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Lobete M, Salinas T, Izquierdo-Bermejo S, Socas S, Oset-Gasque MJ, Martín-de-Saavedra MD. A methodology to globally assess ectodomain shedding using soluble fractions from the mouse brain. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1367526. [PMID: 38962061 PMCID: PMC11219901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1367526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding (ES) is a fundamental process involving the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound proteins, leading to the release of soluble extracellular fragments (shed ectodomains) with potential paracrine and autocrine signaling functions. In the central nervous system (CNS), ES plays pivotal roles in brain development, axonal regulation, synapse formation, and disease pathogenesis, spanning from cancer to Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence also suggests its potential involvement in neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and schizophrenia. Past investigations of ES in the CNS have primarily relied on cell culture supernatants or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, but these methods have limitations, offering limited insights into how ES is modulated in the intact brain parenchyma. In this study, we introduce a methodology for analyzing shed ectodomains globally within rodent brain samples. Through biochemical tissue subcellular separation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analysis, we show that the brain's soluble fraction sheddome shares significant molecular and functional similarities with in vitro neuronal and CSF sheddomes. This approach provides a promising means of exploring ES dynamics in the CNS, allowing for the evaluation of ES at different developmental stages and pathophysiological states. This methodology has the potential to help us deepen our understanding of ES and its role in CNS function and pathology, offering new insights and opportunities for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Dolores Martín-de-Saavedra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Xu N, Cao R, Chen SY, Gou XZ, Wang B, Luo HM, Gao F, Tang AH. Structural and functional reorganization of inhibitory synapses by activity-dependent cleavage of neuroligin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314541121. [PMID: 38657049 PMCID: PMC11067042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314541121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that the transsynaptic nanoscale organization of synaptic proteins plays a crucial role in regulating synaptic strength in excitatory synapses. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this transsynaptic nanostructure in inhibitory synapses still remains unclear and its impact on synapse function in physiological or pathological contexts has not been demonstrated. In this study, we utilized an engineered proteolysis technique to investigate the effects of acute cleavage of neuroligin-2 (NL2) on synaptic transmission. Our results show that the rapid cleavage of NL2 led to impaired synaptic transmission by reducing both neurotransmitter release probability and quantum size. These changes were attributed to the dispersion of RIM1/2 and GABAA receptors and a weakened spatial alignment between them at the subsynaptic scale, as observed through superresolution imaging and model simulations. Importantly, we found that endogenous NL2 undergoes rapid MMP9-dependent cleavage during epileptic activities, which further exacerbates the decrease in inhibitory transmission. Overall, our study demonstrates the significant impact of nanoscale structural reorganization on inhibitory transmission and unveils ongoing modulation of mature GABAergic synapses through active cleavage of NL2 in response to hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ran Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xu-Zhuo Gou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Mei Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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3
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Yamada K, Iwatsubo T. Involvement of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in Alzheimer's disease: insights into proteostasis and future directions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:192. [PMID: 38652179 PMCID: PMC11039514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins. There has long been a keen interest among researchers in understanding how Aβ and tau are ultimately cleared in the brain. The discovery of this glymphatic system introduced a novel perspective on protein clearance and it gained recognition as one of the major brain clearance pathways for clearing these pathogenic proteins in AD. This finding has sparked interest in exploring the potential contribution of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in AD. Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis and discussion regarding the possibility that activating the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy against AD. OBJECTIVES Given this current research trend, the primary focus of this comprehensive review is to highlight the role of the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of AD. The discussion will encompass future research directions and prospects for treatment in relation to the glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Sell GL, Barrow SL, McAllister AK. Glutamate signaling and neuroligin/neurexin adhesion play opposing roles that are mediated by major histocompatibility complex I molecules in cortical synapse formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.05.583626. [PMID: 38496590 PMCID: PMC10942384 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Although neurons release neurotransmitter before contact, the role for this release in synapse formation remains unclear. Cortical synapses do not require synaptic vesicle release for formation 1-4 , yet glutamate clearly regulates glutamate receptor trafficking 5,6 and induces spine formation 7-11 . Using a culture system to dissect molecular mechanisms, we found that glutamate rapidly decreases synapse density specifically in young cortical neurons in a local and calcium-dependent manner through decreasing NMDAR transport and surface expression as well as co-transport with neuroligin (NL1). Adhesion between NL1 and neurexin 1 protects against this glutamate-induced synapse loss. Major histocompatibility I (MHCI) molecules are required for the effects of glutamate in causing synapse loss through negatively regulating NL1 levels. Thus, like acetylcholine at the NMJ, glutamate acts as a dispersal signal for NMDARs and causes rapid synapse loss unless opposed by NL1-mediated trans-synaptic adhesion. Together, glutamate, MHCI and NL1 mediate a novel form of homeostatic plasticity in young neurons that induces rapid changes in NMDARs to regulate when and where nascent glutamatergic synapses are formed.
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Zhang Q, Xing M, Bao Z, Xu L, Bai Y, Chen W, Pan W, Cai F, Wang Q, Guo S, Zhang J, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Li JD, Song W. Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) mutations impair the essential α-secretase cleavages, leading to autism-like phenotypes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:51. [PMID: 38424048 PMCID: PMC10904759 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and ectodomain shedding of the CNTNAP2 protein plays a role in its function. However, key enzymes involved in the C-terminal cleavage of CNTNAP2 remain largely unknown, and the effect of ASD-associated mutations on this process and its role in ASD pathogenesis remain elusive. In this report we showed that CNTNAP2 undergoes sequential cleavages by furin, ADAM10/17-dependent α-secretase and presenilin-dependent γ-secretase. We identified that the cleavage sites of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in CNTNAP2 locate at its C-terminal residue I79 and L96, and the main α-cleavage product C79 by ADAM10 is required for the subsequent γ-secretase cleavage to generate CNTNAP2 intracellular domain (CICD). ASD-associated CNTNAP2 mutations impair the α-cleavage to generate C79, and the inhibition leads to ASD-like repetitive and social behavior abnormalities in the Cntnap2-I1254T knock-in mice. Finally, exogenous expression of C79 improves autism-like phenotypes in the Cntnap2-I1254T knock-in and Cntnap2-/- knockout mice. This data demonstrates that the α-secretase is essential for CNTNAP2 processing and its function. Our study indicates that inhibition of the cleavage by pathogenic mutations underlies ASD pathogenesis, and upregulation of its C-terminal fragments could have therapeutical potentials for ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mengen Xing
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhengkai Bao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Wanqi Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qunxian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Shipeng Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Weihong Song
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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6
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Lobb-Rabe M, Nawrocka WI, Zhang R, Ashley J, Carrillo RA, Özkan E. Neuronal Wiring Receptors Dprs and DIPs Are GPI Anchored and This Modification Contributes to Their Cell Surface Organization. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0184-23.2023. [PMID: 38233143 PMCID: PMC10863630 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0184-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Dpr and DIP proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins (CSPs). Their hetero- and homophilic interactions have been implicated in a variety of neuronal functions, including synaptic connectivity, cell survival, and axon fasciculation. However, the signaling pathways underlying these diverse functions are unknown. To gain insight into Dpr-DIP signaling, we sought to examine how these CSPs are associated with the membrane. Specifically, we asked whether Dprs and DIPs are integral membrane proteins or membrane anchored through the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. We demonstrate that most Dprs and DIPs are GPI anchored to the membrane of insect cells and validate these findings for some family members in vivo using Drosophila larvae, where GPI anchor cleavage results in loss of surface labeling. Additionally, we show that GPI cleavage abrogates aggregation of insect cells expressing cognate Dpr-DIP partners. To test if the GPI anchor affects Dpr and DIP localization, we replaced it with a transmembrane domain and observed perturbation of subcellular localization on motor neurons and muscles. These data suggest that membrane anchoring of Dprs and DIPs through GPI linkage is required for localization and that Dpr-DIP intracellular signaling likely requires transmembrane coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Wioletta I Nawrocka
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Engin Özkan
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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7
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Benner O, Cast TP, Minamide LS, Lenninger Z, Bamburg JR, Chanda S. Multiple N-linked glycosylation sites critically modulate the synaptic abundance of neuroligin isoforms. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105361. [PMID: 37865312 PMCID: PMC10679506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, elegant glycomic and glycoproteomic approaches have revealed an intricate glycosylation profile of mammalian brain with enormous spatial and temporal diversities. Nevertheless, at a cellular level, it is unclear how these post-translational modifications affect various proteins to influence crucial neuronal properties. Here, we have investigated the impact of N-linked glycosylation on neuroligins (NLGNs), a class of cell-adhesion molecules that play instructive roles in synapse organization. We found that endogenous NLGN proteins are differentially glycosylated across several regions of murine brain in a sex-independent but isoform-dependent manner. In both rodent primary neurons derived from brain sections and human neurons differentiated from stem cells, all NLGN variants were highly enriched with multiple N-glycan subtypes, which cumulatively ensured their efficient trafficking to the cell surface. Removal of these N-glycosylation residues only had a moderate effect on NLGNs' stability or expression levels but particularly enhanced their retention at the endoplasmic reticulum. As a result, the glycosylation-deficient NLGNs exhibited considerable impairments in their dendritic distribution and postsynaptic accumulation, which in turn, virtually eliminated their ability to recruit presynaptic terminals and significantly reduced NLGN overexpression-induced assemblies of both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse structures. Therefore, our results highlight an essential mechanistic contribution of N-linked glycosylations in facilitating the appropriate secretory transport of a major synaptic cell-adhesion molecule and promoting its cellular function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Benner
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Thomas P Cast
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Laurie S Minamide
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Zephyr Lenninger
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Soham Chanda
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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8
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Essayan-Perez S, Südhof TC. Neuronal γ-secretase regulates lipid metabolism, linking cholesterol to synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2023; 111:3176-3194.e7. [PMID: 37543038 PMCID: PMC10592349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin mutations that alter γ-secretase activity cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas ApoE4, an apolipoprotein for cholesterol transport, predisposes to sporadic AD. Both sporadic and familial AD feature synaptic dysfunction. Whether γ-secretase is involved in cholesterol metabolism and whether such involvement impacts synaptic function remains unknown. Here, we show that in human neurons, chronic pharmacological or genetic suppression of γ-secretase increases synapse numbers but decreases synaptic transmission by lowering the presynaptic release probability without altering dendritic or axonal arborizations. In search of a mechanism underlying these synaptic impairments, we discovered that chronic γ-secretase suppression robustly decreases cholesterol levels in neurons but not in glia, which in turn stimulates neuron-specific cholesterol-synthesis gene expression. Suppression of cholesterol levels by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) impaired synaptic function similar to γ-secretase inhibition. Thus, γ-secretase enables synaptic function by maintaining cholesterol levels, whereas the chronic suppression of γ-secretase impairs synapses by lowering cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Essayan-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Xiao X, Wang X, Zhu K, Li L, He Y, Zhang J, Li L, Hu H, Cui Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y. BACE1 in PV interneuron tunes hippocampal CA1 local circuits and resets priming of fear memory extinction. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4151-4162. [PMID: 37452089 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for β-amyloid (Aβ) production and therefore is considered a prime drug target for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the BACE1 inhibitors failed in clinical trials, even exhibiting cognitive worsening, implying that BACE1 may function in regulating cognition-relevant neural circuits. Here, we found that parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons (PV INs) in hippocampal CA1 express BACE1 at a high level. We designed and developed a mouse strain with conditional knockout of BACE1 in PV neurons. The CA1 fast-spiking PV INs with BACE1 deletion exhibited an enhanced response of postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to local stimulation on CA1 oriens, with average intrinsic electrical properties and fidelity in synaptic integration. Intriguingly, the BACE1 deletion reorganized the CA1 recurrent inhibitory motif assembled by the heterogeneous pyramidal neurons (PNs) and the adjacent fast-spiking PV INs from the superficial to the deep layer. Moreover, the conditional BACE1 deletion impaired the AMPARs-mediated excitatory transmission of deep CA1 PNs. Further rescue experiments confirmed that these phenotypes require the enzymatic activity of BACE1. Above all, the BACE1 deletion resets the priming of the fear memory extinction. Our findings suggest a neuron-specific working model of BACE1 in regulating learning and memory circuits. The study may provide a potential path of targeting BACE1 and NMDAR together to circumvent cognitive worsening due to a single application of BACE1 inhibitor in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuansheng Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Linying Li
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hanning Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yanqiu Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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10
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Fu WY, Ip NY. The role of genetic risk factors of Alzheimer's disease in synaptic dysfunction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:3-12. [PMID: 35918217 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. Due to the extended global life expectancy, the prevalence of AD is increasing among aging populations worldwide. While AD is a multifactorial disease, synaptic dysfunction is one of the major neuropathological changes that occur early in AD, before clinical symptoms appear, and is associated with the progression of cognitive deterioration. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms leading to this synaptic dysfunction remains unclear. Recent large-scale genomic analyses have identified more than 40 genetic risk factors that are associated with AD. In this review, we discuss the functional roles of these genes in synaptogenesis and synaptic functions under physiological conditions, and how their functions are dysregulated in AD. This will provide insights into the contributions of these encoded proteins to synaptic dysfunction during AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China.
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11
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Xie H, Liu S, Fu Y, Cheng Q, Wang P, Bi CL, Wang R, Chen MM, Fang M. Nuclear access of DNlg3 c-terminal fragment and its function in regulating innate immune response genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:93-101. [PMID: 36525929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLGNs) are one of the autism susceptibility genes, however, the mechanism that how dysfunction of NLGNs leads to Autism remains unclear. More and more studies have shown that the transcriptome alteration may be one of the important factors to generate Autism. Therefore, we are very concerned about whether Neuroligins would affect transcriptional regulation, which may at last lead to Autism. As a single-transmembrane receptor, proteolytic cleavage is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of NLGN proteins. In this study, we demonstrated the existence of DNlg3 C-terminal fragment. Studies in the S2 cells and HEK293T cells showed the evidence for nuclear access of the DNlg3 C-terminal fragment. Then we identified the possible targets of DNlg3 C-terminal fragment after its nuclear access by RNA-seq. The bioinformatics analysis indicated the transcriptome alteration between dnlg3 null flies and wild type flies focused on genes for the innate immune responses. These results were consistent with the infection hypotheses for autism. Our study revealed the nuclear access ability of DNlg3 c-terminal fragment and its possible function in transcriptional regulation of the innate immune response genes. This work provides the new links between synaptic adhesion molecule NLGNs and immune activation, which may help us to get a deeper understanding on the relationship between NLGNs and Autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Si Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yiqiu Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Cai-Li Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ming Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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12
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An Overview of the Molecular Cues and Their Intracellular Signaling Shared by Cancer and the Nervous System: From Neurotransmitters to Synaptic Proteins, Anatomy of an All-Inclusive Cooperation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314695. [PMID: 36499024 PMCID: PMC9739679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an overview of the molecular cues and their intracellular signaling involved in the crosstalk between cancer and the nervous system. While "cancer neuroscience" as a field is still in its infancy, the relation between cancer and the nervous system has been known for a long time, and a huge body of experimental data provides evidence that tumor-nervous system connections are widespread. They encompass different mechanisms at different tumor progression steps, are multifaceted, and display some intriguing analogies with the nervous system's physiological processes. Overall, we can say that many of the paradigmatic "hallmarks of cancer" depicted by Weinberg and Hanahan are affected by the nervous system in a variety of manners.
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13
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Liu X, Hua F, Yang D, Lin Y, Zhang L, Ying J, Sheng H, Wang X. Roles of neuroligins in central nervous system development: focus on glial neuroligins and neuron neuroligins. Lab Invest 2022; 20:418. [PMID: 36088343 PMCID: PMC9463862 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are relevant to many neurodevelopmental disorders. They are differentially enriched at the postsynapse and interact with their presynaptic ligands, neurexins, whose differential binding to neuroligins has been shown to regulate synaptogenesis, transmission, and other synaptic properties. The proper functioning of functional networks in the brain depends on the proper connection between neuronal synapses. Impaired synaptogenesis or synaptic transmission results in synaptic dysfunction, and these synaptic pathologies are the basis for many neurodevelopmental disorders. Deletions or mutations in the neuroligins genes have been found in patients with both autism and schizophrenia. It is because of the important role of neuroligins in synaptic connectivity and synaptic dysfunction that studies on neuroligins in the past have mainly focused on their expression in neurons. As studies on the expression of genes specific to various cells of the central nervous system deepened, neuroligins were found to be expressed in non-neuronal cells as well. In the central nervous system, glial cells are the most representative non-neuronal cells, which can also express neuroligins in large amounts, especially astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and they are involved in the regulation of synaptic function, as are neuronal neuroligins. This review examines the mechanisms of neuron neuroligins and non-neuronal neuroligins in the central nervous system and also discusses the important role of neuroligins in the development of the central nervous system and neurodevelopmental disorders from the perspective of neuronal neuroligins and glial neuroligins.
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14
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Pergolizzi M, Bizzozero L, Maione F, Maldi E, Isella C, Macagno M, Mariella E, Bardelli A, Medico E, Marchiò C, Serini G, Di Nicolantonio F, Bussolino F, Arese M. The neuronal protein Neuroligin 1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by modulating the APC/β-catenin pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:266. [PMID: 36056393 PMCID: PMC9438340 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely incurable when diagnosed at the metastatic stage. Despite some advances in precision medicine for this disease in recent years, new molecular targets, as well as prognostic/predictive markers, are highly needed. Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) is a transmembrane protein that interacts at the synapse with the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis Coli (APC), which is heavily involved in the pathogenesis of CRC and is a key player in the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Methods After performing expression studies of NLGN1 on human CRC samples, in this paper we used in vitro and in vivo approaches to study CRC cells extravasation and metastasis formation capabilities. At the molecular level, the functional link between APC and NLGN1 in the cancer context was studied. Results Here we show that NLGN1 is expressed in human colorectal tumors, including clusters of aggressive migrating (budding) single tumor cells and vascular emboli. We found that NLGN1 promotes CRC cells crossing of an endothelial monolayer (i.e. Trans-Endothelial Migration or TEM) in vitro, as well as cell extravasation/lung invasion and differential organ metastatization in two mouse models. Mechanistically, NLGN1 promotes APC localization to the cell membrane and co-immunoprecipitates with some isoforms of this protein stimulates β-catenin translocation to the nucleus, upregulates mesenchymal markers and WNT target genes and induces an “EMT phenotype” in CRC cell lines Conclusions In conclusion, we have uncovered a novel modulator of CRC aggressiveness which impacts on a critical pathogenetic pathway of this disease, and may represent a novel therapeutic target, with the added benefit of carrying over substantial knowledge from the neurobiology field. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02465-4.
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15
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Nozawa K, Sogabe T, Hayashi A, Motohashi J, Miura E, Arai I, Yuzaki M. In vivo nanoscopic landscape of neurexin ligands underlying anterograde synapse specification. Neuron 2022; 110:3168-3185.e8. [PMID: 36007521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synapses are formed and matured by the cooperative actions of synaptic organizers, such as neurexins (Nrxns), neuroligins (Nlgns), LRRTMs, and Cbln1. Recent super-resolution nanoscopy developments have revealed that many synaptic organizers, as well as glutamate receptors and glutamate release machinery, exist as nanoclusters within synapses. However, it is unclear how such nanodomains interact with each other to organize excitatory synapses in vivo. By applying X10 expansion microscopy to epitope tag knockin mice, we found that Cbln1, Nlgn1, and LRRTM1, which share Nrxn as a common presynaptic receptor, form overlapping or separate nanodomains depending on Nrxn with or without a sequence encoded by splice site 4. The size and position of glutamate receptor nanodomains of GluD1, NMDA, and AMPA receptors were regulated by Cbln1, Nlgn1, and LRRTM1 nanodomains, respectively. These findings indicate that Nrxns anterogradely regulate the postsynaptic nanoscopic architecture of glutamate receptors through competition and coordination of Nrxn ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taku Sogabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Itaru Arai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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16
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Qiu Y, Sha L, Zhang X, Li G, Zhu W, Xu Q. Induction of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs 1 by a rare variant or cognitive activities reduces hippocampal amyloid-β and consequent Alzheimer’s disease risk. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:896522. [PMID: 36016856 PMCID: PMC9395645 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.896522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) hydrolysis is acknowledged as the predominant hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that especially correlates to genetics and daily activities. In 2019, meta-analysis of AD has discovered five new risk loci among which A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs 1 (ADAMTS1) has been further suggested in 2021 and 2022. To verify the association, we re-sequenced ADAMTS1 of clinical AD samples and subsequently identified a novel rare variant c.–2067A > C with watchable relevance (whereas the P-value was not significant after adjustment). Dual-luciferase assay showed that the variant sharply stimulated ADAMTS1 expression. In addition, ADAMTS1 was also clearly induced by pentylenetetrazol-ignited neuronal activity and enriched environment (EE). Inspired by the above findings, we investigated ADAMTS1’s role in APP metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that ADAMTS1 participated in APP hydrolysis and consequently decreased Aβ generation through inhibiting β-secretase-mediated cleavage. In addition, we also verified that the hippocampal amyloid load of AD mouse model was alleviated by the introduction of ADAMTS1, and thus spatial cognition was restored as well. This study revealed the contribution of ADAMTS1 to the connection of genetic and acquired factors with APP metabolism, and its potential in reducing hippocampal amyloid and consequent risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longze Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuneng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanwan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Xu,
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17
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Saint‐Martin M, Goda Y. Astrocyte–synapse interactions and cell adhesion molecules. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Saint‐Martin
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako‐shi, Saitama Japan
| | - Yukiko Goda
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako‐shi, Saitama Japan
- Synapse Biology Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Japan
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18
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Li H, Guo R, Guan Y, Li J, Wang Y. Modulation of Trans-Synaptic Neurexin-Neuroligin Interaction in Pathological Pain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121940. [PMID: 35741069 PMCID: PMC9222181 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses serve as the interface for the transmission of information between neurons in the central nervous system. The structural and functional characteristics of synapses are highly dynamic, exhibiting extensive plasticity that is shaped by neural activity and regulated primarily by trans-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs). Prototypical trans-synaptic CAMs, such as neurexins (Nrxs) and neuroligins (Nlgs), directly regulate the assembly of presynaptic and postsynaptic molecules, including synaptic vesicles, active zone proteins, and receptors. Therefore, the trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms mediated by Nrx-Nlg interaction can contribute to a range of synaptopathies in the context of pathological pain and other neurological disorders. The present review provides an overview of the current understanding of the roles of Nrx-Nlg interaction in the regulation of trans-synaptic connections, with a specific focus on Nrx and Nlg structures, the dynamic shaping of synaptic function, and the dysregulation of Nrx-Nlg in pathological pain. Additionally, we discuss a range of proteins capable of modulating Nrx-Nlg interactions at the synaptic cleft, with the objective of providing a foundation to guide the future development of novel therapeutic agents for managing pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Ruijuan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100030, China;
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-85231463
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19
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Restrepo LJ, DePew AT, Moese ER, Tymanskyj SR, Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Duhart JC, Fei H, Mosca TJ. γ-secretase promotes Drosophila postsynaptic development through the cleavage of a Wnt receptor. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1643-1660.e7. [PMID: 35654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing synapses mature through the recruitment of specific proteins that stabilize presynaptic and postsynaptic structure and function. Wnt ligands signaling via Frizzled (Fz) receptors play many crucial roles in neuronal and synaptic development, but whether and how Wnt and Fz influence synaptic maturation is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Fz2 receptor cleavage via the γ-secretase complex is required for postsynaptic development and maturation. In the absence of γ-secretase, Drosophila neuromuscular synapses fail to recruit postsynaptic scaffolding and cytoskeletal proteins, leading to behavioral deficits. Introducing presenilin mutations linked to familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease into flies leads to synaptic maturation phenotypes that are identical to those seen in null alleles. This conserved role for γ-secretase in synaptic maturation and postsynaptic development highlights the importance of Fz2 cleavage and suggests that receptor processing by proteins linked to neurodegeneration may be a shared mechanism with aspects of synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Moese
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hong Fei
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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20
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Gerosa L, Mazzoleni S, Rusconi F, Longaretti A, Lewerissa E, Pelucchi S, Murru L, Giannelli SG, Broccoli V, Marcello E, Kasri NN, Battaglioli E, Passafaro M, Bassani S. The epilepsy-associated protein PCDH19 undergoes NMDA receptor-dependent proteolytic cleavage and regulates the expression of immediate-early genes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110857. [PMID: 35613587 PMCID: PMC9152703 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) is a synaptic cell-adhesion molecule encoded by X-linked PCDH19, a gene linked with epilepsy. Here, we report a synapse-to-nucleus signaling pathway through which PCDH19 bridges neuronal activity with gene expression. In particular, we describe the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent proteolytic cleavage of PCDH19, which leads to the generation of a PCDH19 C-terminal fragment (CTF) able to enter the nucleus. We demonstrate that PCDH19 CTF associates with chromatin and with the chromatin remodeler lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and regulates expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs). Our results are consistent with a model whereby PCDH19 favors maintenance of neuronal homeostasis via negative feedback regulation of IEG expression and provide a key to interpreting PCDH19-related hyperexcitability. PCDH19 undergoes NMDAR-dependent cleavage by ADAM10 and possibly gamma secretase In the nucleus, PCDH19 C-terminal fragment (CTF) associates with the chromatin remodeler LSD1 PCDH19 CTF favors immediate-early gene (IEG) repression PCDH19 downregulation affects LSD1 splicing by NOVA1 and increases IEG expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gerosa
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzoleni
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Rusconi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longaretti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Elly Lewerissa
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Gea Giannelli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Battaglioli
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassani
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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21
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Toledo A, Letellier M, Bimbi G, Tessier B, Daburon S, Favereaux A, Chamma I, Vennekens K, Vanderlinden J, Sainlos M, de Wit J, Choquet D, Thoumine O. MDGAs are fast-diffusing molecules that delay excitatory synapse development by altering neuroligin behavior. eLife 2022; 11:75233. [PMID: 35532105 PMCID: PMC9084894 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MDGA molecules can bind neuroligins and interfere with trans-synaptic interactions to neurexins, thereby impairing synapse development. However, the subcellular localization and dynamics of MDGAs, or their specific action mode in neurons remain unclear. Here, surface immunostaining of endogenous MDGAs and single molecule tracking of recombinant MDGAs in dissociated hippocampal neurons reveal that MDGAs are homogeneously distributed and exhibit fast membrane diffusion, with a small reduction in mobility across neuronal maturation. Knocking-down/out MDGAs using shRNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 strategies increases the density of excitatory synapses, the membrane confinement of neuroligin-1, and the phosphotyrosine level of neuroligins associated with excitatory post-synaptic differentiation. Finally, MDGA silencing reduces the mobility of AMPA receptors, increases the frequency of miniature EPSCs (but not IPSCs), and selectively enhances evoked AMPA-receptor-mediated EPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Overall, our results support a mechanism by which interactions between MDGAs and neuroligin-1 delays the assembly of functional excitatory synapses containing AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toledo
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Mathieu Letellier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Giorgia Bimbi
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Béatrice Tessier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Sophie Daburon
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Alexandre Favereaux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Ingrid Chamma
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Kristel Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute
| | - Jeroen Vanderlinden
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UAR 3420, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience
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22
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Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Santos MD, Penzes P. Intercellular signaling by ectodomain shedding at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:483-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Dos Santos M, Culotta L, Varea O, Spielman BP, Parnell E, Forrest MP, Gao R, Yoon S, McCoig E, Jalloul HA, Myczek K, Khalatyan N, Hall EA, Turk LS, Sanz-Clemente A, Comoletti D, Lichtenthaler SF, Burgdorf JS, Barbolina MV, Savas JN, Penzes P. Shed CNTNAP2 ectodomain is detectable in CSF and regulates Ca 2+ homeostasis and network synchrony via PMCA2/ATP2B2. Neuron 2022; 110:627-643.e9. [PMID: 34921780 PMCID: PMC8857041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although many neuronal membrane proteins undergo proteolytic cleavage, little is known about the biological significance of neuronal ectodomain shedding (ES). Here, we show that the neuronal sheddome is detectable in human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) and is enriched in neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk factors. Among shed synaptic proteins is the ectodomain of CNTNAP2 (CNTNAP2-ecto), a prominent NDD risk factor. CNTNAP2 undergoes activity-dependent ES via MMP9 (matrix metalloprotease 9), and CNTNAP2-ecto levels are reduced in the hCSF of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) extrusion pumps as novel CNTNAP2-ecto binding partners. CNTNAP2-ecto enhances the activity of PMCA2 and regulates neuronal network dynamics in a PMCA2-dependent manner. Our data underscore the promise of sheddome analysis in discovering neurobiological mechanisms, provide insight into the biology of ES and its relationship with the CSF, and reveal a mechanism of regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal network synchrony by a shed ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lorenza Culotta
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Olga Varea
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Benjamin P Spielman
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Euan Parnell
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Emmarose McCoig
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hiba A Jalloul
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kristoffer Myczek
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalia Khalatyan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Liam S Turk
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Antonio Sanz-Clemente
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S Burgdorf
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria V Barbolina
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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24
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Glioma invasion along white matter tracts: A dilemma for neurosurgeons. Cancer Lett 2022; 526:103-111. [PMID: 34808285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invasive growth along white matter (WM) tracts is one of the most prominent clinicopathological features of glioma and is also an important reason for surgical treatment failure in glioma patients. A full understanding of relevant clinical features and mechanisms is of great significance for finding new therapeutic targets and developing new treatment regimens and strategies. Herein, we review the imaging and histological characteristics of glioma patients with WM tracts invasion and summarize the possible molecular mechanism. On this basis, we further discuss the correlation between glioma molecular typing, radiotherapy and tumor treating fields (TTFields) and the invasion of glioma along WM tracts.
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25
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Eggert S, Kins S, Endres K, Brigadski T. Brothers in arms: proBDNF/BDNF and sAPPα/Aβ-signaling and their common interplay with ADAM10, TrkB, p75NTR, sortilin, and sorLA in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Chem 2022; 403:43-71. [PMID: 34619027 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important modulator for a variety of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). A wealth of evidence, such as reduced mRNA and protein level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients implicates a crucial role of BDNF in the progression of this disease. Especially, processing and subcellular localization of BDNF and its receptors TrkB and p75 are critical determinants for survival and death in neuronal cells. Similarly, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease, and its cleavage fragments sAPPα and Aβ are known for their respective roles in neuroprotection and neuronal death. Common features of APP- and BDNF-signaling indicate a causal relationship in their mode of action. However, the interconnections of APP- and BDNF-signaling are not well understood. Therefore, we here discuss dimerization properties, localization, processing by α- and γ-secretase, relevance of the common interaction partners TrkB, p75, sorLA, and sortilin as well as shared signaling pathways of BDNF and sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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26
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Eksi SE, Chitsazan A, Sayar Z, Thomas GV, Fields AJ, Kopp RP, Spellman PT, Adey AC. Epigenetic loss of heterogeneity from low to high grade localized prostate tumours. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7292. [PMID: 34911933 PMCID: PMC8674326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying precise molecular subtypes attributable to specific stages of localized prostate cancer has proven difficult due to high levels of heterogeneity. Bulk assays represent a population-average, which mask the heterogeneity that exists at the single-cell level. In this work, we sequence the accessible chromatin regions of 14,424 single-cells from 18 flash-frozen prostate tumours. We observe shared chromatin features among low-grade prostate cancer cells are lost in high-grade tumours. Despite this loss, high-grade tumours exhibit an enrichment for FOXA1, HOXB13 and CDX2 transcription factor binding sites, indicating a shared trans-regulatory programme. We identify two unique genes encoding neuronal adhesion molecules that are highly accessible in high-grade prostate tumours. We show NRXN1 and NLGN1 expression in epithelial, endothelial, immune and neuronal cells in prostate cancer using cyclic immunofluorescence. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the active gene regulatory networks in primary prostate tumours, critical for molecular stratification of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ece Eksi
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97209, USA.
| | - Alex Chitsazan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Zeynep Sayar
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97209, USA
| | - George V Thomas
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J Fields
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ryan P Kopp
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Paul T Spellman
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew C Adey
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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27
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Uchigashima M, Cheung A, Futai K. Neuroligin-3: A Circuit-Specific Synapse Organizer That Shapes Normal Function and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:749164. [PMID: 34690695 PMCID: PMC8526735 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.749164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses provide a vital foundation for neuron-neuron communication and overall brain function. By tethering closely apposed molecular machinery for presynaptic neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic signal transduction, circuit- and context- specific synaptic properties can drive neuronal computations for animal behavior. Trans-synaptic signaling via synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) serves as a promising mechanism to generate the molecular diversity of chemical synapses. Neuroligins (Nlgns) were discovered as postsynaptic CAMs that can bind to presynaptic CAMs like Neurexins (Nrxns) at the synaptic cleft. Among the four (Nlgn1-4) or five (Nlgn1-3, Nlgn4X, and Nlgn4Y) isoforms in rodents or humans, respectively, Nlgn3 has a heterogeneous expression and function at particular subsets of chemical synapses and strong association with non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several lines of evidence have suggested that the unique expression and function of Nlgn3 protein underlie circuit-specific dysfunction characteristic of non-syndromic ASD caused by the disruption of Nlgn3 gene. Furthermore, recent studies have uncovered the molecular mechanism underlying input cell-dependent expression of Nlgn3 protein at hippocampal inhibitory synapses, in which trans-synaptic signaling of specific alternatively spliced isoforms of Nlgn3 and Nrxn plays a critical role. In this review article, we overview the molecular, anatomical, and physiological knowledge about Nlgn3, focusing on the circuit-specific function of mammalian Nlgn3 and its underlying molecular mechanism. This will provide not only new insight into specific Nlgn3-mediated trans-synaptic interactions as molecular codes for synapse specification but also a better understanding of the pathophysiological basis for non-syndromic ASD associated with functional impairment in Nlgn3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Cellular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kensuke Futai
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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28
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Sánchez-Hidalgo AC, Arias-Aragón F, Romero-Barragán MT, Martín-Cuevas C, Delgado-García JM, Martinez-Mir A, Scholl FG. Selective expression of the neurexin substrate for presenilin in the adult forebrain causes deficits in associative memory and presynaptic plasticity. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113896. [PMID: 34662541 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) form the active subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, which mediates the proteolytic clearance of a broad variety of type-I plasma membrane proteins. Loss-of-function mutations in PSEN1/2 genes are the leading cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the PS/gamma-secretase substrates relevant for the neuronal deficits associated with a loss of PS function are not completely known. The members of the neurexin (Nrxn) family of presynaptic plasma membrane proteins are candidates to mediate aspects of the synaptic and memory deficits associated with a loss of PS function. Previous work has shown that fAD-linked PS mutants or inactivation of PS by genetic and pharmacological approaches failed to clear Nrxn C-terminal fragments (NrxnCTF), leading to its abnormal accumulation at presynaptic terminals. Here, we generated transgenic mice that selectively recreate the presynaptic accumulation of NrxnCTF in adult forebrain neurons, leaving unaltered the function of PS/gamma-secretase complex towards other substrates. Behavioral characterization identified selective impairments in NrxnCTF mice, including decreased fear-conditioning memory. Electrophysiological recordings in medial prefrontal cortex-basolateral amygdala (mPFC-BLA) of behaving mice showed normal synaptic transmission and uncovered specific defects in synaptic facilitation. These data functionally link the accumulation of NrxnCTF with defects in associative memory and short-term synaptic plasticity, pointing at impaired clearance of NrxnCTF as a new mediator in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán, 4, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias-Aragón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán, 4, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | | | - Celia Martín-Cuevas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán, 4, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | | | - Amalia Martinez-Mir
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Francisco G Scholl
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán, 4, Sevilla 41009, Spain.
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29
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Motz CT, Kabat V, Saxena T, Bellamkonda RV, Zhu C. Neuromechanobiology: An Expanding Field Driven by the Force of Greater Focus. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100102. [PMID: 34342167 PMCID: PMC8497434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain processes information by transmitting signals through highly connected and dynamic networks of neurons. Neurons use specific cellular structures, including axons, dendrites and synapses, and specific molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, ion channels and chemical receptors to form, maintain and communicate among cells in the networks. These cellular and molecular processes take place in environments rich of mechanical cues, thus offering ample opportunities for mechanical regulation of neural development and function. Recent studies have suggested the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the development and maintenance of these neuronal structures. Also suggested are the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the interaction and function of molecules mediating the interneuronal communications. In this review, the current understanding is integrated and promising future directions of neuromechanobiology are suggested at the cellular and molecular levels. Several neuronal processes where mechanics likely plays a role are examined and how forces affect ligand binding, conformational change, and signal induction of molecules key to these neuronal processes are indicated, especially at the synapse. The disease relevance of neuromechanobiology as well as therapies and engineering solutions to neurological disorders stemmed from this emergent field of study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Motz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Victoria Kabat
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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30
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Extracellular Metalloproteinases in the Plasticity of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082055. [PMID: 34440823 PMCID: PMC8391609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is shaped by the controlled reorganization of the synaptic proteome. A key component of this process is local proteolysis performed by the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In recent years, considerable progress was achieved in identifying extracellular proteases involved in neuroplasticity phenomena and their protein substrates. Perisynaptic metalloproteinases regulate plastic changes at synapses through the processing of extracellular and membrane proteins. MMP9 was found to play a crucial role in excitatory synapses by controlling the NMDA-dependent LTP component. In addition, MMP3 regulates the L-type calcium channel-dependent form of LTP as well as the plasticity of neuronal excitability. Both MMP9 and MMP3 were implicated in memory and learning. Moreover, altered expression or mutations of different MMPs are associated with learning deficits and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, addiction, or stress response. Contrary to excitatory drive, the investigation into the role of extracellular proteolysis in inhibitory synapses is only just beginning. Herein, we review the principal mechanisms of MMP involvement in the plasticity of excitatory transmission and the recently discovered role of proteolysis in inhibitory synapses. We discuss how different matrix metalloproteinases shape dynamics and turnover of synaptic adhesome and signal transduction pathways in neurons. Finally, we discuss future challenges in exploring synapse- and plasticity-specific functions of different metalloproteinases.
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31
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Klatt O, Repetto D, Brockhaus J, Reissner C, El Khallouqi A, Rohlmann A, Heine M, Missler M. Endogenous β-neurexins on axons and within synapses show regulated dynamic behavior. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109266. [PMID: 34133920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are key organizer molecules that regulate synaptic function and are implicated in autism and schizophrenia. β-neurexins interact with numerous cell adhesion and receptor molecules, but their neuronal localization remains elusive. Using single-molecule tracking and high-resolution microscopy to detect neurexin1β and neurexin3β in primary hippocampal neurons from knockin mice, we demonstrate that endogenous β-neurexins are present in fewer than half of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, we observe a large extrasynaptic pool of β-neurexins on axons and show that axonal β-neurexins diffuse with higher surface mobility than those transiently confined within synapses. Stimulation of neuronal activity further increases the mobility of synaptic and axonal β-neurexins, whereas inhibition causes the opposite. Blocking ectodomain cleavage by metalloproteases also reduces β-neurexin mobility and enhances glutamate release. These findings suggest that the surface mobility of endogenous β-neurexins inside and outside of synapses is dynamically regulated and linked to neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Klatt
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany; Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniele Repetto
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Brockhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Abderazzaq El Khallouqi
- Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Camporesi E, Lashley T, Gobom J, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Becker B. Neuroligin-1 in brain and CSF of neurodegenerative disorders: investigation for synaptic biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 33522967 PMCID: PMC7852195 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic pathology is a central event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions, and investigation of synaptic proteins can provide valuable tools to follow synaptic dysfunction and loss in these diseases. Neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) is a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein, important for synapse stabilization and formation. Nlgn1 has been connected to cognitive disorders, and specifically to AD, as target of the synaptotoxic effect of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and Aβ fibrils. To address changes in Nlgn1 expression in human brain, brain regions in different neurological disorders were examined by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Brain specimens from AD (n = 23), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n = 11), corticobasal degeneration (CBD, n = 10), and Pick’s disease (PiD, n = 9) were included. Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of AD patients (n = 43) and non-demented controls (n = 42) were analysed. We found decreased levels of Nlgn1 in temporal and parietal cortex (~ 50–60% reductions) in AD brains compared with controls. In frontal grey matter the reduction was not seen for AD patients; however, in the same region, marked reduction was found for PiD (~ 77%), CBD (~ 66%) and to a lesser extent for PSP (~ 43%), which could clearly separate these tauopathies from controls. The Nlgn1 level was reduced in CSF from AD patients compared to controls, but with considerable overlap. The dramatic reduction of Nlgn1 seen in the brain extracts of tauopathies warrants further investigation regarding the potential use of Nlgn1 as a biomarker for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zheng Y, Verhoeff TA, Perez Pardo P, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010118. [PMID: 33374371 PMCID: PMC7796333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Tessa A. Verhoeff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)3-02534509
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The soluble neurexin-1β ectodomain causes calcium influx and augments dendritic outgrowth and synaptic transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18041. [PMID: 33093500 PMCID: PMC7582164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, neurexins are thought to mediate synaptic connections through trans interactions with a number of different postsynaptic partners. Neurexins are cleaved by metalloproteases in an activity-dependent manner, releasing the soluble extracellular domain. Here, we report that in both immature (before synaptogenesis) and mature (after synaptogenesis) hippocampal neurons, the soluble neurexin-1β ectodomain triggers acute Ca2+-influx at the dendritic/postsynaptic side. In both cases, neuroligin-1 expression was required. In immature neurons, calcium influx required N-type calcium channels and stimulated dendritic outgrowth and neuronal survival. In mature glutamatergic neurons the neurexin-1β ectodomain stimulated calcium influx through NMDA-receptors, which increased presynaptic release probability. In contrast, prolonged exposure to the ectodomain led to inhibition of synaptic transmission. This secondary inhibition was activity- and neuroligin-1 dependent and caused by a reduction in the readily-releasable pool of vesicles. A synthetic peptide modeled after the neurexin-1β:neuroligin-1 interaction site reproduced the cellular effects of the neurexin-1β ectodomain. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the soluble neurexin ectodomain stimulates growth of neurons and exerts acute and chronic effects on trans-synaptic signaling involved in setting synaptic strength.
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TSPAN5 Enriched Microdomains Provide a Platform for Dendritic Spine Maturation through Neuroligin-1 Clustering. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1130-1146.e8. [PMID: 31665629 PMCID: PMC6899445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a class of evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins with 33 members identified in mammals that have the ability to organize specific membrane domains, named tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). Despite the relative abundance of different tetraspanins in the CNS, few studies have explored their role at synapses. Here, we investigate the function of TSPAN5, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily for which mRNA transcripts are found at high levels in the mouse brain. We demonstrate that TSPAN5 is localized in dendritic spines of pyramidal excitatory neurons and that TSPAN5 knockdown induces a dramatic decrease in spine number because of defects in the spine maturation process. Moreover, we show that TSPAN5 interacts with the postsynaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin-1, promoting its correct surface clustering. We propose that membrane compartmentalization by tetraspanins represents an additional mechanism for regulating excitatory synapses. TSPAN5 is expressed in pyramidal neurons and localizes mainly to dendritic spines TSPAN5 interacts with neuroligin-1 and promotes its clustering TSPAN5-neuroligin-1 complex is fundamental for dendritic spine maturation
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36
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Boll I, Jensen P, Schwämmle V, Larsen MR. Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 32518069 PMCID: PMC8143646 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Boll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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Yumoto T, Kimura M, Nagatomo R, Sato T, Utsunomiya S, Aoki N, Kitaura M, Takahashi K, Takemoto H, Watanabe H, Okano H, Yoshida F, Nao Y, Tomita T. Autism-associated variants of neuroligin 4X impair synaptogenic activity by various molecular mechanisms. Mol Autism 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32873342 PMCID: PMC7465329 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic alterations, including point mutations and copy number variations in NLGN genes, have been associated with psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). NLGN genes encode neuroligin (NL) proteins, which are adhesion molecules that are important for proper synaptic formation and maturation. Previously, we and others found that the expression level of murine NL1 is regulated by proteolytic processing in a synaptic activity-dependent manner. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the effects of missense variants associated with ASD and XLMR on the metabolism and function of NL4X, a protein which is encoded by the NLGN4X gene and is expressed only in humans, using cultured cells, primary neurons from rodents, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. RESULTS NL4X was found to undergo proteolytic processing in human neuronal cells. Almost all NL4X variants caused a substantial decrease in the levels of mature NL4X and its synaptogenic activity in a heterologous culture system. Intriguingly, the L593F variant of NL4X accelerated the proteolysis of mature NL4X proteins located on the cell surface. In contrast, other variants decreased the cell-surface trafficking of NL4X. Notably, protease inhibitors as well as chemical chaperones rescued the expression of mature NL4X. LIMITATIONS Our study did not reveal whether these dysfunctional phenotypes occurred in individuals carrying NLGN4X variant. Moreover, though these pathological mechanisms could be exploited as potential drug targets for ASD, it remains unclear whether these compounds would have beneficial effects on ASD model animals and patients. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that reduced amounts of the functional NL4X protein on the cell surface is a common mechanism by which point mutants of the NL4X protein cause psychiatric disorders, although different molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved. Furthermore, these results highlight that the precision medicine approach based on genetic and cell biological analyses is important for the development of therapeutics for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yumoto
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Misaki Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Nagatomo
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsukika Sato
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Utsunomiya
- Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi, Osaka, Japan
- Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsue Aoki
- Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi, Osaka, Japan
- Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoji Kitaura
- Research Administration SPRC, R&D General Administration Unit, General Administration Division, Shionogi Administration Service, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Technology 3, Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemoto
- Neuroscience 2, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi, Osaka, Japan
- Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nao
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Paracrine Role for Somatostatin Interneurons in the Assembly of Perisomatic Inhibitory Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7421-7435. [PMID: 32847968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0613-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons represent a heterogenous group of cell types in neocortex that can be clustered based on developmental origin, morphology, physiology, and connectivity. Two abundant populations of cortical GABAergic interneurons include the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cells and the fast-spiking, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells. While SST+ and PV+ interneurons are both early born and migrate into the developing neocortex at similar times, SST+ cells are incorporated into functional circuits prior to PV+ cells. During this early period of neural development, SST+ cells play critical roles in the assembly and maturation of other cortical circuits; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, using both sexes of conditional mutant mice, we discovered that SST+ interneuron-derived Collagen XIX, a synaptogenic extracellular matrix protein, is required for the formation of GABAergic, perisomatic synapses by PV+ cells. These results, therefore, identify a paracrine mechanism by which early-born SST+ cells orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex represent a heterogenous group of cells that generate the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. One such interneuron type is the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cell, which is one of the first types of interneurons to migrate into the cerebral cortex and become incorporated into functional circuits. In addition, to contributing important roles in controlling the flow of information in the adult cerebral cortex, SST+ cells play important roles in the development of other neural circuits in the developing brain. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix protein that is released by these early-born SST+ neurons to orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing cerebral cortex.
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YU J, XU J. [Proteolytic cleavage of neuroligins and functions of their cleavage products]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:514-523. [PMID: 32985166 PMCID: PMC8800723 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.08.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroligin is a key protein that mediates synaptic development and maturation, and is closely related to neurodevelopmental diseases such as autism. In recent years, researchers have found that neuroligin can be hydrolyzed by various proteases at different stages of development, neuronal activities or pathological states of some neuropsychiatric diseases, thus affecting synaptic activity and participating in the occurrence and development of neurological diseases. The hydrolysates may have different physiological functions from the whole protein, and play different functions in neural activities, such as regulating synaptic plasticity, increasing synaptic strength and number, affecting amyloid-β polymerization, promoting glioma proliferation and growth, activating related signaling pathways, and so on. In this article, on the basis of elaborating the structure and function of neuroligin as a whole protein, the conditions and products of its hydrolysis are summarized and analyzed, and the functional consequences and physiological significance of its hydrolysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junyu XU
- 许均瑜(1982-), 女, 博士, 副教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事神经生物学研究; E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-3553
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40
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Güner G, Lichtenthaler SF. The substrate repertoire of γ-secretase/presenilin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:27-42. [PMID: 32616437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase is a hetero-tetrameric protein complex with presenilin as the catalytic subunit and cleaves its membrane protein substrates within their single transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase is well known for its role in Notch signalling and in Alzheimer's disease, where it catalyzes the formation of the pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. However, in the 21 years since its discovery many more substrates and substrate candidates of γ-secretase were identified. Although the physiological relevance of the cleavage of many substrates remains to be studied in more detail, the substrates demonstrate a broad role for γ-secretase in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, signal transduction and protein degradation. Consequently, chronic γ-secretase inhibition may cause significant side effects due to inhibition of cleavage of multiple substrates. This review provides a list of 149 γ-secretase substrates identified to date and highlights by which expeirmental approach substrate cleavage was validated. Additionally, the review lists the cleavage sites where they are known and discusses the functional implications of γ-secretase cleavage with a focus on substrates identified in the recent past, such as CHL1, TREM2 and TNFR1. A comparative analysis demonstrates that γ-secretase substrates mostly have a long extracellular domain and require ectodomain shedding before γ-secretase cleavage, but that γ-secretase is also able to cleave naturally short substrates, such as the B cell maturation antigen. Taken together, the list of substrates provides a resource that may help in the future development of drugs inhibiting or modulating γ-secretase activity in a substrate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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41
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Keable R, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V. Trafficking and Activity of Glutamate and GABA Receptors: Regulation by Cell Adhesion Molecules. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:415-437. [PMID: 32449484 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420921117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficient targeting of ionotropic receptors to postsynaptic sites is essential for the function of chemical excitatory and inhibitory synapses, constituting the majority of synapses in the brain. A growing body of evidence indicates that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which accumulate at synapses at the earliest stages of synaptogenesis, are critical for this process. A diverse variety of CAMs assemble into complexes with glutamate and GABA receptors and regulate the targeting of these receptors to the cell surface and synapses. Presynaptically localized CAMs provide an additional level of regulation, sending a trans-synaptic signal that can regulate synaptic strength at the level of receptor trafficking. Apart from controlling the numbers of receptors present at postsynaptic sites, CAMs can also influence synaptic strength by modulating the conductivity of single receptor channels. CAMs thus act to maintain basal synaptic transmission and are essential for many forms of activity dependent synaptic plasticity. These activities of CAMs may underlie the association between CAM gene mutations and synaptic pathology and represent fundamental mechanisms by which synaptic strength is dynamically tuned at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Keable
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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42
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Barthet G, Mulle C. Presynaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101801. [PMID: 32428558 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic loss is the best correlate of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive experimental evidence also indicates alterations of synaptic properties at the early stages of disease progression, before synapse loss and neuronal degeneration. A majority of studies in mouse models of AD have focused on post-synaptic mechanisms, including impairment of long-term plasticity, spine structure and glutamate receptor-mediated transmission. Here we review the literature indicating that the synaptic pathology in AD includes a strong presynaptic component. We describe the evidence indicating presynaptic physiological functions of the major molecular players in AD. These include the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the two presenilin (PS) paralogs PS1 or PS2, genetically linked to the early-onset form of AD, in addition to tau which accumulates in a pathological form in the AD brain. Three main mechanisms participating in presynaptic functions are highlighted. APP fragments bind to presynaptic receptors (e.g. nAChRs and GABAB receptors), presenilins control Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+-sensors, and tau regulates the localization of presynaptic molecules and synaptic vesicles. We then discuss how impairment of these presynaptic physiological functions can explain or forecast the hallmarks of synaptic impairment and associated dysfunction of neuronal circuits in AD. Beyond the physiological roles of the AD-related proteins, studies in AD brains also support preferential presynaptic alteration. This review features presynaptic failure as a strong component of pathological mechanisms in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, France.
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Brummer T, Müller SA, Pan-Montojo F, Yoshida F, Fellgiebel A, Tomita T, Endres K, Lichtenthaler SF. NrCAM is a marker for substrate-selective activation of ADAM10 in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201809695. [PMID: 30833305 PMCID: PMC6460357 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAM10 is a drug target in Alzheimer's disease, where it cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and lowers amyloid‐beta. Yet, ADAM10 has additional substrates, which may cause mechanism‐based side effects upon therapeutic ADAM10 activation. However, they may also serve—in addition to APP—as biomarkers to monitor ADAM10 activity in patients and to develop APP‐selective ADAM10 activators. Our study demonstrates that one such substrate is the neuronal cell adhesion protein NrCAM. ADAM10 controlled NrCAM surface levels and regulated neurite outgrowth in vitro in an NrCAM‐dependent manner. However, ADAM10 cleavage of NrCAM, in contrast to APP, was not stimulated by the ADAM10 activator acitretin, suggesting that substrate‐selective ADAM10 activation may be feasible. Indeed, a whole proteome analysis of human CSF from a phase II clinical trial showed that acitretin, which enhanced APP cleavage by ADAM10, spared most other ADAM10 substrates in brain, including NrCAM. Taken together, this study demonstrates an NrCAM‐dependent function for ADAM10 in neurite outgrowth and reveals that a substrate‐selective, therapeutic ADAM10 activation is possible and may be monitored with NrCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brummer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fumiaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas Fellgiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center JGU, Mainz, Germany
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center JGU, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Munich, Germany .,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Al-Ayadhi LY, Qasem HY, Alghamdi HAM, Elamin NE. Elevated Plasma X-Linked Neuroligin 4 Expression Is Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Med Princ Pract 2020; 29:480-485. [PMID: 32155636 PMCID: PMC7511674 DOI: 10.1159/000507081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we compared plasma levels of neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) in children with autism versus matched healthy controls to examine a possible correlation between plasma NLGN4 and degree of autism severity as well as social impairment in autistic patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 88 autistic patients aged 3-12 years and 33 age- and sex-matched controls aged 3-9 years were recruited. Plasma levels of NLGN4 were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to assess cognitive dysfunction and social impairment in autistic patients. RESULTS Plasma levels of NLGN4 were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in autistic children than in healthy controls. Despite alterations in the levels of NLGN4 in the subgroups of the autistic children, no correlation between plasma concentration of NLGN4 and cognitive problems or social impairment was observed (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Increased plasma concentrations of NLGN4 may play a role in the pathogenesis of autism, and it could be a valuable biomarker for autism. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate this finding and also to explore the potential links between NLGN4 and the features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Hanan Y Qasem
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nadra E Elamin
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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A negative regulator of synaptic development: MDGA and its links to neurodevelopmental disorders. World J Pediatr 2019; 15:415-421. [PMID: 30997654 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of protein complexes across synapses is a critical process in neurodevelopment, having direct implications on brain function and animal behavior. Here, we present the understanding, importance, and potential impact of a newly found regulator of such a key interaction. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of the literature was conducted on PubMed (Medline), Embase, and Central-Cochrane Database. RESULTS Membrane-associated mucin domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor proteins (MDGAs) were recently discovered to regulate synaptic development and transmission via suppression of neurexins-neuroligins trans-synaptic complex formation. MDGAs also regulate axonal migration and outgrowth. In the context of their physiological role, we begin to consider the potential links to the etiology of certain neurodevelopmental disorders. We present the gene expression and protein structure of MDGAs and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the neurobiological role of MDGAs to explore its potential as a therapeutic target. CONCLUSION MDGAs play a key role in neuron migration, axon guidance and synapse development, as well as in regulating brain excitation and inhibition balance.
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Gillespie S, Monje M. An active role for neurons in glioma progression: making sense of Scherer's structures. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1292-1299. [PMID: 29788372 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal satellitosis, the microanatomical clustering of glioma cells around neurons in the tumor microenvironment, has been recognized as a histopathological hallmark of high-grade gliomas since the seminal observations of Scherer in the 1930s. In this review, we explore the emerging understanding that neuron‒glioma cell interactions regulate malignancy and that neuronal activity is a critical determinant of glioma growth and progression. Elucidation of the interplay between normal and malignant neural circuitry is critical to realizing the promise of effective therapies for these seemingly intractable diseases. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the role of neuronal activity in the glioma microenvironment and highlight critical knowledge gaps in this burgeoning research space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Gillespie
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michelle Monje
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Trotter JH, Hao J, Maxeiner S, Tsetsenis T, Liu Z, Zhuang X, Südhof TC. Synaptic neurexin-1 assembles into dynamically regulated active zone nanoclusters. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2677-2698. [PMID: 31262725 PMCID: PMC6683742 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are well-characterized presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that engage multifarious postsynaptic ligands and organize diverse synapse properties. However, the precise synaptic localization of neurexins remains enigmatic. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that neurexin-1 forms discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses, revealing a novel organizational feature of synaptic architecture. Synapses generally contain a single nanocluster that comprises more than four neurexin-1 molecules and that also includes neurexin-2 and/or neurexin-3 isoforms. Moreover, we find that neurexin-1 is physiologically cleaved by ADAM10 similar to its ligand neuroligin-1, with ∼4-6% of neurexin-1 and ∼2-3% of neuroligin-1 present in the adult brain as soluble ectodomain proteins. Blocking ADAM10-mediated neurexin-1 cleavage dramatically increased the synaptic neurexin-1 content, thereby elevating the percentage of Homer1(+) excitatory synapses containing neurexin-1 nanoclusters from 40-50% to ∼80%, and doubling the number of neurexin-1 molecules per nanocluster. Taken together, our results reveal an unexpected nanodomain organization of synapses in which neurexin-1 is assembled into discrete presynaptic nanoclusters that are dynamically regulated via ectodomain cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Junjie Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Theodoros Tsetsenis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-3081. [PMID: 31236626 PMCID: PMC11105368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Hsia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brummer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanpeng Zheng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Lee YJ, Ch'ng TH. RIP at the Synapse and the Role of Intracellular Domains in Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:1-24. [PMID: 31346933 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) occurs in a cell when transmembrane proteins are cleaved by intramembrane proteases such as secretases to generate soluble protein fragments in the extracellular environment and the cytosol. In the cytosol, these soluble intracellular domains (ICDs) have local functions near the site of cleavage or in many cases, translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. While the mechanism of RIP is relatively well studied, the fate and function of ICDs for most substrate proteins remain poorly characterized. In neurons, RIP occurs in various subcellular compartments including at the synapse. In this review, we summarize current research on RIP in neurons, focusing specifically on synaptic proteins where the presence and function of the ICDs have been reported. We also briefly discuss activity-driven processing of RIP substrates at the synapse and the cellular machinery that support long-distance transport of ICDs from the synapse to the nucleus. Finally, we describe future challenges in this field of research in the context of understanding the contribution of ICDs in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Vullhorst D, Buonanno A. NMDA Receptors Regulate Neuregulin 2 Binding to ER-PM Junctions and Ectodomain Release by ADAM10 [corrected]. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8345-8363. [PMID: 31240601 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unprocessed pro-neuregulin 2 (pro-NRG2) accumulates on neuronal cell bodies at junctions between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (ER-PM junctions). NMDA receptors (NMDARs) trigger NRG2 ectodomain shedding from these sites followed by activation of ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases, and ErbB4 signaling cell-autonomously downregulates intrinsic excitability of GABAergic interneurons by reducing voltage-gated sodium channel currents. NMDARs also promote dispersal of Kv2.1 clusters from ER-PM junctions and cause a hyperpolarizing shift in its voltage-dependent channel activation, suggesting that NRG2/ErbB4 and Kv2.1 work together to regulate intrinsic interneuron excitability in an activity-dependent manner. Here we explored the cellular processes underlying NMDAR-dependent NRG2 shedding in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We report that NMDARs control shedding by two separate but converging mechanisms. First, NMDA treatment disrupts binding of pro-NRG2 to ER-PM junctions by post-translationally modifying conserved Ser/Thr residues in its intracellular domain. Second, using a mutant NRG2 protein that cannot be modified at these residues and that fails to accumulate at ER-PM junctions, we demonstrate that NMDARs also directly promote NRG2 shedding by ADAM-type metalloproteinases. Using pharmacological and shRNA-mediated knockdown, and metalloproteinase overexpression, we unexpectedly find that ADAM10, but not ADAM17/TACE, is the major NRG2 sheddase acting downstream of NMDAR activation. Together, these findings reveal how NMDARs exert tight control over the NRG2/ErbB4 signaling pathway, and suggest that NRG2 and Kv2.1 are co-regulated components of a shared pathway that responds to elevated extracellular glutamate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Vullhorst
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 35 Lincoln Drive, Room 2C-1000, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andres Buonanno
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 35 Lincoln Drive, Room 2C-1000, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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