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Ju W, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Zhao S, Xiang S, Lian F. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian aging and potential interventions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1361289. [PMID: 38694941 PMCID: PMC11061492 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1361289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria plays an essential role in regulating cellular metabolic homeostasis, proliferation/differentiation, and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in many age-related pathologies. Evidence supports that the dysfunction of mitochondria and the decline of mitochondrial DNA copy number negatively affect ovarian aging. However, the mechanism of ovarian aging is still unclear. Treatment methods, including antioxidant applications, mitochondrial transplantation, emerging biomaterials, and advanced technologies, are being used to improve mitochondrial function and restore oocyte quality. This article reviews key evidence and research updates on mitochondrial damage in the pathogenesis of ovarian aging, emphasizing that mitochondrial damage may accelerate and lead to cellular senescence and ovarian aging, as well as exploring potential methods for using mitochondrial mechanisms to slow down aging and improve oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Ju
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuewen Zhao
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Wang Z, Xu T, Sun Y, Zhang X, Wang X. AMPK/PGC-1α and p53 modulate VDAC1 expression mediated by reduced ATP level and metabolic oxidative stress in neuronal cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:162-173. [PMID: 38298056 PMCID: PMC10984866 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is a pore protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Its channel gating mediates mitochondrial respiration and cell metabolism, and it has been identified as a critical modulator of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In many diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, VDAC1 is considered a promising potential therapeutic target. However, there is limited research on the regulatory factors involved in VDAC1 protein expression in both normal and pathological states. In this study, we find that VDAC1 protein expression is up-regulated in various neuronal cell lines in response to intracellular metabolic and oxidative stress. We further demonstrate that VDAC1 expression is modulated by intracellular ATP level. Through the use of pharmacological agonists and inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA), we reveal that the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway is involved in regulating VDAC1 expression. Additionally, based on bioinformatics predictions and biochemical verification, we identify p53 as a potential transcription factor that regulates VDAC1 promoter activity during metabolic oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that VDAC1 expression is regulated by the AMPK/PGC-1α and p53 pathways, which contributes to the maintenance of stress adaptation and apoptotic homeostasis in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyInstitute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
- Department of PharmacyPeking University Third HospitalInstitute for Drug EvaluationPeking University Health Science CenterTherapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology CenterPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyInstitute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Yingni Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyInstitute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyInstitute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyInstitute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
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3
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Indelicato E, Boesch S, Mencacci NE, Ghezzi D, Prokisch H, Winkelmann J, Zech M. Dystonia in ATP Synthase Defects: Reconnecting Mitochondria and Dopamine. Mov Disord 2024; 39:29-35. [PMID: 37964479 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Indelicato
- Center for Rare Movement Disorders Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Center for Rare Movement Disorders Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Niccolo' E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- DZPG, Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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4
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Meerman JJ, Legler J, Piersma AH, Westerink RHS, Heusinkveld HJ. An adverse outcome pathway for chemical-induced Parkinson's disease: Calcium is key. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:226-243. [PMID: 37926220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, rodent-based risk assessment studies cannot adequately capture neurodegenerative effects of pesticides due to a lack of human-relevant endpoints targeted at neurodegeneration. Thus, there is a need for improvement of the risk assessment guidelines. Specifically, a mechanistic assessment strategy, based on human physiology and (patho)biology is needed, which can be applied in next generation risk assessment. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is particularly well-suited to provide the mechanistic basis for such a strategy. Here, we conducted a semi-systematic review in Embase and MEDLINE, focused on neurodegeneration and pesticides, to develop an AOP network for parkinsonian motor symptoms. Articles were labelled and included/excluded using the online platform Sysrev. Only primary articles, written in English, focused on effects of pesticides or PD model compounds in models for the brain were included. A total of 66 articles, out of the 1700 screened, was included. PD symptoms are caused by loss of function and ultimately death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Our literature review highlights that a unique feature of these cells that increases their vulnerability is their reliance on continuous low-level influx of calcium. As such, excess intracellular calcium was identified as a central early Key Event (KE). This KE can lead to death of dopaminergic neurons of the SN, and eventually parkinsonian motor symptoms, via four distinct pathways: 1) activation of calpains, 2) endoplasmic reticulum stress, 3) impairment of protein degradation, and 4) oxidative damage. Several receptors have been identified that may serve as molecular initiating events (MIEs) to trigger one or more of these pathways. The proposed AOP network provides the biological basis that can be used to develop a mechanistic testing strategy that captures neurodegenerative effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Meerman
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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5
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Yang T, Wang Y, Liao W, Zhang S, Wang S, Xu N, Xie W, Luo C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 mediated the brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases via damaging synthesis of NAD + and ATP. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:192. [PMID: 34758883 PMCID: PMC8579638 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and neurodegenerative diseases are typical metabolic-related processes. As a metabolism-related long non-coding RNA, EPB41L4A-AS has been reported to be potentially involved in the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we sought to reveal the mechanisms of EPB41L4A-AS in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Human hippocampal gene expression profiles downloaded from the Genotype-Tissue Expression database were analyzed to obtain age-stratified differentially expressed genes; a weighted correlation network analysis algorithm was then used to construct a gene co-expression network of these differentially expressed genes to obtain gene clustering modules. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, protein–protein interaction network, and correlation analysis were used to reveal the role of EPB41L4A-AS1. The mechanism was verified using Gene Expression Omnibus dataset GSE5281 and biological experiments (construction of cell lines, Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, measurement of ATP and NAD+ levels, nicotinamide riboside treatment, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) in neurons and glial-derived cells. Results EPB41L4A-AS1 was downregulated in aging and Alzheimer's disease. EPB41L4A-AS1 related genes were found to be enriched in the electron transport chain and NAD+ synthesis pathway. Furthermore, these genes were highly associated with neurodegenerative diseases and positively correlated with EPB41L4A-AS1. In addition, biological experiments proved that the downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 could reduce the expression of these genes via histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation, resulting in decreased NAD+ and ATP levels, while EPB41L4A-AS1 overexpression and nicotinamide riboside treatment could restore the NAD+ and ATP levels. Conclusions Downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 not only disturbs NAD+ biosynthesis but also affects ATP synthesis. As a result, the high demand for NAD+ and ATP in the brain cannot be met, promoting the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS1 and nicotinamide riboside, a substrate of NAD+ synthesis, can reduce EPB41L4A-AS1 downregulation-mediated decrease of NAD+ and ATP synthesis. Our results provide new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingpeng Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China.
| | - Yaou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Mitra S, Anand U, Sanyal R, Jha NK, Behl T, Mundhra A, Ghosh A, Radha, Kumar M, Proćków J, Dey A. Neoechinulins: Molecular, cellular, and functional attributes as promising therapeutics against cancer and other human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112378. [PMID: 34741824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoechinulins are fungal and plant-derived chemicals extracted from Microsporum sp., Eurotium rubrum, Aspergillus sp., etc. Two analogues of neoechinulin, i.e., A and B, exerted extensive pharmacological properties described in this review. Neoechinulin is an indole alkaloid and has a double bond between C8/C9, which tends to contribute to its cytoprotective nature. Neoechinulin A exhibits protection to PC12 cells against nitrosative stress via increasing NAD(P)H reserve capacity and decreasing cellular GSH levels. It also confers protection via rescuing PC12 cells from rotenone-induced stress by lowering LDH leakage. This compound has great positive potential against neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting SIN-1 induced cell death in neuronal cells. Together with these, neoechinulin A tends to inhibit Aβ42-induced microglial activation and confers protection against neuroinflammation. Alongside, it also inhibits cervical cancer cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and via upregulation of apoptosis inducing genes like Bax, it suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and acts as an antidepressant. Whereas, another analogue, Neoechinulin B tends to interfere with the cellular mechanism thereby, inhibiting the entry of influenza A virus and it targets Liver X receptor (LXR) and decreases the infection rate of Hepatitis C. The present review describes the pharmaceutical properties of neoechinulins with notes on their molecular, cellular, and functional basis and their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Feeder Road, Belghoria, Kolkata 700056, West Bengal, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Avinash Mundhra
- Department of Botany, Rishi Bankim Chandra College (Affiliated to the West Bengal State University), East Kantalpara, North 24 Parganas, Naihati 743165, West Bengal, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Kadir MFA, Othman S, Nellore K. Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Promote Cell Cycle Arrest and Disrupt Mitochondria Bioenergetics in Ramos Cells. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 21:1654-1665. [PMID: 32525770 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200611113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emerging of targeting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) in cancer treatment particularly Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) has corroborated the substantial role of DHODH in cancer and received the attention of many pharmaceutical industries. OBJECTIVE The effects of Brequinar Sodium (BQR) and 4SC-101 on lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated. METHODS DHODH expression and cell proliferation inhibition of lymphoblastoid and lymphoma cell lines were analyzed using Western blot analysis and XTT assay, respectively. JC-1 probe and ATP biochemiluminescence kit were used to evaluate the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP generation in these cell lines. Furthermore, we explored the cell cycle progression using Muse™ Cell Cycle Kit. RESULTS Ramos, SUDHL-1 and RPMI-1788 cells are fast-growing cells with equal expression of DHODH enzyme and sensitivity to DHODH inhibitors that showed that the inhibition of DHODH was not cancer-specific. In ATP depletion assay, the non-cancerous RPMI-1788 cells showed only a minor ATP reduction compared to Ramos and SUDHL-1 (cancer) cells. In the mechanistic impact of DHODH inhibitors on non-cancerous vs cancerous cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential assay revealed that significant depolarization and cytochrome c release occurred with DHODH inhibitors treatment in Ramos but not in the RPMI-1788 cells, indicating a different mechanism of proliferation inhibition in normal cells. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide evidence that DHODH inhibitors perturb the proliferation of non-cancerous cells via a distinct mechanism compared to cancerous cells. These results may lead to strategies for overcoming the impact on non-cancerous cells during treatment with DHODH inhibitors, leading to a better therapeutic window in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad F A Kadir
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shatrah Othman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kavitha Nellore
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Pte Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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8
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Simões RF, Ferrão R, Silva MR, Pinho SLC, Ferreira L, Oliveira PJ, Cunha-Oliveira T. Refinement of a differentiation protocol using neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells for use in neurotoxicology research. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111967. [PMID: 33417974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since most models used to study neuronal dysfunction display disadvantages and ethical concerns, a fast and reproducible in vitro model to study mitochondria-related neurodegeneration is required. Here, we optimized and characterized a 3-day retinoic acid-based protocol to differentiate the SH-SY5Y cell line into a neuronal-like phenotype and investigated alterations in mitochondrial physiology and distribution. Differentiation was associated with p21-linked cell cycle arrest and an increase in cell mass and area, possibly associated with the development of neurite-like extensions. Notably, increased expression of mature neuronal markers (neuronal-specific nuclear protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, βIII tubulin and enolase 2) was observed in differentiated cells. Moreover, increased mitochondrial content and maximal area per cell suggests mitochondrial remodeling. To demonstrate that this model is appropriate to study mitochondrial dysfunction, cells were treated for 6 h with mitochondrial toxicants (rotenone, antimycin A, carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)). Differentiated cells were more susceptible to increasing concentrations of FCCP, antimycin A, and rotenone, while 6-OHDA showed a distinct dose-dependent neurotoxicity pattern. Even though differentiated cells did not exhibit a fully mature/differentiated neuronal phenotype, the protocol developed can be used to study neurotoxicity processes, mitochondrial dynamics, and bioenergetic impairment, representing an alternative to study mitochondrial impairment-related pathologies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui F Simões
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal; Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Ferrão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Margarida R Silva
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Sonia L C Pinho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal; CIVG- Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal.
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9
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Hattori LT, Pinheiro BA, Frigori RB, Benítez CMV, Lopes HS. PathMolD-AB: Spatiotemporal pathways of protein folding using parallel molecular dynamics with a coarse-grained model. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 87:107301. [PMID: 32554177 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Solving the protein folding problem (PFP) is one of the grand challenges still open in computational biophysics. Globular proteins are believed to evolve from initial configurations through folding pathways connecting several thermodynamically accessible states in a free energy landscape until reaching its minimum, inhabited by the stable native structures. Despite its huge computational burden, molecular dynamics (MD) is the leading approach in the PFP studies by preserving the Newtonian temporal evolution in the canonical ensemble. Non-trivial improvements are provided by highly parallel implementations of MD in cost-effective GPUs, concomitant to multiscale descriptions of proteins by coarse-grained minimalist models. In this vein, we present the PathMolD-AB framework, a comprehensive software package for massively parallel MD simulations using the canonical ensemble, structural analysis, and visualization of the folding pathways using the minimalist AB-model. It has, also, a tool to compare the results with proteins re-scaled from the PDB. We simulate and analyze, as case studies, the folding of four proteins: 13FIBO, 2GB1, 1PLC and 5ANZ, with 13, 55, 99 and 223 amino acids, respectively. The datasets generated from simulations correspond to the MD evolution of 3500 folding pathways, encompassing 35×106 states, which contains the spatial amino acid positions, the protein free energies and radii of gyration at each time step. Results indicate that the speedup of our approach grows logarithmically with the protein length and, therefore, it is suited for most of the proteins in the PDB. The predicted structures simulated by PathMolD-AB were similar to the re-scaled biological structures, indicating that it is promising for the study of the PFP study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Takeshi Hattori
- Bioinformatics and Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology Paraná (UTFPR), Av. 7 de Setembro, 3165, 80230-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Araujo Pinheiro
- Bioinformatics and Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology Paraná (UTFPR), Av. 7 de Setembro, 3165, 80230-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Bertolini Frigori
- Bioinformatics and Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology Paraná (UTFPR), Av. 7 de Setembro, 3165, 80230-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - César Manuel Vargas Benítez
- Bioinformatics and Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology Paraná (UTFPR), Av. 7 de Setembro, 3165, 80230-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Heitor Silvério Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology Paraná (UTFPR), Av. 7 de Setembro, 3165, 80230-901 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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10
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Cellular mechanisms of complex I-associated pathology. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1963-1969. [PMID: 31769488 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria control vitally important functions in cells, including energy production, cell signalling and regulation of cell death. Considering this, any alteration in mitochondrial metabolism would lead to cellular dysfunction and the development of a disease. A large proportion of disorders associated with mitochondria are induced by mutations or chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I - the entry point to the electron transport chain. Subunits of the enzyme NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase, are encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and mutations in these genes lead to cardio and muscular pathologies and diseases of the central nervous system. Despite such a clear involvement of complex I deficiency in numerous disorders, the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to the development of pathology are not very clear. In this review, we summarise how lack of activity of complex I could differentially change mitochondrial and cellular functions and how these changes could lead to a pathology, following discrete routes.
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11
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Cell line-dependent increase in cellular quercetin accumulation upon stress induced by valinomycin and lipopolysaccharide, but not by TNF-α. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Kopec KT, Freiermuth C, Maynard S, Beuhler M. Dinitrophenol (DNP) Fatality Associated with a Falsely Elevated Salicylate Level: a Case Report with Verification of Laboratory Cross Reactivity. J Med Toxicol 2018; 14:323-326. [PMID: 30051204 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation that clinically leads to hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Intentional overdoses of DNP are often fatal. We present an analytically confirmed fatal case of DNP overdose with a falsely positive elevated salicylate concentration. We further explored this cross reactivity of DNP with two salicylate assays. METHODS Clinically relevant serial dilutions of DNP were prepared in drug-free serum and analyzed using two different colorimetric NADH/NAD-based analytical methodologies. RESULTS The enzymatic salicylate assay demonstrated a reproducible false elevation of salicylate starting at a DNP level of 100 mg/L while the EMIT-based methodology was without any such interference at the maximum concentration tested (150 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS DNP cross reacts with some salicylate assays. This knowledge is important for providers, as there are significant variations in the management of DNP versus salicylate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Kopec
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Carolinas Healthcare System, 1000 Blythe Blvd, MEB 3rd floor, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA.
| | - Caroline Freiermuth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Susan Maynard
- Carolinas Pathology Group, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Michael Beuhler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Poison Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
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13
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Dott W, Wright J, Cain K, Mistry P, Herbert KE. Integrated metabolic models for xenobiotic induced mitochondrial toxicity in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2018; 14:198-210. [PMID: 28942197 PMCID: PMC5610037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for robust in vitro models to sensitively capture skeletal muscle adverse toxicities early in the research and development of novel xenobiotics. To this end, an in vitro rat skeletal muscle model (L6) was used to study the translation of transcriptomics data generated from an in vivo rat model. Novel sulfonyl isoxazoline herbicides were associated with skeletal muscle toxicity in an in vivo rat model. Gene expression pathway analysis on skeletal muscle tissues taken from in vivo repeat dose studies identified enriched pathways associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, protein regulation and cell cycle. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress were further explored using in vitro L6 metabolic models. These models demonstrated that the sulfonyl isoxazoline compounds induced mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial superoxide production and apoptosis. These in vitro findings accurately concurred with the in vivo transcriptomics data, thereby confirming the ability of the L6 skeletal muscle models to identify relevant in vivo mechanisms of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Moreover, these results highlight the sensitivity of the L6 galactose media model to study mitochondrial perturbation associated with skeletal muscle toxicity; this model may be utilised to rank the potency of novel xenobiotics upon further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dott
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
| | | | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Karl E Herbert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, UK.
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Anjos VA, Sandrini JZ, Martinez CBR, Souza MM. Characterization of MXR activity in the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum exposed to copper. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 202:12-18. [PMID: 28754376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins of the ABC family contribute to a multiple xenobiotic resistance (MXR) phenotype in cells, driving the extrusion of toxic substances. This phenotype promotes a high degree of protection against xenobiotics. The present study provides a better understanding of the MXR activity in the podal disk cells of Bunodosoma cangicum exposed to copper, and further establishes the relationship between protein activity (measured by accumulation of rhodamine-B) and bioaccumulation of copper in these cells. Sea anemone cells were exposed for 24h to copper (0, 7.8 and 15.6μg/L) in presence and absence of MXR blocker (verapamil 50μM). Results indicate that copper exposure increases intracellular metal content when ABC proteins were blocked, causing an increase in cellular death. The present study also verified the relationship between MXR activity, ATP depletion, and general metabolic activity (by MTT). MXR activity decreased in treatment groups exposed to copper concentrations of 15.6μg/L and 10mM energy depleting potassium cyanide. Metabolic activity increased in cells exposed to 7.8μgCu/L, but 15.6μgCu/L was similar to 0 and 7.8μg/L. The presence of copper decreased the ABC proteins expression. The present study improves the knowledge of MXR in anemone cells and shows that this activity is closely associated with copper extrusion. Also, the copper exposure is able to modify the metabolic state and to lead to cytotoxicity when cells cannot defend themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abelaira Anjos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Zomer Sandrini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Marques Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul, Brazil.
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15
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Mohamad Fairus AK, Choudhary B, Hosahalli S, Kavitha N, Shatrah O. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors affect ATP depletion, endogenous ROS and mediate S-phase arrest in breast cancer cells. Biochimie 2017; 135:154-163. [PMID: 28196676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the key enzyme in de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The de novo pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis is essential in cancer cells proliferation. Leflunomide is an approved DHODH inhibitor that has been widely used for the treatment of arthritis. Similarly, brequinar sodium is another DHODH inhibitor that showed anti-tumour effect in MC38 colon carcinoma cells when used in combination with fluorouracil. Despite the potential role of DHODH inhibitors in cancer therapy, their mechanisms of action remain obscure and await further elucidation. Here, we evaluated the effect of DHODH inhibitors on the production of ATP and ROS in sensitive and non-sensitive breast cancer cells. Subsequently, the effects of DHODH inhibitors on cell cycle as well as on signalling molecules such as p53, p65 and STAT6 were evaluated in sensitive T-47D and non-sensitive MDAMB-436 cells. The correlations between DHODH protein expression, proliferation speed and sensitivity to DHODH inhibitors were also investigated in a panel of cancer cell lines. DHODH inhibitors-sensitive T-47D and MDAMB-231 cells appeared to preserve ROS production closely to endogenous ROS level whereas the opposite was observed in non-sensitive MDAMB-436 and W3.006 cells. In addition, we observed approximately 90% of intracellular ATP depletion in highly sensitive T-47D and MDAMB-231 cells compared to non-sensitive MDAMB-436 cells. There was significant over-expression of p53, p65 and STAT6 signalling molecules in sensitive cells which may be involved in mediating the S-phase arrest in cell cycle progression. The current study suggests that DHODH inhibitors are most effective in cells that express high levels of DHODH enzyme. The inhibition of cell proliferation by these inhibitors appears to be accompanied by ROS production as well as ATP depletion. The increase in expression of signalling molecules observed may be due to pyrimidine depletion which subsequently leads to cell cycle arrest at S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mohamad Fairus
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies (M) Sdn. Bhd., Level 2, Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - B Choudhary
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies (M) Sdn. Bhd., Level 2, Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Hosahalli
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU) #74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post Attur via Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560 064 Karnataka, India.
| | - N Kavitha
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40, KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560100 Karnataka, India.
| | - O Shatrah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Bonilla-Ramírez L, Jiménez-Del-Río M, Vélez-Pardo C. Glucose promotes resistance in lymphocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through signaling and metabolic pathways. Implications for Parkinson’s disease. IATREIA 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n2a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Anthocyanins protect from complex I inhibition and APPswe mutation through modulation of the mitochondrial fission/fusion pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2110-2118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Van Laar VS, Berman SB, Hastings TG. Mic60/mitofilin overexpression alters mitochondrial dynamics and attenuates vulnerability of dopaminergic cells to dopamine and rotenone. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:247-61. [PMID: 27001148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathology. Mic60, also known as mitofilin, is a protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane and a key component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae junction organizing system (MICOS). Mic60 is critical for maintaining mitochondrial membrane structure and function. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial Mic60 protein is susceptible to both covalent modification and loss in abundance following exposure to dopamine quinone. In this study, we utilized neuronally-differentiated SH-SY5Y and PC12 dopaminergic cell lines to examine the effects of altered Mic60 levels on mitochondrial function and cellular vulnerability in response to PD-relevant stressors. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of endogenous Mic60 protein in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells significantly potentiated dopamine-induced cell death, which was rescued by co-expressing shRNA-insensitive Mic60. Conversely, in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells, Mic60 overexpression significantly attenuated both dopamine- and rotenone-induced cell death as compared to controls. Mic60 overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells was also associated with increased mitochondrial respiration, and, following rotenone exposure, increased spare respiratory capacity. Mic60 knockdown cells exhibited suppressed respiration and, following rotenone treatment, decreased spare respiratory capacity. Mic60 overexpression also affected mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics. PC12 cells overexpressing Mic60 exhibited increased mitochondrial interconnectivity. Further, both PC12 cells and primary rat cortical neurons overexpressing Mic60 displayed suppressed mitochondrial fission and increased mitochondrial length in neurites. These results suggest that altering levels of Mic60 in dopaminergic neuronal cells significantly affects both mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular vulnerability to the PD-relevant stressors dopamine and rotenone, carrying implications for PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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19
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A respiratory chain controlled signal transduction cascade in the mitochondrial intermembrane space mediates hydrogen peroxide signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5679-88. [PMID: 26438848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517932112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) govern cellular homeostasis by inducing signaling. H2O2 modulates the activity of phosphatases and many other signaling molecules through oxidation of critical cysteine residues, which led to the notion that initiation of ROS signaling is broad and nonspecific, and thus fundamentally distinct from other signaling pathways. Here, we report that H2O2 signaling bears hallmarks of a regular signal transduction cascade. It is controlled by hierarchical signaling events resulting in a focused response as the results place the mitochondrial respiratory chain upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn, Lyn upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (Syk), and Syk upstream of numerous targets involved in signaling, transcription, translation, metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. The active mediators of H2O2 signaling colocalize as H2O2 induces mitochondria-associated Lyn and Syk phosphorylation, and a pool of Lyn and Syk reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Finally, the same intermediaries control the signaling response in tissues and species responsive to H2O2 as the respiratory chain, Lyn, and Syk were similarly required for H2O2 signaling in mouse B cells, fibroblasts, and chicken DT40 B cells. Consistent with a broad role, the Syk pathway is coexpressed across tissues, is of early metazoan origin, and displays evidence of evolutionary constraint in the human. These results suggest that H2O2 signaling is under control of a signal transduction pathway that links the respiratory chain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space-localized, ubiquitous, and ancient Syk pathway in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells.
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20
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Wolf DA. Is reliance on mitochondrial respiration a "chink in the armor" of therapy-resistant cancer? Cancer Cell 2014; 26:788-795. [PMID: 25490445 PMCID: PMC4761590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of recent reports has suggested PGC1α-driven upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as a selective vulnerability of drug-resistant cancers. Accordingly, chemical inhibitors of respiration led to selective eradication of such cancer cells due to their preferential sensitivity to mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. These insights create a timely opportunity for a biomarker guided application of already existing and newly emerging mitochondrial inhibitors in recurrent drug-resistant cancer, including lymphomas, melanomas, and other malignant diseases marked by increased mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Jennings P, Schwarz M, Landesmann B, Maggioni S, Goumenou M, Bower D, Leonard MO, Wiseman JS. SEURAT-1 liver gold reference compounds: a mechanism-based review. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2099-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Tamilselvam K, Braidy N, Manivasagam T, Essa MM, Prasad NR, Karthikeyan S, Thenmozhi AJ, Selvaraju S, Guillemin GJ. Neuroprotective effects of hesperidin, a plant flavanone, on rotenone-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in a cellular model for Parkinson's disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:102741. [PMID: 24205431 PMCID: PMC3800605 DOI: 10.1155/2013/102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone a widely used pesticide that inhibits mitochondrial complex I has been used to investigate the pathobiology of PD both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have shown that the neurotoxicity of rotenone may be related to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to neuronal apoptosis. The current study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effects of hesperidin, a citrus fruit flavanol, against rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. We assessed cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS generation, ATP levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) using well established assays. Apoptosis was determined in normal, rotenone, and hesperidin treated cells, by measuring the protein expression of cytochrome c (cyt c), caspases 3 and 9, Bax, and Bcl-2 using the standard western blotting technique. The apoptosis in rotenone-induced SK-N-SH cells was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS generation, the depletion of GSH, enhanced activities of enzymatic antioxidants, upregulation of Bax, cyt c, and caspases 3 and 9, and downregulation of Bcl-2, which were attenuated in the presence of hesperidin. Our data suggests that hesperidin exerts its neuroprotective effect against rotenone due to its antioxidant, maintenance of mitochondrial function, and antiapoptotic properties in a neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Tamilselvam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, College Rd, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New SouthWales, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, College Rd, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 50, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Nagarajan Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, College Rd, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Subburayan Karthikeyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, College Rd, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Arokyasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, College Rd, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Subash Selvaraju
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 50, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Milani ZH, Ramsden DB, Parsons RB. Neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and its metabolite 1-methylnicotinamide. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:451-6. [PMID: 23868305 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT, E.C. 2.1.1.1) catalyses the N-methylation of nicotinamide to 1-methylnicotinamide (MeN). We have previously shown that the ectopic expression of NNMT in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells increased adenosine triphosphate synthesis and complex I activity, effects of which were replicated by the addition of MeN. In this study, we investigated whether NNMT expression in SH-SY5Y conferred protection against mitotoxicity induced by rotenone, potassium cyanide (KCN), 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 6-hydroxydopamine, and whether any effects observed were mediated via increased MeN production. NNMT expression abolished the toxic effects of KCN, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 6-hydroxydopamine, and reduced that of rotenone. In contrast, although MeN significantly reduced the toxicity of rotenone, it had no effect upon the toxicity of KCN, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 6-hydroxydopamine. These data show that NNMT is cytoprotective against toxins that inhibit various aspects of mitochondrial function, and that these are not mediated solely via increased MeN production, but in combination with other unidentified mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab H Milani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Hong S, Kim JY, Hwang J, Shin KS, Kang SJ. Heptachlor induced mitochondria-mediated cell death via impairing electron transport chain complex III. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:632-6. [PMID: 23867817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins like pesticides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiological studies suggested that exposures to organochlorine pesticides have an association with an increased PD risk. In the present study, we examined the mechanism of toxicity induced by an organochlorine pesticide heptachlor. In a human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, heptachlor induced both morphological and functional damages in mitochondria. Interestingly, the compound inhibited mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III activity. Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of Bax were then detected. Subsequently, mitochondria-mediated, caspase-dependent apoptosis followed. Our results raise a possibility that an organochlorine pesticide heptachlor can act as a neurotoxicant associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokheon Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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U937 variant cells as a model of apoptosis without cell disintegration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:249-62. [PMID: 23605997 PMCID: PMC6275624 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The variant cell line U937V was originally identified by a higher sensitivity to the cytocidal action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) than that of its reference cell line, U937. We noticed that a typical morphological feature of dying U937V cells was the lack of cellular disintegration, which contrasts to the formation of apoptotic bodies seen with dying U937 cells. We found that both TNFα, which induces the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and etoposide (VP-16), which induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, stimulated U937V cell death without cell disintegration. In spite of the distinct morphological differences between the U937 and U937V cells, the basic molecular events of apoptosis, such as internucleosomal DNA degradation, phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, caspase activation and cytochrome c release, were evident in both cell types when stimulated with both types of apoptosis inducer. In the U937V cells, we noted an accelerated release of cytochrome c, an accelerated decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and a more pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species compared to the reference cells. We propose that the U937 and U937V cell lines could serve as excellent comparison models for studies on the mechanisms regulating the processes of cellular disintegration during apoptosis, such as blebbing (zeiosis) and apoptotic body formation.
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Schneider V, Krieger ML, Bendas G, Jaehde U, Kalayda GV. Contribution of intracellular ATP to cisplatin resistance of tumor cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:165-174. [PMID: 23183891 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Decreased cellular accumulation of cisplatin is a frequently observed mechanism of resistance to the drug. Beside passive diffusion, several cellular proteins using ATP hydrolysis as an energy source are assumed to be involved in cisplatin transport in and out of the cell. This investigation aimed at clarifying the contribution of intracellular ATP as an indicator of energy-dependent transport to cisplatin resistance using the A2780 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line and its cisplatin-resistant variant A2780cis. Depletion of intracellular ATP with oligomycin significantly decreased cellular platinum accumulation (measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry) in sensitive but not in resistant cells, and did not affect cisplatin efflux in both cell lines. Inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase with ouabain reduced platinum accumulation in A2780 cells but to a lesser extent compared with oligomycin. Western blot analysis revealed lower expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase α(1) subunit in resistant cells compared with sensitive counterparts. The basal intracellular ATP level (determined using a bioluminescence-based assay) was significantly higher in A2780cis cells than in A2780 cells. Our results highlight the importance of ATP-dependent transport, among other processes mediated by Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, for cisplatin influx in sensitive cells. Cellular platinum accumulation in resistant cells is reduced and less dependent on energy sources, which may partly result from Na(+),K(+)-ATPase downregulation. Our data suggest the involvement of other ATP-dependent processes beside those regulated by Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Higher basal ATP level in cisplatin-resistant cells, which appears to be a consequence of enhanced mitochondrial ATP production, may represent a survival mechanism established during development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schneider
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaela L Krieger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ganna V Kalayda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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27
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. 2,4-Dinitrophenol induces apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells through rapid depletion of GSH. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:1536-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Fluazinam targets mitochondrial complex I to induce reactive oxygen species-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Akashi S, Kimura T, Takeuchi T, Kuramochi K, Kobayashi S, Sugawara F, Watanabe N, Arai T. Neoechinulin a impedes the progression of rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:243-8. [PMID: 21415535 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neoechinulin A, an indole alkaloid from marine fungi, can protect PC12 cells from the cytotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), a Parkinson disease-inducing neurotoxin, by ameliorating downstream events resulting from mitochondrial complex I inactivation. However, the cytoprotective mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, by using rotenone, another parkinsonian-inducing neurotoxin targeting mitochondrial complex I, we investigated the cytoprotective mechanism of neoechinulin A. Rotenone-induced cell death was associated with accelerated glucose consumption, and excess glucose supplementation in the culture medium almost completely suppressed cell death, suggesting that glucose deficiency in the medium is critical for triggering cell death in this model. Co-treatment with neoechinulin A, but not neoechinulin A pre-treatment before rotenone exposure, significantly impeded cell death by rotenone. Although the presence of neoechinulin A did not affect the accelerated glycolytic turnover in rotenone-treated cells, it paradoxically decreased ATP levels in the cells, suggesting increased ATP consumption. Although the link between the decreased ATP levels and cytoprotection is not clear at present, it suggests that neoechinulin A may ameliorate rotenone toxicity by activating a cytoprotective machinery that requires ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo University of Science; 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278–8510, Japan
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30
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Donà G, Fiore C, Andrisani A, Ambrosini G, Brunati A, Ragazzi E, Armanini D, Bordin L, Clari G. Evaluation of correct endogenous reactive oxygen species content for human sperm capacitation and involvement of the NADPH oxidase system. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:3264-73. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Mori N, Yasutake A, Marumoto M, Hirayama K. Methylmercury inhibits electron transport chain activity and induces cytochrome c release in cerebellum mitochondria. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:253-9. [PMID: 21628953 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of oxidative stress has been suggested as a mechanism for toxicity caused by methylmercury (MeHg). One of the major critical sites for oxidative stress is the mitochondria. In this research, to clarify the target site in mitochondria affected by MeHg, the individual activities of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) (I∼IV) were examined in the liver, cerebrum and cerebellum of MeHg-intoxicated rats. In addition, to elucidate the mechanism underlying MeHg toxicity, cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activity and histological study were examined in the cerebrum and cerebellum. The cerebellum was found to be an exclusive tissue in which significant MeHg-induced alterations were observed. The complex II activity in the cerebellum mitochondria significantly decreased after MeHg exposure. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria increased only in the cerebellum by MeHg exposure. However, no significant alterations in caspase 3 activity or histological structure were found in brain tissues. These results suggest that MeHg acts on the constituents of complex II in the cerebellum, and induces mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to a release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. These events were considered to occur at the early stage of MeHg intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Mori
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1, Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan.
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32
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Watabe M, Nakaki T. Protein kinase CK2 regulates the formation and clearance of aggresomes in response to stress. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1519-32. [PMID: 21486957 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded protein aggregates elicit a stress response, and their clearance is crucial for cell survival. These aggregates are transported by cytoplasmic deacetylase HDAC6 and dynein motors to the aggresome via the microtubule network, and are removed by autophagic degradation. HDAC6 activity is necessary for both the transport and clearance of protein aggregates. However, the cellular factors that regulate HDAC6 activity remain unknown. Here we show that protein kinase CK2 is a crucial modulator of HDAC6 activity because CK2 directly phosphorylates HDAC6 and increases cytoplasmic deacetylase activity. Indeed, cells that expressed HDAC6 mutated at Ser458, a CK2-mediated phosphorylation site, failed to both form and clear aggresomes, and increased cytotoxicity. Interestingly, Ser458 is conserved only in higher primates, such as human and chimpanzee, but not in the rhesus macaque. These findings identify CK2 as a crucial protein involved in the formation and clearance of aggresomes, and hence in cell viability in response to misfolded protein stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Watabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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33
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Cheng DD, Jia YJ, Gao HY, Zhang LT, Zhang ZS, Xue ZC, Meng QW. Characterization of the programmed cell death induced by metabolic products of Alternaria alternata in tobacco BY-2 cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 141:117-29. [PMID: 20946348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata has received considerable attention in current literature and most of the studies are focused on its pathogenic effects on plant chloroplasts, but little is known about the characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) induced by metabolic products (MP) of A. alternata, the effects of the MP on mitochondrial respiration and its relation to PCD. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of MP-induced PCD in non-green tobacco BY-2 cells and to explore the role of mitochondrial inhibitory processes in the PCD of tobacco BY-2 cells. MP treatment led to significant cell death that was proven to be PCD by the concurrent cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA laddering observed in the cells. Moreover, MP treatment resulted in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), rapid ATP depletion and a respiratory decline in the tobacco BY-2 cells. It was concluded that the direct inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), alternative pathway (AOX) capacity and catalase (CAT) activity by the MP might be the main contributors to the MP-induced ROS burst observed in tobacco BY-2 cells. The addition of adenosine together with the MP significantly inhibited ATP depletion without preventing PCD; however, when the cells were treated with the MP plus CAT, ROS overproduction was blocked and PCD did not occur. The data presented here demonstrate that the ROS burst played an important role in MP-induced PCD in the tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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34
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Freestone PS, Chung KKH, Guatteo E, Mercuri NB, Nicholson LFB, Lipski J. Acute action of rotenone on nigral dopaminergic neurons--involvement of reactive oxygen species and disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1849-59. [PMID: 19912331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is a toxin used to generate animal models of Parkinson's disease; however, the mechanisms of toxicity in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons have not been well characterized. We have investigated rotenone (0.05-1 microm) effects on SNc neurons in acute rat midbrain slices, using whole-cell patch-clamp recording combined with microfluorometry. Rotenone evoked a tolbutamide-sensitive outward current (94 +/- 15 pA) associated with increases in intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) (73.8 +/- 7.7 nm) and intracellular [Na(+)] (3.1 +/- 0.6 mm) (all with 1 microm). The outward current was not affected by a high ATP level (10 mm) in the patch pipette but was decreased by Trolox. The [Ca(2+)](i) rise was abolished by removing extracellular Ca(2+), and attenuated by Trolox and a transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) channel blocker, N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid. Other effects included mitochondrial depolarization (rhodamine-123) and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (MitoSox), which was also abolished by Trolox. A low concentration of rotenone (5 nm) that, by itself, did not evoke a [Ca(2+)](i) rise resulted in a large (46.6 +/- 25.3 nm) Ca(2+) response when baseline [Ca(2+)](i) was increased by a 'priming' protocol that activated voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. There was also a positive correlation between 'naturally' occurring variations in baseline [Ca(2+)](i) and the rotenone-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. This correlation was not seen in non-dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Our results show that mitochondrial ROS production is a key element in the effect of rotenone on ATP-gated K(+) channels and TRPM2-like channels in SNc neurons, and demonstrate, in these neurons (but not in the SNr), a large potentiation of rotenone-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise by a small increase in baseline [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Freestone
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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Avila-Gomez IC, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on rotenone-induced apoptosis in human lymphocyte cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:53-61. [PMID: 19874289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been useful as a putative model of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis for Parkinson's disease. The present work shows that rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, induced time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis in lymphocytes which was mediated by anion superoxide radicals (O(2)*(-))/hydrogen peroxide, depolarization of mitochondria, caspase-3 activation, concomitantly with the nuclear translocation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, p53, c-Jun and nuclei fragmentation. Since insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) interferes with a cell's apoptotic machinery when subjected to several stressful conditions, it is demonstrated here for the first time that IGF-1 effectively protects lymphocytes against rotenone through PI-3K/Akt activation, down-regulation of p53 and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential independently of ROS generation. These data might contribute to understanding the role played by IGF-1 against oxidative stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Avila-Gomez
- School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Neuroscience Research Program, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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36
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Chang CW, Li HC, Hsu CF, Chang CY, Lo SY. Increased ATP generation in the host cell is required for efficient vaccinia virus production. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:80. [PMID: 19725950 PMCID: PMC2741444 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for cellular genes up-regulated by vaccinia virus (VV) infection, differential display-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ddRT-PCR) assays were used to examine the expression of mRNAs from mock-infected and VV-infected HeLa cells. Two mitochondrial genes for proteins that are part of the electron transport chain that generates ATP, ND4 and CO II, were up-regulated after VV infection. Up-regulation of ND4 level by VV infection was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Up-regulation of ND4 was reduced by the MAPK inhibitor, apigenin, which has been demonstrated elsewhere to inhibit VV replication. The induction of ND4 expression occurred after viral DNA replication since ara C, an inhibitor of poxviral DNA replication, could block this induction. ATP production was increased in the host cells after VV infection. Moreover, 4.5 μM oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP production, reduced the ATP level 13 hr after virus infection to that of mock-infected cells and inhibited viral protein expression and virus production, suggesting that increased ATP production is required for efficient VV production. Our results further suggest that induction of ND4 expression is through a Bcl-2 independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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37
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Sundberg TB, Swenson L, Wahl DR, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Apoptotic signaling activated by modulation of the F0F1-ATPase: implications for selective killing of autoimmune lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:437-44. [PMID: 19706792 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-(napthalen-2-ylmetyl)-4,5,-dihydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (Bz-423) is a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine that potently suppresses disease in the murine model of lupus by selectively killing pathogenic lymphocytes. In MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) (MRL-lpr) mice, Bz-423 overcomes deficient expression of the Fas death receptor and hyperactivation of antiapoptotic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling to specifically kill pathogenic CD4(+) T cells. Bz-423 binds to the oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring protein component of the mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase, which modulates the enzyme leading to formation of superoxide by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Scavenging this reactive oxygen species blocks all subsequent components of the apoptotic cascade. To gain insight into how apoptotic signaling activated by Bz-423-induced superoxide contributes to the selective depletion of MRL-lpr CD4(+) T cells, we characterized the death mechanism in a CD4(+) T cell leukemia line (Jurkat). Although Bz-423-induced superoxide indirectly inactivates Akt, this response is not required for T cell death. Apoptosis instead results from parallel increases in levels of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Noxa and Bak leading to specific activation of Bak, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and a commitment to apoptosis. By directly up-regulating proteins that trigger loss of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity, Bz-423 bypasses defective Fas function and antiapoptotic PI3K-Akt signaling in MRL-lpr CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, because disease-associated abnormalities should sensitize autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to transcriptional up-regulation of Noxa by redox signals and to Bak-dependent apoptosis, the apoptotic mechanism elucidated in Jurkat cells provides important clues into the cell-type- and disease-selective effects of Bz-423 in MRL-lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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38
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Lee SJ, Kwon CH, Kim YK. Alterations in membrane transport function and cell viability induced by ATP depletion in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubular cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:15-22. [PMID: 19885021 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ATP depletion-induced membrane transport dysfunction and cell death in renal proximal tubular cells. ATP depletion was induced by incubating cells with 2.5 mM potassium cyanide (KCN)/0.1 mM iodoacetic acid (IAA), and membrane transport function and cell viability were evaluated by measuring Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake and trypan blue exclusion, respectively. ATP depletion resulted in a decrease in Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake and cell viability in a time-dependent manner. ATP depletion inhibited Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake in cells, when treated with 2 mM ouabain, a Na(+) pump-specific inhibitor, suggesting that ATP depletion impairs membrane transport functional integrity. Alterations in Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake and cell viability induced by ATP depletion were prevented by the hydrogen peroxide scavenger such as catalase and the hydroxyl radical scavengers (dimethylthiourea and thiourea), and amino acids (glycine and alanine). ATP depletion caused arachidonic acid release and increased mRNA levels of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)). The ATP depletion-dependent arachidonic acid release was inhibited by cPLA(2) specific inhibitor AACOCF(3). ATP depletion-induced alterations in Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake and cell viability were prevented by AACOCF(3). Inhibition of Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake by ATP depletion was prevented by antipain and leupetin, serine/cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas ATP depletion-induced cell death was not altered by these agents. These results indicate that ATP depletion-induced alterations in membrane transport function and cell viability are due to reactive oxygen species generation and cPLA(2) activation in renal proximal tubular cells. In addition, the present data suggest that serine/cysteine proteases play an important role in membrane transport dysfunction, but not cell death, induced by ATP depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ju Lee
- Department of Physiology, MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Korea
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39
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Gomez-Niño A, Agapito MT, Obeso A, Gonzalez C. Effects of mitochondrial poisons on glutathione redox potential and carotid body chemoreceptor activity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 165:104-11. [PMID: 18996500 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low oxygen sensing in chemoreceptor cells involves the inhibition of specific plasma membrane K(+) channels, suggesting that mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) link hypoxia to K(+) channel inhibition, subsequent cell depolarization and activation of neurotransmitter release. We have used several mitochondrial poisons, alone and in combination with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and quantify their capacity to alter GSH/GSSG levels and glutathione redox potential (E(GSH)) in rat diaphragm. Selected concentrations of mitochondrial poisons with or without NAC were tested for their capacity to activate neurotransmitter release in chemoreceptor cells and to alter ATP levels in intact rat carotid body (CB). We found that rotenone (1 microM), antimycin A (0.2 microg/ml) and sodium azide (5mM) decreased E(GSH); NAC restored E(GSH) to control values. At those concentrations mitochondrial poisons activated neurotransmitter release from CB chemoreceptor cells and decreased CB ATP levels, NAC being ineffective to modify these responses. Additional experiments with 3-nitroprionate (5mM), lower concentrations of rotenone and dinitrophenol revealed variable relationships between E(GSH) and chemoreceptor cell neurotransmitter release responses and ATP levels. These findings indicate a lack of correlation between mitochondrial-generated modifications of E(GSH) and chemoreceptor cells activity. This lack of correlation renders unlikely that alteration of mitochondrial production of ROS is the physiological pathway chemoreceptor cells use to signal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez-Niño
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Valladolid, Spain
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40
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Blatt NB, Boitano AE, Lyssiotis CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Bz-423 superoxide signals apoptosis via selective activation of JNK, Bak, and Bax. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1232-42. [PMID: 18718527 PMCID: PMC2837238 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with potent therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus and psoriasis. Bz-423 modulates the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, inducing the formation of superoxide within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which then functions as a second messenger initiating apoptosis. Herein, we report the signaling pathway activated by Bz-423 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts containing knockouts of key apoptotic proteins. Bz-423-induced superoxide activates cytosolic ASK1 and its release from thioredoxin. A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade follows, leading to the specific phosphorylation of JNK. JNK signals activation of Bax and Bak which then induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization to cause the release of cytochrome c and a commitment to apoptosis. The response of these cells to Bz-423 is critically dependent on both superoxide and JNK activation as antioxidants and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevents Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and cell death. These results demonstrate that superoxide generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a consequence of a respiratory transition can signal a sequential and specific apoptotic response. Collectively, these data suggest that the selectivity of Bz-423 observed in vivo results from cell-type specific differences in redox balance and signaling by ASK1 and Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B. Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Anthony W. Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gary D. Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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41
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Han M, Im DS. Effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on cell viability in U937 monocytes under glucose deprivation. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:749-57. [PMID: 18563357 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied cytotoxic mechanism of mitochondrial inhibitors in U937 cells. U937 cells were sensitive to cytotoxicity of mitochondrial inhibitors under glucose deprivation condition, whereas PC12 neuronal cells were not. In glucose deprivation condition, intracellular ATP content is decreased and thereby AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated. And also activation of JNK, inactivation of ERK, and enhanced expression of Bcl-2 were observed. Mitochondrial inhibitors such as rotenone, TTFA, antimycin A, sodium azide, oligomycin, and valinomycin were used in this study. Inhibitors did not much influence intracellular ATP contents and activity of AMPK under glucose deprivation condition. Activities of Akt and p38 MAPK, however, were decreased by the inhibitors under glucose deprivation condition except TTFA. Furthermore, intracellular Ca2+ concentration was also greatly increased by the inhibitors. Finally, mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by the inhibitors but TTFA increase the potential and oligomycin maintains it. In the present study, results suggest that under glucose deprivation condition mitochondrial inhibitors may induce severe cytotoxicity of U937 cells through inhibition of Akt and p38 MAPK, increase of [Ca2+]i, and decrease of MMP, but not through inhibition of ATP production and activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Han
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (BK21 Project) and Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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42
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Press C, Milbrandt J. Nmnat delays axonal degeneration caused by mitochondrial and oxidative stress. J Neurosci 2008; 28:4861-71. [PMID: 18463239 PMCID: PMC2678678 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0525-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a prominent feature of many neurological disorders that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and inherited peripheral neuropathies. Studies of the Wld(s) mutant mouse, which undergoes delayed Wallerian degeneration in response to axonal injury, suggest that axonal degeneration is an active process. Wld(s) mice also have slower axonal degeneration and disease progression in numerous models of neurodegenerative disease. The Wld(s) mutation results in the production of a chimeric protein that contains the full-length coding sequence of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (Nmnat1), which alone is sufficient for axonal protection in vitro. To test the effects of increased Nmnat expression on axonal degeneration induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, we examined dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons treated with rotenone. Rotenone induced profound axonal degeneration in DRG neurons; however, this degeneration was delayed by expression of Nmnat. Nmnat-mediated protection resulted in decreased axonal accumulation and sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS) but did not affect the change in the rate of rotenone-induced loss in neuronal ATP. Nmnat also prevented axonal degeneration caused by exposure to exogenous oxidants and reduced the level of axonal ROS after treatment with vincristine, further supporting the idea that Nmnat promotes axonal protection by mitigating the effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Press
- Department of Pathology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Pathology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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43
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Han YH, Kim SW, Kim SH, Kim SZ, Park WH. 2,4-Dinitrophenol induces G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma Calu-6 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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45
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Dhani SU, Kim Chiaw P, Huan LJ, Bear CE. ATP depletion inhibits the endocytosis of ClC-2. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:273-80. [PMID: 17620322 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chloride channel, ClC-2 is expressed ubiquitously and participates in multiple physiological processes. In particular, ClC-2 has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal chloride ion homeostasis and mutations in ClC-2 are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Despite the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this channel, its regulation remains incompletely understood. The functional expression of ClC-2 at the cell surface has been shown to be enhanced by depletion of cellular ATP, implicating its possible role in cellular energy sensing. In the present study, biochemical assays of cell surface expression suggest that this gain of function reflects, in part, an increase in channel number due to the reduction in ClC-2 internalization by endocytosis. Cell surface expression of the disease-causing mutant: G715E, thought to lack wild-type nucleotide binding affinity, is similarly affected, suggesting that ATP-depletion modifies the function of proteins in the endocytic pathway rather than ClC-2 directly. Using a combination of immunofluorescence and biochemical studies, we confirmed that ClC-2 is internalized via dynamin-dependent endocytosis and that the change in surface expression evoked by ATP depletion is partially mimicked by inhibition of dynamin function using a dynamin dominant-negative mutant (DynK44A). Furthermore, trafficking via the early endosomal compartment occurs in part through rab5-associated vesicles and recycling of ClC-2 to the cell surface occurs through a rab11 dependent pathway. In summary, we have determined that the internalization of ClC-2 by endocytosis is inhibited by metabolic stress, highlighting the importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating the endosomal trafficking of this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja U Dhani
- Programme in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute in the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Watabe M, Nakaki T. Mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone-elicited dopamine redistribution from vesicles to cytosol in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:499-507. [PMID: 17726156 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.127597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Rotenone, a pesticide, produces selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction in rats. To determine the mechanisms underlying rotenone-induced neuronal death, we investigated whether intracellular dopamine plays a role in rotenone (0.1-0.4 microM)-induced apoptosis, using an in vitro model of human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. The 40% decrease of dopamine content by inhibition of dopamine synthesis suppressed rotenone-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, the 30% increase of dopamine content by inhibition of dopamine metabolism enhanced rotenone-induced apoptosis. Depletion of intracellular dopamine using reserpine (0.1-10 microM) also prevented rotenone-induced apoptosis, and this effect was counteracted by dopamine (10-100 microM) replenishment. Inhibition of dopamine reverse transport increased cytosolic dopamine and enhanced rotenone-induced apoptosis. We examined the intracellular localization of dopamine in rotenone-treated cells immunocytochemically and quantitatively. Rotenone induced dopamine redistribution from vesicles to the cytosol. In this process, rotenone stimulated reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation and decreased an antioxidant, glutathione. Addition of an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (3 mM), prevented dopamine being expelled from vesicles and inhibited rotenone-induced apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that rotenone-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in dopamine redistribution to the cytosol, which in turn may play a role in rotenone-induced apoptosis of dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Watabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim YH. The Influence of Propofol on Cell Viability after Reoxygenation in Rat Embryonic Heart H9c2 Cells. Korean J Anesthesiol 2007. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2007.53.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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