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Osuch B, Misztal T, Pałatyńska K, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D. Implications of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism for the Immune System, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, and Neurotransmission in Alcohol Use Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4845. [PMID: 38732064 PMCID: PMC11084367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in interest in the role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in mechanisms associated with addictive behavior. Numerous reports implicate KP metabolism in influencing the immune system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and neurotransmission, which underlie the behavioral patterns characteristic of addiction. An in-depth analysis of the results of these new studies highlights interesting patterns of relationships, and approaching alcohol use disorder (AUD) from a broader neuroendocrine-immune system perspective may be crucial to better understanding this complex phenomenon. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of information indicating the relationship between AUD and the KP, both in terms of changes in the activity of this pathway and modulation of this pathway as a possible pharmacological approach for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Osuch
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (T.M.); (K.P.); (D.T.-Z.)
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Nagy-Grócz G, Spekker E, Vécsei L. Kynurenines, Neuronal Excitotoxicity, and Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Role of the Intestinal Flora. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1698. [PMID: 38338981 PMCID: PMC10855176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal flora has been the focus of numerous investigations recently, with inquiries not just into the gastrointestinal aspects but also the pathomechanism of other diseases such as nervous system disorders and mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial disorders are the most common type of inheritable metabolic illness caused by mutations of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Despite the intensive research, its diagnosis is usually difficult, and unfortunately, treating it challenges physicians. Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway are linked to many disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, migraine, and also diseases associated with impaired mitochondrial function. The kynurenine pathway includes many substances, for instance kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. In this review, we would like to show a possible link between the metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and mitochondrial stress in the context of intestinal flora. Furthermore, we summarize the possible markers of and future therapeutic options for the kynurenine pathway in excitotoxicity and mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Temesvári krt. 31., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Comai S, Nunez N, Atkin T, Ghabrash MF, Zakarian R, Fielding A, Saint-Laurent M, Low N, Sauber G, Ragazzi E, Hillard CJ, Gobbi G. Dysfunction in endocannabinoids, palmitoylethanolamide, and degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine in individuals with depressive symptoms. BMC Med 2024; 22:33. [PMID: 38273283 PMCID: PMC10809514 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the serotonin (5-HT) are both implicated in the severity of the depression. 5-HT is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan (Trp), which is also a precursor for kynurenine (Kyn) whose production is increased at the expense of 5-HT in depressed patients. No clinical studies have investigated the crosstalk between the eCB system and the Trp/5-HT/Kyn pathways. Here, we hypothesized that the eCB system is associated with an enhanced Kyn production in relation to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS Eighty-two subjects (51 patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder (DSM-5) and 31 healthy volunteers), were assessed with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Beck Depression Scale, and Global Clinical Impression. Serum concentrations of eCBs (N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)); structurally related fatty acyl compounds 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA); Trp, Kyn, Kyn/Trp ratio (an index of Trp degradation into Kyn) and 5-HT were also determined. RESULTS Following a principal component analysis including the severity of depression, Kyn and the Kyn/Trp ratio appear to be directly associated with 2-AG, AEA, and PEA. Interestingly, these biomarkers also permitted to distinguish the population into two main clusters: one of individuals having mild/severe depressive symptoms and the other with an absence of depressive symptoms. Using parametric analysis, higher serum levels of 2-AG, Kyn, and the ratio Kyn/Trp and lower levels of Trp and 5-HT were found in individuals with mild/severe depressive symptoms than in those without depressive symptoms. While in asymptomatic people, PEA was directly associated to Trp, and OEA indirectly linked to 5-HT, in individuals with depressive symptoms, these correlations were lost, and instead, positive correlations between AEA and 2-AG, PEA and AEA, and PEA vs 2-AG and OEA concentrations were found. CONCLUSIONS Parametric and non-parametric analyses suggest a possible association between eCBs, tryptophan/kynurenine biomarkers, and severity of depression, confirming a likely interplay among inflammation, stress, and depression. The enhanced relationships among the biomarkers of the 2-AG and AEA pathways and related lipids seen in individuals with depressive symptoms, but not in asymptomatics, suggest an altered metabolism of the eCB system in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Comai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicolas Nunez
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Atkin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Rita Zakarian
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Allan Fielding
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Saint-Laurent
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Low
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Garrett Sauber
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Kristof Z, Gal Z, Torok D, Eszlari N, Sutori S, Sperlagh B, Anderson IM, Deakin B, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Gonda X. Embers of the Past: Early Childhood Traumas Interact with Variation in P2RX7 Gene Implicated in Neuroinflammation on Markers of Current Suicide Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:865. [PMID: 38255938 PMCID: PMC10815854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Both early childhood traumatic experiences and current stress increase the risk of suicidal behaviour, in which immune activation might play a role. Previous research suggests an association between mood disorders and P2RX7 gene encoding P2X7 receptors, which stimulate neuroinflammation. We investigated the effect of P2RX7 variation in interaction with early childhood adversities and traumas and recent stressors on lifetime suicide attempts and current suicide risk markers. Overall, 1644 participants completed questionnaires assessing childhood adversities, recent negative life events, and provided information about previous suicide attempts and current suicide risk-related markers, including thoughts of ending their life, death, and hopelessness. Subjects were genotyped for 681 SNPs in the P2RX7 gene, 335 of which passed quality control and were entered into logistic and linear regression models, followed by a clumping procedure to identify clumps of SNPs with a significant main and interaction effect. We identified two significant clumps with a main effect on current suicidal ideation with top SNPs rs641940 and rs1653613. In interaction with childhood trauma, we identified a clump with top SNP psy_rs11615992 and another clump on hopelessness containing rs78473339 as index SNP. Our results suggest that P2RX7 variation may mediate the effect of early childhood adversities and traumas on later emergence of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuliet Kristof
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony utca 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsofia Gal
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.G.); (D.T.); (N.E.); (G.B.); (G.J.)
| | - Dora Torok
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.G.); (D.T.); (N.E.); (G.B.); (G.J.)
| | - Nora Eszlari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.G.); (D.T.); (N.E.); (G.B.); (G.J.)
- NAP3.0 Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sara Sutori
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention (NASP), Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Granits väg 4, 17165 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Beata Sperlagh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony utca 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ian M. Anderson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (I.M.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Bill Deakin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (I.M.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.G.); (D.T.); (N.E.); (G.B.); (G.J.)
- NAP3.0 Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.G.); (D.T.); (N.E.); (G.B.); (G.J.)
- NAP3.0 Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
- NAP3.0 Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
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Olié E, Lengvenyte A, Courtet P. [How can ketamine be used to manage suicidal risk?]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 217:157-160. [PMID: 38018943 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2023029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In France, suicidal behaviors remain a major public health issue. Depressed patients with suicidal ideation have more severe depressive symptoms, a more unfavorable disease course, and a greater number of suicide attempts than patients without suicidal ideation. Unfortunately, conventional antidepressants tend to be less effective in patients with suicidal tendencies than in those without. Nevertheless, promising advancements have emerged with the use of ketamine, which has shown significant and rapid efficacy in reducing the intensity of suicidal ideation in depressed patients within the first 72 h after its administration. Several mechanisms are potentially involved: (1) reduction of anhedonia. It has been demonstrated that ketamine reduces both anhedonia and suicidal ideation. In depressed patients, the reduction of anhedonia observed 2 h after ketamine administration is associated with metabolic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex involved in suicidal ideation; (2) activation of neuroplasticity cascades. The reduction in suicidal ideation within 24 h following ketamine administration is correlated with changes in plasma BDNF levels and is modulated by the Val66Met functional polymorphism of the BDNF gene. Moreover, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that ketamine induces functional and connectivity changes in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, which are strongly implicated in suicidal behaviors; (3) reduction of inflammation. It is now widely accepted that suicidal behaviors are associated with low-grade inflammation, and with elevated quinolinic acid and reduced kynurenic acid levels. Interestingly, predictors of a reduction in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion include initial severity of suicidal thoughts and depression, as well as baseline blood levels of kynurenic acid; (4) involvement of the opioidergic system. Post-mortem studies have indicated alterations in the opioidergic system related to suicidal behaviors. A recent study suggested that the antisuicidal effect of ketamine may depend on this system because naltrexone, an antagonist of mu opioid receptors, abolished the typical antidepressant effect and reduction in suicidal ideation observed following ketamine administration. In conclusion, ketamine exhibits promising potential in mitigating suicidal ideation - its effects are specific, rapid, albeit temporary. The suggested mechanisms driving its efficacy are multifaceted. Nevertheless, it is yet to be determined whether ketamine administration can effectively prevent suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Olié
- Département Urgences et Post-Urgences Psychiatriques, CHU Lapeyronie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aisté Lengvenyte
- Département Urgences et Post-Urgences Psychiatriques, CHU Lapeyronie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Département Urgences et Post-Urgences Psychiatriques, CHU Lapeyronie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Witoszyńska-Sobkowiak J, Sikorska D, Rutkowski R, Niklas K, Żychowska I, Samborski W. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with TNFα inhibitors does not affect serum levels of tryptophan metabolites. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2393-2400. [PMID: 37646896 PMCID: PMC10518270 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between the kynurenine and serotonin pathways can have serious consequences, e.g., depression. One of the factors leading to the imbalance between the pathways of tryptophan metabolism is inflammation. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-inhibitors on tryptophan metabolism in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Forty patients with AS (twenty-eight males, twelve females; mean age 40 ± 11 years), qualified to receive anti-TNF-α treatment, were prospectively assessed. As a control group, 20 healthy volunteers (7 males and 13 females, mean age 38 ± 5 years) were recruited from the general population. Patients underwent full clinical and biochemical assessment before and after 6 months of therapy. Disease activity was assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). The presence of depressive disorders was assessed with Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) scale. Serum concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, and quinolinic acid were measured. The predominance of the kynurenine pathway in AS patients (compared to the control group) was demonstrated (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, no significant changes in serum levels of tryptophan and its metabolites in AS patients after treatment were found, despite clinical improvement. Moreover, the components of tryptophan metabolism did not correlate significantly with the clinical activity of AS, depression nor laboratory inflammatory markers. Probably some other factors influence the pathways of tryptophan metabolism in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Witoszyńska-Sobkowiak
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Roku 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dorota Sikorska
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Roku 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafał Rutkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Niklas
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Roku 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Żychowska
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Roku 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 Roku 135/147, 61-545, Poznan, Poland
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Zhou M, Fan Y, Xu L, Yu Z, Wang S, Xu H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu W, Wu L, Yu J, Yao H, Wang J, Gao R. Microbiome and tryptophan metabolomics analysis in adolescent depression: roles of the gut microbiota in the regulation of tryptophan-derived neurotransmitters and behaviors in human and mice. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:145. [PMID: 37386523 PMCID: PMC10311725 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression is becoming one of the major public health concerns, because of its increased prevalence and risk of significant functional impairment and suicidality. Clinical depression commonly emerges in adolescence; therefore, the prevention and intervention of depression at this stage is crucial. Recent evidence supports the importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in the modulation of multiple functions associated with depression through the gut-brain axis (GBA). However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to screen the microbiota out from healthy and depressive adolescents, delineate the association of the targeted microbiota and the adolescent depression, address the salutary effects of the targeted microbiota on anti-depressive behaviors in mice involving the metabolism of the tryptophan (Trp)-derived neurotransmitters along the GBA. RESULTS Here, we found the gut microbiota from healthy adolescent volunteers, first diagnosis patients of adolescent depression, and sertraline interveners after first diagnosis displayed significant difference, the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Collinsella, Blautia, Phascolarctobacterium, Lachnospiraceae-unclassified decreased in adolescent depressive patients, while restored after sertraline treatment. Of note, the Roseburia abundance exhibited a high efficiency in predicting adolescent depression. Intriguingly, transplantation of the fecal microbiota from healthy adolescent volunteers to the chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced adolescent depressed mice significantly ameliorated mouse depressive behaviors, in which the Roseburia exerted critical roles, since its effective colonization in the mouse colon resulted in remarkably increased 5-HT level and reciprocally decreased kynurenine (Kyn) toxic metabolites quinolinic acid (Quin) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) levels in both the mouse brain and colon. The specific roles of the Roseburia were further validated by the target bacteria transplantation mouse model, Roseburia intestinalis (Ri.) was gavaged to mice and importantly, it dramatically ameliorated CRS-induced mouse depressive behaviors, increased 5-HT levels in the brain and colon via promoting tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) or -1 (TPH1) expression. Reciprocally, Ri. markedly restrained the limit-step enzyme responsible for kynurenine (indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase 1, IDO1) and quinolinic acid (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3,4-dioxygenase, 3HAO) generation, thereby decreased Kyn and Quin levels. Additionally, Ri. administration exerted a pivotal role in the protection of CRS-induced synaptic loss, microglial activation, and astrocyte maintenance. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to delineate the beneficial effects of Ri. on adolescent depression by balancing Trp-derived neurotransmitter metabolism and improving synaptogenesis and glial maintenance, which may yield novel insights into the microbial markers and therapeutic strategies of GBA in adolescent depression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Zhou
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yichun Fan
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Liuting Xu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sizhe Wang
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Huaisha Xu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiuping Zhang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210034, China
| | - Linwei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Cremone IM, Nardi B, Amatori G, Palego L, Baroni D, Casagrande D, Massimetti E, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Dell'Osso L, Carpita B. Unlocking the Secrets: Exploring the Biochemical Correlates of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1600. [PMID: 37371695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Involving 1 million people a year, suicide represents one of the major topics of psychiatric research. Despite the focus in recent years on neurobiological underpinnings, understanding and predicting suicide remains a challenge. Many sociodemographical risk factors and prognostic markers have been proposed but they have poor predictive accuracy. Biomarkers can provide essential information acting as predictive indicators, providing proof of treatment response and proposing potential targets while offering more assurance than psychological measures. In this framework, the aim of this study is to open the way in this field and evaluate the correlation between blood levels of serotonin, brain derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan and its metabolites, IL-6 and homocysteine levels and suicidality. Blood samples were taken from 24 adults with autism, their first-degree relatives, and 24 controls. Biochemical parameters were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Suicidality was measured through selected items of the MOODS-SR. Here we confirm the link between suicidality and autism and provide more evidence regarding the association of suicidality with increased homocysteine (0.278) and IL-6 (0.487) levels and decreased tryptophan (-0.132) and kynurenic acid (-0.253) ones. Our results suggest a possible transnosographic association between these biochemical parameters and increased suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Amatori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Baroni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danila Casagrande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Massimetti
- ASST Bergamo Ovest, SSD Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service, 24047 Treviglio, Italy
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Nettis MA, Lombardo G, Hastings C, Zajkowska Z, Mariani N, Nikkheslat N, Sforzini L, Worrell C, Begum A, Brown M, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Pariante CM, Mondelli V. The interaction between kynurenine pathway, suicidal ideation and augmentation therapy with minocycline in patients with treatment-resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2023:2698811231173588. [PMID: 37183855 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231173588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites levels and their association with suicidal ideation in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and elevated peripheral inflammation. The effect of antidepressant augmentation with minocycline on KP metabolites was tested. METHODS We analysed data from MINocycline in DEPression, a 4-week, randomized, placebo controlled (1:1) trial of minocycline added to antidepressant treatment in 39 TRD patients (n = 18 minocycline; n = 21 placebo) with C-reactive protein (CRP) ⩾1 mg/L. At baseline and at week 4, we collected data on suicidality (Beck Depression Inventory) and blood samples to measure inflammatory markers and KP metabolites. We tested (1) the association of KP metabolites ratios with inflammatory markers and suicidal ideation at baseline and (2) the role of suicidality and treatment (minocycline vs placebo) in affecting KP changes over time. RESULTS At baseline, kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) ratio positively correlated with high-sensitivity CRP (Spearman's ρ = 0.35, p = 0.02) and IL-10, (ρ = 0.41, p = 0.009); and tumour necrosis factor was positively correlated with quinolinic acid/3-hydroxykynurenine ratio (ρ = 0.55, p < 0.001). Moreover, participants with suicidal ideation showed higher levels of KYN/TRP (U = 143.000, p = 0.02) than those without suicidal ideation. There was no significant effect of minocycline on KP metabolites changes from baseline to week 4. However, in the minocycline group, the number of participants with suicidal thoughts decreased from 44.4% (8/18) to 22.2% (4/18). CONCLUSION Increased KP neurotoxic metabolites are associated with elevated peripheral inflammation in depressed individuals, particularly in those with suicidal ideation. Targeting KP in this population could be a potential effective personalized approach. Whether this includes minocycline should be investigated in future larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Nettis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Lombardo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caitlin Hastings
- Wellcome Trust, Mental Health Team, Research Programmes, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna Zajkowska
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Mariani
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luca Sforzini
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Courtney Worrell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amina Begum
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mollie Brown
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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10
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de Oliveira Moura Araújo E, Gavioli EC, Holanda VAD, da Silva VC, Oliveira Nunes Messias TB, Dutra LMG, de Oliveira MC, Ramos do Egypto Queiroga RDC, Guerra GCB, Soares JKB. REPEATED DONKEY MILK CONSUMPTION REDUCES ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND BRAIN OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS IN MICE. Behav Brain Res 2023; 449:114477. [PMID: 37150444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Donkey milk (DM) is a source of bioactive compounds that can benefit neural functioning. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DM consumption on anxiolytic-related, despair-like, locomotion and coordination behaviors, as well as the provision of protection from oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in brain tissues and melatonin plasma levels. To achieve this, male mice orally received DM (4g.kg-1) or vehicle for 18 days. Their behavior was assessed in the following tests: elevated plus maze (EPM), open field and rotarod tests (OF, RR) and forced swimming test (FST). Acute treatments with diazepam (DZP, 1.5mg.kg-1, v.o.), fluoxetine (FLX, 20mg.kg-1, i.p.) and nortriptyline (NTP, 20mg.kg-1, i.p.) were used as positive controls. On the eighteenth day, the animals were euthanized and brain tissue and blood were collected to measure oxidative damage, and melatonin plasma levels. Similar to DZP, repeated DM consumption reduced exploration to open areas in the EPM test. Under our experimental conditions, conventional antidepressants reduced immobility time in the FST, and the benzodiazepine treatment impaired motor coordination in mice. No significant differences in locomotion, motor coordination and despair-related behaviors were observed in the mice treated with DM when assessed in the EPM, OF, RR and FST, respectively. Biochemical assays showed that repeated DM exposition protected against oxidative damage to lipids and increased plasma levels of melatonin. These findings suggest consumption of DM may be a promising food for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders, without depressant effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Cristina Gavioli
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Costa da Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Kessia Barbosa Soares
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Center of Education and Health, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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11
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Shayan M, Niazi Shahraki F, Hosseini Y, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH. IDO/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2023; 166:156206. [PMID: 37120946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (ILs), interferons (INF-s), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are related to an extended chance of inflammatory diseases initiation or progression due to the over expression of the nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. These pathways are completely interconnected. Theindoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) (IDO/KYN), is a metabolic inflammatory pathway involved in production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ). It has been shown that IDO/KYN actively participates in inflammatory processes and can increase the secretion of cytokines that provoke inflammatory diseases. Data were extracted from clinical and animal studies published in English between 1990-April 2022, which were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library. IDO/KYN is completely associated with inflammatory-related pathways, thus leading to the production of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and ultimately development and progression of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of the IDO/KYN pathway might be a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we gathered data on probable interactions of the IDO/KYN pathway with induction of some inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Niazi Shahraki
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Yuan C, Zhao L, Tong L, Wang L, Ke Z, Yang Y, He J. Expression and Characterization of 3,6-Dihydroxy-picolinic Acid Decarboxylase PicC of Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040854. [PMID: 37110277 PMCID: PMC10142695 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Picolinic acid (PA) is a typical mono-carboxylated pyridine derivative produced by human/animals or microorganisms which could be served as nutrients for bacteria. Most Bordetella strains are pathogens causing pertussis or respiratory disease in humans and/or various animals. Previous studies indicated that Bordetella strains harbor the PA degradation pic gene cluster. However, the degradation of PA by Bordetella strains remains unknown. In this study, a reference strain of genus Bordetella, B. bronchiseptica RB50, was investigated. The organization of pic gene cluster of strain RB50 was found to be similar with that of Alcaligenes faecalis, in which the sequence similarities of each Pic proteins are between 60% to 80% except for PicB2 (47% similarity). The 3,6-dihydroxypicolinic acid (3,6DHPA) decarboxylase gene (BB0271, designated as picCRB50) of strain RB50 was synthesized and over-expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The PicCRB50 showed 75% amino acid similarities against known PicC from Alcaligenes faecalis. The purified PicCRB50 can efficiently transform 3,6DHPA to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. The PicCRB50 exhibits optimal activities at pH 7.0, 35 °C, and the Km and kcat values of PicCRB50 for 3,6DHPA were 20.41 ± 2.60 μM and 7.61 ± 0.53 S−1, respectively. The present study provided new insights into the biodegradation of PA by pathogens of Bordetella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansheng Yuan
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Tong
- Suzhou Kaisiling Environmental Sci-Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215413, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Zhuang Ke
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Jian He
- College of Rural Revitalization, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ren H, Lin F, Wu L, Tan L, Lu L, Xie X, Zhang Y, Bao Y, Ma Y, Huang X, Wang F, Jin Y. The prevalence and the effect of interferon -γ in the comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis and depression. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114237. [PMID: 36464027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the most common comorbidities associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to explore the mechanism of association between RA and depression. METHODS 120 subjects were enrolled and depression was diagnosed and assessed using DSM-5 and 24-item version of Hamilton Depression Scale. Pain intensity and joint function in patients with RA were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRP), and quinolinic acid (QUIN)were detected. In animal experiments, K/BxN mice with RA-like phenotype was used and depressive behavior was observed. The protein expression level of N-methyl -D- aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus was detected. RESULTS In this study, 36.67 % of patients with RA also had depression. The working status, month family income, tender joint count, the VAS and HAQ score were the main factors influencing the depression in RA patients. HAQ score was found to be an independent risk factor for depression in RA. Serum IDO, IFN-γ, KYN were increased and TRP contents were decreased in RA group. K/BxN mice with RA-like phenotype showed depressive behavior. However, injection of IFN-γ neutralizing antibody could inhibit kynurenine pathway and reverse the depressive behavior in mice. The levels of QUIN in the neurotoxic metabolic pathway were increased and N-methyl -D- aspartate receptors (NMDAR) were activated, which may be the mechanism behind the onset of depression. CONCLUSIONS From clinical and preclinical aspects, the occurrence of depression in RA was explored and the related mechanism was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.
| | - Fengmei Lin
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Pharmacy Department, The First People's Hospital of ChuZhou, China.
| | - Lifang Wu
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Lina Tan
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Lu
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuli Xie
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yanni Bao
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.
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14
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Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032737. [PMID: 36769059 PMCID: PMC9917371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users' mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.
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15
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Dickerson F, Dilmore AH, Godoy-Vitorino F, Nguyen TT, Paulus M, Pinto-Tomas AA, Moya-Roman C, Zuniga-Chaves I, Severance EG, Jeste DV. The Microbiome and Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 61:119-140. [PMID: 35947353 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combined genetic material of the microorganisms in the human body, known as the microbiome, is being increasingly recognized as a major determinant of human health and disease. Although located predominantly on mucosal surfaces, these microorganisms have profound effects on brain functioning through the gut-brain axis. METHOD The content of the chapter is based on a study group session at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP). The objective was to discuss the emerging relationship between the human microbiome and mental health as relevant to ACNP's interests in developing and evaluating novel neuropsychiatric treatment strategies. The focus is on specific brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, substance use, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as on broader clinical issues such as suicidality, loneliness and wisdom in old age, and longevity. RESULTS Studies of schizophrenia indicate that the microbiome of individuals with this disorder differs from that of non-psychiatric comparison groups in terms of diversity and composition. Differences are also found in microbial metabolic pathways. An early study in substance use disorders found that individuals with this disorder have lower levels of beta diversity in their oral microbiome than a comparison group. This measure, along with others, was used to distinguish individuals with substance use disorders from controls. In terms of suicidality, there is preliminary evidence that persons who have made a suicide attempt differ from psychiatric and non-psychiatric comparison groups in measures of beta diversity. Exploratory studies in Alzheimer's disease indicate that gut microbes may contribute to disease pathogenesis by regulating innate immunity and neuroinflammation and thus influencing brain function. In another study looking at the microbiome in older adults, positive associations were found between wisdom and alpha diversity and negative associations with subjective loneliness. In other studies of older adults, here with a focus on longevity, individuals with healthy aging and unusually long lives had an abundance of specific microorganisms which distinguished them from other individuals. DISCUSSION Future studies would benefit from standardizing methods of sample collection, processing, and analysis. There is also a need for the standardized collection of relevant demographic and clinical data, including diet, medications, cigarette smoking, and other potentially confounding factors. While still in its infancy, research to date indicates a role for the microbiome in mental health disorders and conditions. Interventions are available which can modulate the microbiome and lead to clinical improvements. These include microbiome-altering medications as well as probiotic microorganisms capable of modulating the inflammation in the brain through the gut-brain axis. This research holds great promise in terms of developing new methods for the prevention and treatment of a range of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amanda Hazel Dilmore
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves
- Department of Bacteriology, Microbial Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Aarsland TIM, Instanes JT, Posserud MBR, Ulvik A, Kessler U, Haavik J. Changes in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism in Patients with Depression Undergoing ECT-A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1439. [PMID: 36422569 PMCID: PMC9694349 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism generates multiple biologically active metabolites (kynurenines) that have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that modulation of kynurenine metabolism could be involved in the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We performed a systematic review with aims of summarizing changes in Trp and/or kynurenines after ECT and assessing methodological issues. The inclusion criterium was measures of Trp and/or kynurenines before and after ECT. Animal studies and studies using Trp administration or Trp depletion were excluded. Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo and PubMed were searched, most recently in July 2022. Outcomes were levels of Trp, kynurenines and ratios before and after ECT. Data on factors affecting Trp metabolism and ECT were collected for interpretation and discussion of the reported changes. We included 17 studies with repeated measures for a total of 386 patients and 27 controls. Synthesis using vote counting based on the direction of effect found no evidence of effect of ECT on any outcome variable. There were considerable variations in design, patient characteristics and reported items. We suggest that future studies should include larger samples, assess important covariates and determine between- and within-subject variability. PROSPERO (CRD42020187003).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maj-Britt Rocio Posserud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Arve Ulvik
- Bevital A/S, Laboratoriebygget, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ute Kessler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Zhuravlev AV, Ivanova PN, Makaveeva KA, Zakharov GA, Nikitina EA, Savvateeva-Popova EV. cd1 Mutation in Drosophila Affects Phenoxazinone Synthase Catalytic Site and Impairs Long-Term Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012356. [PMID: 36293213 PMCID: PMC9604555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Being involved in development of Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism plays a significant role in modulation of neuropathology. Accumulation of a prooxidant 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HOK) leads to oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis. Drosophila mutant cardinal (cd1) with 3-HOK excess shows age-dependent neurodegeneration and short-term memory impairments, thereby presenting a model for senile dementia. Although cd gene for phenoxazinone synthase (PHS) catalyzing 3-HOK dimerization has been presumed to harbor the cd1 mutation, its molecular nature remained obscure. Using next generation sequencing, we have shown that the cd gene in cd1 carries a long deletion leading to PHS active site destruction. Contrary to the wild type Canton-S (CS), cd1 males showed defective long-term memory (LTM) in conditioned courtship suppression paradigm (CCSP) at days 5-29 after eclosion. The number of dopaminergic neurons (DAN) regulating fly locomotor activity showed an age-dependent tendency to decrease in cd1 relative to CS. Thus, in accordance with the concept "from the gene to behavior" proclaimed by S. Benzer, we have shown that the aberrant PHS sequence in cd1 provokes drastic LTM impairments and DAN alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Zhuravlev
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Polina N. Ivanova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ksenia A. Makaveeva
- Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina A. Nikitina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Davidson M, Rashidi N, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179968. [PMID: 36077360 PMCID: PMC9456464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc., have become a global health concern, causing various detrimental influences on patients. Tryptophan is an important amino acid that plays an indisputable role in several physiological processes, including neuronal function and immunity. Tryptophan’s metabolism process in the human body occurs using different pathways, including the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. Furthermore, other biologically active components, such as serotonin, melatonin, and niacin, are by-products of Tryptophan pathways. Current evidence suggests that a functional imbalance in the synthesis of Tryptophan metabolites causes the appearance of pathophysiologic mechanisms that leads to various neuropsychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the pharmacological influences of tryptophan and its metabolites on the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, tryptophan and its metabolites quantification following the neurotransmitters precursor are highlighted. Eventually, the efficiency of various biomarkers such as inflammatory, protein, electrophysiological, genetic, and proteomic biomarkers in the diagnosis/treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders was discussed to understand the biomarker application in the detection/treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Niloufar Rashidi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Kavyani B, Lidbury BA, Schloeffel R, Fisher PR, Missailidis D, Annesley SJ, Dehhaghi M, Heng B, Guillemin GJ. Could the kynurenine pathway be the key missing piece of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) complex puzzle? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:412. [PMID: 35821534 PMCID: PMC9276562 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and debilitating disease with a substantial social and economic impact on individuals and their community. Despite its importance and deteriorating impact, progresses in diagnosis and treatment of ME/CFS is limited. This is due to the unclear pathophysiology of the disease and consequently lack of prognostic biomarkers. To investigate pathophysiology of ME/CFS, several potential pathologic hallmarks have been investigated; however, these studies have failed to report a consistent result. These failures in introducing the underlying reason for ME/CFS have stimulated considering other possible contributing mechanisms such as tryptophan (TRP) metabolism and in particular kynurenine pathway (KP). KP plays a central role in cellular energy production through the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In addition, this pathway has been shown to mediate immune response and neuroinflammation through its metabolites. This review, we will discuss the pathology and management of ME/CFS and provide evidence pertaining KP abnormalities and symptoms that are classic characteristics of ME/CFS. Targeting the KP regulation may provide innovative approaches to the management of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Kavyani
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brett A Lidbury
- The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, RSPH, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Schloeffel
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- The Grove Health Pymble, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Missailidis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Annesley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
- Pandis.org, Melbourne, Australia.
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20
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PicR as a MarR Family Transcriptional Repressor Multiply Controls the Transcription of Picolinic Acid Degradation Gene Cluster pic in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0017222. [PMID: 35604228 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00172-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Picolinic acid (PA) is a natural toxic pyridine derivative as well as an important intermediate used in the chemical industry. In a previous study, we identified a gene cluster, pic, that responsible for the catabolism of PA in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135. However, the transcriptional regulation of the pic cluster remains known. This study showed that the entire pic cluster was composed of 17 genes and transcribed as four operons: picR, picCDEF, picB4B3B2B1, and picT1A1A2A3T2T3MN. Deletion of picR, encoding a putative MarR-type regulator, greatly shortened the lag phase of PA degradation. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting showed that PicR has one binding site in the picR-picC intergenic region and two binding sites in the picB-picT1 intergenic region. The DNA sequences of the three binding sites have the palindromic characteristics of TCAG-N4-CTNN: the space consists of four nonspecific bases, and the four palindromic bases on the left and the first two palindromic bases on the right are strictly conserved, while the last two bases on the right vary among the three binding sites. An in vivo β-galactosidase activity reporter assay indicated that 6-hydroxypicolinic acid but not PA acted as a ligand of PicR, preventing PicR from binding to promoter regions and thus derepressing the transcription of the pic cluster. This study revealed the negative transcriptional regulation mechanism of PA degradation by PicR in A. faecalis JQ135 and provides new insights into the structure and function of the MarR-type regulator. IMPORTANCE The pic gene cluster was found to be responsible for PA degradation and widely distributed in Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. Thus, it is very necessary to understand the regulation mechanism of the pic cluster in these strains. This study revealed that PicR binds to three sites of the promoter regions of the pic cluster to multiply regulate the transcription of the pic cluster, which enables A. faecalis JQ135 to efficiently utilize PA. Furthermore, the study also found a unique palindrome sequence for binding of the MarR-type regulator. This study enhanced our understanding of microbial catabolism of environmental toxic pyridine derivatives.
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Effects of stress on endophenotypes of suicide across species: A role for ketamine in risk mitigation. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100450. [PMID: 35685678 PMCID: PMC9170747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide, yet few interventions are available to mitigate its risk. Barriers to effective treatments involve a limited understanding of factors that predict the onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In the context of suicide risk, stress is a precipitating factor that is largely overlooked in the literature. Indeed, the pathophysiology of stress and suicide are heavily interconnected, underscoring the need to target the stress system in suicide prevention. In this review, we integrate findings from the preclinical and clinical literature that links stress and suicide. We focus specifically on the effects of stress on underlying biological functions and processes associated with suicide, allowing for the review of research using animal models. Owing to the rapid anti-suicidal effects of (R,S)-ketamine, we discuss its ability to modulate various stress-related endophenotypes of suicide, as well as its potential role in preventing suicide in those with a history of chronic life stress (e.g., early life adversity). We highlight future research directions that could advance our understanding of stress-related effects on suicide risk, advocating a dimensional, endophenotype approach to suicide research. Suicide and chronic stress pathophysiology are interconnected. Chronic stress has profound impacts on several endophenotypes of suicide. Animal and human research points to stress as a precipitating factor in suicide. Ketamine modulates specific biological processes associated with stress and suicide. Suicide research into endophenotypes can help inform risk-mitigation strategies.
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22
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Tamimou R, Lumbroso S, Mouzat K, Lopez-Castroman J. Genetic variations related to inflammation in suicidal ideation and behavior: A systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1003034. [PMID: 36325529 PMCID: PMC9621324 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Immune-inflammatory changes have been found in all types of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB), independently of associated mental disorders. Since several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) affect the function of inflammation-related genes, we searched the literature for genetic variations potentially altering inflammatory processes in SIB. METHODS We included studies that looked for associations between SIB and SNPs in genes related to inflammatory processes. Case reports, literature reviews, and animal studies were excluded. Articles were retrieved from PubMed and PsycINFO databases, Google Scholar and GreySource Index until September 17th, 2022. Quality was assessed using Q-Genie. RESULTS We analyzed 32 studies. SIB has been associated with eighteen SNPs located in genes encoding for interleukin-8 (rs4073), C-reactive protein (rs1130864), tumor necrosis factor α (rs1800629, rs361525, and rs1099724), tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (rs1061622), transforming growth factor β-1 (rs1982073), acid phosphatase 1 (rs7419262, rs300774), interleukin-10 (rs1800896), interferon γ (rs2430561), amino-carboxy muconate semialdehyde decarboxylase (rs2121337), interleukin 7 (rs10448044, rs10448042), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (rs755622), interleukin 1-α (rs1800587), and interleukin 1-β (rs1143634 and rs16944. A genome-wide association study reported one association at the threshold of significance with the rs300774 SNP, located in the 2p25 region containing ACP1 gene. DISCUSSION The studies included were methodologically and clinically diverse and of moderate quality. Their findings suggest that some inflammation-related SNPs could increase the likelihood of SIB but the evidence to date is insufficient. Further research using gene-gene (GxG) and gene-environment (GxE) approaches is warranted. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk], identifier [CRD42022296310].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Tamimou
- Department of Psychiatry, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS-INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Kevin Mouzat
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Department of Psychiatry, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS-INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Butler MI, Long-Smith C, Moloney GM, Morkl S, O'Mahony SM, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The immune-kynurenine pathway in social anxiety disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:317-326. [PMID: 34758380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is of major interest in psychiatry and is altered in patients with depression, schizophrenia and panic disorder. Stress and immune alterations can impact this system, through cortisol- and cytokine-induced activation. In addition, there is emerging evidence that the kynurenine pathway is associated with suicidality. There have been no studies to date exploring the immune-kynurenine system in social anxiety disorder (SAD), and indeed very limited human studies on the kynurenine pathway in any clinical anxiety disorder. METHODS We investigated plasma levels of several kynurenine pathway markers, including kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRYP) and kynurenic acid (KYNA), along with the KYN/TRYP and KYNA/KYN ratios, in a cohort of 32 patients with SAD and 36 healthy controls. We also investigated a broad array of both basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated blood cytokine levels including IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. RESULTS SAD patients had elevated plasma KYNA levels and an increased KYNA/KYN ratio compared to healthy controls. No differences in KYN, TRYP or the KYN/TRYP ratio were seen between the two groups. SAD patients with a history of past suicide attempt showed elevated plasma KYN levels and a higher KYN/TRYP ratio compared to patients without a history of suicide attempt. No differences were seen in basal or LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels between the patients and controls. However, unstimulated IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was significantly lower in the SAD group. A significant sex influence was evident with SAD males having lower levels of IL-10 compared to healthy males but no difference seen between SAD females and healthy females. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral kynurenine pathway is altered in SAD and preferentially directed towards KYNA synthesis. Additionally, kynurenine pathway activation, as evidenced by elevated KYN and KYN/TRYP ratio, is evident in SAD patients with a history of past suicide attempt. While no differences in pro-inflammatory cytokines is apparent in SAD patients, lower anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels are seen in SAD males. Further investigation of the role of the immune-kynurenine pathway in SAD and other clinical anxiety disorders is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sabrina Morkl
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
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Cohen RL, Drewes JL, Queen SE, Freeman ZT, Pate KM, Adams RJ, Graham DR, Hutchinson EK. Elucidation of the Central Serotonin Metabolism Pathway in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta) with Self-injurious Behavior. Comp Med 2021; 71:466-473. [PMID: 34794530 PMCID: PMC8715763 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macaques with self-injurious behavior (SIB) have been used as a model of human SIB and have previously been shown to respond to treatments targeting enhancement of central serotonin signaling, whether by supplementation with tryptophan, or by inhibiting synaptic reuptake. Decreased serotonin signaling in the brain has also been implicated in many human psychopathologies including major depression disorder. A disturbance in tryptophan metabolism that moves away from the production of serotonin and toward the production of kynurenine has been proposed as a major etiological factor of depression. We hypothesized that in macaques with SIB, central tryptophan metabolism would be shifted toward kynurenine production, leading to lower central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). We analyzed tryptophan metabolites in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of macaques with and without SIB to determine whether and where tryptophan metabolism is altered in affected animals as compared with behaviorally normal controls. We found that macaques with SIB had lower CSF concentrations of serotonin than did behaviorally normal macaques, and that these deficits were inversely correlated with the severity of abnormal behavior. However, our results suggest that this decrease is not due to shifting of the tryptophan metabolic pathway toward kynurenine, as concentrations of kynurenine were also low. Concentrations of IL6 were elevated, suggesting central inflammation. Determining the mechanism by which serotonin function is altered in self-injurious macaques could shed light on novel therapies for SIB and other disorders of serotonin signaling.
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Key Words
- 3hk, 3-hydroxykynurenine
- 5hiaa, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
- 5-ht, serotonin
- d, depression
- ido, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme
- mrm, multiple reaction monitoring
- nhps, nonhuman primates
- nsf, no significant findings
- ptsd, post-traumatic stress disorder
- tdo, sd, suicidal depression
- sib, self-injurious behavior
- tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia L Drewes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zachary T Freeman
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kelly Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David R Graham
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric K Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD;,
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Rengasamy M, Marsland A, Spada M, Hsiung K, Kovats T, Price RB. A chicken and egg scenario in psychoneuroimmunology: Bidirectional mechanisms linking cytokines and depression. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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26
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The effect of 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase gene overexpression in the kynurenine pathway on the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and interferon-γ in inflammatory conditions: an in vitro study. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1103-1111. [PMID: 34775574 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kynurenine pathway (KP) can be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and excessive neurotoxic metabolite production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of overexpression of murine 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (Acmsd) gene in inflammatory conditions in RAW 264.7 cell line to present more information about the effect of this gene on inflammatory conditions and the KP cycle. METHODS AND RESULTS The coding sequence of the Acmsd gene was cloned into pCMV6-AC-IRES-GFP expression vector with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker. To simulate inflammatory conditions, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 24 h before transfection, and transfected by Polyethyleneimine (PEI) with constructed plasmids expressing the Acmsd gene. The effect of Acmsd gene expression level on murine Interferon-gamma (Ifn-γ) and murine Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) gene expression level was investigated by Real-Time PCR. According to the results of this study, good transfection efficiency was observed 72 h after transfection, and Acmsd expression level increased 29-fold (P < 0.001) in transfected LPS-stimulated cells compared to the control group (LPS-stimulated cells that were not transfected). Additionally, increased Acmsd expression level significantly down-regulated Ifn-γ (P < 0.001) and Ido1 (P < 0.01) expression level in transfected LPS-stimulated cells compared to LPS-stimulated cells. CONCLUSIONS Acmsd gene overexpression in inflammatory conditions can reduce the expression levels of the Ido1 gene, and its regulator, Ifn-γ. Consequently, it may be considered as a novel regulatory factor in the KP balance.
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Wisłowska-Stanek A, Kołosowska K, Maciejak P. Neurobiological Basis of Increased Risk for Suicidal Behaviour. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102519. [PMID: 34685499 PMCID: PMC8534256 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 700,000 people die per year due to suicide. Suicide risk factors include a previous suicide attempt and psychiatric disorders. The highest mortality rate in suicide worldwide is due to depression. Current evidence suggests that suicide etiopathogenesis is associated with neuroinflammation that activates the kynurenine pathway and causes subsequent serotonin depletion and stimulation of glutamate neurotransmission. These changes are accompanied by decreased BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels in the brain, which is often linked to impaired neuroplasticity and cognitive deficits. Most suicidal patients have a hyperactive hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Epigenetic mechanisms control the above-mentioned neurobiological changes associated with suicidal behaviour. Suicide risk could be attenuated by appropriate psychological treatment, electroconvulsive treatment, and drugs: lithium, ketamine, esketamine, clozapine. In this review, we present the etiopathogenesis of suicide behaviour and explore the mechanisms of action of anti-suicidal treatments, pinpointing similarities among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-221166160
| | - Karolina Kołosowska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland;
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28
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Chaby LE, Lasseter HC, Contrepois K, Salek RM, Turck CW, Thompson A, Vaughan T, Haas M, Jeromin A. Cross-Platform Evaluation of Commercially Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics Approaches to Optimize the Investigation of Psychiatric Disease. Metabolites 2021; 11:609. [PMID: 34564425 PMCID: PMC8466258 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics methods often encounter trade-offs between quantification accuracy and coverage, with truly comprehensive coverage only attainable through a multitude of complementary assays. Due to the lack of standardization and the variety of metabolomics assays, it is difficult to integrate datasets across studies or assays. To inform metabolomics platform selection, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we review platform use and sample sizes in psychiatric metabolomics studies and then evaluate five prominent metabolomics platforms for coverage and performance, including intra-/inter-assay precision, accuracy, and linearity. We found performance was variable between metabolite classes, but comparable across targeted and untargeted approaches. Within all platforms, precision and accuracy were highly variable across classes, ranging from 0.9-63.2% (coefficient of variation) and 0.6-99.1% for accuracy to reference plasma. Several classes had high inter-assay variance, potentially impeding dissociation of a biological signal, including glycerophospholipids, organooxygen compounds, and fatty acids. Coverage was platform-specific and ranged from 16-70% of PTSD-associated metabolites. Non-overlapping coverage is challenging; however, benefits of applying multiple metabolomics technologies must be weighed against cost, biospecimen availability, platform-specific normative levels, and challenges in merging datasets. Our findings and open-access cross-platform dataset can inform platform selection and dataset integration based on platform-specific coverage breadth/overlap and metabolite-specific performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Chaby
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Heather C. Lasseter
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Reza M. Salek
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, World Health Organisation, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Christoph W. Turck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Proteomics and Biomarkers, 80804 Munich, Germany;
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Timothy Vaughan
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, NY 10018, USA; (L.E.C.); (H.C.L.); (A.T.); (T.V.); (M.H.)
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McCallum RT, Perreault ML. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: A Focal Point for Advancing Pathogenic Inflammation in Depression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092270. [PMID: 34571919 PMCID: PMC8470361 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the host immune response has a monumental role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), motivating the development of the inflammatory hypothesis of depression. Central to the involvement of chronic inflammation in MDD is a wide range of signaling deficits induced by the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced T cell differentiation. Such signaling deficits include the glutamatergic, cholinergic, insulin, and neurotrophin systems, which work in concert to initiate and advance the neuropathology. Fundamental to the communication between such systems is the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a multifaceted protein critically linked to the etiology of MDD and an emerging target to treat pathogenic inflammation. Here, a consolidated overview of the widespread multi-system involvement of GSK-3 in contributing to the neuropathology of MDD will be discussed, with the feed-forward mechanistic links between all major neuronal signaling pathways highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. McCallum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Melissa L. Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 52013)
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Joisten N, Ruas JL, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. The kynurenine pathway in chronic diseases: a compensatory mechanism or a driving force? Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:946-954. [PMID: 34373202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism is dysregulated in inflammation-driven pathologies including oncological and brain diseases [e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), depression] and thus is a promising therapeutic target. Both pathological and compensatory mechanisms underlie disease-associated KP activation. There is growing evidence for bioenergetic roles of certain KP metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA), or quinolinic acid (QA) as an NAD+ precursor, which may explain its frequently observed 'pathological' overactivation. Disease- and tissue-specific aspects, negative feedback on inflammatory signals, and the balance of downstream metabolites are likely to be decisive factors in the interpretation of an imbalanced KP. Therapeutic strategies should consider the compensatory actions and bioenergetic roles of KP metabolites to successfully design future theragnostic approaches aimed at attenuating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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The kynurenine pathway and bipolar disorder: intersection of the monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems and immune response. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4085-4095. [PMID: 31732715 PMCID: PMC7225078 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in a wide array of systems-including the immune, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic systems-is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. One potential intersection point for these three systems is the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. This study explored the impact of the prototypic glutamatergic modulator ketamine on the endogenous KYN pathway in individuals with bipolar depression (BD), as well as the relationship between response to ketamine and depression-related behavioral and peripheral inflammatory markers. Thirty-nine participants with treatment-resistant BD (23 F, ages 18-65) received a single ketamine infusion (0.5 mg/kg) over 40 min. KYN pathway analytes-including plasma concentrations of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), KYN, kynurenic acid (KynA), and quinolinic acid (QA)-were assessed at baseline (pre-infusion), 230 min, day 1, and day 3 post-ketamine. General linear models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation and robust sandwich variance estimators were implemented. A repeated effect of time was used to model the covariance of the residuals with an unstructured matrix. After controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), post-ketamine IDO levels were significantly lower than baseline at all three time points. Conversely, ketamine treatment significantly increased KYN and KynA levels at days 1 and 3 versus baseline. No change in QA levels was observed post-ketamine. A lower post-ketamine ratio of QA/KYN was observed at day 1. In addition, baseline levels of proinflammatory cytokines and behavioral measures predicted KYN pathway changes post ketamine. The results suggest that, in addition to having rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in BD participants, ketamine also impacts key components of the KYN pathway.
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Kopra E, Mondelli V, Pariante C, Nikkheslat N. Ketamine's effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:934-945. [PMID: 34180293 PMCID: PMC8358579 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211026426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent years its anti-inflammatory properties and subsequent downstream effects on tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have sparked research interest. AIM This systematic review examined the effect of ketamine on inflammatory markers and TRP-kynurenine (KYN) pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and in animal models of depression. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched on October 2020 (1806 to 2020). RESULTS Out of 807 initial results, nine human studies and 22 animal studies on rodents met the inclusion criteria. Rodent studies provided strong support for ketamine-induced decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and indicated anti-inflammatory effects on TRP metabolism, including decreases in the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Clinical evidence was less robust with high heterogeneity between sample characteristics, but most experiments demonstrated decreases in peripheral inflammation including in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Preliminary support was also found for reduced activation of the neurotoxic arm of the KYN pathway. CONCLUSION Ketamine appears to induce anti-inflammatory effects in at least a proportion of depressed patients. Suggestions for future research include investigation of markers in the central nervous system and examination of clinical relevance of inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kopra
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Javelle F, Bloch W, Knoop A, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. Toward a neuroprotective shift: Eight weeks of high intensity interval training reduces the neurotoxic kynurenine activity concurrently to impulsivity in emotionally impulsive humans - A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:7-17. [PMID: 33932526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that impulsivity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is known to trigger the kynurenine pathway to a pathological level in various impulsivity-related disorders. Nonetheless, murine models and recent human studies have shown that physical exercise, in particular High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), could counterbalance the negative effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway. AIM This study evaluates the effects of eight weeks of HIIT versus an active control group on impulsivity levels and accompanying alterations of inflammatory-mediated changes of the kynurenine pathway in a sample of emotionally impulsive humans. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to either HIIT or stretching conditions (three trainings per week for eight weeks). Fitness level was evaluated via VO2peak values at the beginning at end of the intervention. Kynurenine metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and impulsivity levels were evaluated at T0, T4, and T8 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included in the modified Intention To Treat analysis (45 finished the intervention). The HIIT group (n = 28) largely increased the aerobic fitness of its participants and produced physiological changes while the stretching group (n = 25) did not. HIIT reduced interleukin 6 levels (small to moderate interaction) and reduced the activity of the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway (small to moderate interaction for KYNA/QA and KYN/QA) after eight weeks of training while the active control did not change. Both interventions were effective to decrease emotion-related impulsivity, however only the HIIT group decreased participants' emotion-unrelated levels. Changes in emotion-related and -unrelated impulsivity were moderately correlated to changes in KYNA/KYN. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that HIIT was able to switch the kynurenine pathway from its neurotoxic branch to its neuroprotective one. This shift was associated with a decrease in impulsivity. Based on these findings, future work may consider investigating more intensively the effect of HIIT on impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Knoop
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Nho K, Kueider-Paisley A, Arnold M, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Risacher SL, Louie G, Blach C, Baillie R, Han X, Kastenmüller G, Doraiswamy PM, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Saykin AJ. Serum metabolites associated with brain amyloid beta deposition, cognition and dementia progression. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab139. [PMID: 34396103 PMCID: PMC8361396 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort provides a powerful tool for mapping biochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease, and a unique opportunity to learn about the association between circulating blood metabolites and brain amyloid-β deposition in Alzheimer's disease. We examined 140 serum metabolites and their associations with brain amyloid-β deposition, cognition and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Processed [18F] Florbetapir PET images were used to perform a voxel-wise statistical analysis of the effect of metabolite levels on amyloid-β accumulation across the whole brain. We performed a multivariable regression analysis using age, sex, body mass index, apolipoprotein E ε4 status and study phase as covariates. We identified nine metabolites as significantly associated with amyloid-β deposition after multiple comparison correction. Higher levels of one acylcarnitine (C3; propionylcarnitine) and one biogenic amine (kynurenine) were associated with decreased amyloid-β accumulation and higher memory scores. However, higher levels of seven phosphatidylcholines (lysoPC a C18:2, PC aa C42:0, PC ae C42:3, PC ae C44:3, PC ae C44:4, PC ae C44:5 and PC ae C44:6) were associated with increased brain amyloid-β deposition. In addition, higher levels of PC ae C44:4 were significantly associated with lower memory and executive function scores and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease dementia. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of peripheral phosphatidylcholine metabolism is associated with earlier pathological changes noted in Alzheimer's disease as measured by brain amyloid-β deposition as well as later clinical features including changes in memory and executive functioning. Perturbations in phosphatidylcholine metabolism may point to issues with membrane restructuring leading to the accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain. Additional studies are needed to explore whether these metabolites play a causal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease or if they are biomarkers for systemic changes during preclinical phases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Matthias Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colette Blach
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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The kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3419-3429. [PMID: 33077852 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that a dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) occurs in bipolar disorder (BD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the possible differences in peripheral blood levels of KP metabolites between individuals with BD and healthy controls. We searched Medline, Embase, and PsycInfo electronic databases for articles indexed up to February 2020. We included any observational study comparing the peripheral blood levels of at least one KP metabolite between adults with BD and healthy controls. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the I2 index. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our study. Meta-analyses showed that individuals with BD have lower peripheral blood levels of tryptophan (SMD = -0.29), kynurenine (SMD = -0.28), kynurenic acid (SMD = -0.30), and xanthurenic acid (SMD = -0.55), along with lower kynurenic acid to kynurenine (SMD = -0.60) and kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid (SMD = -0.37) ratios, than healthy controls. Individuals with a manic episode showed the greatest reductions in tryptophan levels (SMD = -0.51), whereas kynurenic acid levels were more reduced among subjects in a depressive phase (SMD = -0.70). Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses confirmed our results. The findings of the present meta-analysis support the hypothesis of an abnormality of the KP in BD. Considering the partial inconsistency of the findings and the small-to-medium magnitude of the estimated effect sizes, additional research assessing possible mediators or confounders is needed.
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Salvetat N, Chimienti F, Cayzac C, Dubuc B, Checa-Robles F, Dupre P, Mereuze S, Patel V, Genty C, Lang JP, Pujol JF, Courtet P, Weissmann D. Phosphodiesterase 8A to discriminate in blood samples depressed patients and suicide attempters from healthy controls based on A-to-I RNA editing modifications. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:255. [PMID: 33931591 PMCID: PMC8087806 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health issues, including major depressive disorder, which can lead to suicidal behavior, are considered by the World Health Organization as a major threat to global health. Alterations in neurotransmitter signaling, e.g., serotonin and glutamate, or inflammatory response have been linked to both MDD and suicide. Phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) gene expression is significantly decreased in the temporal cortex of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. PDE8A specifically hydrolyzes adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which is a key second messenger involved in inflammation, cognition, and chronic antidepressant treatment. Moreover, alterations of RNA editing in PDE8A mRNA has been described in the brain of depressed suicide decedents. Here, we investigated PDE8A A-to-I RNA editing-related modifications in whole blood of depressed patients and suicide attempters compared to age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. We report significant alterations of RNA editing of PDE8A in the blood of depressed patients and suicide attempters with major depression, for which the suicide attempt took place during the last month before sample collection. The reported RNA editing modifications in whole blood were similar to the changes observed in the brain of suicide decedents. Furthermore, analysis and combinations of different edited isoforms allowed us to discriminate between suicide attempters and control groups. Altogether, our results identify PDE8A as an immune response-related marker whose RNA editing modifications translate from brain to blood, suggesting that monitoring RNA editing in PDE8A in blood samples could help to evaluate depressive state and suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salvetat
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Fabrice Chimienti
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Christopher Cayzac
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Benjamin Dubuc
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Francisco Checa-Robles
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Pierrick Dupre
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Sandie Mereuze
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Vipul Patel
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Catherine Genty
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, University Hospital/INSERM U1061, 191 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295 France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lang
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Jean-François Pujol
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184 France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, University Hospital/INSERM U1061, 191 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, 34295 France
| | - Dinah Weissmann
- ALCEDIAG/Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005, Parc Euromédecine, Cap Delta, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, Montpellier, 34184, France.
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Activation and deactivation steps in the tryptophan breakdown pathway in major depressive disorder: A link to the monocyte inflammatory state of patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110226. [PMID: 33346015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how the tryptophan (TRP) breakdown pathway relates to the activated inflammatory state of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We determined in two different cohorts of patients with MDD (n = 281) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 206) collected for the EU-MOODINFLAME project: We then correlated outcomes to each other, and to the clinical characteristics of patients. Both cohorts of patients differed clinically; patients of the Munich cohort (n = 50) were less overweight, less medicated, were less in the current episode and showed a higher HAM-D 17 score as compared with patients of the Muenster cohort (n = 231). An increased expression of ICCGs was found in the circulating monocytes of patients of both cohorts; this was in particular evident in the Munich cohort. In contrast, ISGs monocyte expression levels tended to be reduced (both cohorts). TRP serum levels were linked to the pro-inflammatory (ICCGs) monocyte state of patients; a decrease in TRP serum levels was found in the Munich cohort; TRP levels correlated negatively to patient's HAM-D 17 score. Contrary to what expected, KYN serum levels were not increased in patients (both cohorts); and an increased KYN/TRP ratio was only found in the Munich patients (who showed the lowest TRP serum levels). IDO-1 monocyte expression levels were decreased in patients (both cohorts) and negatively associated to their pro-inflammatory (ICCGs) monocyte state. Thus, a depletion of TRP via an ICCGs-inflammatory IDO activation is not likely in MDD. Downstream from KYN, and regarding compounds influencing glutamate receptors (GR), reduced serum levels of KYNA (NMDA-R antagonist), 3-HK (NMDA-R agonist), and XA (mGlu2/3 agonist) were found in patients of both cohorts; PIC serum levels (NMDA-R antagonist) were increased in patients of both cohorts. Reduced QUIN serum levels (NMDA-R agonist) were found in patients of the Muenster cohort,only. 3-HK levels correlated to the monocyte inflammatory ICCG state of patients. The ultimate effect on brain glutamate receptor triggering of this altered equilibrium between peripheral agonists and antagonists remains to be elucidated.
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Rudzki L, Stone TW, Maes M, Misiak B, Samochowiec J, Szulc A. Gut microbiota-derived vitamins - underrated powers of a multipotent ally in psychiatric health and disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110240. [PMID: 33428888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established roles of B-vitamins and their deficiencies in health and disease, there is growing evidence indicating a key role of those nutrients in functions of the central nervous system and in psychopathology. Clinical data indicate the substantial role of B-vitamins in various psychiatric disorders, including major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, and dementia, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. As enzymatic cofactors, B-vitamins are involved in many physiological processes such as the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids, metabolism of tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway, homocysteine metabolism, synthesis and metabolism of various neurotransmitters and neurohormones including serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, D-serine, glycine, histamine and melatonin. Those vitamins are highly involved in brain energetic metabolism and respiration at the cellular level. They have a broad range of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, some of those vitamins are involved in the regulation of permeability of the intestinal and blood-brain barriers. Despite the fact that a substantial amount of the above vitamins is acquired from various dietary sources, deficiencies are not uncommon, and it is estimated that micronutrient deficiencies affect about two billion people worldwide. The majority of gut-resident microbes and the broad range of bacteria available in fermented food, express genetic machinery enabling the synthesis and metabolism of B-vitamins and, consequently, intestinal microbiota and fermented food rich in probiotic bacteria are essential sources of B-vitamins for humans. All in all, there is growing evidence that intestinal bacteria-derived vitamins play a significant role in physiology and that dysregulation of the "microbiota-vitamins frontier" is related to various disorders. In this review, we will discuss the role of vitamins in mental health and explore the perspectives and potential of how gut microbiota-derived vitamins could contribute to mental health and psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- The Charleston Centre, 49 Neilston Road, Paisley PA2 6LY, UK.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26 Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084052. [PMID: 33919972 PMCID: PMC8070923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy has increased, particularly in developed countries, due to medical advances and increased prosperity, age-related neurological diseases and mental health disorders have become more prevalent health issues, reducing the well-being and quality of life of sufferers and their families. In recent decades, due to reduced work-related levels of physical activity, and key research insights, prescribing adequate exercise has become an innovative strategy to prevent or delay the onset of these pathologies and has been demonstrated to have therapeutic benefits when used as a sole or combination treatment. Recent evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are related to several underlying mechanisms related to muscle–brain, liver–brain and gut–brain crosstalk. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the most relevant current knowledge of the impact of exercise on mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, and to highlight the established and potential underlying mechanisms involved in exercise–brain communication and their benefits for physiology and brain function.
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Wadhawan A, Reynolds MA, Makkar H, Scott AJ, Potocki E, Hoisington AJ, Brenner LA, Dagdag A, Lowry CA, Dwivedi Y, Postolache TT. Periodontal Pathogens and Neuropsychiatric Health. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1353-1397. [PMID: 31924157 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200110161105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence incriminates low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular, metabolic diseases, and neuropsychiatric clinical conditions, all important causes of morbidity and mortality. One of the upstream and modifiable precipitants and perpetrators of inflammation is chronic periodontitis, a polymicrobial infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) playing a central role in the disease pathogenesis. We review the association between P. gingivalis and cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric illness, and the molecular mechanisms potentially implicated in immune upregulation as well as downregulation induced by the pathogen. In addition to inflammation, translocation of the pathogens to the coronary and peripheral arteries, including brain vasculature, and gut and liver vasculature has important pathophysiological consequences. Distant effects via translocation rely on virulence factors of P. gingivalis such as gingipains, on its synergistic interactions with other pathogens, and on its capability to manipulate the immune system via several mechanisms, including its capacity to induce production of immune-downregulating micro-RNAs. Possible targets for intervention and drug development to manage distal consequences of infection with P. gingivalis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Wadhawan
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C. 20032, United States
| | - Mark A Reynolds
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore 21201, United States
| | - Hina Makkar
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alison J Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, United States
| | - Eileen Potocki
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, United States
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, United States
| | - Aline Dagdag
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, United States
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Aurora, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, United States.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, United States
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Dhrisya C, Prasathkumar M, Becky R, Anisha S, Sadhasivam S, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Al-Balushi B, Guillemin GJ, Qoronfleh MW. Social and Biological Parameters Involved in Suicide Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920978243. [PMID: 35185341 PMCID: PMC8851148 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920978243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear is an indispensable characteristic of any infectious disease, and the alarm will be further amplified when the infection spreads uncontrollable, unpredictable, and global. The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) lead Covid-19, has been declared as a global emergency by WHO as it has affected millions of people with a high mortality rate. The non-availability of medicine for Covid-19 and the various control measures such as social distancing, self-isolation, house quarantine, and the new normal implementation by different nations across the world to control the spread of Covid-19 made people vulnerable to fear and anxiety. As a result, considerable number of Covid-19-related suicidal deaths has been reported across the world during this pandemic. There have been several studies which describe the psychosocial aspects of suicidal ideation. However, the research on the biological aspects of suicidal ideation/suicidal risk factors that are related to pandemic are unreported. Hence this review article is intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of suicidal deaths during Covid-19 and also aimed to addresses the possible link between suicidal ideation and different factors, including psycho-social, behavioral, neurobiological factors (proximal, distal, and inflammatory) and immunity. The alterations in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters had upregulated the GABARB3, GABARA4, GABARA3, GABARR1, GABARG2, and GAD2 gene expressions in suicidal victims. The changes in the Kynurenine (KYN) pathway, Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) hyperactivation, and dysregulation of serotonin biosynthesis would significantly alter the brain chemistry in people with suicide ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenthamara Dhrisya
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Murugan Prasathkumar
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Robert Becky
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Salim Anisha
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Subramaniam Sadhasivam
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Department of Extension and Career Guidance, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Buthainah Al-Balushi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Bacterial Metabolites of Human Gut Microbiota Correlating with Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239234. [PMID: 33287416 PMCID: PMC7730936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global threat to mental health that affects around 264 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, no reliable biomarkers that have contributed to objective diagnoses and clinical therapy currently exist. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis induced scientists to study the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of depression. Over the last decade, many of studies were conducted in this field. The productions of metabolites and compounds with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties among mechanisms such as the mediating effects of the GM on the brain, have been identified. This comprehensive review was focused on low molecular weight compounds implicated in depression as potential products of the GM. The other possible mechanisms of GM involvement in depression were presented, as well as changes in the composition of the microbiota of patients with depression. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of functional foods and psychobiotics in relieving depression were considered. The described biomarkers associated with GM could potentially enhance the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in clinical practice and represent a potential future diagnostic tool based on metagenomic technologies for assessing the development of depressive disorders.
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Muneer A. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Considerations. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:507-526. [PMID: 33124585 PMCID: PMC7609208 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions 95% of the ingested essential amino acid tryptophan is metabolized by the kynurenine pathway (KP) to yield the ubiquitous co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, fulfilling cellular energy require-ments. Importantly, the intermediaries of KP exert crucial effects throughout the body, including the central nervous system. Besides, KP metabolites are implicated in diverse disease processes such as inflammation/immune disorders, endocrine/metabolic conditions, cancers and neuropsychiatric diseases. A burgeoning body of research indicates that the KP plays a pathogenic role in major psychiatric diseases like mood disorders and schizophrenia. Triggered by inflammatory processes, the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective branches of the KP is disturbed. In preclinical models these discrepancies result in behaviors reminiscent of depression and psychosis. In clinical samples, recent studies are discovering key kynurenine pathway abnormalities which incriminate it in the pathogenesis of the main psychiatric disorders. Harnessing this knowledge has the potential to find disease biomarkers helpful in identifying and prognosticating neuropsychiatric disorders. Concurrently, earnest research efforts directed towards manipulating the KP hold the promise of discovering novel pharmacological agents that have therapeutic value. In this manuscript, an in-depth appraisal of the extant literature is done to understand the working of KP as this applies to neuropsychiatric disorders. It is concluded that this pathway plays an overarching role in the development of major psychiatric disorders, the KP metabolites have the potential to serve as disease markers and new medications based on KP modulation can bring lasting cures for patients suffering from these intractable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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İriz A, Şemsi R, Eser B, Arslan B, Dinçel AS. The evaluation of serum tryptophan and kynurenine levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2020; 25:1389-1398. [PMID: 33222028 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway may play a role in certain physiological functions such as behavior, sleep, thermoregulation, and pregnancy. Tryptophan (Trp) is oxidized with tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Under normal conditions, hepatic kynurenine is a transcription factor and IDO expression in healthy tissues is very low. The ratio of Kyn to Trp can be used as an indicator to assess IDO activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Kyn/Trp ratio and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) disease activity. METHODS Study participants were categorized in 3 groups: Group 1 included patients with mild OSAS, Group 2, patients with moderate to severe OSAS, and Group 3, individuals considered normal to serve as controls. The demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) measurements were performed by diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). Trp and Kyn levels were determined by HPLC-UV method. RESULTS Group 1 included 30 patients (18 men) with mild OSAS; Group 2 included 42 patients (31 men) with moderate to severe OSAS; and Group 3 included 25 controls (13 men). While there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in the groups, a significant difference was found between the Kyn/Trp ratios. A significant correlation was observed in individuals with a body mass index less than 25 with the Kyn/Trp ratio. In individuals with mild OSAS, a significant correlation was observed between ODI and BMI. In individuals with moderate to severe OSAS, there was a significant correlation between ODI, AHI, and BMI. CONCLUSION In this study, there was no relationship between OSAS disease severity and IDO activity as assessed by immunoreactivity via the Kyn/Trp pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe İriz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (Ear-Nose-Throat), Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rabia Şemsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Eser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Gülhane Institute of Health Sciences, R&D Centre, Chromatography Laboratory, The University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ercis State Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sepici Dinçel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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45
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Heng B, Guillemin GJ. The Gut Microbiota, Kynurenine Pathway, and Immune System Interaction in the Development of Brain Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562812. [PMID: 33330446 PMCID: PMC7710763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota contains a large, complex, dynamic microbial community of approximately 1014 microbes from more than 1,000 microbial species, i.e., equivalent to 4 × 106 genes. Numerous evidence links gut microbiota with human health and diseases. Importantly, gut microbiota is involved in the development and function of the brain through a bidirectional pathway termed as the gut-brain axis. Interaction between gut microbiota and immune responses can modulate the development of neuroinflammation and cancer diseases in the brain. With respect of brain cancer, gut microbiota could modify the levels of antioxidants, amyloid protein and lipopolysaccharides, arginase 1, arginine, cytochrome C, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling (GM-CSF), IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitric oxide and peroxynitrite), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, and tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β). Through these modifications, gut microbiota can modulate apoptosis, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), autophagy, caspases activation, DNA integrity, microglia dysbiosis, mitochondria permeability, T-cell proliferation and functions, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The outcome of such interventions could be either oncolytic or oncogenic. This review scrutinizes the oncogenic and oncolytic effects of gut microbiota by classifying the modification mechanisms into (i) amino acid deprivation (arginine and tryptophan); (ii) kynurenine pathway; (iii) microglia dysbiosis; and (iv) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). By delineating the complexity of the gut-microbiota-brain-cancer axis, this review aims to help the research on the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may aid the efficient eradication of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yılmaz C, Gökmen V. Formation of amino acid derivatives in white and red wines during fermentation: Effects of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and Oenococcus oeni. Food Chem 2020; 343:128415. [PMID: 33268169 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of commercial non-Saccharomyces yeasts and Oenococcus oeni on the formation of amino acid derivatives, some of which have neuroactive properties, during fermentation in laboratory-scale processing of white and red wines. Changes in the content of amino acid derivatives during fermentation of large-scale white and red wines were also evaluated. The highest kynurenic, picolinic, and quinolinic acid concentrations were observed in white wine fermented with Torulaspora delbrueckii, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae simultaneously. No changes in the content of picolinic and kynurenic acid were observed during large-scale white wine fermentation. Tryptophan ethyl ester concentration in all wines increased significantly during alcoholic fermentation. Natural and O. oeni malolactic fermentation did not alter the content of picolinic acid, a neuroprotective compound, in red wine. The decrease in the content of tyramine, phenylethylamine, and dopamine in laboratory-scale white wines was observed during alcoholic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemile Yılmaz
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vural Gökmen
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York (Mann, Rizk); Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Mann, Rizk); Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Mann)
| | - Mina M Rizk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York (Mann, Rizk); Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Mann, Rizk); Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Mann)
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48
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Fan XX, Yuan J, Wei YJ, Zhou F, Xu L, Zhang Y, Meng JY, Jin XL, Yang JZ. Association between suicide risk severity and sarcopenia in non-elderly Chinese inpatients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:345. [PMID: 32616039 PMCID: PMC7331122 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder. Recent studies have shown an association between muscle health and suicide. However, there have been no previous studies on the relationship between suicide risk severity and sarcopenia in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore the association between suicide risk severity and sarcopenia in non-elderly Chinese inpatients with MDD. METHODS The first-episode drug-naïve MDD inpatients aged 20-59 years with the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-24) scores of >20 were included, who were then classified into low, intermediate, high and very high suicide risk groups according to the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR). The HAMD-24, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) and the SARC-F questionnaire were used to assess depression severity, anxiety severity and sarcopenia, respectively. The plasma levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured. RESULTS A total of 192 MDD inpatients (122 females, 70 males; aged 39.3 ± 11.7 years) were included, with 12.5% meeting criteria for sarcopenia. There were significant differences in gender, HAMD score and prevalence of sarcopenia among the suicide risk groups. Adjusted ordinal regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was significantly associated with more severe suicide risk (OR = 2.39, 95%CI 1.02-5.58, p = 0.044) independent of depression severity. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that sarcopenia was significantly associated with higher suicide risk in non-elderly Chinese MDD inpatients after adjustment for depression severity. Intervention of sarcopenia might be effective in reducing the risk of suicide in non-elderly MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Fan
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Jing Yuan
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Yu-Jun Wei
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Fang Zhou
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Li Xu
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Jun-Yu Meng
- grid.415444.4Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101 Yunnan China
| | - Xiao-Long Jin
- grid.459918.8Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (People’s Hospital of Yuxi), Yuxi, Yunnan China
| | - Jian-Zhong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 374 Dianmian Av, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China.
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Martin KS, Azzolini M, Lira Ruas J. The kynurenine connection: how exercise shifts muscle tryptophan metabolism and affects energy homeostasis, the immune system, and the brain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C818-C830. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00580.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway generates a variety of bioactive metabolites. Physical exercise can modulate kynurenine pathway metabolism in skeletal muscle and thus change the concentrations of select compounds in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how exercise alters tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in muscle and its subsequent local and distal effects. We propose that the effects of kynurenine pathway metabolites on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, immune system, and the brain suggest that some of these compounds could qualify as exercise-induced myokines. Indeed, some of the more recently discovered biological activities for kynurenines include many of the best-known benefits of exercise: improved energy homeostasis, promotion of an anti-inflammatory environment, and neuroprotection. Finally, by considering the tissue expression of the different membrane and cytosolic receptors for kynurenines, we discuss known and potential biological activities for these tryptophan metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Martin
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge Lira Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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Haroon E, Welle JR, Woolwine BJ, Goldsmith DR, Baer W, Patel T, Felger JC, Miller AH. Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:998-1007. [PMID: 31940661 PMCID: PMC7162907 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are believed to be a link between inflammation and depression through effects on brain glutamate receptors. However, neither the relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) KP metabolites nor their association with inflammatory mediators is well-established in depression. Moreover, the clinical profile associated with combined activation of plasma inflammatory and kynurenine pathways is unknown. Accordingly, plasma and CSF-KP metabolites and inflammatory markers along with depressive symptoms and antidepressant treatment response were measured in 72 unmedicated depressed patients. Following bivariate analyses, component factors representing immune and kynurenine variables in the plasma and CSF were extracted and were used to examine directionality of associations in a path model. In addition, patients were clustered using individual markers that most accounted for the association between plasma immune and KP systems. Path analysis revealed a directional association extending from plasma inflammatory markers to plasma kynurenines, to CSF kynurenines. Among immune markers, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was robustly associated with plasma kynurenine (KYN) and KYN/tryptophan (TRP), which was in turn significantly associated with CSF KYN, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid. Clustering of patients based on plasma TNF and KYN/TRP yielded subgroups of high (N = 17) and low (N = 55) TNF-KYN/TRP groups. High TNF-KYN/TRP subjects exhibited greater depression severity, anhedonia, and treatment nonresponse. In conclusion, plasma-KP metabolites may mediate an inflammation-associated depressive symptom profile via CNS KP metabolites that can serve as a target for intervention at the level of inflammation, peripheral KYN metabolism, KYN transport to the brain, or effects of KP metabolites on glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - James R. Welle
- 0000000107903411grid.241116.1Department of Primary Care and Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Bobbi J. Woolwine
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David R. Goldsmith
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Wendy Baer
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Trusharth Patel
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jennifer C. Felger
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Andrew H. Miller
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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