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Wei J, Xiao C, Zhang GW, Shen L, Tao HW, Zhang LI. A distributed auditory network mediated by pontine central gray underlies ultra-fast awakening in response to alerting sounds. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)01132-1. [PMID: 39265569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Sleeping animals can be woken up rapidly by external threat signals, which is an essential defense mechanism for survival. However, neuronal circuits underlying the fast transmission of sensory signals for this process remain unclear. Here, we report in mice that alerting sound can induce rapid awakening within hundreds of milliseconds and that glutamatergic neurons in the pontine central gray (PCG) play an important role in this process. These neurons exhibit higher sensitivity to auditory stimuli in sleep than wakefulness. Suppressing these neurons results in reduced sound-induced awakening and increased sleep in intrinsic sleep/wake cycles, whereas their activation induces ultra-fast awakening from sleep and accelerates awakening from anesthesia. Additionally, the sound-induced awakening can be attributed to the propagation of auditory signals from the PCG to multiple arousal-related regions, including the mediodorsal thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area. Thus, the PCG serves as an essential distribution center to orchestrate a global auditory network to promote rapid awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Wei
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cuiyu Xiao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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2
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Street JS, Jeffery KJ. The dorsal thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus is required for visual control of head direction cell firing direction in rats. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39235958 DOI: 10.1113/jp286868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Head direction (HD) neurons, signalling facing direction, generate a signal that is primarily anchored to the outside world by visual inputs. We investigated the route for visual landmark information into the HD system in rats. There are two candidates: an evolutionarily older, larger subcortical retino-tectal pathway and a more recently evolved, smaller cortical retino-geniculo-striate pathway. We disrupted the cortical pathway by lesioning the dorsal lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei bilaterally, and recorded HD cells in the postsubicular cortex as rats foraged in a visual-cue-controlled enclosure. In lesioned rats we found the expected number of postsubicular HD cells. Although directional tuning curves were broader across a trial, this was attributable to the increased instability of otherwise normal-width tuning curves. Tuning curves were also poorly responsive to polarizing visual landmarks and did not distinguish cues based on their visual pattern. Thus, the retino-geniculo-striate pathway is not crucial for the generation of an underlying, tightly tuned directional signal but does provide the main route for vision-based anchoring of the signal to the outside world, even when visual cues are high in contrast and low in detail. KEY POINTS: Head direction (HD) cells indicate the facing direction of the head, using visual landmarks to distinguish directions. In rats, we investigated whether this visual information is routed through the thalamus to the visual cortex or arrives via the superior colliculus, which is a phylogenetically older and (in rodents) larger pathway. We lesioned the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in rats and recorded the responsiveness of cortical HD cells to visual cues. We found that cortical HD cells had normal tuning curves, but these were slightly more unstable during a trial. Most notably, HD cells in dLGN-lesioned animals showed little ability to distinguish highly distinct cues and none to distinguish more similar cues. These results suggest that directional processing of visual landmarks in mammals requires the geniculo-cortical pathway, which raises questions about when and how visual directional landmark processing appeared during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Street
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kate J Jeffery
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Furutachi S, Franklin AD, Aldea AM, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Hofer SB. Cooperative thalamocortical circuit mechanism for sensory prediction errors. Nature 2024; 633:398-406. [PMID: 39198646 PMCID: PMC11390482 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The brain functions as a prediction machine, utilizing an internal model of the world to anticipate sensations and the outcomes of our actions. Discrepancies between expected and actual events, referred to as prediction errors, are leveraged to update the internal model and guide our attention towards unexpected events1-10. Despite the importance of prediction-error signals for various neural computations across the brain, surprisingly little is known about the neural circuit mechanisms responsible for their implementation. Here we describe a thalamocortical disinhibitory circuit that is required for generating sensory prediction-error signals in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We show that violating animals' predictions by an unexpected visual stimulus preferentially boosts responses of the layer 2/3 V1 neurons that are most selective for that stimulus. Prediction errors specifically amplify the unexpected visual input, rather than representing non-specific surprise or difference signals about how the visual input deviates from the animal's predictions. This selective amplification is implemented by a cooperative mechanism requiring thalamic input from the pulvinar and cortical vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing (VIP) inhibitory interneurons. In response to prediction errors, VIP neurons inhibit a specific subpopulation of somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneurons that gate excitatory pulvinar input to V1, resulting in specific pulvinar-driven response amplification of the most stimulus-selective neurons in V1. Therefore, the brain prioritizes unpredicted sensory information by selectively increasing the salience of unpredicted sensory features through the synergistic interaction of thalamic input and neocortical disinhibitory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Furutachi
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Andreea M Aldea
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sonja B Hofer
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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4
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Scott DN, Mukherjee A, Nassar MR, Halassa MM. Thalamocortical architectures for flexible cognition and efficient learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:739-756. [PMID: 38886139 PMCID: PMC11305962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The brain exhibits a remarkable ability to learn and execute context-appropriate behaviors. How it achieves such flexibility, without sacrificing learning efficiency, is an important open question. Neuroscience, psychology, and engineering suggest that reusing and repurposing computations are part of the answer. Here, we review evidence that thalamocortical architectures may have evolved to facilitate these objectives of flexibility and efficiency by coordinating distributed computations. Recent work suggests that distributed prefrontal cortical networks compute with flexible codes, and that the mediodorsal thalamus provides regularization to promote efficient reuse. Thalamocortical interactions resemble hierarchical Bayesian computations, and their network implementation can be related to existing gating, synchronization, and hub theories of thalamic function. By reviewing recent findings and providing a novel synthesis, we highlight key research horizons integrating computation, cognition, and systems neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Arghya Mukherjee
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Nassar
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael M Halassa
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Cazemier JL, Haak R, Tran TKL, Hsu ATY, Husic M, Peri BD, Kirchberger L, Self MW, Roelfsema P, Heimel JA. Involvement of superior colliculus in complex figure detection of mice. eLife 2024; 13:e83708. [PMID: 38270590 PMCID: PMC10810606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Object detection is an essential function of the visual system. Although the visual cortex plays an important role in object detection, the superior colliculus can support detection when the visual cortex is ablated or silenced. Moreover, it has been shown that superficial layers of mouse SC (sSC) encode visual features of complex objects, and that this code is not inherited from the primary visual cortex. This suggests that mouse sSC may provide a significant contribution to complex object vision. Here, we use optogenetics to show that mouse sSC is involved in figure detection based on differences in figure contrast, orientation, and phase. Additionally, our neural recordings show that in mouse sSC, image elements that belong to a figure elicit stronger activity than those same elements when they are part of the background. The discriminability of this neural code is higher for correct trials than for incorrect trials. Our results provide new insight into the behavioral relevance of the visual processing that takes place in sSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leonie Cazemier
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Robin Haak
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - TK Loan Tran
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ann TY Hsu
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Medina Husic
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Brandon D Peri
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lisa Kirchberger
- Department of Vision and Cognition, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Matthew W Self
- Department of Vision and Cognition, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Pieter Roelfsema
- Department of Vision and Cognition, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, VU UniversityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CentreAmsterdamNetherlands
- Laboratory of Visual Brain Therapy, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la VisionParisFrance
| | - J Alexander Heimel
- Department of Circuits, Structure & Function, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamNetherlands
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6
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Huang S, Wu SJ, Sansone G, Ibrahim LA, Fishell G. Layer 1 neocortex: Gating and integrating multidimensional signals. Neuron 2024; 112:184-200. [PMID: 37913772 PMCID: PMC11180419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Layer 1 (L1) of the neocortex acts as a nexus for the collection and processing of widespread information. By integrating ascending inputs with extensive top-down activity, this layer likely provides critical information regulating how the perception of sensory inputs is reconciled with expectation. This is accomplished by sorting, directing, and integrating the complex network of excitatory inputs that converge onto L1. These signals are combined with neuromodulatory afferents and gated by the wealth of inhibitory interneurons that either are embedded within L1 or send axons from other cortical layers. Together, these interactions dynamically calibrate information flow throughout the neocortex. This review will primarily focus on L1 within the primary sensory cortex and will use these insights to understand L1 in other cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sherry Jingjing Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Giulia Sansone
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Ali Ibrahim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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7
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Li Z, Peng B, Huang JJ, Zhang Y, Seo MB, Fang Q, Zhang GW, Zhang X, Zhang LI, Tao HW. Enhancement and contextual modulation of visuospatial processing by thalamocollicular projections from ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7278. [PMID: 37949869 PMCID: PMC10638288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian visual system, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the thalamus receives salient visual input from the retina and sends prominent GABAergic axons to the superior colliculus (SC). However, whether and how vLGN contributes to fundamental visual information processing remains largely unclear. Here, we report in mice that vLGN facilitates visually-guided approaching behavior mediated by the lateral SC and enhances the sensitivity of visual object detection. This can be attributed to the extremely broad spatial integration of vLGN neurons, as reflected in their much lower preferred spatial frequencies and broader spatial receptive fields than SC neurons. Through GABAergic thalamocollicular projections, vLGN specifically exerts prominent surround suppression of visuospatial processing in SC, leading to a fine tuning of SC preferences to higher spatial frequencies and smaller objects in a context-dependent manner. Thus, as an essential component of the central visual processing pathway, vLGN serves to refine and contextually modulate visuospatial processing in SC-mediated visuomotor behaviors via visually-driven long-range feedforward inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michelle B Seo
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Qi Fang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Huizhong Whit Tao
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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8
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Chen N, Ai H, Lu X. Context-dependent attentional spotlight in pulvinar-V1 interaction. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120341. [PMID: 37619793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial attention is often described as a mental spotlight that enhances information processing at the attended location. Using fMRI, we investigated background connectivity between the pulvinar and V1 in relation to focused versus diffused attention allocation, in weak and strong crowding contexts. Our findings revealed that focused attention led to enhanced correlations between the pulvinar and V1. Notably, this modulation was initiated by the pulvinar, and the strength of the modulation was dependent on the saliency of the target. These findings suggest that the pulvinar initiates information reweighting to V1, which underlies attentional selection in cluttered scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihong Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; THU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hailin Ai
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xincheng Lu
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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9
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Fang Q, Frohlich F. Dissection of neuronal circuits underlying sustained attention with the five-choice serial reaction time task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105306. [PMID: 37419229 PMCID: PMC10517644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficits are common in psychiatric and neurological disorders. The transdiagnostic nature of impaired attention suggests a common set of underlying neural circuits. Yet, there are no circuit-based treatments such as non-invasive brain stimulation currently available due to the lack of sufficiently delineated network targets. Therefore, to better treat attentional deficits, a comprehensive functional dissection of neural circuits underlying attention is imperative. This can be achieved by taking advantage of preclinical animal models and well-designed behavioral assays of attention. The resulting findings in turn can be translated to the development of novel interventions with the goal of advancing them to clinical practice. Here we show that the five-choice serial reaction time task has greatly facilitated the study of the neural circuits underlying attention in a well-controlled setting. We first introduce the task and then focus on its application in preclinical studies on sustained attention, especially in the context of state-of-the-art neuronal perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Alwood JS, Mulavara AP, Iyer J, Mhatre SD, Rosi S, Shelhamer M, Davis C, Jones CW, Mao XW, Desai RI, Whitmire AM, Williams TJ. Circuits and Biomarkers of the Central Nervous System Relating to Astronaut Performance: Summary Report for a NASA-Sponsored Technical Interchange Meeting. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1852. [PMID: 37763256 PMCID: PMC10532466 DOI: 10.3390/life13091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers, ranging from molecules to behavior, can be used to identify thresholds beyond which performance of mission tasks may be compromised and could potentially trigger the activation of countermeasures. Identification of homologous brain regions and/or neural circuits related to operational performance may allow for translational studies between species. Three discussion groups were directed to use operationally relevant performance tasks as a driver when identifying biomarkers and brain regions or circuits for selected constructs. Here we summarize small-group discussions in tables of circuits and biomarkers categorized by (a) sensorimotor, (b) behavioral medicine and (c) integrated approaches (e.g., physiological responses). In total, hundreds of biomarkers have been identified and are summarized herein by the respective group leads. We hope the meeting proceedings become a rich resource for NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) and the community of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janani Iyer
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Mark Shelhamer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Catherine Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Rajeev I. Desai
- Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Atsumi Y, Oisi Y, Odagawa M, Matsubara C, Saito Y, Uwamori H, Kobayashi K, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Murayama M. Anatomical identification of a corticocortical top-down recipient inhibitory circuitry by enhancer-restricted transsynaptic tracing. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1245097. [PMID: 37720921 PMCID: PMC10502327 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1245097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of postsynaptic inhibitory circuitry targeted by mid/long-range projections (e.g., top-down projections) in cognitive functions, its anatomical properties, such as laminar profile and neuron type, are poorly understood owing to the lack of efficient tracing methods. To this end, we developed a method that combines conventional adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transsynaptic tracing with a distal-less homeobox (Dlx) enhancer-restricted expression system to label postsynaptic inhibitory neurons. We called this method "Dlx enhancer-restricted Interneuron-SpECific transsynaptic Tracing" (DISECT). We applied DISECT to a top-down corticocortical circuit from the secondary motor cortex (M2) to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in wild-type mice. First, we injected AAV1-Cre into the M2, which enabled Cre recombinase expression in M2-input recipient S1 neurons. Second, we injected AAV1-hDlx-flex-green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the S1 to transduce GFP into the postsynaptic inhibitory neurons in a Cre-dependent manner. We succeeded in exclusively labeling the recipient inhibitory neurons in the S1. Laminar profile analysis of the neurons labeled via DISECT indicated that the M2-input recipient inhibitory neurons were distributed in the superficial and deep layers of the S1. This laminar distribution was aligned with the laminar density of axons projecting from the M2. We further classified the labeled neuron types using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. This post hoc classification revealed that the dominant top-down M2-input recipient neuron types were somatostatin-expressing neurons in the superficial layers and parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the deep layers. These results demonstrate that DISECT enables the investigation of multiple anatomical properties of the postsynaptic inhibitory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Atsumi
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Maya Odagawa
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Matsubara
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Saito
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uwamori
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki-shi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masanori Murayama
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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12
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Chen X. Valence processing in pons. Neuron 2023; 111:1353-1354. [PMID: 37141860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Xiao et al.1 reported that inhibitory and excitatory neurons in the pontine central gray encode and transmit opposite valences of sensory stimuli through parallel circuits to a distributed brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Xiao C, Wei J, Zhang GW, Tao C, Huang JJ, Shen L, Wickersham IR, Tao HW, Zhang LI. Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in pontine central gray mediate opposing valence-specific behaviors through a global network. Neuron 2023; 111:1486-1503.e7. [PMID: 36893756 PMCID: PMC10164086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracting the valence of environmental cues is critical for animals' survival. How valence in sensory signals is encoded and transformed to produce distinct behavioral responses remains not well understood. Here, we report that the mouse pontine central gray (PCG) contributes to encoding both negative and positive valences. PCG glutamatergic neurons were activated selectively by aversive, but not reward, stimuli, whereas its GABAergic neurons were preferentially activated by reward signals. The optogenetic activation of these two populations resulted in avoidance and preference behavior, respectively, and was sufficient to induce conditioned place aversion/preference. Suppression of them reduced sensory-induced aversive and appetitive behaviors, respectively. These two functionally opponent populations, receiving a broad range of inputs from overlapping yet distinct sources, broadcast valence-specific information to a distributed brain network with distinguishable downstream effectors. Thus, PCG serves as a critical hub to process positive and negative valences of incoming sensory signals and drive valence-specific behaviors with distinct circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Xiao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinxing Wei
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Can Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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14
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Zhong W, Zheng W, Ji X. Spatial Distribution of Inhibitory Innervations of Excitatory Pyramidal Cells by Major Interneuron Subtypes in the Auditory Cortex. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050547. [PMID: 37237617 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders, characterized by the National Institute of Mental Health as disruptions in neural circuitry, currently account for 13% of the global incidence of such disorders. An increasing number of studies suggest that imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in neural networks may be a crucial mechanism underlying mental disorders. However, the spatial distribution of inhibitory interneurons in the auditory cortex (ACx) and their relationship with excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs) remain elusive. In this study, we employed a combination of optogenetics, transgenic mice, and patch-clamp recording on brain slices to investigate the microcircuit characteristics of different interneurons (PV, SOM, and VIP) and the spatial pattern of inhibitory inhibition across layers 2/3 to 6 in the ACx. Our findings revealed that PV interneurons provide the strongest and most localized inhibition with no cross-layer innervation or layer specificity. Conversely, SOM and VIP interneurons weakly regulate PC activity over a broader range, exhibiting distinct spatial inhibitory preferences. Specifically, SOM inhibitions are preferentially found in deep infragranular layers, while VIP inhibitions predominantly occur in upper supragranular layers. PV inhibitions are evenly distributed across all layers. These results suggest that the input from inhibitory interneurons to PCs manifests in unique ways, ensuring that both strong and weak inhibitory inputs are evenly dispersed throughout the ACx, thereby maintaining a dynamic excitation-inhibition balance. Our findings contribute to understanding the spatial inhibitory characteristics of PCs and inhibitory interneurons in the ACx at the circuit level, which holds significant clinical implications for identifying and targeting abnormal circuits in auditory system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenhong Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuying Ji
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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15
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Guedj C, Vuilleumier P. Modulation of pulvinar connectivity with cortical areas in the control of selective visual attention. Neuroimage 2023; 266:119832. [PMID: 36572132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention mechanisms operate across large-scale cortical networks by amplifying behaviorally relevant sensory information while suppressing interference from distractors. Although it is known that fronto-parietal regions convey information about attentional priorities, it is unclear how such cortical communication is orchestrated. Based on its unique connectivity pattern with the cortex, we hypothesized that the pulvinar, a nucleus of the thalamus, may play a key role in coordinating and modulating remote cortical activity during selective attention. By using a visual task that orthogonally manipulated top-down selection and bottom-up competition during functional MRI, we investigated the modulations induced by task-relevant (spatial cue) and task-irrelevant but salient (distractor) stimuli on functional interactions between the pulvinar, occipito-temporal cortex, and frontoparietal areas involved in selective attention. Pulvinar activity and connectivity were distinctively modulated during the co-occurrence of the cue and salient distractor stimuli, as opposed to the presence of one of these factors alone. Causal modelling analysis further indicated that the pulvinar acted by weighting excitatory signals to cortical areas, predominantly in the presence of both the cue and the distractor. These results converge to support a pivotal role of the pulvinar in integrating top-down and bottom-up signals among distributed networks when confronted with conflicting visual stimuli, and thus contributing to shape priority maps for the guidance of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guedj
- Neuroscience Department, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus BIOTECH H8, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva 1202, Switzerland.
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Neuroscience Department, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus BIOTECH H8, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
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16
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Wang XY, Chen XQ, Wang GQ, Cai RL, Wang H, Wang HT, Peng XQ, Zhang MT, Huang S, Shen GM. A neural circuit for gastric motility disorders driven by gastric dilation in mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1069198. [PMID: 36908796 PMCID: PMC9992744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1069198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Symptoms of gastric motility disorders are common clinical manifestations of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), and are triggered and exacerbated by stress, but the neural pathways underpinning them remain unclear. Methods We set-up a mouse model by gastric dilation (GD) in which the gastric dynamics were assessed by installing strain gauges on the surface of the stomach. The neural pathway associated with gastric motility disorders was investigated by behavioral tests, electrophysiology, neural circuit tracing, and optogenetics and chemogenetics involving projections of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to acetylcholine (ChAT) neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Results We found that GD induced gastric motility disorders were accompanied by activation of PVN CRH neurons, which could be alleviated by strategies that inhibits the activity of PVN CRH neurons. In addition, we identified a neural pathway in which PVN CRH neurons project into DMV ChAT neurons, modulated activity of the PVN CRH →DMV ChAT pathway to alleviate gastric motility disorders induced by GD. Discussion These findings indicate that the PVN CRH →DMV ChAT pathway may mediate at least some aspects of GD related gastric motility, and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which somatic stimulation modulates the physiological functions of internal organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Quan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rong-Lin Cai
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shun Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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17
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Cruz KG, Leow YN, Le NM, Adam E, Huda R, Sur M. Cortical-subcortical interactions in goal-directed behavior. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:347-389. [PMID: 35771984 PMCID: PMC9576171 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexibly selecting appropriate actions in response to complex, ever-changing environments requires both cortical and subcortical regions, which are typically described as participating in a strict hierarchy. In this traditional view, highly specialized subcortical circuits allow for efficient responses to salient stimuli, at the cost of adaptability and context specificity, which are attributed to the neocortex. Their interactions are often described as the cortex providing top-down command signals for subcortical structures to implement; however, as available technologies develop, studies increasingly demonstrate that behavior is represented by brainwide activity and that even subcortical structures contain early signals of choice, suggesting that behavioral functions emerge as a result of different regions interacting as truly collaborative networks. In this review, we discuss the field's evolving understanding of how cortical and subcortical regions in placental mammals interact cooperatively, not only via top-down cortical-subcortical inputs but through bottom-up interactions, especially via the thalamus. We describe our current understanding of the circuitry of both the cortex and two exemplar subcortical structures, the superior colliculus and striatum, to identify which information is prioritized by which regions. We then describe the functional circuits these regions form with one another, and the thalamus, to create parallel loops and complex networks for brainwide information flow. Finally, we challenge the classic view that functional modules are contained within specific brain regions; instead, we propose that certain regions prioritize specific types of information over others, but the subnetworks they form, defined by their anatomical connections and functional dynamics, are the basis of true specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Guadalupe Cruz
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi Ning Leow
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nhat Minh Le
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elie Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rafiq Huda
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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18
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Chamard C, Maller JJ, Menjot N, Debourdeau E, Nael V, Ritchie K, Carriere I, Daien V. Association Between Vision and Brain Cortical Thickness in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort. Eye Brain 2022; 14:71-82. [PMID: 35859801 PMCID: PMC9292457 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s358384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Visual impairment is a major cause of disability and impairment of cognitive function in older people. Brain structural changes associated with visual function impairment are not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the association between visual function and cortical thickness in older adults. Methods Participants were selected from the French population-based ESPRIT cohort of 2259 community-dwelling adults ≥65 years old enrolled between 1999 and 2001. We considered visual function and brain MRI images at the 12-year follow-up in participants who were right-handed and free of dementia and/or stroke, randomly selected from the whole cohort. High-resolution structural T1-weighted brain scans acquired with a 3-Tesla scanner. Regional reconstruction and segmentation involved using the FreeSurfer image-analysis suite. Results A total of 215 participants were included (mean [SD] age 81.8 [3.7] years; 53.0% women): 30 (14.0%) had central vision loss and 185 (86.0%) normal central vision. Vision loss was associated with thinner cortical thickness in the right insula (within the lateral sulcus of the brain) as compared with the control group (mean thickness 2.38 [0.04] vs 2.50 [0.03] mm, 4.8% thinning, pcorrected= 0.04) after adjustment for age, sex, lifetime depression and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion The present study describes a significant thinning of the right insular cortex in older adults with vision loss. The insula subserves a wide variety of functions in humans ranging from sensory and affective processing to high-level cognitive processing. Reduced insula thickness associated with vision loss may increase cognitive burden in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Chamard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, F-34000, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, F-34091, France
| | - Jerome J Maller
- General Electric Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolas Menjot
- Department of Neuroradiology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Eloi Debourdeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Virginie Nael
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, F-34091, France.,Department of Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isabelle Carriere
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, F-34091, France
| | - Vincent Daien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, F-34000, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, F-34091, France.,The Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Palmeri R, Corallo F, Bonanno L, Currò S, Merlino P, Di Lorenzo G, Bramanti P, Marino S, Lo Buono V. Apathy and impulsiveness in Parkinson disease: Two faces of the same coin? Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29766. [PMID: 35776985 PMCID: PMC9239641 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apathy and impulsiveness are 2 common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson disease that could occur in different periods or simultaneously. Apathy and impulsiveness could be interpreted as opposite extremes of a spectrum of motivated behavior dependent on dopaminergic dysfunction, in which, impulsivity, is a result of a hyperdopaminergic state, whereas apathy is viewed as a hypodopaminergic. The study aimed to investigate the presence of impulsiveness and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease patients with apathy symptoms. Eighty-one patients with Parkinson disease were enrolled in this retrospective study. All subjects were evaluated by the Italian version of the Dimensional Apathy Scale and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-version 11, to assess, respectively, apathy and impulsiveness; they were divided into 2 groups (apathy and no apathy). All patients were administered also with questionnaires assessing depressive and anxious symptoms. Statistical analyses showed relevant results. In no-apathy group, education was a significant predictor on impulsiveness (attentional and motor) and apathy (executive and emotional); depression was a significant predictor on planning impulsivity and apathy. This study aimed to consider the importance of apathy and impulsivity in Parkinson disease. Although these are considered as opposite extremes of a spectrum of motivated behavior dependent on dopaminergic dysfunction, these can also occur separately. Moreover, several variables could represent important predictors of apathy and impulsiveness, such as depression. Future investigations should deepen the role of other demographics and psychological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Corallo
- IRCCS Neurological Center Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Corallo, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, –Messina 98124, Italy (e-mail: )
| | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Neurological Center Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Currò
- IRCCS Neurological Center Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Merlino
- IRCCS Neurological Center Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Neurological Center Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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20
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Alves Rodrigues T, de Oliveira EJSG, Morais Costa B, Tajra Mualem Araújo RL, Batista Santos Garcia J. Is There a Difference in Fear-Avoidance, Beliefs, Anxiety and Depression Between Post-Surgery and Non-Surgical Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Patients? J Pain Res 2022; 15:1707-1717. [PMID: 35734508 PMCID: PMC9208625 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s348146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with post-surgery persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS) or non-surgical PSPS might be affected by sustained fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB), anxiety and depression. In this scenario, this study aimed to describe those aspects in patients with post-surgery PSPS and non-surgical PSPS. Methods This study included patients with PSPS, and non-surgical PSPS, over 18 years, with quarterly evaluations at the Chronic Pain Clinic. After evaluation, demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. The Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Douleur neuropathique 4 questions, Visual Analog Pain Scale, and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Brazilian Version (FABQ-Brazil) were used to evaluate psychological aspects. Results Forty-six patients were included, 23 patients with post-surgery PSPS and 23 with non-surgical PSPS. Both groups had high scores in the physical and work domains of the FABQ, high rates of absenteeism and most patients in these groups had moderate-to-severe neuropathic pain and some degree of anxiety and/or depression. The groups showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) when comparing all questionnaires. Discussion This is one of the first studies to evaluate FAB and other associated psychological factors, such as anxiety and depression, in patients with post-surgery PSPS in a follow-up several years after surgery and compare with patients diagnosed with non-surgical PSPS. In this study, most patients in both groups had high scores in the FABQ domains, not having statistically relevant difference between groups. Conclusion Even though there was no statistically relevant difference between the PSPS patient with or without surgical history in terms of the assessed outcome measures, the described scores for fear-avoidance beliefs, pain, anxiety and depression were high, showing an interference in the daily life activities of those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Alves Rodrigues
- Chronic Pain Clinic, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HU-UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Morais Costa
- Chronic Pain Clinic, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HU-UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Santos Garcia
- Chronic Pain Clinic, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HU-UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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21
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Liu D, Li S, Ren L, Li X, Wang Z. The superior colliculus/lateral posterior thalamic nuclei in mice rapidly transmit fear visual information through the theta frequency band. Neuroscience 2022; 496:230-240. [PMID: 35724770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals perceive threat information mainly from vision, and the subcortical visual pathway plays a critical role in the rapid processing of fear visual information. The superior colliculus (SC) and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei of the thalamus are key components of the subcortical visual pathway; however, how animals encode and transmit fear visual information is unclear. To evaluate the response characteristics of neurons in SC and LP thalamic nuclei under fear visual stimuli, extracellular action potentials (spikes) and local field potential signals were recorded under looming and dimming visual stimuli. The results showed that both SC and LP thalamic nuclei were strongly responsive to looming visual stimuli but not sensitive to dimming visual stimuli. Under the looming visual stimulus, the theta (θ) frequency bands of both nuclei showed obvious oscillations, which markedly enhanced the synchronization between neurons. The functional network characteristics also indicated that the network connection density and information transmission efficiency were higher under fear visual stimuli. These findings suggest that both SC and LP thalamic nuclei can effectively identify threatening fear visual information and rapidly transmit it between nuclei through the θ frequency band. This discovery can provide a basis for subsequent coding and decoding studies in the subcortical visual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Liu
- School of Electric Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology
| | - Shouhao Li
- School of Electric Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology
| | - Liqing Ren
- School of Electric Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- School of Electric Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology.
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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22
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Conserved patterns of functional organization between cortex and thalamus in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201481119. [PMID: 35588455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201481119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceNeuroanatomical tracing provides just a partial picture of information flow in the brain, because excitatory synapses are not all equal. Some strongly drive postsynaptic targets to transfer information, whereas others weakly modulate their responsiveness. Here, we show conserved patterns of synaptic function across somatosensory and visual thalamocortical circuits in mice involving higher-order thalamic nuclei. These nuclei serve as hubs in transthalamic or cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways. We report that feedforward transthalamic circuits in the somatosensory and visual systems operate to efficiently transmit information, whereas feedback transthalamic circuits act to modulate their target areas. These patterns may generalize to other brain systems and show how methods of synapse physiology and molecular biology can inform the exploration of brain circuitry and information processing.
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23
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Liu X, Huang H, Snutch TP, Cao P, Wang L, Wang F. The Superior Colliculus: Cell Types, Connectivity, and Behavior. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1519-1540. [PMID: 35484472 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC), one of the most well-characterized midbrain sensorimotor structures where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated to initiate motor commands, is highly conserved across vertebrate evolution. Moreover, cell-type-specific SC neurons integrate afferent signals within local networks to generate defined output related to innate and cognitive behaviors. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding of phenotypic diversity amongst SC neurons and their intrinsic circuits and long-projection targets. We further describe relevant neural circuits and specific cell types in relation to behavioral outputs and cognitive functions. The systematic delineation of SC organization, cell types, and neural connections is further put into context across species as these depend upon laminar architecture. Moreover, we focus on SC neural circuitry involving saccadic eye movement, and cognitive and innate behaviors. Overall, the review provides insight into SC functioning and represents a basis for further understanding of the pathology associated with SC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongren Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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24
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Vlcek P, Bob P. Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Pre-Attentional Inhibitory Deficits. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:821-827. [PMID: 35422621 PMCID: PMC9005071 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s352157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to recent findings schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as separate disease entities manifest similarities in neuropsychological functioning. Typical disturbances in both disorders are related to sensory gating deficits characterized by decreased inhibitory functions in responses to various insignificant perceptual signals which are experimentally tested by event related potentials (ERP) and measured P50 wave. In this context, recent findings implicate that disrupted binding and disintegration of consciousness in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder that are related to inhibitory deficits reflected in P50 response may explain similarities in psychotic disturbances in both disorders. With this aim, this review summarizes literature about P50 in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Vlcek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bob
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, & Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Yan X, Meng T, Liu H, Liu J, Du J, Chang C. The Association Between the Duration, Treatment, Control of Hypertension and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Case-Control Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:585-595. [PMID: 35342291 PMCID: PMC8942123 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s353164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of hypertension in China is causally related to cognitive impairment. However, there is a dearth of information available regarding important factors for the association, including disease duration, therapeutic options, and risk factors associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with hypertension. Methods We selected a diverse cohort of 572 patients with hypertension and assessed cognitive function using MoCA. Potential risk factors were investigated by a structured questionnaire. Risk factors associated with the hypertension-induced MCI occurring conversion of were analyzed using multifactorial regression analysis. Results MCI was observed in 256 of 572 individuals, which increased with age (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.20), but was decreased with high education status (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.32-0.71). Risk factors independently associated with MCI were diabetes (OR=2.40, 95% CI 1.53-3.76), hyperlipidemia (OR=1.49, 95%=1.01-2.16), high salt diet (OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.34-3.84), and physical activity:>2h/week (OR=0.65, 95%0.44-0.94). However, controlling blood pressure to "normal" target values helped decrease the incidence of MCI (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.30-0.65): this was not age dependent. Conclusion Our results suggest that it is necessary to promote the education of the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population to correctly and effectively use anti-hypertensives to control hypertension to a normal range to prevent cognitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Yan
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Impairment Research, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Impairment Research, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Impairment Research, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Ababei DC, Larion M, Bild W, Stanciu GD, Solcan C, Bild V. Endocannabinoid Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Pursuit of Certainty. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030440. [PMID: 35336814 PMCID: PMC8945712 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Existing therapeutic options are limited and focus mostly on improving symptoms and reducing exacerbations. The endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathophysiology of such disorders, an idea which has been highlighted by recent scientific work. The current work focusses its attention on the importance and implications of this system and its synthetic and natural ligands in disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and multiple sclerosis. Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasing cause of global morbidity and mortality. They occur in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to functional and mental impairment due to loss of neurons. Recent evidence highlights the link between neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the CNS. These are typically associated with several neurological disorders. These diseases have fundamental differences regarding their underlying physiology and clinical manifestations, although there are aspects that overlap. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of receptors (type-1 (CB1R) and type-2 (CB2R) cannabinoid-receptors, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)), endogenous ligands and enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids (ECBs). Recent studies revealed the involvement of the ECS in different pathological aspects of these neurodegenerative disorders. The present review will explore the roles of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and pharmacological agents that modulate CBRs or ECS activity with reference to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Huntington’s Disease (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Mădălina Larion
- Department of Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, 19 Croitorilor Street, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anaesthetics, Midland Regional Hospital, Longford Road, Mullingar, N91 NA43 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Preclinics Department, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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27
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Mechanisms of Surround Suppression Effect on the Contrast Sensitivity of V1 Neurons in Cats. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:5677655. [PMID: 35299618 PMCID: PMC8923783 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5677655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surround suppression (SS) is a phenomenon that a neuron’s response to visual stimuli within the classical receptive field (cRF) is suppressed by a concurrent stimulation in the surrounding receptive field (sRF) beyond the cRF. Studies show that SS affects neuronal response contrast sensitivity in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined SS effect on the contrast sensitivity of cats’ V1 neurons with different preferred SFs using external noise-masked visual stimuli and perceptual template model (PTM) analysis at the system level. The contrast sensitivity was evaluated by the inverted threshold contrast of neurons in response to circular gratings of different contrasts in the cRF with or without an annular grating in the sRF. Our results showed that SS significantly reduced the contrast sensitivity of cats’ V1 neurons. The SS-induced reduction of contrast sensitivity was not correlated with SS strength but was dependent on neuron’s preferred SF, with a larger reduction for neurons with low preferred SFs than those with high preferred SFs. PTM analysis of threshold versus external noise contrast (TvC) functions indicated that SS decreased contrast sensitivity by increasing both the internal additive noise and impact of external noise for neurons with low preferred SFs, but improving only internal additive noise for neurons with high preferred SFs. Furthermore, the SS effect on the contrast-response function of low- and high-SF neurons also exhibited different mechanisms in contrast gain and response gain. Collectively, these results suggest that the mechanisms of SS effect on neuronal contrast sensitivity may depend on neuronal populations with different SFs.
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28
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Shen L, Zhang GW, Tao C, Seo MB, Zhang NK, Huang JJ, Zhang LI, Tao HW. A bottom-up reward pathway mediated by somatostatin neurons in the medial septum complex underlying appetitive learning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1194. [PMID: 35256596 PMCID: PMC8901785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valence detection and processing are essential for the survival of animals and their life quality in complex environments. Neural circuits underlying the transformation of external sensory signals into positive valence coding to generate appropriate behavioral responses remain not well-studied. Here, we report that somatostatin (SOM) subtype of GABAergic neurons in the mouse medial septum complex (MS), but not parvalbumin subtype or glutamatergic neurons, specifically encode reward signals and positive valence. Through an ascending pathway from the nucleus of solitary tract and then parabrachial nucleus, the MS SOM neurons receive rewarding taste signals and suppress the lateral habenula. They contribute essentially to appetitive associative learning via their projections to the lateral habenula: learning enhances their responses to reward-predictive sensory cues, and suppressing their responses to either conditioned or unconditioned stimulus impairs acquisition of reward learning. Thus, MS serves as a critical hub for transforming bottom-up sensory signals to mediate appetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Can Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michelle B Seo
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nicole K Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Graduate Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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29
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Kondo S, Kiyohara Y, Ohki K. Response Selectivity of the Lateral Posterior Nucleus Axons Projecting to the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:825735. [PMID: 35296036 PMCID: PMC8918919 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.825735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit characteristic response selectivity to visual stimuli, such as orientation, direction and spatial frequency selectivity. Since V1 receives thalamic visual inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN), the response selectivity of the V1 neurons could be influenced mostly by these inputs. However, it remains unclear how these two thalamic inputs contribute to the response selectivity of the V1 neurons. In this study, we examined the orientation, direction and spatial frequency selectivity of the LPN axons projecting to V1 and compared their response selectivity with our previous results of the LGN axons in mice. For this purpose, the genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6s, was locally expressed in the LPN using the adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection method. Visual stimulations were presented, and axonal imaging was conducted in V1 by two-photon calcium imaging in vivo. We found that LPN axons primarily terminate in layers 1 and 5 and, to a lesser extent, in layers 2/3 and 4 of V1, while LGN axons mainly terminate in layer 4 and, to a lesser extent, in layers 1 and 2/3 of V1. LPN axons send highly orientation- and direction-selective inputs to all the examined layers in V1, whereas LGN axons send highly orientation- and direction-selective inputs to layers 1 and 2/3 but low orientation and direction selective inputs to layer 4 in V1. The distribution of preferred orientation and direction was strongly biased toward specific orientations and directions in LPN axons, while weakly biased to cardinal orientations and directions in LGN axons. In spatial frequency tuning, both the LPN and LGN axons send selective inputs to V1. The distribution of preferred spatial frequency was more diverse in the LPN axons than in the LGN axons. In conclusion, LPN inputs to V1 are functionally different from LGN inputs and may have different roles in the orientation, direction and spatial frequency tuning of the V1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kondo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center – International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoru Kondo,
| | - Yuko Kiyohara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center – International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kenichi Ohki,
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30
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Agadagba SK, Eldaly ABM, Chan LLH. Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Induces Long-Lasting Enhancement of Brain Functional and Directional Connectivity in Retinal Degeneration Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:785199. [PMID: 35197826 PMCID: PMC8860236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.785199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate neuromodulation of functional and directional connectivity features in both visual and non-visual brain cortices after short-term and long-term retinal electrical stimulation in retinal degeneration mice. We performed spontaneous electrocorticography (ECoG) in retinal degeneration (rd) mice following prolonged transcorneal electrical stimulation (pTES) at varying currents (400, 500 and 600 μA) and different time points (transient or day 1 post-stimulation, 1-week post-stimulation and 2-weeks post-stimulation). We also set up a sham control group of rd mice which did not receive any electrical stimulation. Subsequently we analyzed alterations in cross-frequency coupling (CFC), coherence and directional connectivity of the primary visual cortex and the prefrontal cortex. It was observed that the sham control group did not display any significant changes in brain connectivity across all stages of electrical stimulation. For the stimulated groups, we observed that transient electrical stimulation of the retina did not significantly alter brain coherence and connectivity. However, for 1-week post-stimulation, we identified enhanced increase in theta-gamma CFC. Meanwhile, enhanced coherence and directional connectivity appeared predominantly in theta, alpha and beta oscillations. These alterations occurred in both visual and non-visual brain regions and were dependent on the current amplitude of stimulation. Interestingly, 2-weeks post-stimulation demonstrated long-lasting enhancement in network coherence and connectivity patterns at the level of cross-oscillatory interaction, functional connectivity and directional inter-regional communication between the primary visual cortex and prefrontal cortex. Application of electrical stimulation to the retina evidently neuromodulates brain coherence and connectivity of visual and non-visual cortices in retinal degeneration mice and the observed alterations are largely maintained. pTES holds strong possibility of modulating higher cortical functions including pathways of cognition, awareness, emotion and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K. Agadagba
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Abdelrahman B. M. Eldaly
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Leanne Lai Hang Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Leanne Lai Hang Chan,
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Reading in Children Who Survived Cerebellar Tumors: Evidence from Eye Movements. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6010010. [PMID: 35225969 PMCID: PMC8883992 DOI: 10.3390/vision6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar tumors often affect the eye movement centers located in vermis, negatively affecting cognitive development and learning abilities in children. Previous research has established that patients who survived cerebellar tumors tend to demonstrate various saccadic impairments (e.g., hypermetria) and poor gaze stability as compared to healthy controls. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of oculomotor deficits in such patients on reading parameters. A total of 112 children (8–17 y.o.), 65 of whom survived cerebellar tumors, participated in the study. The study design included several oculomotor and reading tasks. Eye movements were recorded every 1/60 s monocularly with an Arrington eye tracker. We observed profound reading impairments in the patients as compared to healthy children, including longer reading time, greater numbers of fixations and regressive saccades, and longer fixation durations. We also found significant correlations between changes in basic oculomotor functions and reading parameters. The patients also demonstrated gaze fixation instability, large number of fixations, and long scanpath reflecting the return of the gaze to the already counted objects. Thus, oculomotor changes caused by cerebellar tumor and its treatment led to disturbances in such neurocognitive activity as reading. Our findings emphasize the necessity of considering these deficits in cerebellar tumor survivors when designing rehabilitation protocols.
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32
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Fauss GNK, Hudson KE, Grau JW. Role of Descending Serotonergic Fibers in the Development of Pathophysiology after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): Contribution to Chronic Pain, Spasticity, and Autonomic Dysreflexia. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:234. [PMID: 35205100 PMCID: PMC8869318 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, nerve fibers from the brain form descending tracts that regulate the execution of motor behavior within the spinal cord, incoming sensory signals, and capacity to change (plasticity). How these fibers affect function depends upon the transmitter released, the receptor system engaged, and the pattern of neural innervation. The current review focuses upon the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) and its capacity to dampen (inhibit) neural excitation. A brief review of key anatomical details, receptor types, and pharmacology is provided. The paper then considers how damage to descending serotonergic fibers contributes to pathophysiology after spinal cord injury (SCI). The loss of serotonergic fibers removes an inhibitory brake that enables plasticity and neural excitation. In this state, noxious stimulation can induce a form of over-excitation that sensitizes pain (nociceptive) circuits, a modification that can contribute to the development of chronic pain. Over time, the loss of serotonergic fibers allows prolonged motor drive (spasticity) to develop and removes a regulatory brake on autonomic function, which enables bouts of unregulated sympathetic activity (autonomic dysreflexia). Recent research has shown that the loss of descending serotonergic activity is accompanied by a shift in how the neurotransmitter GABA affects neural activity, reducing its inhibitory effect. Treatments that target the loss of inhibition could have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James W. Grau
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (G.N.K.F.); (K.E.H.)
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33
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Zheng C, Zhou T. Effect of Acupuncture on Pain, Fatigue, Sleep, Physical Function, Stiffness, Well-Being, and Safety in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain Res 2022; 15:315-329. [PMID: 35140516 PMCID: PMC8820460 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s351320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by widespread pain, which caused huge economic and social burden. Acupuncture is often used to manage chronic pain. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in FM is still controversial. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of acupuncture on pain, fatigue, sleep quality, physical function, stiffness, well-being, and safety in FM. Methods We searched databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, Chongqing Weipu, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure from inception to September 2021. Eligible studies included randomized or quasi-randomized controlled studies of acupuncture in patients with FM. Quantitative analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software, and risk assessment was performed according to the Cochrane collaboration tool. Safety was quantitatively analyzed. Results A total of 13 articles were searched, of which 12 were analyzed quantitatively. Our meta-analysis found that acupuncture could alleviate pain (SMD: −0.42, 95% CI, −0.66, −0.17, P<0.001, I2=58%) and improve well-being (SMD: −0.86, 95% CI, −1.49, 0.24, P=0.007, I2=85%) at post-treatment. In addition, acupuncture showed long-term effects on reducing pain (P=0.03) and improving well-being (P<0.001). No evidence that acupuncture works on fatigue, sleep quality, physical function, or stiffness was found. No serious adverse events were detected in acupuncture treatment. Conclusion Moderate quality of evidence supports acupuncture in reducing pain in patients with FM. Therefore, acupuncture is recommended as a treatment for FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Zheng
- School of Sport, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxiu Zhou
- Campus Hospital, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tianxiu Zhou, Campus Hospital, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13678030472, Email
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34
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Batzdorf CS, Morr AS, Bertalan G, Sack I, Silva RV, Infante-Duarte C. Sexual Dimorphism in Extracellular Matrix Composition and Viscoelasticity of the Healthy and Inflamed Mouse Brain. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020230. [PMID: 35205095 PMCID: PMC8869215 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that primarily affects women, gender differences in disease course and in brain softening have been reported. It has been shown that the molecular network found between the cells of the tissue, the extracellular matrix (ECM), influences tissue stiffness. However, it is still unclear if sex influences ECM composition. Therefore, here we investigated how brain ECM and stiffness differ between sexes in the healthy mouse, and in an MS mouse model. We applied multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography and gene expression analysis for associating in vivo brain stiffness with ECM protein content in the brain, such as collagen and laminin. We found that the cortex was softer in males than in females in both healthy and sick mice. Softening was associated with sex differences in expression levels of collagen and laminin. Our findings underscore the importance of considering sex when studying the constitution of brain tissue in health and disease, particularly when investigating the processes underlying gender differences in MS. Abstract Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has revealed sexual dimorphism in brain stiffness in healthy individuals and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In an animal model of MS, named experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we have previously shown that inflammation-induced brain softening was associated with alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remained unclear whether the brain ECM presents sex-specific properties that can be visualized by MRE. Therefore, here we aimed at quantifying sexual dimorphism in brain viscoelasticity in association with ECM changes in healthy and inflamed brains. Multifrequency MRE was applied to the midbrain of healthy and EAE mice of both sexes to quantitatively map regional stiffness. To define differences in brain ECM composition, the gene expression of the key basement membrane components laminin (Lama4, Lama5), collagen (Col4a1, Col1a1), and fibronectin (Fn1) were investigated by RT-qPCR. We showed that the healthy male cortex expressed less Lama4, Lama5, and Col4a1, but more Fn1 (all p < 0.05) than the healthy female cortex, which was associated with 9% softer properties (p = 0.044) in that region. At peak EAE cortical softening was similar in both sexes compared to healthy tissue, with an 8% difference remaining between males and females (p = 0.006). Cortical Lama4, Lama5 and Col4a1 expression increased 2 to 3-fold in EAE in both sexes while Fn1 decreased only in males (all p < 0.05). No significant sex differences in stiffness were detected in other brain regions. In conclusion, sexual dimorphism in the ECM composition of cortical tissue in the mouse brain is reflected by in vivo stiffness measured with MRE and should be considered in future studies by sex-specific reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sophie Batzdorf
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (C.S.B.); (R.V.S.)
| | - Anna Sophie Morr
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.M.); (G.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Gergely Bertalan
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.M.); (G.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.M.); (G.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Rafaela Vieira Silva
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (C.S.B.); (R.V.S.)
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (C.S.B.); (R.V.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhao J, Gao S, Guo Y, Xu Q, Liu M, Zhang C, Cheng M, Zhao X, Schinckel AP, Zhou B. Functionally Antagonistic Transcription Factors IRF1 and IRF2 Regulate the Transcription of the Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Associated with Aggressive Behavior of Weaned Pigs. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010135. [PMID: 35053133 PMCID: PMC8773180 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior has negative effects on animal welfare and growth performance in pigs. The dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) has a critical neuromodulator role in the dopamine signal pathway within the brain to control behavior. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1110730503, in the promoter region of the porcine DRD2 gene was identified, which affects aggressive behavior in pigs. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to identify the interactions between interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF2 with the DRD2 gene. The overexpression or knockdown of these two transcription factors in porcine kidney-15 (PK15) and porcine neuronal cells (PNCs) indicate that the binding of IRF1 to DRD2 promotes the transcription of the DRD2 gene, but the binding of IRF2 to the DRD2 gene inhibits its transcription. Furthermore, IRF1 and IRF2 are functionally antagonistic to each other. The downregulation of DRD2 or upregulation of IRF2 increased the apoptosis rate of porcine neuroglial cells. Taken together, we found that transcriptional factors IRF1 and IRF2 have vital roles in regulating the transcription of the DRD2 gene, and rs1110730503 (−915A/T) is a functional SNP that influences IRF2 binding to the promoter of the DRD2 gene. These findings will provide further insight towards controlling aggressive behavior in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanli Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qinglei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mingzheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Meng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianle Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Allan P. Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (S.G.); (Y.G.); (Q.X.); (M.L.); (C.Z.); (M.C.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Jang SH, Kim SH, Kwon HG. Diagnostic sensitivity of traumatic axonal injury of the spinothalamic tract in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28536. [PMID: 35029922 PMCID: PMC8735717 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) can detect traumatic axonal injury (TAI) in patients whose conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging results are negative. This study investigated the diagnostic sensitivity of TAI of the spinothalamic tract (STT) in patients with a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) suffering from central pain symptoms, using DTT.Thirty-five patients with central pain following mild TBI and 30 healthy control subjects were recruited for this study. After DTT-based reconstruction of the STT, we analyzed the STT in terms of configuration (narrowing and/or tearing) and the DTT parameters (fractional anisotropy and tract volume).Thirty-three (94.3%) patients had at least 1 DTT parameter value at 1 standard deviation below the control group value, and 20 (57.1%) patients had values at 2 standard deviations, below the control group value. All 35 patients showed STT abnormalities (tearing, narrowing, or both) on DTT.A high diagnostic sensitivity of TAI of the STT in patients with mild TBI was achieved. However, the small number of subjects who visited the university hospital and the limitations of DTT should be considered when generalizing the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Gyu Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Republic of Korea
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Network Analysis-Based Disentanglement of the Symptom Heterogeneity in Asian Patients with Schizophrenia: Findings from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antipsychotics. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010033. [PMID: 35055348 PMCID: PMC8779246 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptom heterogeneity of schizophrenia is consistent with Wittgenstein's analogy of a language game. From the perspective of precision medicine, this study aimed to estimate the symptom presentation and identify the psychonectome in Asian patients, using data obtained from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antipsychotics. We constructed a network structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) items in 1438 Asian patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, all the BPRS items were considered to be an ordered categorical variable ranging in value from 1-7. Motor retardation was situated most centrally within the BPRS network structure, followed by depressive mood and unusual thought content. Contrastingly, hallucinatory behavior was situated least centrally within the network structure. Using a community detection algorithm, the BPRS items were organized into positive, negative, and general symptom clusters. Overall, DSM symptoms were not more central than non-DSM symptoms within the symptom network of Asian patients with schizophrenia. Thus, motor retardation, which results from the unmet needs associated with current antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia, may be a tailored treatment target for Asian patients with schizophrenia. Based on these findings, targeting non-dopamine systems (glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid) may represent an effective strategy with respect to precision medicine for psychosis.
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Xie Y, Wu Z, Zhou L, Sun L, Xiao L, Wang G. Swimming Exercise Modulates Gut Microbiota in CUMS-Induced Depressed Mice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:749-760. [PMID: 35411144 PMCID: PMC8994653 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s355723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota is associated with anxiety and depression, while exercise has been proved to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, the interaction of exercise, depression, and gut microbiota remains unclear. METHODS Male C57/BL6J mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks and then were subjected to a 5-week swimming program. Behavioral tests, including sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, and tail suspension test (TST), were conducted to assess the anxiety-like and depressive behaviors. Gut microbiota analysis was carried out after sample collection. RESULTS This study showed that CUMS induced depressive behaviors, but swimming exercise increased sucrose preference rate in the SPT, increased time in the center and number of rearing in the OFT, decreased time in the closed arm and increased time in the open arm in EPM, and decreased immobility time in the TST. Firmicutes were the predominant phylum in the gut microbiome, followed by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. We further found that CUMS and swimming influenced the relative abundance of the genus Desulfovibrio, genus Streptococcus, genus p-75-a5. Among the metabolic pathways, aromatic biogenic amine degradation (PWY-7431), mono-trans and polycis decaprenyl phosphate biosynthesis (PWY-6383), chlorosalicylate degradation (PWY-6107), mycothiol biosynthesis (PWY1G-0), mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex biosynthesis (PWY-6397), toluene degradation I (aerobic) (via o-cresol) (PWY-5180), toluene degradation II (aerobic) (via 4-methylcatechol) (PWY-5182), and starch degradation III (PWY-6731) may be related to the mechanism of anti-depression effect. CONCLUSION Swimming exercise reverses CUMS-induced depressive behaviors, and the alteration of gut microbiota composition and regulation of microbiota metabolic pathways are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
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Yang YC, Zeng K, Wang W, Gong ZG, Chen YL, Cheng JM, Zhang M, Huang YW, Men XB, Wang JW, Zhan S, Tan WL. The Changes of Brain Function After Spinal Manipulation Therapy in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Rest BOLD fMRI Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:187-199. [PMID: 35153482 PMCID: PMC8828077 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s339762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes of regional homogeneity (Reho) values before and after spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) through rest blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI). METHODS Patients with CLBP (Group 1, n = 20) and healthy control subjects (Group 2, n = 20) were recruited. The fMRI was performed three times in Group 1 before SMT (time point 1, TP1), after the first SMT (time point 2, TP2), after the sixth SMT (time point 3, TP3), and for one time in Group 2, which received no intervention. The clinical scales were finished in Group 1 every time before fMRI was performed. The Reho values were compared among Group 1 at different time points, and between Group 1 and Group 2. The correlation between Reho values with the statistical differences and the clinical scale scores were calculated. RESULTS The bilateral precuneus and right mid-frontal gyrus in Group 1 had different Reho values compared with Group 2 at TP1. The Reho values were increased in the left precuneus and decreased in the left superior frontal gyrus in Group 1 at TP2 compared with TP1. The Reho values were increased in the left postcentral gyrus and decreased in the left posterior cingulate cortex and the superior frontal gyrus in Group 1 at TP3 compared with TP1. The ReHo values of the left precuneus in Group 1 at TP1 were negatively correlated with the pain degree at TP1 and TP2 (r = -0.549, -0.453; p = 0.012, 0.045). The Reho values of the middle temporal gyrus in Group 1 at TP3 were negatively correlated with the changes of clinical scale scores between TP3 and TP1 (r = 0.454, 0.559; p = 0.044, 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with CLBP showed abnormal brain function activity, which was altered after SMT. The Reho values of the left precuneus could predict the immediate analgesic effect of SMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zeng
- Department of Massage, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Massage, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Wen Huang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Bo Men
- Department of Massage, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Massage, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Tan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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Fritsch M, Rangus I, Nolte CH. Thalamic Aphasia: a Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:855-865. [PMID: 36383308 PMCID: PMC9750901 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-022-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thalamic aphasia is a rare language disorder resulting from lesions to the thalamus. While most patients exhibit mild symptoms with a predominance of lexical-semantic difficulties, variations in phenotype have been described. Overall, the exact mechanisms of thalamic aphasia await empirical research. The article reviews recent findings regarding phenotypes and possible underlying mechanisms of thalamic aphasia. RECENT FINDINGS Variations in phenotype of thalamic aphasia may be related to different lesion locations. Overall, the thalamus' role in language is thought to be due to its involvement in cortico-thalamic language networks with lesioning of certain nuclei resulting in the diachisis of otherwise interconnected areas. Its possible monitoring function in such a network might be due to its different cellular firing modes. However, no specific evidence has been collected to date. While recent findings show a more distinct understanding of thalamic aphasia phenotypes and possible underlying mechanisms, further research is needed. Additionally, as standard language testing might oftentimes not pick up on its subtle symptoms, thalamic aphasia might be underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Fritsch
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Rangus
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian H. Nolte
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang J, Wang M, Wei B, Shi J, Yu T. Research Progress in the Study of Startle Reflex to Disease States. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:427-435. [PMID: 35237036 PMCID: PMC8884703 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s351667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The startle reflex is considered a primitive physiological reflex, a defense response that occurs in the organism when the body feels sudden danger and uneasiness, characterized by habituation and sensitization effects, and studies on the startle reflex often deal with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and sensorimotor gating. Under physiological conditions, the startle reflex is stable at a certain level, and when the organism is in a pathological state, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, schizophrenia, and other diseases, the reflex undergoes a series of changes, making it closely related to the progress of disease. This paper summarizes the startle reflex in physiological and pathological states by reviewing the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodical, Wanfang Data, and identifies and analyzes the startle reflex and excessive startle reaction disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
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42
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Cao L, Sun Z. Diagnostic Values of Serum Levels of Homocysteine, Heat Shock Protein 70 and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein for Predicting Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:525-533. [PMID: 35330824 PMCID: PMC8938274 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s354022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular cognitive impairment is one of the main clinical manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Reliable molecular markers are needed urgently to predict cognitive impairments in CSVD patients. This study aimed to investigate the possible diagnostic values of serum levels of Hcy, Hsp70 and hs-CRP for predicting vascular cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD. METHODS According to the presence of CSVD and cognitive impairment (CI), healthy patients and CSVD patients were divided into three groups. Serum Hcy, HSP70 and hs-CRP were abnormal in the CI group. Clinical characteristics and MOCA cognitive function score statistics were performed for the three groups: the control group, CSVD without cognitive impairment group and CSVD with cognitive impairment group. Finally, Hcy, HSP70 and hs-CRP were correlated with MOCA to analyze the correlation between serum Hcy, HSP70 and hs-CRP and cognitive dysfunction caused by CSVD. RESULTS The levels of serum Hcy, Hsp70, and hsCRP had significantly higher expression in the CSVD groups than those in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, basic clinical characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and other clinical details had no significantly differences among the three groups. Serum Hcy, Hsp70 and hs-CRP levels were negatively correlated with MoCA total scores. CONCLUSION Serum levels of Hcy, HSP70 and hs-CRP were negatively correlated with cognitive impairment caused by CSVD, which could be used as a predictor to predict the risk of cognitive impairment caused by CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People's Republic of China
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Ji B, Dai M, Guo Z, Li J, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Liu X. Functional Connectivity Density in the Sensorimotor Area is Associated with Sleep Latency in Patients with Primary Insomnia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1-10. [PMID: 35035217 PMCID: PMC8755708 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s338489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether the patterns of functional connectivity density (FCD) differ between patients with primary insomnia (PI) and healthy subjects. In the present study, we investigated the features of FCD in patients with PI using resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI). METHODS rsfMRI datasets of 32 patients with PI and 34 healthy controls (HCs) were obtained using a 3-Tesla scanner. FCD analysis was performed to compare voxels with abnormal whole-brain functional connectivity with other voxels among patients with PI and HCs. Abnormal brain regions were then used as seed points for FC analysis. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients with PI exhibited significantly decreased FCD in the left medial frontal gyrus and increased FCD in the left supplementary motor area (SMA). With the left medial frontal gyrus as the seed point, patients with PI showed decreased FC between the left medial frontal gyrus and the left fusiform gyrus compared with HCs. With the left SMA as the seed point, patients with PI exhibited increased FC between the left SMA and the right anterior cingulate gyrus. Correlation analysis revealed that the increased FCD values in the left SMA were positively correlated with sleep latency in patients with PI. CONCLUSION Default-mode network and SMA dysfunctions may be related to the pathophysiology of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiologyand Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Radiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Guo
- The Sleep Medical Center of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Department of Radiology of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Department of Radiology of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- The Sleep Medical Center of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Sleep Medical Center of Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, People's Republic of China
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He C, Gong M, Li G, Shen Y, Han L, Han B, Lou M. Evaluation of White Matter Microstructural Alterations in Patients with Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment at the Sub-Acute Stage. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:563-573. [PMID: 35313564 PMCID: PMC8933623 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s343906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate white matter alterations in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) patients at the subacute stage employing diffusion kurtosis and tensor imaging. METHODS Thirty PSCI patients at the subacute phase and 30 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) scans and neuropsychological assessments. Based on the tract-based spatial statistics and atlas-based ROI analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean kurtosis (MK), kurtosis fractional anisotropy (KFA), axial kurtosis (AK), and radial kurtosis (RK) were compared in specific white matter fiber bundles between the groups (with family-wise error correction). Adjusting for age and gender, a partial correlation was conducted between neurocognitive assessments and DKI metrics in the PSCI group. RESULTS In comparison with the HC, PSCI patients significantly showed decreased MK, RK, and FA and increased MD values in the genu of corpus callosum, anterior limb internal capsule, and left superior corona radiata. In addition, DKI detected more white matter region changes in MK (31/48), KFA (40/48), and RK (25/48) than DTI with FA (28/48) and MD (21/48), which primarily consisted of the right cingulum, right superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left posterior limb of internal capsule. In the left anterior limb of internal capsule, MK and RK values were significantly negatively correlated with TMT-B (r = -0.435 and -0.414, P < 0.05), and KFA values (r = -0.385, P < 0.05) of corpus callosum negatively associated with TMT-B. CONCLUSION Combing DTI, DKI, and neuropsychological tests, we found extensive damaged white matter microstructure and poor execution performance in subacute PSCI patients. DKI could detect more subtle white matter changes than DTI metrics. Our findings provide added information for exploring the mechanisms of PSCI and conducting cognitive rehabilitation in the subacute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue He
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Gong
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengxiao Li
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Shen
- Department of Radiology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyin Han
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Lou
- Department of Radiology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Assessment of Attentional Processes in Patients with Anxiety-Depressive Disorders Using Virtual Reality. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121341. [PMID: 34945813 PMCID: PMC8705703 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the attention deficits in one-hundred-fifteen participants, comprising two types of clinical profiles (affective and anxiety disorder), through a test of continuous VR execution. Method: Three tests (i.e., Nesplora Aquarium, BDI, and STAI) were used to obtain a standardized measure of attention, as well as the existence and severity of depression and anxiety, respectively. Results: Significant differences (CI = 95%) were found between the control group and the group with depression, in variables related to the speed of visual processing (p = 0.008) in the absence of distractors (p = 0.041) and during the first dual execution task (p = 0.011). For scores related to sustained attention, patients with depression and those with anxiety did not differ from controls. Our results suggest attentional deficits in both clinical populations when performing a continuous performance test that involved the participation of the central executive system of working memory.
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Gămănuţ R, Shimaoka D. Anatomical and functional connectomes underlying hierarchical visual processing in mouse visual system. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:1297-1315. [PMID: 34846596 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a surge in interest in the rodent visual system resulting from the discovery of visual processing functions shared with primates V1, and of a complex anatomical structure in the extrastriate visual cortex. This surprisingly intricate visual system was elucidated by recent investigations using rapidly growing genetic tools primarily available in the mouse. Here, we examine the structural and functional connections of visual areas that have been identified in mice mostly during the past decade, and the impact of these findings on our understanding of brain functions associated with vision. Special attention is paid to structure-function relationships arising from the hierarchical organization, which is a prominent feature of the primate visual system. Recent evidence supports the existence of a hierarchical organization in rodents that contains levels that are poorly resolved relative to those observed in primates. This shallowness of the hierarchy indicates that the mouse visual system incorporates abundant non-hierarchical processing. Thus, the mouse visual system provides a unique opportunity to study non-hierarchical processing and its relation to hierarchical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Răzvan Gămănuţ
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daisuke Shimaoka
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Wang J, Wang Y. Circular RNA cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 antisense RNA (Circ-CDR1as) downregulation induced by dexmedetomidine treatment protects hippocampal neurons against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through the microRNA-28-3p (miR-28-3p)/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-3 (TRAF3) axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10512-10524. [PMID: 34787053 PMCID: PMC8810102 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1999369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury results in serious brain tissue damage, thereby leading to long-term disability and mortality. It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) exerted neuroprotective effects in CI/R injury. Herein, we intended to investigate whether and how circular RNA (circRNA) cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 antisense RNA (circ-CDR1as) was involved in the DEX-mediated protection on hippocampal neurons. In our work, the mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22) were used to construct a hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model for CI/R injury. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Gene expressions were detected by RT-qPCR. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by ELISA. The association between miR-28-3p and circ-CDR1as or TRAF3 was verified by dual-luciferase assay. The results indicated that DEX alleviated HT-22 cell dysfunction induced by H/R treatment. In addition, circ-CDR1as was downregulated after DEX treatment and reversed the effects of DEX on the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses of H/R-treated HT-22 cells. Circ-CDR1as positively regulated TRAF3 expression via interaction with miR-28-3p in HT-22 cells. Circ-CDR1as aggravated H/R-treated HT-22 cell dysfunction through targeting miR-28-3p. Furthermore, TRAF3 inhibition partly abolished the effect of circ-CDR1as overexpression on cellular activities of H/R-treated HT-22 cells. To sum up, our findings, for the first time, demonstrated that DEX exerted neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons against H/R treatment via the circ-CDR1as/miR-28-3p/TRAF3 regulatory network, providing novel therapeutic targets for DEX administration in CI/R treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Liyang People's Hospital, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Liyang People's Hospital, Changzhou, P.R. China
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Ibrahim LA, Huang S, Fernandez-Otero M, Sherer M, Qiu Y, Vemuri S, Xu Q, Machold R, Pouchelon G, Rudy B, Fishell G. Bottom-up inputs are required for establishment of top-down connectivity onto cortical layer 1 neurogliaform cells. Neuron 2021; 109:3473-3485.e5. [PMID: 34478630 PMCID: PMC9316418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Higher-order projections to sensory cortical areas converge on layer 1 (L1), the primary site for integration of top-down information via the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons and L1 GABAergic interneurons. Here we investigated the contribution of early thalamic inputs onto L1 interneurons for establishment of top-down connectivity in the primary visual cortex. We find that bottom-up thalamic inputs predominate during L1 development and preferentially target neurogliaform cells. We show that these projections are critical for the subsequent strengthening of top-down inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex onto L1 neurogliaform cells. Sensory deprivation or selective removal of thalamic afferents blocked this phenomenon. Although early activation of the anterior cingulate cortex resulted in premature strengthening of these top-down afferents, this was dependent on thalamic inputs. Our results demonstrate that proper establishment of top-down connectivity in the visual cortex depends critically on bottom-up inputs from the thalamus during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ali Ibrahim
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shuhan Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Fernandez-Otero
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mia Sherer
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanjie Qiu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Robert Machold
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pouchelon
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Online Left-Hemispheric In-Phase Frontoparietal Theta tACS for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111114. [PMID: 34834466 PMCID: PMC8625275 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative symptoms represent an unmet need for schizophrenia treatment. The effect of theta frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation (theta-tACS) applied during working memory (WM) tasks on negative symptoms has not been demonstrated as of yet. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of 36 stabilized schizophrenia patients, randomized to receive either twice daily, 6 Hz 2 mA, 20 min sessions of in-phase frontoparietal tACS or sham for five consecutive weekdays. Participants were concurrently engaged in WM tasks during stimulation. The primary outcome measure was the change over time in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale score measured from baseline through to the 1-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were other symptom clusters, neurocognitive performance, and relevant outcomes. The intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated greater reductions in PANSS negative subscale scores at the end of stimulation in the active (−13.84%) than the sham (−3.78%) condition, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.96, p = 0.006). The positive effect endured for at least one month. Theta-tACS also showed efficacies for cognitive symptoms, WM capacity, and psychosocial functions. Online theta-tACS offers a novel approach to modulate frontoparietal networks to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The promising results require large-scale replication studies in patients with predominantly negative symptoms.
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Sasaki K, Ferdousi F, Fukumitsu S, Kuwata H, Isoda H. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities of Rosmarinus officinalis extract in rodent models: Involvement of oxytocinergic system. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112291. [PMID: 34653760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OXT), a neuropeptide involved in mammal reproductive and prosocial behaviors, has been reported to interact with various stressor-provoked neurobiological changes, including neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, and inflammatory processes. In view of disturbances in psychosocial relationships due to social isolation and physical distancing measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic, being one of the triggering factors for the recent rise in depression and anxiety, OXT is a potential candidate for a new antidepressant. METHODS In this present study, we have aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of Rosmarinus officinalis extract (RE), extracted from distillation residue of rosemary essential oil, on central OXT level in the context of other stress biomarkers and neurotransmitter levels in mice models. Tail suspension test (TST) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) following LPS injection were employed to assess depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in mice, respectively. FINDINGS Pretreatment with RE for seven days significantly improved behavior in TST and EPMT. Whole-genome microarray analysis reveals that RE significantly reversed TST stress-induced alterations in gene expressions related to oxytocinergic and neurotransmitter pathways and inflammatory processes. In both models, RE significantly increased central Oxt and Oxtr expressions, as well as OXT protein levels. RE also significantly attenuated stress-induced changes in serum corticosterone, brain and serum BDNF levels, and brain neurotransmitters levels in both models. INTERPRETATION Altogether, our study is the first to report antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities of RE through modulating oxytocinergic system in mice brain and thus highlights the prospects of RE in the treatment of depressive disorders of psychosocial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumitsu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Ibaraki, Japan.
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