1
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Mandino F, Shen X, Desrosiers-Gregoire G, O'Connor D, Mukherjee B, Owens A, Qu A, Onofrey J, Papademetris X, Chakravarty MM, Strittmatter SM, Lake EM. Aging-Dependent Loss of Connectivity in Alzheimer's Model Mice with Rescue by mGluR5 Modulator. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.15.571715. [PMID: 38260465 PMCID: PMC10802481 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with synaptic damage and altered connectivity in brain networks. While measures of amyloid accumulation and biochemical changes in mouse models have utility for translational studies of certain therapeutics, preclinical analysis of altered brain connectivity using clinically relevant fMRI measures has not been well developed for agents intended to improve neural networks. Here, we conduct a longitudinal study in a double knock-in mouse model for AD ( App NL-G-F /hMapt ), monitoring brain connectivity by means of resting-state fMRI. While the 4-month-old AD mice are indistinguishable from wild-type controls (WT), decreased connectivity in the default-mode network is significant for the AD mice relative to WT mice by 6 months of age and is pronounced by 9 months of age. In a second cohort of 20-month-old mice with persistent functional connectivity deficits for AD relative to WT, we assess the impact of two-months of oral treatment with a silent allosteric modulator of mGluR5 (BMS-984923) known to rescue synaptic density. Functional connectivity deficits in the aged AD mice are reversed by the mGluR5-directed treatment. The longitudinal application of fMRI has enabled us to define the preclinical time trajectory of AD-related changes in functional connectivity, and to demonstrate a translatable metric for monitoring disease emergence, progression, and response to synapse-rescuing treatment.
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2
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Design and Synthesis of New Quinazolin-4-one Derivatives with Negative mGlu 7 Receptor Modulation Activity and Antipsychotic-Like Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031981. [PMID: 36768302 PMCID: PMC9916658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia and based on our previous study regarding the antipsychotic-like activity of mGlu7 NAMs, we synthesized a new compound library containing 103 members, which were examined for NAM mGlu7 activity in the T-REx 293 cell line expressing a recombinant human mGlu7 receptor. Out of the twenty-two scaffolds examined, active compounds were found only within the quinazolinone chemotype. 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-6-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (A9-7, ALX-171, mGlu7 IC50 = 6.14 µM) was selective over other group III mGlu receptors (mGlu4 and mGlu8), exhibited satisfactory drug-like properties in preliminary DMPK profiling, and was further tested in animal models of antipsychotic-like activity, assessing the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. ALX-171 reversed DOI-induced head twitches and MK-801-induced disruptions of social interactions or cognition in the novel object recognition test and spatial delayed alternation test. On the other hand, the efficacy of the compound was not observed in the MK-801-induced hyperactivity test or prepulse inhibition. In summary, the observed antipsychotic activity profile of ALX-171 justifies the further development of the group of quinazolin-4-one derivatives in the search for a new drug candidate for schizophrenia treatment.
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3
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Asch RH, Hillmer AT, Baldassarri SR, Esterlis I. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 as a biomarker for psychiatric disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:265-310. [PMID: 36868631 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of glutamate system in the etiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders has gained considerable attention in the past two decades, including dysregulation of the metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5). Thus, mGlu5 may represent a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric conditions, particularly stress-related disorders. Here, we describe mGlu5 findings in mood disorders, anxiety, and trauma disorders, as well as substance use (specifically nicotine, cannabis, and alcohol use). We highlight insights gained from positron emission tomography (PET) studies, where possible, and discuss findings from treatment trials, when available, to explore the role of mGlu5 in these psychiatric disorders. Through the research evidence reviewed in this chapter, we make the argument that, not only is dysregulation of mGlu5 evident in numerous psychiatric disorders, potentially functioning as a disease "biomarker," the normalization of glutamate neurotransmission via changes in mGlu5 expression and/or modulation of mGlu5 signaling may be a needed component in treating some psychiatric disorders or symptoms. Finally, we hope to demonstrate the utility of PET as an important tool for investigating mGlu5 in disease mechanisms and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Asch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stephen R Baldassarri
- Yale Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Clinical Neurosciences Division, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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4
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Duarte-Silva AT, Ximenes LGR, Guimarães-Souza M, Domith I, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Chemical signaling in the developing avian retina: Focus on cyclic AMP and AKT-dependent pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1058925. [PMID: 36568967 PMCID: PMC9780464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1058925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between developing progenitor cells as well as differentiated neurons and glial cells in the nervous system is made through direct cell contacts and chemical signaling mediated by different molecules. Several of these substances are synthesized and released by developing cells and play roles since early stages of Central Nervous System development. The chicken retina is a very suitable model for neurochemical studies, including the study of regulation of signaling pathways during development. Among advantages of the model are its very well-known histogenesis, the presence of most neurotransmitter systems found in the brain and the possibility to make cultures of neurons and/or glial cells where many neurochemical functions develop in a similar way than in the intact embryonic tissue. In the chicken retina, some neurotransmitters or neuromodulators as dopamine, adenosine, and others are coupled to cyclic AMP production or adenylyl cyclase inhibition since early stages of development. Other substances as vitamin C and nitric oxide are linked to the major neurotransmitter glutamate and AKT metabolism. All these different systems regulate signaling pathways, including PKA, PKG, SRC, AKT and ERK, and the activation of the transcription factor CREB. Dopamine and adenosine stimulate cAMP accumulation in the chick embryo retina through activation of D1 and A2a receptors, respectively, but the onset of dopamine stimulation is much earlier than that of adenosine. However, adenosine can inhibit adenylyl cyclase and modulate dopamine-dependent cAMP increase since early developmental stages through A1 receptors. Dopamine stimulates different PKA as well as EPAC downstream pathways both in intact tissue and in culture as the CSK-SRC pathway modulating glutamate NMDA receptors as well as vitamin C release and CREB phosphorylation. By the other hand, glutamate modulates nitric oxide production and AKT activation in cultured retinal cells and this pathway controls neuronal survival in retina. Glutamate and adenosine stimulate the release of vitamin C and this vitamin regulates the transport of glutamate, activation of NMDA receptors and AKT phosphorylation in cultured retinal cells. In the present review we will focus on these reciprocal interactions between neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and different signaling pathways during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Duarte-Silva
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L. G. R. Ximenes
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - M. Guimarães-Souza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - I. Domith
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R. Paes-de-Carvalho
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,*Correspondence: R. Paes-de-Carvalho,
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5
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Budgett RF, Bakker G, Sergeev E, Bennett KA, Bradley SJ. Targeting the Type 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:893422. [PMID: 35645791 PMCID: PMC9130574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.893422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. In preclinical neurodegenerative disease models, novel allosteric modulators have been shown to improve cognitive performance and reduce disease-related pathology. A common pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases is a chronic neuroinflammatory response, involving glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia. Since mGlu5 is expressed in astrocytes, targeting this receptor could provide a potential mechanism by which neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegenerative disease may be modulated. This review will discuss current evidence that highlights the potential of mGlu5 allosteric modulators to treat neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, this review will explore the role of mGlu5 in neuroinflammatory responses, and the potential for this G protein-coupled receptor to modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Budgett
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Spurrier J, Nicholson L, Fang XT, Stoner AJ, Toyonaga T, Holden D, Siegert TR, Laird W, Allnutt MA, Chiasseu M, Brody AH, Takahashi H, Nies SH, Pérez-Cañamás A, Sadasivam P, Lee S, Li S, Zhang L, Huang YH, Carson RE, Cai Z, Strittmatter SM. Reversal of synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models by targeting mGluR5 to prevent synaptic tagging by C1Q. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi8593. [PMID: 35648810 PMCID: PMC9554345 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated synaptic loss contributes to the development of cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the basis for this immune-mediated attack on synapses remains to be elucidated. Treatment with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) silent allosteric modulator (SAM), BMS-984923, prevents β-amyloid oligomer-induced aberrant synaptic signaling while preserving physiological glutamate response. Here, we show that oral BMS-984923 effectively occupies brain mGluR5 sites visualized by [18F]FPEB positron emission tomography (PET) at doses shown to be safe in rodents and nonhuman primates. In aged mouse models of AD (APPswe/PS1ΔE9 overexpressing transgenic and AppNL-G-F/hMapt double knock-in), SAM treatment fully restored synaptic density as measured by [18F]SynVesT-1 PET for SV2A and by histology, and the therapeutic benefit persisted after drug washout. Phospho-TAU accumulation in double knock-in mice was also reduced by SAM treatment. Single-nuclei transcriptomics demonstrated that SAM treatment in both models normalized expression patterns to a far greater extent in neurons than glia. Last, treatment prevented synaptic localization of the complement component C1Q and synaptic engulfment in AD mice. Thus, selective modulation of mGluR5 reversed neuronal gene expression changes to protect synapses from damage by microglial mediators in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Spurrier
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - LaShae Nicholson
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiaotian T Fang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Austin J Stoner
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - William Laird
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mary Alice Allnutt
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marius Chiasseu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - A Harrison Brody
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sarah Helena Nies
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Azucena Pérez-Cañamás
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pragalath Sadasivam
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Supum Lee
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yiyun H Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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7
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Fritzius T, Stawarski M, Isogai S, Bettler B. Structural Basis of GABA B Receptor Regulation and Signaling. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 52:19-37. [PMID: 32812202 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
GABAB receptors (GBRs), the G protein-coupled receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), activate Go/i-type G proteins that regulate adenylyl cyclase, Ca2+ channels, and K+ channels. GBR signaling to enzymes and ion channels influences neuronal activity, plasticity processes, and network activity throughout the brain. GBRs are obligatory heterodimers composed of GB1a or GB1b subunits with a GB2 subunit. Heterodimeric GB1a/2 and GB1b/2 receptors represent functional units that associate in a modular fashion with regulatory, trafficking, and effector proteins to generate receptors with distinct physiological functions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the structure, organization, and functions of multi-protein GBR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fritzius
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Stawarski
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shin Isogai
- Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Microbial Downstream Process Development, Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Tahtouh T, Durieu E, Villiers B, Bruyère C, Nguyen TL, Fant X, Ahn KH, Khurana L, Deau E, Lindberg MF, Sévère E, Miege F, Roche D, Limanton E, L'Helgoual'ch JM, Burgy G, Guiheneuf S, Herault Y, Kendall DA, Carreaux F, Bazureau JP, Meijer L. Structure-Activity Relationship in the Leucettine Family of Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1396-1417. [PMID: 34928152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase DYRK1A is involved in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, diabetes, viral infections, and leukemia. Leucettines, a family of 2-aminoimidazolin-4-ones derived from the marine sponge alkaloid Leucettamine B, have been developed as pharmacological inhibitors of DYRKs (dual specificity, tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinases) and CLKs (cdc2-like kinases). We report here on the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 68 Leucettines. Leucettines were tested on 11 purified kinases and in 5 cellular assays: (1) CLK1 pre-mRNA splicing, (2) Threonine-212-Tau phosphorylation, (3) glutamate-induced cell death, (4) autophagy and (5) antagonism of ligand-activated cannabinoid receptor CB1. The Leucettine SAR observed for DYRK1A is essentially identical for CLK1, CLK4, DYRK1B, and DYRK2. DYRK3 and CLK3 are less sensitive to Leucettines. In contrast, the cellular SAR highlights correlations between inhibition of specific kinase targets and some but not all cellular effects. Leucettines deserve further development as potential therapeutics against various diseases on the basis of their molecular targets and cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Tahtouh
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,CNRS, 'Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease' Group, Station Biologique De Roscoff, Place G. Teissier, Bp 74, 29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,College Of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emilie Durieu
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,CNRS, 'Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease' Group, Station Biologique De Roscoff, Place G. Teissier, Bp 74, 29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Benoît Villiers
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Céline Bruyère
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Thu Lan Nguyen
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,Institut De Génétique Et De Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104 & INSERM U964, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021-6399, United States
| | - Xavier Fant
- CNRS, 'Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease' Group, Station Biologique De Roscoff, Place G. Teissier, Bp 74, 29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Kwang H Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Leepakshi Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Emmanuel Deau
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Elodie Sévère
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Frédéric Miege
- Edelris, Bâtiment Bioserra 1, 60 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Roche
- Edelris, Bâtiment Bioserra 1, 60 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Limanton
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Martial L'Helgoual'ch
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Burgy
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Solène Guiheneuf
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut De Génétique Et De Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104 & INSERM U964, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - François Carreaux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bazureau
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, CS 74205, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Meijer
- Manros Therapeutics & Perha Pharmaceuticals, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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9
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Stankiewicz A, Kaczorowska K, Bugno R, Kozioł A, Paluchowska MH, Burnat G, Chruścicka B, Chorobik P, Brański P, Wierońska JM, Duszyńska B, Pilc A, Bojarski AJ. New 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with positive mGlu 4 receptor modulation activity and antipsychotic-like properties. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:211-225. [PMID: 34894953 PMCID: PMC8667925 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1998022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the allosteric regulation of mGlu receptors for potential therapeutic applications, we developed a group of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives that displayed mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulatory activity (EC50 = 282–656 nM). Selectivity screening revealed that they were devoid of activity at mGlu1, mGlu2 and mGlu5 receptors, but modulated mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors, thus were classified as group III-preferring mGlu receptor agents. None of the compounds was active towards hERG channels or in the mini-AMES test. The most potent in vitro mGlu4 PAM derivative 52 (N-(3-chloro-4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)picolinamide) was readily absorbed after i.p. administration (male Albino Swiss mice) and reached a maximum brain concentration of 949.76 ng/mL. Five modulators (34, 37, 52, 60 and 62) demonstrated significant anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like properties in the SIH and DOI-induced head twitch test, respectively. Promising data were obtained, especially for N-(4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methylphenyl)picolinamide (62), whose effects in the DOI-induced head twitch test were comparable to those of clozapine and better than those reported for the selective mGlu4 PAM ADX88178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stankiewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczorowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kozioł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria H Paluchowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Burnat
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Chorobik
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Brański
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Duszyńska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Abd-Elrahman KS, Ferguson SSG. Noncanonical Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:235-254. [PMID: 34516293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-021821-091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is ubiquitously expressed in brain regions responsible for memory and learning. It plays a key role in modulating rapid changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity. mGluR5 supports long-term changes in synaptic strength by regulating the transcription and translation of essential synaptic proteins. β-Amyloid 42 (Aβ42) oligomers interact with a mGluR5/cellular prion protein (PrPC) complex to disrupt physiological mGluR5 signal transduction. Aberrant mGluR5 signaling and associated synaptic failure are considered an emerging pathophysiological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, mGluR5 represents an attractive therapeutic target for AD, and recent studies continue to validate the efficacy of various mGluR5 allosteric modulators in improving memory deficits and mitigating disease pathology. However, sex-specific differences in the pharmacology of mGluR5 and activation of noncanonical signaling downstream of the receptor suggest that its utility as a therapeutic target in female AD patients needs to be reconsidered. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada; .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; email
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada;
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11
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Wang H, Cao D, Gillespie JC, Mendez RE, Selley DE, Liu-Chen LY, Zhang Y. Exploring the putative mechanism of allosteric modulations by mixed-action kappa/mu opioid receptor bitopic modulators. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:551-573. [PMID: 33590767 PMCID: PMC8027703 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation and selectivity mechanisms of seven mixed-action kappa opioid receptor (KOR)/mu opioid receptor (MOR) bitopic modulators were explored. Molecular modeling results indicated that the 'message' moiety of seven bitopic modulators shared the same binding mode with the orthosteric site of the KOR and MOR, whereas the 'address' moiety bound with different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR. The 'address' moiety of seven bitopic modulators bound to different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR may exhibit distinguishable allosteric modulations to the binding affinity and/or efficacy of the 'message' moiety. Moreover, the 3-hydroxy group on the phenolic moiety of the seven bitopic modulators induced selectivity to the KOR over the MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Danni Cao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James C Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rolando E Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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12
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Bennett KA, Sergeev E, MacSweeney CP, Bakker G, Cooper AE. Understanding Exposure-Receptor Occupancy Relationships for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Negative Allosteric Modulators across a Range of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:157-168. [PMID: 33541889 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) is a recognized central nervous system therapeutic target for which several negative allosteric modulator (NAM) drug candidates have or are continuing to be investigated for various disease indications in clinical development. Direct measurement of target receptor occupancy (RO) is extremely useful to help design and interpret efficacy and safety in nonclinical and clinical studies. In the mGlu5 field, this has been successfully achieved by monitoring displacement of radiolabeled ligands, specifically binding to the mGlu5 receptor, in the presence of an mGlu5 NAM using in vivo and ex vivo binding in rodents and positron emission tomography imaging in cynomolgus monkeys and humans. The aim of this study was to measure the RO of the mGlu5 NAM HTL0014242 in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys and to compare its plasma and brain exposure-RO relationships with those of clinically tested mGlu5 NAMs dipraglurant, mavoglurant, and basimglurant. Potential sources of variability that may contribute to these relationships were explored. Distinct plasma exposure-response relationships were found for each mGlu5 NAM, with >100-fold difference in plasma exposure for a given level of RO. However, a unified exposure-response relationship was observed when both unbound brain concentration and mGlu5 affinity were considered. This relationship showed <10-fold overall difference, was fitted with a Hill slope that was not significantly different from 1, and appeared consistent with a simple Emax model. This is the first time this type of comparison has been conducted, demonstrating a unified brain exposure-RO relationship across several species and mGlu5 NAMs with diverse properties. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite the long history of mGlu5 as a therapeutic target and progression of multiple compounds to the clinic, no formal comparison of exposure-receptor occupancy relationships has been conducted. The data from this study indicate for the first time that a consistent, unified relationship can be observed between exposure and mGlu5 receptor occupancy when unbound brain concentration and receptor affinity are taken into account across a range of species for a diverse set of mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators, including a new drug candidate, HTL0014242.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geor Bakker
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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13
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Allosteric Molecular Switches in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:81-93. [PMID: 32686363 PMCID: PMC7818470 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) are class C G protein-coupled receptors of eight subtypes that are omnipresently expressed in the central nervous system. mGlus have relevance in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, therefore they raise considerable interest as drug targets. Allosteric modulators of mGlus offer advantages over orthosteric ligands owing to their increased potential to achieve subtype selectivity, and this has prompted discovery programs that have produced a large number of reported allosteric mGlu ligands. However, the optimization of allosteric ligands into drug candidates has proved to be challenging owing to induced-fit effects, flat or steep structure-activity relationships and unexpected changes in theirpharmacology. Subtle structural changes identified as molecular switches might modulate the functional activity of allosteric ligands. Here we review these switches discovered in the metabotropic glutamate receptor family..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 2Budapest1117Hungary
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14
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Fernández-Blanco Á, Dierssen M. Rethinking Intellectual Disability from Neuro- to Astro-Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9039. [PMID: 33261169 PMCID: PMC7730506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from genetic and/or from environmental factors and are characterized by different degrees of intellectual disability. The mechanisms that govern important processes sustaining learning and memory, which are severely affected in intellectual disability, have classically been thought to be exclusively under neuronal control. However, this vision has recently evolved into a more integrative conception in which astroglia, rather than just acting as metabolic supply and structural anchoring for neurons, interact at distinct levels modulating neuronal communication and possibly also cognitive processes. Recently, genetic tools have made it possible to specifically manipulate astrocyte activity unraveling novel functions that involve astrocytes in memory function in the healthy brain. However, astrocyte manipulation has also underscored potential mechanisms by which dysfunctional astrocytes could contribute to memory deficits in several neurodevelopmental disorders revealing new pathogenic mechanisms in intellectual disability. Here, we review the current knowledge about astrocyte dysfunction that might contribute to learning and memory impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders, with special focus on Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Cieślik P, Wierońska JM. Regulation of Glutamatergic Activity via Bidirectional Activation of Two Select Receptors as a Novel Approach in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228811. [PMID: 33233865 PMCID: PMC7699963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects approximately 1-2% of the population and develops in early adulthood. The disease is characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia have a treatment-resistant disease, and the risk of developing adverse effects is high. Many researchers have attempted to introduce new antipsychotic drugs to the clinic, but most of these treatments failed, and the diversity of schizophrenic symptoms is one of the causes of disappointing results. The present review summarizes the results of our latest papers, showing that the simultaneous activation of two receptors with sub-effective doses of their ligands induces similar effects as the highest dose of each compound alone. The treatments were focused on inhibiting the increased glutamate release responsible for schizophrenia arousal, without interacting with dopamine (D2) receptors. Ligands activating metabotropic receptors for glutamate, GABAB or muscarinic receptors were used, and the compounds were administered in several different combinations. Some combinations reversed all schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models, but others were active only in select models of schizophrenia symptoms (i.e., cognitive or negative symptoms).
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16
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Joo YH, Kim YK, Choi IG, Kim HJ, Son YD, Kim HK, Cumming P, Kim JH. In vivo glucose metabolism and glutamate levels in mGluR5 knockout mice: a multimodal neuroimaging study using [ 18F]FDG microPET and MRS. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:116. [PMID: 33006705 PMCID: PMC7532251 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perturbed functional coupling between the metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. We aimed to establish the functional interaction between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors in brain of mice with genetic ablation of the mGluR5. Methods We first measured the brain glutamate levels with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in mGluR5 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Then, we assessed brain glucose metabolism with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography before and after the acute administration of an NMDA antagonist, MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg), in the same mGluR5 KO and WT mice. Results Between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in [18F]FDG standardized uptake values (SUVs) in brain of mGluR5 KO and WT mice at baseline, but widespread reductions in mGluR5 KO mice compared to WT mice after MK-801 administration (p < 0.05). The baseline glutamate levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, there were significant negative correlations between baseline prefrontal glutamate levels and regional [18F]FDG SUVs in mGluR5 KO mice (p < 0.05), but no such correlations in WT mice. Fisher’s Z-transformation analysis revealed significant between-group differences in these correlations (p < 0.05). Conclusions This is the first multimodal neuroimaging study in mGluR5 KO mice and the first report on the association between cerebral glucose metabolism and glutamate levels in living rodents. The results indicate that mGluR5 KO mice respond to NMDA antagonism with reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, suggesting that mGluR5 transmission normally moderates the net effects of NMDA receptor antagonism on neuronal activity. The negative correlation between glutamate levels and glucose metabolism in mGluR5 KO mice at baseline may suggest an unmasking of an inhibitory component of the glutamatergic regulation of neuronal energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Joo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Kwan Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Paul Cumming
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea.
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17
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Structure-based discovery and development of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 negative allosteric modulators. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 88:35-58. [PMID: 32416871 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of eight class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which modulate cell signaling and synaptic transmission to the major excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamate (l-glutamic acid). Due to their role in modulating glutamate response, their widespread distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and some evidence of dysregulation in disease, the mGlu receptors have become attractive pharmacological targets. As the orthosteric (glutamate) binding site is highly conserved across the eight mGlu receptors, it is difficult not only to generate ligands with subtype selectivity but, due to the nature of the binding site, with suitable drug-like properties to allow oral bioavailability and CNS penetration. Selective pharmacological targeting of a single receptor subtype can be achieved by targeting alternative (allosteric) binding sites. The nature of the allosteric binding pockets allows ligands to be developed that have good physical chemical properties as evidenced by several allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors entering clinical trials. The first negative allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor were discovered from high throughput screening activities. An alternative approach to drug discovery is to use structural knowledge to enable structure-based drug design (SBDD), which allows the design of molecules in a more rational, rather than empirical, fashion. Here we will describe the process of SBDD in the discovery of the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator HTL0014242 and describe how knowledge of receptor structure can also be used to gain insights into the receptor activation mechanisms.
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18
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Fernández-Dueñas V, Qian M, Argerich J, Amaral C, Risseeuw MD, Van Calenbergh S, Ciruela F. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of a New Series of Fluorescent Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 Negative Allosteric Modulators. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071532. [PMID: 32230915 PMCID: PMC7180738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new drug discovery approaches based on novel pharmacological concepts have emerged. Allosteric modulators, for example, target receptors at sites other than the orthosteric binding sites and can modulate agonist-mediated activation. Interestingly, allosteric regulation may allow a fine-tuned regulation of unbalanced neurotransmitter’ systems, thus providing safe and effective treatments for a number of central nervous system diseases. The metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGlu5R) has been shown to possess a druggable allosteric binding domain. Accordingly, novel allosteric ligands are being explored in order to finely regulate glutamate neurotransmission, especially in the brain. However, before testing the activity of these new ligands in the clinic or even in animal disease models, it is common to characterize their ability to bind mGlu5Rs in vitro. Here, we have developed a new series of fluorescent ligands that, when used in a new NanoBRET-based binding assay, will facilitate screening for novel mGlu5R allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.A.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.F.-D.); (S.V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Mingcheng Qian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.Q.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josep Argerich
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.A.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Amaral
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.A.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martijn D.P. Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.Q.)
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.Q.)
- Correspondence: (V.F.-D.); (S.V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.A.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.F.-D.); (S.V.C.); (F.C.)
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19
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The function and allosteric control of the human sweet taste receptor. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:59-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191014154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
:
In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the
biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole
derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies
by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown
that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene
derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important
biological and pharmacological properties such as
antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic,
antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer
activities.
:
The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011
to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of
pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different
molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also
made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa - via Moruzzi, 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo - Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Fragment-Based Approaches for Allosteric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Modulators. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1768-1781. [PMID: 31393248 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190808150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are members of the class C G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR-s) and have eight subtypes. These receptors are responsible for a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their modulation has therapeutic utility in neurological and psychiatric disorders. It was previously established that selective orthosteric modulation of these receptors is challenging, and this stimulated the search for allosteric modulators. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) is a viable approach to find ligands binding at allosteric sites owing to their limited size and interactions. However, it was also observed that the structure-activity relationship of allosteric modulators is often sharp and inconsistent. This can be attributed to the characteristics of the allosteric binding site of mGluRs that is a water channel where ligand binding is accompanied with induced fit and interference with the water network, both playing a role in receptor activation. In this review, we summarize fragment-based drug discovery programs on mGluR allosteric modulators and their contribution identifying of new mGluR ligands with better activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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22
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Butkiewicz M, Rodriguez AL, Rainey SE, Wieting J, Luscombe VB, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Meiler J. Identification of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Acting at Site Distinct from 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine Binding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3427-3436. [PMID: 31132237 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play an important role as drug targets of cognitive diseases. Selective allosteric modulators of mGlu subtype 5 (mGlu5) have the potential to alleviate symptoms of numerous central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia in a more targeted fashion. Multiple mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), such as 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)-methylideneamino)-methanimine (DFB), 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (CDPPB), and 4-nitro-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (VU-29), exert their actions by binding to a defined allosteric site on mGlu5 located in the seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) and shared by mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP). Actions of the PAM N-{4-chloro-2-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2-hydroxybenzamide (CPPHA) are mediated by a distinct allosteric site in the 7TM domain different from the MPEP binding site. Experimental evidence confirms these findings through mutagenesis experiments involving residues F585 (TM1) and A809 (TM7). In an effort to investigate mGlu5 PAM selectivity for this alternative allosteric site distinct from MPEP binding, we employed in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. Subsequent ligand-based virtual screening prioritized a set of 63 candidate compounds predicted from a library of over 4 million commercially available compounds to bind exclusively to this novel site. Experimental validation verified the biological activity for seven of 63 selected candidates. Further, medicinal chemistry optimizations based on these molecules revealed compound VU6003586 with an experimentally validated potency of 174 nM. Radioligand binding experiments showed only partial inhibition at very high concentrations, most likely indicative of binding at a non-MPEP site. Selective positive allosteric modulators for mGlu5 have the potential for tremendous impact concerning devastating neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. These identified and validated novel selective compounds can serve as starting points for more specifically tailored lead and probe molecules and thus help the development of potential therapeutic agents with reduced adverse effects.
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Shah UH, González-Maeso J. Serotonin and Glutamate Interactions in Preclinical Schizophrenia Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3068-3077. [PMID: 30807107 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and there are multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate that they can interact in a functionally relevant manner. Particularly, it has been demonstrated that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 2A (5-HT2A) receptors and metabotropic glutamate type 2 (mGlu2) receptors can assemble into a functional heteromeric complex and modulate each other's function. This heteromeric complex has been implicated in the mechanism of action of hallucinogens as well as antipsychotic agents, and its role has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Additionally, the difference in the changes in Gi/o and Gq/11 protein activity when a ligand binds to the heteromeric complex can be used as an index to predict the pro- or antipsychotic properties of an agent. Signaling via the heteromer is dysregulated in postmortem human brain samples of schizophrenia subjects, which may be linked to altered cortical functions. Alternative routes for the functional crosstalk between mGlu2 and 5-HT2A receptors include synaptic and epigenetic mechanisms. This Review highlights the advances made over the past few years in elucidating the structural and functional mechanisms underlying crosstalk between 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptors in preclinical models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urjita H. Shah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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24
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Akgün E, Lunzer MM, Portoghese PS. Combined Glia Inhibition and Opioid Receptor Agonism Afford Highly Potent Analgesics without Tolerance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2004-2011. [PMID: 30110531 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly prescribed opioid analgesics produce tolerance upon chronic use due in part to induction of hyperalgesia. Given that two reported bivalent ligands (MMG22 and MCC22) produce potent antinociception without tolerance only in inflamed mice, we have investigated the possible cellular and receptor targets of these ligands. The selective microglia inhibitors, minocycline and SB290157, antagonized intrathecal (i.t.) MCC22 antinociception orders of magnitude more potently than MMG22, suggesting that MCC22 selectively targets activated microglia. The astrocyte toxin, l-α-aminoadipic acid antagonized MMG22 antinociception 126-fold without reducing the potency of MCC22, indicating that activated astrocytes are targets of MMG22. MK-801 and Ro25-6981 antagonism of MMG22 antinociception, but not MCC22, is consistent with selective inhibition of activated NMDAR in astrocytes. The antinociception produced by i.t. MMG22 or MCC22 were both antagonized by the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, β-FNA, implicating interaction of these ligands with MOR in spinal afferent neurons. MCC22 antinociception was potently blocked by kainate or AMPA ion channel antagonists (LY382884; NBQX), in contrast to MMG22. It is concluded that i.t. MMG22 and MCC22 produce exceptional antinociception via potent inhibition of activated spinal glia, thereby leading to desensitization of spinal neurons and enhanced activation of neuronal MOR. Thus, the present study suggests a new approach to treatment of chronic inflammatory pain without tolerance through a single molecular entity that simultaneously inhibits activated glia and stimulates MOR in spinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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25
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Pin JP, Kniazeff J, Prézeau L, Liu JF, Rondard P. GPCR interaction as a possible way for allosteric control between receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:89-95. [PMID: 30849406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than twenty years now, GPCR dimers and larger oligomers have been the subject of intense debates. Evidence for a role of such complexes in receptor trafficking to and from the plasma membrane have been provided. However, one main issue is of course to determine whether or not such a phenomenon can be responsible for an allosteric and reciprocal control (allosteric control) of the subunits. Such a possibility would indeed add to the possible ways a cell integrates various signals targeting GPCRs. Among the large GPCR family, the class C receptors that include mGlu and GABAB receptors, represent excellent models to examine such a possibility as they are mandatory dimers. In the present review, we will report on the observed allosteric interaction between the subunits of class C GPCRs, both mGluRs and GABABRs, and on the structural bases of these interactions. We will then discuss these findings for other GPCR types such as the rhodopsin-like class A receptors. We will show that many of the observations made with class C receptors have also been reported with class A receptors, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the allosteric control between subunits in GPCR dimers may not be unique to class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jiang-Feng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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26
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Xu Y, Li Z. Imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor system: Application of positron emission tomography technology in drug development. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1892-1922. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant and Contractor, Radiopharmaceutical Development, Validation and Bio-Application; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Zizhong Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, SOFIE Biosciences; Somerset New Jersey
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27
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Song K, Zhang J, Lu S. Progress in Allosteric Database. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1163:65-87. [PMID: 31707700 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An allosteric mechanism refers to the biological regulation process wherein macromolecules propagate the effect of ligand binding at one site to a spatially distant orthosteric locus, thus affecting activity. The theory has remained a trending topic in biology research for over 50 years, since the understanding of allostery is fundamental for gleaning numerous biological processes and developing new drug therapies. In the past two decades, the allosteric paradigm has evolved into more descriptive models, with ever-expanding amounts of experimental data pertaining to newly identified allosteric molecules. The AlloSteric Database (ASD, accessible at http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD ), which is a comprehensive knowledge repository, has provided the public with integrated information encompassing allosteric proteins, modulators, sites, pathways, and networks to investigate allostery since 2009. In this chapter, we introduce the history and usage of the ASD and give attention to specific applications that have benefited from the ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Gates C, Backos DS, Reigan P, Kang HJ, Koerner C, Mirzaei J, Natale NR. Isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones positively modulate the metabotropic glutamate subtypes 2 and 4. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4797-4803. [PMID: 30143366 PMCID: PMC6675577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoxazolo[3,4-d] pyridazinones ([3,4-d]s) are selective positive modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) subtypes 2 and 4, with no functional cross reactivity at mGluR1a, mGLuR5 or mGluR8. Modest binding for two of the [3,4-d]s is observed at the allosteric fenobam mGluR5 site, but not sufficient to translate into a functional effect. The structure activity relationship (SAR) for mGluR2 and mGluR4 are distinct: the compounds which select for mGluR2 all contain fluorine on the N-6 aryl group. Furthermore, the [3,4-d]s in this study showed no significant binding at inhibitory GABAA, nor excitatory NMDA receptors, and previously we had disclosed that they lack significant activity at the System Xc-Antiporter. A homology model based on Conn's mGluR1 crystal structure was examined, and suggested explanations for a preference for allosteric over orthosteric binding, subtype selectivity, and suggested avenues for optimization of efficacy as a reasonable working hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gates
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Donald S Backos
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, 2113 Genetics Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Chris Koerner
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Joseph Mirzaei
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - N R Natale
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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29
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Esterlis I, Holmes SE, Sharma P, Krystal JH, DeLorenzo C. Metabotropic Glutamatergic Receptor 5 and Stress Disorders: Knowledge Gained From Receptor Imaging Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:95-105. [PMID: 29100629 PMCID: PMC5858955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) may represent a promising therapeutic target for stress-related psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe mGluR5 findings in stress disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), highlighting insights from positron emission tomography studies. Positron emission tomography studies report either no differences or lower mGluR5 in MDD, potentially reflecting MDD heterogeneity. Unlike the rapidly acting glutamatergic agent ketamine, mGluR5-specific modulation has not yet shown antidepressant efficacy in MDD and bipolar disorder. Although we recently showed that ketamine may work, in part, through significant mGluR5 modulation, the specific role of mGluR5 downregulation in ketamine's antidepressant response is unclear. In contrast to MDD, there has been much less investigation of mGluR5 in bipolar disorder, yet initial studies indicate that mGluR5-specific treatments may aid in both depressed and manic mood states. The direction of modulation needed may be state dependent, however, limiting clinical feasibility. There has been relatively little study of posttraumatic stress disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder to date, although there is evidence for the upregulation of mGluR5 in these disorders. However, while antagonism of mGluR5 may reduce fear conditioning, it may also reduce fear extinction. Therefore, studies are needed to determine the role mGluR5 modulation might play in the treatment of these conditions. Further challenges in modulating this prevalent neurotransmitter system include potential induction of significant side effects. As such, more research is needed to identify level and type (positive/negative allosteric modulation or full antagonism) of mGluR5 modulation required to translate existing knowledge into improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veteran's Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
| | | | - Priya Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University- London, Ontario, Canada; London Health Sciences Centre- Victoria Hospital
| | - John H. Krystal
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry,Yale University, Department of Neuroscience,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering
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30
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Frangaj A, Fan QR. Structural biology of GABA B receptor. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:68-79. [PMID: 29031577 PMCID: PMC5897222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic GABAB receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates slow and prolonged inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. It functions as a constitutive heterodimer composed of the GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits. Each subunit contains three domains; the extracellular Venus flytrap module, seven-helix transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. In recent years, the three-dimensional structures of GABAB receptor extracellular and intracellular domains have been elucidated. These structures reveal the molecular basis of ligand recognition, receptor heterodimerization and receptor activation. Here we provide a brief review of the GABAB receptor structures, with an emphasis on describing the different ligand-bound states of the receptor. We will also compare these with the known structures of related GPCRs to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of activation and regulation in the GABAB system, as well as GPCR dimers in general. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Frangaj
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qing R Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Joensuu M, Lanoue V, Hotulainen P. Dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:362-381. [PMID: 28870634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. Changes in the shape and size of dendritic spines correlate with the functional changes in excitatory synapses and are heavily dependent on the remodeling of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Recent evidence implicates synapses at dendritic spines as important substrates of pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although synaptic perturbations are not the only alterations relevant for these diseases, understanding the molecular underpinnings of the spine and synapse pathology may provide insight into their etiologies and could reveal new drug targets. In this review, we will discuss recent findings of defective actin regulation in dendritic spines associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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32
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Doornbos ML, Van der Linden I, Vereyken L, Tresadern G, IJzerman AP, Lavreysen H, Heitman LH. Constitutive activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 explored with a whole-cell label-free biosensor. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Silent Allosteric Modulation of mGluR5 Maintains Glutamate Signaling while Rescuing Alzheimer's Mouse Phenotypes. Cell Rep 2018; 20:76-88. [PMID: 28683325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We sought to understand whether mGluR5's role in AD requires glutamate signaling. We used a potent mGluR5 silent allosteric modulator (SAM, BMS-984923) to separate its well-known physiological role in glutamate signaling from a pathological role in mediating amyloid-β oligomer (Aβo) action. Binding of the SAM to mGluR5 does not change glutamate signaling but strongly reduces mGluR5 interaction with cellular prion protein (PrPC) bound to Aβo. The SAM compound prevents Aβo-induced signal transduction in brain slices and in an AD transgenic mouse model, the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 strain. Critically, 4 weeks of SAM treatment rescues memory deficits and synaptic depletion in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse brain. Our data show that mGluR5's role in Aβo-dependent AD phenotypes is separate from its role in glutamate signaling and silent allosteric modulation of mGluR5 has promise as a disease-modifying AD intervention with a broad therapeutic window.
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34
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Cross JB. Methods for Virtual Screening of GPCR Targets: Approaches and Challenges. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2017; 1705:233-264. [PMID: 29188566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7465-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening (VS) has become an integral part of the drug discovery process and is a valuable tool for finding novel chemical starting points for GPCR targets. Ligand-based VS makes use of biochemical data for known, active compounds and has been applied successfully to many diverse GPCRs. Recent progress in GPCR X-ray crystallography has made it possible to incorporate detailed structural information into the VS process. This chapter outlines the latest VS techniques along with examples that highlight successful applications of these methods. Best practices for increasing the likelihood of VS success, as well as ongoing challenges, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Cross
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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35
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Harpsøe K, Boesgaard MW, Munk C, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gloriam DE. Structural insight to mutation effects uncover a common allosteric site in class C GPCRs. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:1116-1120. [PMID: 28011766 PMCID: PMC5408886 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate important physiological functions and allosteric modulators binding to the transmembrane domain constitute an attractive and, due to a lack of structural insight, a virtually unexplored potential for therapeutics and the food industry. Combining pharmacological site-directed mutagenesis data with the recent class C GPCR experimental structures will provide a foundation for rational design of new therapeutics. Results We uncover one common site for both positive and negative modulators with different amino acid layouts that can be utilized to obtain selectivity. Additionally, we show a large potential for structure-based modulator design, especially for four orphan receptors with high similarity to the crystal structures. Availability and Implementation All collated mutagenesis data is available in the GPCRdb mutation browser at http://gpcrdb.org/mutations/ and can be analyzed online or downloaded in excel format. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Harpsøe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael W Boesgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Munk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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36
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Goodwani S, Saternos H, Alasmari F, Sari Y. Metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as potential targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:14-31. [PMID: 28242339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that dysfunctional glutamate neurotransmission is critical in the initiation and development of alcohol and drug dependence. Alcohol consumption induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) as reported in previous studies from our laboratory. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, which acts via interactions with several glutamate receptors. Alcohol consumption interferes with the glutamatergic signal transmission by altering the functions of these receptors. Among the glutamate receptors involved in alcohol-drinking behavior are the metabotropic receptors such as mGluR1/5, mGluR2/3, and mGluR7, as well as the ionotropic receptors, NMDA and AMPA. Preclinical studies using agonists and antagonists implicate these glutamatergic receptors in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the neurocircuitry involving glutamate transmission in animals exposed to alcohol and further outline the role of metabotropic and ionotropic receptors in the regulation of alcohol-drinking behavior. This review provides ample information about the potential therapeutic role of glutamatergic receptors for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Goodwani
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Hannah Saternos
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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37
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Lundström L, Bissantz C, Beck J, Dellenbach M, Woltering TJ, Wichmann J, Gatti S. Reprint of Pharmacological and molecular characterization of the positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Neuropharmacology 2017; 115:115-127. [PMID: 28216000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) plays an important role in the presynaptic control of glutamate release and several mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been under assessment for their potential as antipsychotics. The binding mode of mGlu2 PAMs is better characterized in functional terms while few data are available on the relationship between allosteric and orthosteric binding sites. Pharmacological studies characterizing binding and effects of two different chemical series of mGlu2 PAMs are therefore carried out here using the radiolabeled mGlu2 agonist 3[H]-LY354740 and mGlu2 PAM 3[H]-2,2,2-TEMPS. A multidimensional approach to the PAM mechanism of action shows that mGlu2 PAMs increase the affinity of 3[H]-LY354740 for the orthosteric site of mGlu2 as well as the number of 3[H]-LY354740 binding sites. 3[H]-2,2,2-TEMPS binding is also enhanced by the presence of LY354740. New residues in the allosteric rat mGlu2 binding pocket are identified to be crucial for the PAMs ligand binding, among these Tyr3.40 and Asn5.46. Also of remark, in the described experimental conditions S731A (Ser5.42) residue is important only for the mGlu2 PAM LY487379 and not for the compound PAM-1: an example of the structural differences among these mGlu2 PAMs. This study provides a summary of the information generated in the past decade on mGlu2 PAMs adding a detailed molecular investigation of PAM binding mode. Differences among mGlu2 PAM compounds are discussed as well as the mGlu2 regions interacting with mGlu2 PAM and NAM agents and residues driving mGlu2 PAM selectivity. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lundström
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - C Bissantz
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - J Beck
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - M Dellenbach
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - T J Woltering
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - J Wichmann
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - S Gatti
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland.
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Lundström L, Bissantz C, Beck J, Dellenbach M, Woltering T, Wichmann J, Gatti S. Pharmacological and molecular characterization of the positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:253-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Allostery is a regulation at a distance by conveying information from one site to another and an intrinsic property of dynamic proteins. Allostery plays an essential role in receptor trafficking, signal transmission, controlled catalysis, gene turn on/off, or cell apoptosis. Allosteric mutations are considered as one of causes responsible for cancer development, leading to "allosteric diseases" by stabilizing an active or inactive conformation or changing the dynamic distribution of preexisting propagation pathways. The present article mainly focuses on the potential of allosteric therapies for lung cancer. Allosteric drugs may have several advantages over traditional drugs. The epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and signaling pathways downstream (such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways) were suggested to play a key role in lung cancer and considered as targets of allosteric therapy. Some allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer-specific targets and a series of preclinical trials of allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer have been developed and reported. We expect that allosteric therapies will gain more attentions to develop combinatorial strategies for lung cancer and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ling
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center of Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Sliwoski G, Schubert M, Stichel J, Weaver D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Meiler J. Discovery of Small-Molecule Modulators of the Human Y4 Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157146. [PMID: 27294784 PMCID: PMC4905667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R) and its native ligand, pancreatic polypeptide, are critically involved in the regulation of human metabolism by signaling satiety and regulating food intake, as well as increasing energy expenditure. Thus, this receptor represents a putative target for treatment of obesity. With respect to new approaches to treat complex metabolic disorders, especially in multi-receptor systems, small molecule allosteric modulators have been in the focus of research in the last years. However, no positive allosteric modulators or agonists of the Y4R have been described so far. In this study, small molecule compounds derived from the Niclosamide scaffold were identified by high-throughput screening to increase Y4R activity. Compounds were characterized for their potency and their effects at the human Y4R and as well as their selectivity towards Y1R, Y2R and Y5R. These compounds provide a structure-activity relationship profile around this common scaffold and lay the groundwork for hit-to-lead optimization and characterization of positive allosteric modulators of the Y4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mario Schubert
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
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41
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Full-field electroretinogram in autism spectrum disorder. Doc Ophthalmol 2016; 132:83-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Doornbos MLJ, Pérez-Benito L, Tresadern G, Mulder-Krieger T, Biesmans I, Trabanco AA, Cid JM, Lavreysen H, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 by JNJ-46281222. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:588-600. [PMID: 26589404 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allosteric modulation of the mGlu2 receptor is a potential strategy for treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) JNJ-46281222 and its radiolabelled counterpart [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222. Using this novel tool, we also describe the allosteric effect of orthosteric glutamate binding and the presence of a bound G protein on PAM binding and use computational approaches to further investigate the binding mode. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have used radioligand binding studies, functional assays, site-directed mutagenesis, homology modelling and molecular dynamics to study the binding of JNJ-46281222. KEY RESULTS JNJ-46281222 is an mGlu2 -selective, highly potent PAM with nanomolar affinity (KD = 1.7 nM). Binding of [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 was increased by the presence of glutamate and greatly reduced by the presence of GTP, indicating the preference for a G protein bound state of the receptor for PAM binding. Its allosteric binding site was visualized and analysed by a computational docking and molecular dynamics study. The simulations revealed amino acid movements in regions expected to be important for activation. The binding mode was supported by [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 binding experiments on mutant receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results obtained with JNJ-46281222 in unlabelled and tritiated form further contribute to our understanding of mGlu2 allosteric modulation. The computational simulations and mutagenesis provide a plausible binding mode with indications of how the ligand permits allosteric activation. This study is therefore of interest for mGlu2 and class C receptor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L J Doornbos
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Janssen Research and Development, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Alteration by p11 of mGluR5 localization regulates depression-like behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1546-56. [PMID: 26370144 PMCID: PMC4907335 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders and antidepressant therapy involve alterations of monoaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. The protein S100A10 (p11) was identified as a regulator of serotonin receptors, and it has been implicated in the etiology of depression and in mediating the antidepressant actions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Here we report that p11 can also regulate depression-like behaviors via regulation of a glutamatergic receptor in mice. p11 directly binds to the cytoplasmic tail of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). p11 and mGluR5 mutually facilitate their accumulation at the plasma membrane, and p11 increases cell surface availability of the receptor. Whereas p11 overexpression potentiates mGluR5 agonist-induced calcium responses, overexpression of mGluR5 mutant, which does not interact with p11, diminishes the calcium responses in cultured cells. Knockout of mGluR5 or p11 specifically in glutamatergic neurons in mice causes depression-like behaviors. Conversely, knockout of mGluR5 or p11 in GABAergic neurons causes antidepressant-like behaviors. Inhibition of mGluR5 with an antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), induces antidepressant-like behaviors in a p11-dependent manner. Notably, the antidepressant-like action of MPEP is mediated by parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, resulting in a decrease of inhibitory neuronal firing with a resultant increase of excitatory neuronal firing. These results identify a molecular and cellular basis by which mGluR5 antagonism achieves its antidepressant-like activity.
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44
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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45
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Jang JW, Cho NC, Min SJ, Cho YS, Park KD, Seo SH, No KT, Pae AN. Novel Scaffold Identification of mGlu1 Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulators Using a Hierarchical Virtual Screening Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:239-56. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wan Jang
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Hanyang University; Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588 Korea
| | - Yong Seo Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Seon Hee Seo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
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46
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Selective Negative Allosteric Modulation Of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors – A Structural Perspective of Ligands and Mutants. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13869. [PMID: 26359761 PMCID: PMC4566082 DOI: 10.1038/srep13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors have a wide range of modulatory functions in the central nervous system. They are among the most highly pursued drug targets, with relevance for several neurological diseases, and a number of allosteric modulators have entered clinical trials. However, so far this has not led to a marketed drug, largely because of the difficulties in achieving subtype-selective compounds with desired properties. Very recently the first crystal structures were published for the transmembrane domain of two metabotropic glutamate receptors in complex with negative allosteric modulators. In this analysis, we make the first comprehensive structural comparison of all metabotropic glutamate receptors, placing selective negative allosteric modulators and critical mutants into the detailed context of the receptor binding sites. A better understanding of how the different mGlu allosteric modulator binding modes relates to selective pharmacological actions will be very valuable for rational design of safer drugs.
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47
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GPCR crystal structures: Medicinal chemistry in the pocket. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3880-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Gentry PR, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Novel Allosteric Modulators of G Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19478-88. [PMID: 26100627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.662759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are allosteric proteins, because their signal transduction relies on interactions between topographically distinct, yet conformationally linked, domains. Much of the focus on GPCR allostery in the new millennium, however, has been on modes of targeting GPCR allosteric sites with chemical probes due to the potential for novel therapeutics. It is now apparent that some GPCRs possess more than one targetable allosteric site, in addition to a growing list of putative endogenous modulators. Advances in structural biology are also shedding new insights into mechanisms of allostery, although the complexities of candidate allosteric drugs necessitate rigorous biological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Gentry
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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49
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Poutiainen P, Kil KE, Zhang Z, Kuruppu D, Tannous B, Brownell AL. Co-operative binding assay for the characterization of mGlu4 allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:142-8. [PMID: 26025660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) in CNS related disorders has increased the need for methods to investigate the binding of allosteric drug candidates. Our aim is to present the first fully characterized in vitro binding assay of mGlu4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Results suggest that mGlu4 PAMs have characteristic co-operative binding with orthosteric glutamate, which offers a notable insight to the further development of mGlu4 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darshini Kuruppu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bakhos Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Feng Z, Ma S, Hu G, Xie XQ. Allosteric Binding Site and Activation Mechanism of Class C G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Family. AAPS J 2015; 17:737-53. [PMID: 25762450 PMCID: PMC4406965 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and contain eight receptor subtypes, named mGluR1 to mGluR8. The crystal structures of mGluR1 and mGluR5 that are bound with the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) were reported recently. These structures provide a basic model for all class C of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and may aid in the design of new allosteric modulators for the treatment of CNS disorders. However, these structures are only combined with NAMs in the previous reports. The conformations that are bound with positive allosteric modulator (PAM) or agonist of mGluR1/5 remain unknown. Moreover, the structural information of the other six mGluRs and the comparisons of the mGluRs family have not been explored in terms of their binding pockets, the binding modes of different compounds, and important binding residues. With these crystal structures as the starting point, we built 3D structural models for six mGluRs by using homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We systematically compared their allosteric binding sites/pockets, the important residues, and the selective residues by using a series of comparable dockings with both the NAM and the PAM. Our results show that several residues played important roles for the receptors' selectivity. The observations of detailed interactions between compounds and their correspondent receptors are congruent with the specificity and potency of derivatives or compounds bioassayed in vitro. We then carried out 100 ns MD simulations of mGluR5 (residue 26-832, formed by Venus Flytrap domain, a so-called cysteine-rich domain, and 7 trans-membrane domains) bound with antagonist/NAM and with agonist/PAM. Our results show that both the NAM and the PAM seemed stable in class C GPCRs during the MD. However, the movements of "ionic lock," of trans-membrane domains, and of some activation-related residues in 7 trans-membrane domains of mGluR5 were congruent with the findings in class A GPCRs. Finally, we selected nine representative bound structures to perform 30 ns MD simulations for validating the stabilities of interactions, respectively. All these bound structures kept stable during the MD simulations, indicating that the binding poses in this present work are reasonable. We provided new insight into better understanding of the structural and functional roles of the mGluRs family and facilitated the future structure-based design of novel ligands of mGluRs family with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Feng
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
| | - Shifan Ma
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
| | - Guanxing Hu
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
- />Departments of Computational Biology and of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 USA
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