its association with intracellular signalling pathways and its role in the regulation of asymmetric cell division.
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34
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Shohayeb B, Muzar Z, Cooper HM. Conservation of neural progenitor identity and the emergence of neocortical neuronal diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:4-13. [PMID: 34083116 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One paramount challenge for neuroscientists over the past century has been to identify the embryonic origins of the enormous diversity of cortical neurons found in the adult human neocortex and to unravel the developmental processes governing their emergence. In all mammals, including humans, the radial glia lining the ventricles of the embryonic telencephalon, more recently reclassified as apical radial glia (aRGs), have been identified as the neural progenitors giving rise to all excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons of the six-layered cortex. In this review, we explore the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate aRG function and the generation of neuronal diversity in the dorsal telencephalon. We survey the key structural features essential for the retention of the highly polarized aRG morphology and therefore impose aRG identity after cytokinesis. We discuss how these structures and associated molecular signaling complexes influence aRG proliferative capacity and the decision to undergo proliferative self-renewing symmetric or neurogenic asymmetric divisions. We also explore the intriguing and complex question of how the extensive neuronal diversity within the adult neocortex arises from the small aRG population located within the cortical proliferative zone. We further highlight the recent clonal lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptomic profiling studies providing compelling evidence that individual neuronal identity emerges as a consequence of exposure to temporally regulated extrinsic cues which coordinate waves of transcriptional activity that evolve over time to drive neuronal commitment and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Shohayeb
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Zukhrofi Muzar
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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35
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Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Dynamics of cortical progenitors and production of subcerebral neurons are altered in embryos of a maternal inflammation model for autism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1535-1550. [PMID: 31740755 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The broad impairments in cognitive and neurologic functioning found in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) patients are thought to originate during early prenatal developmental stages. Indeed, postmortem and imaging studies in ASD patients detected white-matter abnormalities, as well as prefrontal and temporal cortex deficits, evident from early childhood. Here, we used Maternal Immune Activation (MIA), a mouse model for ASD, in which the offsprings exhibit Autistic-like behaviors as well as cortical abnormalities. However, the dynamics that influence the number and the identity of newly born cortical neurons following maternal inflammation remains unknown. Our study shows early changes in the duration of the S-phase of PAX6+ progenitors, leading to an increased proportion of neurogenic divisions and a reciprocal decrease in the proliferative divisions. In two different time points of maternal inflammation, MIA resulted in an overproduction of CTIP2+ cortical neurons, which remained overrepresented at the end of gestation and in postnatal mice. Interestingly, MIA-resistant IL6-KO mice did not exhibit these changes. Lastly, we propose that elevated levels of the transcription factor PAX6 following MIA supports the overproduction of CTIP2+ neurons. Taken together, our data reveals a possible link between maternal immune activation and the excess of cortical neurons found in the cortex of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Ben-Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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36
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Shen Z, Lin Y, Yang J, Jörg DJ, Peng Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Hernandez L, Ma J, Simons BD, Shi SH. Distinct progenitor behavior underlying neocortical gliogenesis related to tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108853. [PMID: 33730566 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) give rise to the vast majority of neurons and glia in the neocortex. Although RGP behavior and progressive generation of neocortical neurons have been delineated, the exact process of neocortical gliogenesis remains elusive. Here, we report the precise progenitor behavior and gliogenesis program at single-cell resolution in the mouse neocortex. Fractions of dorsal RGPs transition from neurogenesis to gliogenesis progressively, producing astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or both in well-defined propensities of ∼60%, 15%, and 25%, respectively, by fate-restricted "intermediate" precursor cells (IPCs). Although the total number of IPCs generated by individual RGPs appears stochastic, the output of individual IPCs exhibit clear patterns in number and subtype and form discrete local subclusters. Clonal loss of tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 1 leads to excessive production of glia selectively, especially oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These results quantitatively delineate the cellular program of neocortical gliogenesis and suggest the cellular and lineage origin of primary brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfu Shen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Lin
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David J Jörg
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Yuwei Peng
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luisirene Hernandez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Chakraborty R, Vijay Kumar MJ, Clement JP. Critical aspects of neurodevelopment. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107415. [PMID: 33647449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have the unique ability to adapt to their environment by making use of external inputs. In the process, the brain is shaped by experiences that go hand-in-hand with optimisation of neural circuits. As such, there exists a time window for the development of different brain regions, each unique for a particular sensory modality, wherein the propensity of forming strong, irreversible connections are high, referred to as a critical period of development. Over the years, this domain of neurodevelopmental research has garnered considerable attention from many scientists, primarily because of the intensive activity-dependent nature of development. This review discusses the cellular, molecular, and neurophysiological bases of critical periods of different sensory modalities, and the disorders associated in cases the regulators of development are dysfunctional. Eventually, the neurobiological bases of the behavioural abnormalities related to developmental pathologies are discussed. A more in-depth insight into the development of the brain during the critical period of plasticity will eventually aid in developing potential therapeutics for several neurodevelopmental disorders that are categorised under critical period disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India
| | - M J Vijay Kumar
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India.
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Oproescu AM, Han S, Schuurmans C. New Insights Into the Intricacies of Proneural Gene Regulation in the Embryonic and Adult Cerebral Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:642016. [PMID: 33658912 PMCID: PMC7917194 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.642016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the mammalian brain was thought to lack stem cells as no new neurons were found to be made in adulthood. That dogma changed ∼25 years ago with the identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult rodent forebrain. However, unlike rapidly self-renewing mature tissues (e.g., blood, intestinal crypts, skin), the majority of adult NSCs are quiescent, and those that become 'activated' are restricted to a few neurogenic zones that repopulate specific brain regions. Conversely, embryonic NSCs are actively proliferating and neurogenic. Investigations into the molecular control of the quiescence-to-proliferation-to-differentiation continuum in the embryonic and adult brain have identified proneural genes encoding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) as critical regulators. These bHLH TFs initiate genetic programs that remove NSCs from quiescence and drive daughter neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to differentiate into specific neural cell subtypes, thereby contributing to the enormous cellular diversity of the adult brain. However, new insights have revealed that proneural gene activities are context-dependent and tightly regulated. Here we review how proneural bHLH TFs are regulated, with a focus on the murine cerebral cortex, drawing parallels where appropriate to other organisms and neural tissues. We discuss upstream regulatory events, post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation), protein-protein interactions, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms that govern bHLH TF expression, stability, localization, and consequent transactivation of downstream target genes. These tight regulatory controls help to explain paradoxical findings of changes to bHLH activity in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Oproescu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sisu Han
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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39
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Thompson BJ. Par-3 family proteins in cell polarity & adhesion. FEBS J 2021; 289:596-613. [PMID: 33565714 PMCID: PMC9290619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Par‐3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR‐3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par‐3 (PARD3), and human Par‐3‐like (PARD3B). The C. elegans PAR‐3 protein localises to the anterior pole of asymmetrically dividing zygotes with cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and PAR‐6. The same C. elegans ‘PAR complex’ can also localise in an apical ring in epithelial cells. Drosophila Baz localises to the apical pole of asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6, while in epithelial cells localises both in an apical ring with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6 and with E‐cadherin at adherens junctions. These apical and junctional localisations have become separated in human PARD3, which is strictly apical in many epithelia, and human PARD3B, which is strictly junctional in many epithelia. We discuss the molecular basis for this fundamental difference in localisation, as well as the possible functions of Par‐3/Baz family proteins as oligomeric clustering agents at the apical domain or at adherens junctions in epithelial stem cells. The evolution of Par‐3 family proteins into distinct apical PARD3 and junctional PARD3B orthologs coincides with the emergence of stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates, where PARD3B, but not PARD3, is strongly expressed in basal layer stem cells – which lack a typical apical domain. We speculate that PARD3B may contribute to clustering of E‐cadherin, signalling from adherens junctions via Src family kinases or mitotic spindle orientation by adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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40
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Centrosome dysfunction in human diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cell-to-Cell Adhesion and Neurogenesis in Human Cortical Development: A Study Comparing 2D Monolayers with 3D Organoid Cultures. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:264-280. [PMID: 33513360 PMCID: PMC7878838 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids (ORGs) are increasingly used as models of cerebral cortical development. Here, we compared transcriptome and cellular phenotypes between telencephalic ORGs and monolayers (MONs) generated in parallel from three biologically distinct induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Multiple readouts revealed increased proliferation in MONs, which was caused by increased integrin signaling. MONs also exhibited altered radial glia (RG) polarity and suppression of Notch signaling, as well as impaired generation of intermediate progenitors, outer RG, and cortical neurons, which were all partially reversed by reaggregation of dissociated cells. Network analyses revealed co-clustering of cell adhesion, Notch-related transcripts and their transcriptional regulators in a module strongly downregulated in MONs. The data suggest that ORGs, with respect to MONs, initiate more efficient Notch signaling in ventricular RG owing to preserved cell adhesion, resulting in subsequent generation of intermediate progenitors and outer RG, in a sequence that recapitulates the cortical ontogenetic process. Organoid’s radial glia cells engage efficient Notch signaling Monolayer hyperproliferation is due to increased integrin signaling Neurogenesis' arrest by cell dissociation is partially reversed with reaggregation
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Kunii M, Noguchi Y, Yoshimura SI, Kanda S, Iwano T, Avriyanti E, Atik N, Sato T, Sato K, Ogawa M, Harada A. SNAP23 deficiency causes severe brain dysplasia through the loss of radial glial cell polarity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e201910080. [PMID: 33332551 PMCID: PMC7754684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing brain, the polarity of neural progenitor cells, termed radial glial cells (RGCs), is important for neurogenesis. Intercellular adhesions, termed apical junctional complexes (AJCs), at the apical surface between RGCs are necessary for cell polarization. However, the mechanism by which AJCs are established remains unclear. Here, we show that a SNARE complex composed of SNAP23, VAMP8, and Syntaxin1B has crucial roles in AJC formation and RGC polarization. Central nervous system (CNS)-specific ablation of SNAP23 (NcKO) results in mice with severe hypoplasia of the neocortex and no hippocampus or cerebellum. In the developing NcKO brain, RGCs lose their polarity following the disruption of AJCs and exhibit reduced proliferation, increased differentiation, and increased apoptosis. SNAP23 and its partner SNAREs, VAMP8 and Syntaxin1B, are important for the localization of an AJC protein, N-cadherin, to the apical plasma membrane of RGCs. Altogether, SNARE-mediated localization of N-cadherin is essential for AJC formation and RGC polarization during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuria Noguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Iwano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Erda Avriyanti
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Sato
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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Li Y, Yue J, Liu Y, Wu J, Guan M, Chen D, Pan H, Zhao X, Lu WW. Strontium regulates stem cell fate during osteogenic differentiation through asymmetric cell division. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:432-443. [PMID: 33148429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Strontium, a popular osteogenic component, has been incorporated into various types of orthopaedic biomaterials to enhance bone regeneration. Strontium performs dual effects in promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. Previous studies have focused on the effects of strontium ions (Sr2+) in regulating stem cell behavior to initiate regenerative capacity. However, its mechanisms for regulating the fate and homeostasis of stem cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the promotive effect of Sr2+ on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in response to Sr2+ treatment, stem cells performed asymmetric cell division to balance stemness maintenance and osteogenic differentiation. In initiating osteogenic differentiation, Sr2+ maintained more cells in the cell cycle by upregulating the population of S and G2/M phase cells, and this increase in the cell population contributed to enhanced osteogenic differentiation. The divided cells with different cell fates were observed, with one daughter cell maintained stemness, while the other committed to osteogenic lineage. Further investigation revealed that Sr2+ activated noncanonical Wnt signaling to regulate the expression and distribution of the Par complex, thus regulating cell division. As a result, the daughter cells committed to different cell fates due to the discriminately activation of osteogenic transcription factors caused by asymmetrically distributed Par3 and aPKC. The results of this study could facilitate the design of biomaterials for bone regeneration by providing a better understanding of cell fate determination regulated by strontium.
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Wang N, Wang DD, Hou X, Li X, Shen Y. Different roles of Numb-p72 and Numb-p65 on the trafficking of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:595-600. [PMID: 33394235 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Numb, a protein localized to clathrin-coated vesicles, regulates the membrane expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and is critical to social behaviors. However, the distinct actions of Numb isoforms on mGluR5 have not been investigated. Here, we showed that the expression patterns of Numb-p72 and Numb-p65, two important isoforms of Numb, were distinct in HEK293T cells. Numb-p72, but not Numb-p65, bound to mGluR5α, and enhanced mGluR5 membrane expression by inhibiting its internalization. Our results suggest that a complete structure is required for Numb to bind to mGluR5 and to modulate mGluR5 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of brain evolution, reaching its maximum complexity in terms of neuron number, diversity and functional circuitry. The emergence of this outstanding complexity begins during embryonic development, when a limited number of neural stem and progenitor cells manage to generate myriads of neurons in the appropriate numbers, types and proportions, in a process called neurogenesis. Here we review the current knowledge on the regulation of cortical neurogenesis, beginning with a description of the types of progenitor cells and their lineage relationships. This is followed by a review of the determinants of neuron fate, the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms, and considerations on the evolution of cortical neurogenesis in vertebrates leading to humans. We finish with an overview on how dysregulation of neurogenesis is a leading cause of human brain malformations and functional disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Nerli E, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Asymmetric neurogenic commitment of retinal progenitors involves Notch through the endocytic pathway. eLife 2020; 9:e60462. [PMID: 33141024 PMCID: PMC7679139 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain development, progenitor cells need to balanceproliferation and differentiation in order to generate different neurons in the correct numbers and proportions. Currently, the patterns of multipotent progenitor divisions that lead to neurogenic entry and the factors that regulate them are not fully understood. We here use the zebrafish retina to address this gap, exploiting its suitability for quantitative live-imaging. We show that early neurogenic progenitors arise from asymmetric divisions. Notch regulates this asymmetry, as when inhibited, symmetric divisions producing two neurogenic progenitors occur. Surprisingly however, Notch does not act through an apicobasal activity gradient as previously suggested, but through asymmetric inheritance of Sara-positive endosomes. Further, the resulting neurogenic progenitors show cell biological features different from multipotent progenitors, raising the possibility that an intermediate progenitor state exists in the retina. Our study thus reveals new insights into the regulation of proliferative and differentiative events during central nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nerli
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
| | - Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
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Li M, Knapp SK, Iden S. Mechanisms of melanocyte polarity and differentiation: What can we learn from other neuroectoderm-derived lineages? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:99-108. [PMID: 33099084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are neuroectoderm-derived pigment-producing cells with highly polarized dendritic morphology. They protect the skin against ultraviolet radiation by providing melanin to neighbouring keratinocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying melanocyte polarization and its relevance for diseases remain mostly elusive. Numerous studies have instead revealed roles for polarity regulators in other neuroectoderm-derived lineages including different neuronal cell types. Considering the shared ontogeny and morphological similarities, these lineages may be used as reference models for the exploration of melanocyte polarity, for example, regarding dendrite formation, spine morphogenesis and polarized organelle transport. In this review, we summarize and compare the latest progress in understanding polarity regulation in neuronal cells and melanocytes and project key open questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sina K Knapp
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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Recent Advances on the Role of GSK3β in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100675. [PMID: 32993098 PMCID: PMC7600609 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Although several studies on genes involved in ALS have substantially expanded and improved our understanding of ALS pathogenesis, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain poorly understood. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of GSK3β activity in neuronal cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous research indicates that GSK3β inactivation plays a neuroprotective role in ALS pathogenesis. GSK3β activity shows an increase in various ALS models and patients. Furthermore, GSK3β inhibition can suppress the defective phenotypes caused by SOD, TDP-43, and FUS expression in various models. This review focuses on the most recent studies related to the therapeutic effect of GSK3β in ALS and provides an overview of how the dysfunction of GSK3β activity contributes to ALS pathogenesis.
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Kusakabe R, Higuchi S, Tanaka M, Kadota M, Nishimura O, Kuratani S. Novel developmental bases for the evolution of hypobranchial muscles in vertebrates. BMC Biol 2020; 18:120. [PMID: 32907560 PMCID: PMC7488077 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrates are characterized by possession of hypobranchial muscles (HBMs). Cyclostomes, or modern jawless vertebrates, possess a rudimentary and superficial HBM lateral to the pharynx, whereas the HBM in jawed vertebrates is internalized and anteroposteriorly specified. Precursor cells of the HBM, marked by expression of Lbx1, originate from somites and undergo extensive migration before becoming innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. How the complex form of HBM arose in evolution is relevant to the establishment of the vertebrate body plan, but despite having long been assumed to be similar to that of limb muscles, modification of developmental mechanisms of HBM remains enigmatic. RESULTS Here we characterize the expression of Lbx genes in lamprey and hagfish (cyclostomes) and catshark (gnathostome; jawed vertebrates). We show that the expression patterns of the single cyclostome Lbx homologue, Lbx-A, do not resemble the somitic expression of mammalian Lbx1. Disruption of Lbx-A revealed that LjLbx-A is required for the formation of both HBM and body wall muscles, likely due to the insufficient extension of precursor cells rather than to hindered muscle differentiation. Both homologues of Lbx in the catshark were expressed in the somitic muscle primordia, unlike in amniotes. During catshark embryogenesis, Lbx2 is expressed in the caudal HBM as well as in the abdominal rectus muscle, similar to lamprey Lbx-A, whereas Lbx1 marks the rostral HBM and pectoral fin muscle. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the vertebrate HBM primarily emerged as a specialized somatic muscle to cover the pharynx, and the anterior internalized HBM of the gnathostomes is likely a novelty added rostral to the cyclostome-like HBM, for which duplication and functionalization of Lbx genes would have been a prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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González S, Halabi M, Ju D, Tsai M, Deng SX. Role of Jagged1-mediated Notch Signaling Activation in the Differentiation and Stratification of the Human Limbal Epithelium. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091945. [PMID: 32842657 PMCID: PMC7564045 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in proliferation and differentiation. We investigated the effect of Jagged 1 (Jag1)-mediated Notch signaling activation in the human limbal stem/progenitor cell (LSC) population and the stratification of the limbal epithelium in vitro. After Notch signaling activation, there was a reduction in the amount of the stem/progenitor cell population, epithelial stratification, and expression of proliferation markers. There was also an increase of the corneal epithelial differentiation. In the presence of Jag1, asymmetric divisions were decreased, and the expression pattern of the polarity protein Par3, normally present at the apical-lateral membrane of basal cells, was dispersed in the cells. We propose a mechanism in which Notch activation by Jag1 decreases p63 expression at the basal layer, which in turn reduces stratification by decreasing the number of asymmetric divisions and increases differentiation.
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