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Seckl J. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the brain: Not (yet) lost in translation. J Intern Med 2024; 295:20-37. [PMID: 37941106 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) catalyse the conversion of active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) and their inert 11-keto forms (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone). They were first reported in the body and brain 70 years ago, but only recently have they become of interest. 11β-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, potently inactivating glucocorticoids. In the kidney, 11β-HSD2 generates the aldosterone-specificity of intrinsically non-selective mineralocorticoid receptors. 11β-HSD2 also protects the developing foetal brain and body from premature glucocorticoid exposure, which otherwise engenders the programming of neuropsychiatric and cardio-metabolic disease risks. In the adult CNS, 11β-HSD2 is confined to a part of the brain stem where it generates aldosterone-specific central control of salt appetite and perhaps blood pressure. 11β-HSD1 is a reductase, amplifying active glucocorticoid levels within brain cells, notably in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, paralleling its metabolic functions in peripheral tissues. 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing rodent and, less certainly, human forebrain. Transgenic models show this rise contributes to age-related cognitive decline, at least in mice. 11β-HSD1 inhibition robustly improves memory in healthy and pathological ageing rodent models and is showing initial promising results in phase II studies of healthy elderly people. Larger trials are needed to confirm and clarify the magnitude of effect and define target populations. The next decade will be crucial in determining how this tale ends - in new treatments or disappointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Brossaud J, Bosch-Bouju C, Marissal-Arvy N, Campas-Lebecque MN, Helbling JC, Webster SP, Walker BR, Fioramonti X, Ferreira G, Barat P, Corcuff JB, Moisan MP. Memory deficits in a juvenile rat model of type 1 diabetes are due to excess 11β-HSD1 activity, which is upregulated by high glucose concentrations rather than insulin deficiency. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1735-1747. [PMID: 37300580 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Children with diabetes may display cognitive alterations although vascular disorders have not yet appeared. Variations in glucose levels together with relative insulin deficiency in treated type 1 diabetes have been reported to impact brain function indirectly through dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. We have recently shown that enhancement of glucocorticoid levels in children with type 1 diabetes is dependent not only on glucocorticoid secretion but also on glucocorticoid tissue concentrations, which is linked to 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and memory alteration were further dissected in a juvenile rat model of diabetes showing that excess 11β-HSD1 activity within the hippocampus is associated with hippocampal-dependent memory deficits. Here, to investigate the causal relationships between diabetes, 11β-HSD1 activity and hippocampus-dependent memory deficits, we evaluated the beneficial effect of 11β-HSD1 inhibition on hippocampal-related memory in juvenile diabetic rats. We also examined whether diabetes-associated enhancement of hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity is due to an increase in brain glucose concentrations and/or a decrease in insulin signalling. METHODS Diabetes was induced in juvenile rats by daily i.p. injection of streptozotocin for 2 consecutive days. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 was obtained by administrating the compound UE2316 twice daily by gavage for 3 weeks, after which hippocampal-dependent object location memory was assessed. Hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity was estimated by the ratio of corticosterone/dehydrocorticosterone measured by LC/MS. Regulation of 11β-HSD1 activity in response to changes in glucose or insulin levels was determined ex vivo on acute brain hippocampal slices. The insulin regulation of 11β-HSD1 was further examined in vivo using virally mediated knockdown of insulin receptor expression specifically in the hippocampus. RESULTS Our data show that inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity prevents hippocampal-related memory deficits in diabetic juvenile rats. A significant increase (53.0±9.9%) in hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity was found in hippocampal slices incubated in high glucose conditions (13.9 mmol/l) vs normal glucose conditions (2.8 mmol/l) without insulin. However, 11β-HSD1 activity was not affected by variations in insulin concentration either in the hippocampal slices or after a decrease in hippocampal insulin receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these data demonstrate that an increase in 11β-HSD1 activity contributes to memory deficits observed in juvenile diabetic rats and that an excess of hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity stems from high glucose levels rather than insulin deficiency. 11β-HSD1 might be a therapeutic target for treating cognitive impairments associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brossaud
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU Bordeaux, Nuclear Medicine, Pessac, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott P Webster
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Barat
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Pediatric Endocrinology and DiaBEA Unit, Hôpital des Enfants, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Corcuff
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Nuclear Medicine, Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
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Lv S, Shen Q, Li H, Chen Q, Xie W, Li Y, Wang X, Ding G. Caloric restriction delays age-related muscle atrophy by inhibiting 11β-HSD1 to promote the differentiation of muscle stem cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1027055. [PMID: 36687405 PMCID: PMC9849809 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1027055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calorie restriction (CR) is an important direction for the delay of sarcopenia in elderly individuals. However, the specific mechanisms of CR against aging are still unclear. Methods In this study, we used a CR model of elderly mice with muscle-specific 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) knockout mice and 11β-HSD1 overexpression mice to confirm that CR can delay muscle aging by inhibiting 11β-HSD1 which can transform inactive GC(cortisone) into active GC(cortisol). The ability of self-proliferation and differentiation into muscle fibers of these mouse muscle stem cells (MuSCs) was observed in vitro. Additionally, the mitochondrial function and mitochondrial ATP production capacity of MuSCs were measured by mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Results It was found that the 11β-HSD1 expression level was increased in age-related muscle atrophy. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 led to muscle atrophy in young mice, and 11β-HSD1 knockout rescued age-related muscle atrophy. Moreover, CR in aged mice reduced the local effective concentration of glucocorticoid (GC) through 11β-HSD1, thereby promoting the mitochondrial function and differentiation ability of MuSCs. Conclusions Together, our findings highlight promising sarcopenia protection with 40% CR in older ages. Furthermore, we speculated that targeting an 11β-HSD1-dependent metabolic pathway may represent a novel strategy for developing therapeutics against age-related muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lv
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianjin Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengzhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yusheng Li,
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Xiaodong Wang,
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Guoxian Ding,
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4
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Han R, Han G, Yan Y, Han L, Li L, Zhang H. Protective effects and mechanisms of the Erzhi formula on glucocorticoid induced primary cortical neuron injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1038492. [PMID: 36923359 PMCID: PMC10008893 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1038492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of glucocorticoids (GC) can cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain parenchyma, triggering a stress state that can lead to a range of physiological changes. This study investigated whether Erzhi formula has neuroprotective effects against glucocorticoid damage by establishing a dexamethasone-induced primary cortical neuron injury model in vitro. The results showed that Erzhi formula could reduce dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in primary cultured cortical neurons and improve synaptic damage. Further, network pharmacological analysis revealed that Erzhi formula may exert antidepressant effects by multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics, in which Salidroside, Biochanin-A and other ingredients are key components, HSD11B1, NR3C1, and other proteins are key targets, and steroid metabolism may be a key process in its action. Moreover, our study found that the neuroprotective effect of Erzhi formula might be related to the 11β-HSD1-GC/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway. The Erzhi formula could significantly inhibit the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in vitro using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence. In addition to providing evidence for the pharmacological effects of the Erzhi formula, the present study lays down the foundation for subsequent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoying Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Wheelan N, Seckl JR, Yau JLW. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 deficiency prevents PTSD-like memory in young adult mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 146:105945. [PMID: 36183622 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the co-existence of a persistent strong memory of the traumatic experience and amnesia for the peritraumatic context. Most animal models, however, fail to account for the contextual amnesia which is considered to play a critical role in the etiology of PTSD intrusive memories. It is also unclear how aging affects PTSD-like memory. Glucocorticoids alter the formation and retention of fear-associated memory. Here, we investigated whether a deficiency of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) (an intracellular glucocorticoid generating enzyme) and aging modulates fear conditioning and PTSD-like memory in mice. We first measured memory in 6 months and 24 months old 11β-HSD1 deficient (HSD1 KO) and wildtype (WT) mice following paired tone-shock fear conditioning. Then, separate groups of mice were exposed to restraint stress immediately after unpaired tone-shock contextual fear conditioning. Compared with young controls, aged WT mice exhibited enhanced auditory cued fear memory, but contextual fear memory was not different. Contextual fear memory retention was attenuated in both young and aged HSD1 KO mice. In contrast, auditory cued fear memory was reduced 24 h after training only in aged HSD1 KO mice. When fear conditioned with stress, WT mice displayed PTSD-like memory (i.e., increased fear to tone not predictive of shock and reduced fear to 'aversive' conditioning context); this was unchanged with aging. In contrast, young HSD1 KO mice fear conditioned with stress showed normal fear memory (i.e., increased fear response to conditioning context), as observed in WT mice fear conditioned alone. While aged HSD1 KO mice fear conditioned with stress also displayed normal contextual fear memory, the fear response to the 'safe' tone remained. Thus, a deficiency of 11β-HSD1 protects against both amnesia for the conditioning context and hypermnesia for a salient tone in young adult mice but only contextual amnesia is prevented in aged mice. These results suggest that brain 11β-HSD1 generated glucocorticoids make a significant contribution to fear conditioning and PTSD-like memory. 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be useful in prevention and/or treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Leschik J, Gentile A, Cicek C, Péron S, Tevosian M, Beer A, Radyushkin K, Bludau A, Ebner K, Neumann I, Singewald N, Berninger B, Lessmann V, Lutz B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in serotonergic neurons improves stress resilience and promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102333. [PMID: 35872219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stimulates adult neurogenesis, but also influences structural plasticity and function of serotonergic neurons. Both, BDNF/TrkB signaling and the serotonergic system modulate behavioral responses to stress and can lead to pathological states when dysregulated. The two systems have been shown to mediate the therapeutic effect of antidepressant drugs and to regulate hippocampal neurogenesis. To elucidate the interplay of both systems at cellular and behavioral levels, we generated a transgenic mouse line that overexpresses BDNF in serotonergic neurons in an inducible manner. Besides displaying enhanced hippocampus-dependent contextual learning, transgenic mice were less affected by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) compared to wild-type animals. In parallel, we observed enhanced serotonergic axonal sprouting in the dentate gyrus and increased neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, which was uniformly distributed along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus. In the forced swim test, BDNF-overexpressing mice behaved similarly as wild-type mice treated with the antidepressant fluoxetine. Our data suggest that BDNF released from serotonergic projections exerts this effect partly by enhancing adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, independently of the genotype, enhanced neurogenesis positively correlated with the social interaction time after the CSDS, a measure for stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome 00183, Italy
| | - Cigdem Cicek
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yuksek Ihtisas University, 06520 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sophie Péron
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE11UL, United Kingdom
| | - Margaryta Tevosian
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Annika Beer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz 55122, Germany
| | | | - Anna Bludau
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Karl Ebner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Inga Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE11UL, United Kingdom; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE11UL, United Kingdom
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz 55122, Germany
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Formation of False Context Fear Memory Is Regulated by Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116286. [PMID: 35682965 PMCID: PMC9181353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic events frequently produce false fear memories. We investigated the effect of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) knockdown (Hy-Crf-KD) or overexpression (Hy-CRF-OE) on contextual fear memory, as fear stress-released CRF and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation affects the memory system. Mice were placed in a chamber with an electric footshock as a conditioning stimulus (CS) in Context A, then exposed to a novel chamber without CS, as Context B, at 3 h (B-3h) or 24 h (B-24h). The freezing response in B-3h was intensified in the experimental mice, compared to control mice not exposed to CS, indicating that a false fear memory was formed at 3 h. The within-group freezing level at B-24h was higher than that at B-3h, indicating that false context fear memory was enhanced at B-24h. The difference in freezing levels between B-3h and B-24h in Hy-Crf-KD mice was larger than that of controls. In Hy-CRF-OE mice, the freezing level at B-3h was higher than that of control and Hy-Crf-KD mice, while the freezing level in B-24h was similar to that in B-3h. Locomotor activity before CS and freezing level during CS were similar among the groups. Therefore, we hypothesized that Hy-Crf-KD potentiates the induction of false context fear memory, while Hy-CRF-OE enhances the onset of false fear memory formation.
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Bhatt S, Hillmer AT, Rusowicz A, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Carson RE, Huang Y, Cosgrove KP. Imaging brain cortisol regulation in PTSD with a target for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150452. [PMID: 34651587 DOI: 10.1172/jci150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDInvestigations of stress dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on peripheral cortisol, but none have examined cortisol in the human brain. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) to image 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a cortisol-producing enzyme, as a putative brain cortisol marker in PTSD.METHODSSixteen individuals with PTSD and 17 healthy, trauma-exposed controls (TCs) underwent PET imaging with [18F]AS2471907, a radioligand for 11β-HSD1.RESULTSPrefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability, estimated as [18F]AS2471907 volume of distribution (VT), was significantly higher in the PTSD group compared with the TC group (β = 1.16, P = 0.0057). Lower prefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability was related to greater overall PTSD severity (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.038) in the PTSD group. 11β-HSD1 availability was not related to plasma cortisol levels (R2 = 0.026, P = 0.37). In a PTSD subset (n = 10), higher 11β-HSD1 availability was associated with higher availability of translocator protein (TSPO), a microglial marker (β = 4.40, P = 0.039).CONCLUSIONHigher brain cortisol-producing 11β-HSD1 in the PTSD group may represent a resilience-promoting neuroadaptation resulting in lower PTSD symptoms. Along with preliminary associations between 11β-HSD1 and TSPO, corroborating previous evidence of immune suppression in PTSD, these findings collectively challenge previous hypotheses of the deleterious effects of both excessive brain glucocorticoid and brain immune signaling in PTSD.FUNDINGBrain and Behavior Research Foundation Independent Investigator Grant, National Institute of Mental Health grants F30MH116607 and R01MH110674, the Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Foundation Fellowship, Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1 TR000142 from the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhatt
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael Kapinos
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven M Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113734. [PMID: 33548254 PMCID: PMC7954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11ß-HSD1 and 11ß-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11ß-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11ß-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11ß-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11ß-HSD2 but not 11ß-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11ß-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11ß-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11ß-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cntn4, a risk gene for neuropsychiatric disorders, modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 33542194 PMCID: PMC7862349 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), anorexia nervosa (AN), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and schizophrenia (SZ), are heterogeneous brain disorders with unknown etiology. Genome wide studies have revealed a wide variety of risk genes for these disorders, indicating a biological link between genetic signaling pathways and brain pathology. A unique risk gene is Contactin 4 (Cntn4), an Ig cell adhesion molecule (IgCAM) gene, which has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD, AN, AD, and SZ. Here, we investigated the Cntn4 gene knockout (KO) mouse model to determine whether memory dysfunction and altered brain plasticity, common neuropsychiatric symptoms, are affected by Cntn4 genetic disruption. For that purpose, we tested if Cntn4 genetic disruption affects CA1 synaptic transmission and the ability to induce LTP in hippocampal slices. Stimulation in CA1 striatum radiatum significantly decreased synaptic potentiation in slices of Cntn4 KO mice. Neuroanatomical analyses showed abnormal dendritic arborization and spines of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Short- and long-term recognition memory, spatial memory, and fear conditioning responses were also assessed. These behavioral studies showed increased contextual fear conditioning in heterozygous and homozygous KO mice, quantified by a gene-dose dependent increase in freezing response. In comparison to wild-type mice, Cntn4-deficient animals froze significantly longer and groomed more, indicative of increased stress responsiveness under these test conditions. Our electrophysiological, neuro-anatomical, and behavioral results in Cntn4 KO mice suggest that Cntn4 has important functions related to fear memory possibly in association with the neuronal morphological and synaptic plasticity changes in hippocampus CA1 neurons.
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11
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Gregory S, Hill D, Grey B, Ketelbey W, Miller T, Muniz-Terrera G, Ritchie CW. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor use in human disease-a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Metabolism 2020; 108:154246. [PMID: 32333937 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyses conversion of cortisone into cortisol; correspondingly, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors inhibit this conversion. This systematic review focuses on the use of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors in diseases known to be associated with abnormalities in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function. METHODS The databases screened for suitable papers were: MedLine, EMBASE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central. RESULTS 1925 papers were identified, of which 29 were included in the final narrative synthesis. 11β-HSD1 and its inhibitors have been studied in diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher expression of 11β-HSD1 is seen in obesity and MetS, but has not yet been described in obesity or AD. Genetic studies identify 11β-HSD1 SNPs of interest in populations with diabetes, MetS, and AD. One phase II trial successfully reduced HbA1c in a diabetic population, however trials in MetS, obesity, and AD have not met primary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS Translation of this research from preclinical studies has proved challenging so far, however this is a growing area of research and more studies should focus on understanding the complex relationships between 11β-HSD1 and disease pathology, especially given the therapeutic potential of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gregory
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - David Hill
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ben Grey
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig W Ritchie
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Bhatt S, Nabulsi NB, Li S, Cai Z, Matuskey D, Bini J, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Ropchan JR, Carson RE, Cosgrove KP, Huang Y, Hillmer AT. First in-human PET study and kinetic evaluation of [ 18F]AS2471907 for imaging 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:695-704. [PMID: 30895878 PMCID: PMC7168798 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19838633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes enzymatic conversion of cortisone into the stress hormone cortisol. This first-in-human brain imaging study characterizes the kinetic modeling and test-retest reproducibility of [18F]AS2471907, a novel PET radiotracer for 11β-HSD1. Eight individuals underwent one 180-min (n = 4) or two 240-min (n = 4) [18F]AS2471907 PET brain scans (12 total) acquired on the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) scanner with arterial blood sampling. Imaging data were modeled with 1-tissue (1T) and 2-tissue (2T) compartment models and with multilinear analysis (MA1) to estimate [18F]AS2471907 availability (VT). [18F]AS2471907 demonstrated high, heterogeneous uptake throughout the brain. Of the compartment models, 2T best described [18F]AS2471907 data. Estimates of VT were highly correlated between 2T and MA1 (t* = 30 min) with MA1 yielding VT values ranging from 3.2 ± 1.0 mL/cm3 in the caudate to 15.7 ± 4.2 mL/cm3 in the occipital cortex. The median absolute test-retest variability of 16 ± 5% and high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.67-0.97 across regions indicate fair test-retest reliability but large intersubject variability. VT estimates using 180 min were within 10% of estimates using full acquisition time. In summary, [18F]AS2471907 exhibits reasonable kinetic properties for imaging 11β-HSD1 in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhatt
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim R Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven VA Hospital, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Aberrant mPFC GABAergic synaptic transmission and fear behavior in neuroligin-2 R215H knock-in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1730:146671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Kline SA, Mega MS. Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration: The Potential for Coping as Neuroprotective Therapy. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520960873. [PMID: 32969239 PMCID: PMC10623922 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520960873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Stress responses are essential for survival, but become detrimental to health and cognition with chronic activation. Chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release of glucocorticoids induces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and neuronal loss, decreases learning and memory, and modifies glucocorticoid receptor/mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Elderly who report increased stress are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, have decreased global cognition and faster cognitive decline than those reporting no stress. Patients with mild cognitive impairment are more sensitive to stress compared to healthy elderly and those with Alzheimer's disease. Stress may also transduce neurodegeneration via the gut microbiome. Coping styles determine hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor expression in mice, indicating that coping modifies cortisol's effect on the brain. Identifying neuroprotective coping strategies that lessen the burden of stress may prevent or slow cognitive decline. Treatments and education designed to reduce stress should be recognized as neuroprotective.
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15
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Bonhomme D, Alfos S, Webster SP, Wolff M, Pallet V, Touyarot K. Vitamin A deficiency impairs contextual fear memory in rats: Abnormalities in the glucocorticoid pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12802. [PMID: 31613407 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), play a key role in the maintenance of cognitive functions in the adult brain. Depletion of RA using the vitamin A deficiency (VAD) model in Wistar rats leads to spatial memory deficits in relation to elevated intrahippocampal basal corticosterone (CORT) levels and increased hippocampal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. All of these effects are normalised by vitamin A supplementation. However, it is unknown whether vitamin A status also modulates contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in a glucocorticoid-associated fear memory task dependent on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated the impact of VAD and vitamin A supplementation in adult male rats on fear memory processing, plasma CORT levels, hippocampal retinoid receptors and 11β-HSD1 expression following a novelty-induced stress. We also examined whether vitamin A supplementation or a single injection of UE2316, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, known to modulate local glucocorticoid levels, had any beneficial effects on contextual fear memory and biochemical parameters in VAD rats. We provide evidence that VAD rats exhibit a decreased fear conditioning response during training with a poor contextual fear memory 24 hours later. These VAD-induced cognitive impairments are associated with elevated plasma CORT levels under basal conditions, as well as following a stressful event, with saturated CORT release, altered hippocampal retinoid receptors and 11β-HSD1 expression. Vitamin A supplementation normalises VAD-induced fear conditioning training deficits and all biochemical effects, although it cannot prevent fear memory deficits. Moreover, a single injection of UE2316 not only impairs contextual fear memory, but also reduces plasma CORT levels, regardless of the vitamin A status and decreases slightly hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity in VAD rats following stress. The present study highlights the importance of vitamin A status with respect to modulating fear memory conditioning in relation to plasma CORT levels and hippocampal 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bonhomme
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Alfos
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
| | - Scott P Webster
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathieu Wolff
- UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, Bordeaux, France
- UMR 5287, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katia Touyarot
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Wheelan N, Kenyon CJ, Harris AP, Cairns C, Al Dujaili E, Seckl JR, Yau JL. Midlife stress alters memory and mood-related behaviors in old age: Role of locally activated glucocorticoids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:13-22. [PMID: 29306773 PMCID: PMC5890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress during midlife associates with subsequent age-related cognitive decline and may increase the vulnerability to develop psychiatric conditions. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been implicated in pathogenesis though any causative role for glucocorticoids is unestablished. This study investigated the contribution of local glucocorticoid regeneration by the intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), in persisting midlife stress-induced behavioral effects in mice. Middle-aged (10 months old) 11β-HSD1-deficient mice and wild-type congenic controls were randomly assigned to 28 days of chronic unpredictable stress or left undisturbed (non-stressed). All mice underwent behavioral testing at the end of the stress/non-stress period and again 6-7 months later. Chronic stress impaired spatial memory in middle-aged wild-type mice. The effects, involving a wide spectrum of behavioral modalities, persisted for 6-7 months after cessation of stress into early senescence. Enduring effects after midlife stress included impaired spatial memory, enhanced contextual fear memory, impaired fear extinction, heightened anxiety, depressive-like behavior, as well as reduced hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression. In contrast, 11β-HSD1 deficient mice resisted both immediate and enduring effects of chronic stress, despite similar stress-induced increases in systemic glucocorticoid activity during midlife stress. In conclusion, chronic stress in midlife exerts persisting effects leading to cognitive and affective dysfunction in old age via mechanisms that depend, at least in part, on brain glucocorticoids generated locally by 11β-HSD1. This finding supports selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to ameliorate the long-term consequences of stress-related psychiatric disorders in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anjanette P. Harris
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Al Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L.W. Yau
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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17
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Verma M, Kipari TMJ, Zhang Z, Man TY, Forster T, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Chapman KE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency alters brain energy metabolism in acute systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:223-234. [PMID: 29162555 PMCID: PMC5871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels impair cognition and are pro-inflammatory in the brain. Deficiency or inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive into active glucocorticoids, protects against glucocorticoid-associated chronic stress- or age-related cognitive impairment. Here, we hypothesised that 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the brain cytokine response to inflammation. Because inflammation is associated with altered energy metabolism, we also examined the effects of 11β-HSD1 deficiency upon hippocampal energy metabolism. Inflammation was induced in 11β-HSD1 deficient (Hsd11b1Del/Del) and C57BL/6 control mice by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS reduced circulating neutrophil and monocyte numbers and increased plasma corticosterone levels equally in C57BL/6 and Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, suggesting a similar peripheral inflammatory response. However, the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the hippocampus was attenuated in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Principal component analysis of mRNA expression revealed a distinct metabolic response to LPS in hippocampus of Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Pfkfb3 and Ldha, key contributors to the Warburg effect, showed greater induction in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Consistent with increased glycolytic flux, levels of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate were reduced in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Sdha and Sdhb, encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase/complex II that determines mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity, was induced specifically in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, together with increased levels of its product, fumarate. These data suggest 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the hippocampal pro-inflammatory response to LPS, associated with increased capacity for aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP generation. This may provide better metabolic support and be neuroprotective during systemic inflammation or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Verma
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tiina M J Kipari
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhenguang Zhang
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Megan C Holmes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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18
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Pillai AG, Arp M, Velzing E, Lesuis SL, Schmidt MV, Holsboer F, Joëls M, Krugers HJ. Early life stress determines the effects of glucocorticoids and stress on hippocampal function: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence respectively. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:307-318. [PMID: 29412144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early-life adversity may program brain function to prepare individuals for adaptation to matching environmental contexts. In this study we tested this hypothesis in more detail by examining the effects of early-life stress - induced by raising offspring with limited nesting and bedding material from postnatal days 2-9 - in various behavioral tasks and on synaptic function in adult mice. Early-life stress impaired adult performance in the hippocampal dependent low-arousing object-in-context recognition memory task. This effect was absent when animals were exposed to a single stressor before training. Early-life stress did not alter high-arousing context and auditory fear conditioning. Early-life stress-induced behavioral modifications were not associated with alterations in the dendritic architecture of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons or principal neurons of the basolateral amygdala. However, early-life stress reduced the ratio of NMDA to AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and glutamate release probability specifically in hippocampal CA1 neurons, but not in the basolateral amygdala. These ex vivo effects in the hippocampus were abolished by acute glucocorticoid treatment. Our findings support that early-life stress can hamper object-in-context learning via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms that affect hippocampal function but these effects are counteracted by acute stress or elevated glucocorticoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup G Pillai
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Arp
- SILS-Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Els Velzing
- SILS-Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie L Lesuis
- SILS-Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian Joëls
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- SILS-Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
Importance of the neuroendocrine brain for health and happiness has become clear since the 1960s. Foundations laid 100 years ago culminated in Geoffrey W Harris's model of control by the brain of secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary gland hormones through, respectively, releasing factors secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system, and directly from axon terminals into the systemic circulation. Confirmation, expansion and deepening of knowledge and understanding have followed increasingly sophisticated technology. This allowed chemical characterisation of the posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, the releasing factors, their receptors and genes, location of the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus, and how their activity is controlled, including by neural and hormonal feedback, and how hormone rhythms are generated. Wider roles of these neurons and their peptides in the brain are now recognised: in reproductive and social behaviours, emotions and appetite. Plasticity and epigenetic programming of neuroendocrine systems have emerged as important features.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Russell
- Professor Emeritus, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Quantification of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 kinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of inhibitors in brain using mass spectrometry imaging and stable-isotope tracers in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:88-99. [PMID: 29248595 PMCID: PMC5821700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1; EC 1.1.1.146) generates active glucocorticoid hormones. Small molecule inhibitors have been developed to target 11β-HSD1 for the treatment of dementia; these must enter brain subregions, such as the hippocampus, to be effective. We previously reported mass spectrometry imaging measurement of murine tissue steroids, and deuterated steroid tracer infusion quantification of 11β-HSD1 turnover in humans. Here, these tools are combined to assess tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor that accesses the brain. [9,11,12,12-2H]4-Cortisol was infused (1.75 mg/day) by minipump for 2 days into C57Bl6 mice (male, age 12 weeks, n = 3/group) after which an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (UE2316) was administered (25 mg/kg oral gavage) and animals culled immediately or 1, 2 and 4 h post-dosing. Mice with global genetic disruption of Hsd11B1 were studied similarly. Turnover of d4-cortisol to d3-cortisone (by loss of the 11-deuterium) and regeneration of d3-cortisol (by 11β-HSD1-mediated reduction) were assessed in plasma, liver and brain using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization coupled to Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The tracer d4-cortisol was detected in liver and brain following a two day infusion. Turnover to d3-cortisone and on to d3-cortisol was slower in brain than liver. In contrast, d3-cortisol was not detected in mice lacking 11β-HSD1. UE2316 impaired d3-cortisol generation measured in whole body (assessed in plasma; 53.1% suppression in rate of appearance in d3-cortisol), liver and brain. Differential inhibition in brain regions was observed; active glucocorticoids were suppressed to a greater in extent hippocampus or cortex than in amygdala. These data confirm that the contribution of 11β-HSD1 to the tissue glucocorticoid pool, and the consequences of enzyme inhibition on active glucocorticoid concentrations, are substantial, including in the brain. They further demonstrate the value of mass spectrometry imaging in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
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21
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Spencer RL, Deak T. A users guide to HPA axis research. Physiol Behav 2016; 178:43-65. [PMID: 27871862 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone - CORT) are the effector hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine system. CORT is a systemic intercellular signal whose level predictably varies with time of day and dynamically increases with environmental and psychological stressors. This hormonal signal is utilized by virtually every cell and physiological system of the body to optimize performance according to circadian, environmental and physiological demands. Disturbances in normal HPA axis activity profiles are associated with a wide variety of physiological and mental health disorders. Despite numerous studies to date that have identified molecular, cellular and systems-level glucocorticoid actions, new glucocorticoid actions and clinical status associations continue to be revealed at a brisk pace in the scientific literature. However, the breadth of investigators working in this area poses distinct challenges in ensuring common practices across investigators, and a full appreciation for the complexity of a system that is often reduced to a single dependent measure. This Users Guide is intended to provide a fundamental overview of conceptual, technical and practical knowledge that will assist individuals who engage in and evaluate HPA axis research. We begin with examination of the anatomical and hormonal components of the HPA axis and their physiological range of operation. We then examine strategies and best practices for systematic manipulation and accurate measurement of HPA axis activity. We feature use of experimental methods that will assist with better understanding of CORT's physiological actions, especially as those actions impact subsequent brain function. This research approach is instrumental for determining the mechanisms by which alterations of HPA axis function may contribute to pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Terrence Deak
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Naninck EFG, Oosterink JE, Yam K, Vries LP, Schierbeek H, Goudoever JB, Verkaik‐Schakel R, Plantinga JA, Plosch T, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early micronutrient supplementation protects against early stress‐induced cognitive impairments. FASEB J 2016; 31:505-518. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva F. G. Naninck
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - J. Efraim Oosterink
- Department of Mother and Child, Emma Children's HospitalAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kit‐Yi Yam
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lennart P. Vries
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Mother and Child, Emma Children's HospitalAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. Goudoever
- Department of Mother and Child, Emma Children's HospitalAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rikst‐Nynke Verkaik‐Schakel
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Josèe A. Plantinga
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plosch
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Sifaldin AZ. Prenatal corticosterone exposure programs growth, behavior, reproductive function and genes in the chicken. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Sarabdjitsingh RA, Pasricha N, Smeets JAS, Kerkhofs A, Mikasova L, Karst H, Groc L, Joëls M. Hippocampal Fast Glutamatergic Transmission Is Transiently Regulated by Corticosterone Pulsatility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145858. [PMID: 26741493 PMCID: PMC4712151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that corticosteroid hormones (such as corticosterone) are released in ultradian pulses as a natural consequence of pituitary-adrenal interactions. All organs, including the brain, are thus exposed to pulsatile changes in corticosteroid hormone level, important to ensure full genomic responsiveness to stress-induced surges. However, corticosterone also changes neuronal excitability through rapid non-genomic pathways, particularly in the hippocampus. Potentially, background excitability of hippocampal neurons could thus be changed by pulsatile exposure to corticosteroids. It is currently unknown, though, how neuronal activity alters during a sequence of corticosterone pulses. To test this, hippocampal cells were exposed in vitro to four consecutive corticosterone pulses with a 60 min inter-pulse interval. During the pulses we examined four features of hippocampal signal transfer by the main excitatory transmitter glutamate—i.e., postsynaptic responses to spontaneous release of presynaptic vesicles, postsynaptic GluA2-AMPA receptor dynamics, basal (evoked) field responses, and synaptic plasticity, using a set of high resolution imaging and electrophysiological approaches. We show that the first pulse of corticosterone causes a transient increase in miniature EPSC frequency, AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity, while basal evoked field responses are unaffected. This pattern is not maintained during subsequent applications: responses become more variable, attenuate or even reverse over time, albeit with different kinetics for the various experimental endpoints. This may indicate that the beneficial effect of ultradian pulses on transcriptional regulation in the hippocampus is not consistently accompanied by short-term perturbations in background excitability. In general, this could be interpreted as a means to keep hippocampal neurons responsive to incoming signals related to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasha Pasricha
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Universite de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johanna A. S. Smeets
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Kerkhofs
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Universite de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lenka Mikasova
- Universite de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Henk Karst
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Groc
- Universite de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marian Joëls
- Dept. Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sooy K, Noble J, McBride A, Binnie M, Yau JLW, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Webster SP. Cognitive and Disease-Modifying Effects of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibition in Male Tg2576 Mice, a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4592-603. [PMID: 26305888 PMCID: PMC4655221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids has been linked to age-related cognitive decline and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. In the brain, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies intracellular glucocorticoid levels. We show that short-term treatment of aged, cognitively impaired C57BL/6 mice with the potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor UE2316 improves memory, including after intracerebroventricular drug administration to the central nervous system alone. In the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, UE2316 treatment of mice aged 14 months for 4 weeks also decreased the number of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the cerebral cortex, associated with a selective increase in local insulin-degrading enzyme (involved in Aβ breakdown and known to be glucocorticoid regulated). Chronic treatment of young Tg2576 mice with UE2316 for up to 13 months prevented cognitive decline but did not prevent Aβ plaque formation. We conclude that reducing glucocorticoid regeneration in the brain improves cognition independently of reduced Aβ plaque pathology and that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have potential as cognitive enhancers in age-associated memory impairment and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sooy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - June Noble
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McBride
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P Webster
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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26
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Wheelan N, Webster SP, Kenyon CJ, Caughey S, Walker BR, Holmes MC, Seckl JR, Yau JLW. Short-term inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 reversibly improves spatial memory but persistently impairs contextual fear memory in aged mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:71-6. [PMID: 25497454 PMCID: PMC4389269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High glucocorticoid levels induced by stress enhance the memory of fearful events and may contribute to the development of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. In contrast, elevated glucocorticoids associated with ageing impair spatial memory. We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of the intracellular glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) improves spatial memory in aged mice. However, it is not known whether inhibition of 11β-HSD1 will have any beneficial effects on contextual fear memories in aged mice. Here, we examined the effects of UE2316, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor which accesses the brain, on both spatial and contextual fear memories in aged mice using a vehicle-controlled crossover study design. Short-term UE2316 treatment improved spatial memory in aged mice, an effect which was reversed when UE2316 was substituted with vehicle. In contrast, contextual fear memory induced by foot-shock conditioning was significantly reduced by UE2316 in a non-reversible manner. When the order of treatment was reversed following extinction of the original fear memory, and a second foot-shock conditioning was given in a novel context, UE2316 treated aged mice (previously on vehicle) now showed increased fear memory compared to vehicle-treated aged mice (previously on UE2316). Renewal of the original extinguished fear memory triggered by exposure to a new environmental context may explain these effects. Thus 11β-HSD1 inhibition reverses spatial memory impairments with ageing while reducing the strength and persistence of new contextual fear memories. Potentially this could help prevent anxiety-related disorders in vulnerable elderly individuals. Aged mice were treated with UE2316 using a vehicle-controlled crossover design. Short-term UE2316 treatment improves spatial memory in a reversible manner. Contextual fear memory retention was impaired with UE2316. Contextual fear memory effects persisted following reversal of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott P Webster
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Caughey
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Megan C Holmes
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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