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El Hajji S, Shiga Y, Belforte N, Solorio YC, Tastet O, D’Onofrio P, Dotigny F, Prat A, Arbour N, Fortune B, Di Polo A. Insulin restores retinal ganglion cell functional connectivity and promotes visual recovery in glaucoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5722. [PMID: 39110798 PMCID: PMC11305393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dendrite pathology and synaptic loss result in neural circuit dysfunction, a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. There is a lack of strategies that target dendritic and synaptic regeneration to promote neurorecovery. We show that daily human recombinant insulin eye drops stimulate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrite and synapse regeneration during ocular hypertension, a risk factor to develop glaucoma. We demonstrate that the ribosomal protein p70S6 kinase (S6K) is essential for insulin-dependent dendritic regrowth. Furthermore, S6K phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 (SIN1), a link between the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2), is required for insulin-induced dendritic regeneration. Using two-photon microscopy live retinal imaging, we show that insulin rescues single-RGC light-evoked calcium (Ca2+) dynamics. We further demonstrate that insulin enhances neuronal survival and retina-brain connectivity leading to improved optomotor reflex-elicited behaviors. Our data support that insulin is a compelling pro-regenerative strategy with potential clinical implications for the treatment and management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana El Hajji
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe D’Onofrio
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florence Dotigny
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zilberter Y, Tabuena DR, Zilberter M. NOX-induced oxidative stress is a primary trigger of major neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102539. [PMID: 37838279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) causing cognitive impairment and dementia are difficult to treat due to the lack of understanding of primary initiating factors. Meanwhile, major sporadic NDDs share many risk factors and exhibit similar pathologies in their early stages, indicating the existence of common initiation pathways. Glucose hypometabolism associated with oxidative stress is one such primary, early and shared pathology, and a likely major cause of detrimental disease-associated cascades; targeting this common pathology may therefore be an effective preventative strategy for most sporadic NDDs. However, its exact cause and trigger remain unclear. Recent research suggests that early oxidative stress caused by NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation is a shared initiating mechanism among major sporadic NDDs and could prove to be the long-sought ubiquitous NDD trigger. We focus on two major NDDs - Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as on acquired epilepsy which is an increasingly recognized comorbidity in NDDs. We also discuss available data suggesting the relevance of the proposed mechanisms to other NDDs. We delve into the commonalities among these NDDs in neuroinflammation and NOX involvement to identify potential therapeutic targets and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Dennis R Tabuena
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Tribble JR, Hui F, Quintero H, El Hajji S, Bell K, Di Polo A, Williams PA. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: Mechanisms beyond intraocular pressure lowering. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 92:101193. [PMID: 37331129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common, complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dysfunction and then loss of retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness and affects ∼80 million people worldwide with many more undiagnosed. The major risk factors for glaucoma are genetics, age, and elevated intraocular pressure. Current strategies only target intraocular pressure management and do not directly target the neurodegenerative processes occurring at the level of the retinal ganglion cell. Despite strategies to manage intraocular pressure, as many as 40% of glaucoma patients progress to blindness in at least one eye during their lifetime. As such, neuroprotective strategies that target the retinal ganglion cell and these neurodegenerative processes directly are of great therapeutic need. This review will cover the recent advances from basic biology to on-going clinical trials for neuroprotection in glaucoma covering degenerative mechanisms, metabolism, insulin signaling, mTOR, axon transport, apoptosis, autophagy, and neuroinflammation. With an increased understanding of both the basic and clinical mechanisms of the disease, we are closer than ever to a neuroprotective strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Hui
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heberto Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sana El Hajji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Katharina Bell
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Eye ACP Duke-NUS, Singapore
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mantik KEK, Kim S, Gu B, Moon S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Kang JH. Repositioning of Anti-Diabetic Drugs against Dementia: Insight from Molecular Perspectives to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11450. [PMID: 37511207 PMCID: PMC10380685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance as a hallmark of type 2 DM (T2DM) plays a role in dementia by promoting pathological lesions or enhancing the vulnerability of the brain. Numerous studies related to insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling are linked with various types of dementia. Brain insulin resistance in dementia is linked to disturbances in Aβ production and clearance, Tau hyperphosphorylation, microglial activation causing increased neuroinflammation, and the breakdown of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These mechanisms have been studied primarily in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but research on other forms of dementia like vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has also explored overlapping mechanisms. Researchers are currently trying to repurpose anti-diabetic drugs to treat dementia, which are dominated by insulin sensitizers and insulin substrates. Although it seems promising and feasible, none of the trials have succeeded in ameliorating cognitive decline in late-onset dementia. We highlight the possibility of repositioning anti-diabetic drugs as a strategy for dementia therapy by reflecting on current and previous clinical trials. We also describe the molecular perspectives of various types of dementia through the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Esther Kristina Mantik
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsang Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Arts and Sports, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Arts and Sports, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Wang HY, Pei Z, Lee KC, Nikolov B, Doehner T, Puente J, Friedmann N, Burns LH. Simufilam suppresses overactive mTOR and restores its sensitivity to insulin in Alzheimer's disease patient lymphocytes. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1175601. [PMID: 37457922 PMCID: PMC10339288 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1175601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Implicated in both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overactive in AD brain and lymphocytes. Stimulated by growth factors such as insulin, mTOR monitors cell health and nutrient needs. A small molecule oral drug candidate for AD, simufilam targets an altered conformation of the scaffolding protein filamin A (FLNA) found in AD brain and lymphocytes that induces aberrant FLNA interactions leading to AD neuropathology. Simufilam restores FLNA's normal shape to disrupt its AD-associated protein interactions. Methods: We measured mTOR and its response to insulin in lymphocytes of AD patients before and after oral simufilam compared to healthy control lymphocytes. Results: mTOR was overactive and its response to insulin reduced in lymphocytes from AD versus healthy control subjects, illustrating another aspect of insulin resistance in AD. After oral simufilam, lymphocytes showed normalized basal mTOR activity and improved insulin-evoked mTOR activation in mTOR complex 1, complex 2, and upstream and downstream signaling components (Akt, p70S6K and phosphorylated Rictor). Suggesting mechanism, we showed that FLNA interacts with the insulin receptor until dissociation by insulin, but this linkage was elevated and its dissociation impaired in AD lymphocytes. Simufilam improved the insulin-mediated dissociation. Additionally, FLNA's interaction with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of mTOR, was reduced in AD lymphocytes and improved by simufilam. Discussion: Reducing mTOR's basal overactivity and its resistance to insulin represents another mechanism of simufilam to counteract aging and AD pathology. Simufilam is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhe Pei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - John Puente
- Cognitive Clinical Trials, Omaha, NE, United States
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Grant WB, Blake SM. Diet's Role in Modifying Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: History and Present Understanding. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1353-1382. [PMID: 37955087 PMCID: PMC10741367 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important nonpharmacological risk-modifying factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The approaches used here to assess diet's role in the risk of AD include multi-country ecological studies, prospective and cross-sectional observational studies, and laboratory studies. Ecological studies have identified fat, meat, and obesity from high-energy diets as important risk factors for AD and reported that AD rates peak about 15-20 years after national dietary changes. Observational studies have compared the Western dietary pattern with those of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean (MedDi), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets. Those studies identified AD risk factors including higher consumption of saturated and total fats, meat, and ultraprocessed foods and a lower risk of AD with higher consumption of fruits, legumes, nuts, omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, and whole grains. Diet-induced factors associated with a significant risk of AD include inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, elevated homocysteine, dietary advanced glycation end products, and trimethylamine N-oxide. The molecular mechanisms by which dietary bioactive components and specific foods affect risk of AD are discussed. Given most countries' entrenched food supply systems, the upward trends of AD rates would be hard to reverse. However, for people willing and able, a low-animal product diet with plenty of anti-inflammatory, low-glycemic load foods may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Blake
- Nutritional Neuroscience, Maui Memory Clinic, Wailuku, HI, USA
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Grünblatt E, Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Davor V, Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Riederer P, Walitza S, Tackenberg C, Salkovic-Petrisic M. From attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to sporadic Alzheimer's disease-Wnt/mTOR pathways hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1104985. [PMID: 36875654 PMCID: PMC9978448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with the majority of patients classified as sporadic AD (sAD), in which etiopathogenesis remains unresolved. Though sAD is argued to be a polygenic disorder, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, was found three decades ago to pose the strongest genetic risk for sAD. Currently, the only clinically approved disease-modifying drugs for AD are aducanumab (Aduhelm) and lecanemab (Leqembi). All other AD treatment options are purely symptomatic with modest benefits. Similarly, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one of the most common neurodevelopmental mental disorders in children and adolescents, acknowledged to persist in adulthood in over 60% of the patients. Moreover, for ADHD whose etiopathogenesis is not completely understood, a large proportion of patients respond well to treatment (first-line psychostimulants, e.g., methylphenidate/MPH), however, no disease-modifying therapy exists. Interestingly, cognitive impairments, executive, and memory deficits seem to be common in ADHD, but also in early stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, including sAD. Therefore, one of many hypotheses is that ADHD and sAD might have similar origins or that they intercalate with one another, as shown recently that ADHD may be considered a risk factor for sAD. Intriguingly, several overlaps have been shown between the two disorders, e.g., inflammatory activation, oxidative stress, glucose and insulin pathways, wingless-INT/mammalian target of rapamycin (Wnt/mTOR) signaling, and altered lipid metabolism. Indeed, Wnt/mTOR activities were found to be modified by MPH in several ADHD studies. Wnt/mTOR was also found to play a role in sAD and in animal models of the disorder. Moreover, MPH treatment in the MCI phase was shown to be successful for apathy including some improvement in cognition, according to a recent meta-analysis. In several AD animal models, ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes have been observed indicating a possible interconnection between ADHD and AD. In this concept paper, we will discuss the various evidence in human and animal models supporting the hypothesis in which ADHD might increase the risk for sAD, with common involvement of the Wnt/mTOR-pathway leading to lifespan alteration at the neuronal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Virag Davor
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Pisa E, Martire A, Chiodi V, Traversa A, Caputo V, Hauser J, Macrì S. Exposure to 3'Sialyllactose-Poor Milk during Lactation Impairs Cognitive Capabilities in Adulthood. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124191. [PMID: 34959743 PMCID: PMC8707534 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk exerts pivotal regulatory functions early in development whereby it contributes to the maturation of brain and associated cognitive functions. However, the specific components of maternal milk mediating this process have remained elusive. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represent likely candidates since they constitute the principal neonatal dietary source of sialic acid, which is crucial for brain development and neuronal patterning. We hypothesize that the selective neonatal lactational deprivation of a specific sialylated HMOs, sialyl(alpha2,3)lactose (3′SL), may impair cognitive capabilities (attention, cognitive flexibility, and memory) in adulthood in a preclinical model. To operationalize this hypothesis, we cross-fostered wild-type (WT) mouse pups to B6.129-St3gal4tm1.1Jxm/J dams, knock-out (KO) for the gene synthesizing 3′SL, thereby providing milk with approximately 80% 3′SL content reduction. We thus exposed lactating WT pups to a selective reduction of 3′SL and investigated multiple cognitive domains (including memory and attention) in adulthood. Furthermore, to account for the underlying electrophysiological correlates, we investigated hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Neonatal access to 3′SL-poor milk resulted in decreased attention, spatial and working memory, and altered LTP compared to the control group. These results support the hypothesis that early-life dietary sialylated HMOs exert a long-lasting role in the development of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pisa
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Martire
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Chiodi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Alice Traversa
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Viviana Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.M.); Tel.: +41-21-785-8933 (J.H.); +39-06-4990-6829 (S.M.); Fax: +39-06-4957-821 (S.M.)
| | - Simone Macrì
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.M.); Tel.: +41-21-785-8933 (J.H.); +39-06-4990-6829 (S.M.); Fax: +39-06-4957-821 (S.M.)
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9
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Lynn J, Park M, Ogunwale C, Acquaah-Mensah GK. A Tale of Two Diseases: Exploring Mechanisms Linking Diabetes Mellitus with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:485-501. [PMID: 34842187 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dementias, including the type associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), are on the rise worldwide. Similarly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally. Although mechanisms and treatments are well-established for T2DM, there remains much to be discovered. Recent research efforts have further investigated factors involved in the etiology of AD. Previously perceived to be unrelated diseases, commonalities between T2DM and AD have more recently been observed. As a result, AD has been labeled as "type 3 diabetes". In this review, we detail the shared processes that contribute to these two diseases. Insulin resistance, the main component of the pathogenesis of T2DM, is also present in AD, causing impaired brain glucose metabolism, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment. Dysregulation of insulin receptors and components of the insulin signaling pathway, including protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and mammalian target of rapamycin are reported in both diseases. T2DM and AD also show evidence of inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, and amyloid deposition. The impact that changes in neurovascular structure and genetics have on the development of these conditions is also being examined. With the discovery of factors contributing to AD, innovative treatment approaches are being explored. Investigators are evaluating the efficacy of various T2DM medications for possible use in AD, including but not limited to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. Furthermore, there are 136 active trials involving 121 therapeutic agents targeting novel AD biomarkers. With these efforts, we are one step closer to alleviating the ravaging impact of AD on our communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lynn
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences (MCPHS University)/Takeda Pharmaceuticals Biopharmaceutical Industry Fellowship Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingi Park
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences (MCPHS University)/Takeda Pharmaceuticals Biopharmaceutical Industry Fellowship Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - George K Acquaah-Mensah
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences (MCPHS University)/Takeda Pharmaceuticals Biopharmaceutical Industry Fellowship Program, Boston, MA, USA
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Behl T, Arora A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Mostafavi E. Molecular and Biochemical Pathways Encompassing Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:542-556. [PMID: 34758720 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211110115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder that has now emerged as an epidemic, and it affects the brain through an array of pathways. Diabetes mellitus patients can develop pathological changes in the brain, which eventually take the shape of mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer's Disease. A number of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate this fact, and it comes out to be those molecular pathways such as amyloidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling are identical in diabetes mellitus and dementia. However, the critical player involved in the vicious cycle of diabetes mellitus and dementia is insulin, whose signaling, when impaired in diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and 2), leads to a decline in cognition, although other pathways are also essential contributors. Moreover, it is not only that diabetes mellitus patients indicate cognitive decline at a later stage; many Alzheimer's Disease patients also reflect symptoms of diabetes mellitus, thus creating a vicious cycle inculcating a web of complex molecular mechanisms and hence categorizing Alzheimer's Disease as 'brain diabetes'. Thus, it is practical to suggest that anti-diabetic drugs are beneficial in Alzheimer's Disease; but only smaller trials, not the larger ones, have showcased positive outcomes mainly because of the late onset of therapy. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop more of such molecules that target insulin in dementia patients along with such methods that diagnose impaired insulin signaling and the associated cognitive decline so that early therapy may be initiated and the progression of the disease be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Arpita Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana. India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa. Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. United States
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11
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Wang K, Na L, Duan M. The Pathogenesis Mechanism, Structure Properties, Potential Drugs and Therapeutic Nanoparticles against the Small Oligomers of Amyloid-β. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:151-167. [PMID: 32938351 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200916123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people in the world. The abnormal aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is regarded as the key event in AD onset. Meanwhile, the Aβ oligomers are believed to be the most toxic species of Aβ. Recent studies show that the Aβ dimers, which are the smallest form of Aβ oligomers, also have the neurotoxicity in the absence of other oligomers in physiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, structure and potential therapeutic molecules against small Aβ oligomers, as well as the nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of AD. In this review, we firstly focus on the pathogenic mechanism of Aβ oligomers, especially the Aβ dimers. The toxicity of Aβ dimer or oligomers, which attributes to the interactions with various receptors and the disruption of membrane or intracellular environments, were introduced. Then the structure properties of Aβ dimers and oligomers are summarized. Although some structural information such as the secondary structure content is characterized by experimental technologies, detailed structures are still absent. Following that, the small molecules targeting Aβ dimers or oligomers are collected; nevertheless, all of these ligands have failed to come into the market due to the rising controversy of the Aβ-related "amyloid cascade hypothesis". At last, the recent progress about the nanoparticles as the potential drugs or the drug delivery for the Aβ oligomers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liu Na
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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12
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Pharmacological relevance of CDK inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105115. [PMID: 34182065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that cell cycle activation plays a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and other important mental functions. Intracellular deposition of Tau protein, a hyperphosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, and extracellular aggregation of Amyloid β protein, which manifests as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques, respectively, characterize this condition. In recent years, however, several studies have concluded that cell cycle re-entry is one of the key causes of neuronal death in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The eukaryotic cell cycle is well-coordinated machinery that performs critical functions in cell replenishment, such as DNA replication, cell creation, repair, and the birth of new daughter cells from the mother cell. The complex interplay between the levels of various cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at different checkpoints is needed for cell cycle synchronization. CDKIs (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) prevent cyclin degradation and CDK inactivation. Different external and internal factors regulate them differently, and they have different tissue expression and developmental functions. The checkpoints ensure that the previous step is completed correctly before starting the new cell cycle phase, and they protect against the transfer of defects to the daughter cells. Due to the development of more selective and potent ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors, CDK inhibitors appear to be on the verge of having a clinical impact. This avenue is likely to yield new and effective medicines for the treatment of cancer and other neurodegenerative diseases. These new methods for recognizing CDK inhibitors may be used to create non-ATP-competitive agents that target CDK4, CDK5, and other CDKs that have been recognized as important therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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13
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Amini Y, Saif N, Greer C, Hristov H, Isaacson R. The Role of Nutrition in Individualized Alzheimer's Risk Reduction. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 9:55-63. [PMID: 32277428 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Decades of research suggests nutritional interventions can be an effective tool for reducing risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially as part of an individualized clinical management plan. This review aims to emphasize new findings examining how specific dietary changes may delay or possibly prevent AD onset, and highlight how interventions can be adopted in clinical practice based on emerging principles of precision medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Specific dietary patterns and varied nutrient combinations can have a protective effect on brain health, promote cognitive function, and mediate the comorbidity of chronic conditions associated with increased AD risk. Individuals at risk for AD may see a greater impact of evidence-based dietary changes when initiated earlier in the AD spectrum. Depending on individual clinical profiles, incorporation of nutrition strategies is an essential component of an AD risk reduction plan in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amini
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine & New York-Presbyterian, 428 East 72th St, Suite 500, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nabeel Saif
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine & New York-Presbyterian, 428 East 72th St, Suite 500, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Christine Greer
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine & New York-Presbyterian, 428 East 72th St, Suite 500, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Hollie Hristov
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine & New York-Presbyterian, 428 East 72th St, Suite 500, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Richard Isaacson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine & New York-Presbyterian, 428 East 72th St, Suite 500, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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14
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Ren J, Jiang F, Wang M, Hu H, Zhang B, Chen L, Dai F. Increased cross-linking micelle retention in the brain of Alzheimer's disease mice by elevated asparagine endopeptidase protease responsive aggregation. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6533-6544. [PMID: 33111725 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current forms of medication for Alzheimer's disease (AD) provide a symptomatic benefit limited to those with early onset, but there is no single drug available for later stage patients. Given the recent failures of AD drugs in clinical trials, an intensive treatment strategy based on drug combination that is approved is attractive. At present, the greatest difficulty lies in the low accumulation of drugs in the brain. All hydrophilic drugs are limited by the physical and biochemical barriers within the blood-brain barrier and lipophilic drugs are often transported back into the blood by efflux pumps located in the blood-brain barrier. Here, we select elevated asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) as a target to trigger in situ cross-linking of small sized particles to form large sized drug clusters to block the efflux of the brain. Subsequently, responsive cross-linking micelles (RCMs) loaded with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil (DON), the microtubule therapeutic agent, Paclitaxel (PTX), and the glucose metabolism disorder regulator, insulin (INS) are investigated, with a focus on high levels of drug accumulation in the brain in AD. These smart multi-drug delivery RCMs provide a powerful system for AD treatment and can be adapted for other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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15
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Kolagar TA, Farzaneh M, Nikkar N, Khoshnam SE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potentials, Advances and Limitations. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:102-110. [PMID: 31441732 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190823142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive and uncontrolled gradual loss of motor neurons function or death of neuron cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the mechanisms underlying their progressive nature remain elusive. There is urgent need to investigate therapeutic strategies and novel treatments for neural regeneration in disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently, the development and identification of pluripotent stem cells enabling the acquisition of a large number of neural cells in order to improve cell recovery after neurodegenerative disorders. Pluripotent stem cells which consist of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are characterized by their ability to indefinitely self-renew and the capacity to differentiate into different types of cells. The first human ESC lines were established from donated human embryos; while, because of a limited supply of donor embryos, human ESCs derivation remains ethically and politically controversial. Hence, hiPSCs-based therapies have been shown as an effective replacement for human ESCs without embryo destruction. Compared to the invasive methods for derivation of human ESCs, human iPSCs has opened possible to reprogram patient-specific cells by defined factors and with minimally invasive procedures. Human pluripotent stem cells are a good source for cell-based research, cell replacement therapies and disease modeling. To date, hundreds of human ESC and human iPSC lines have been generated with the aim of treating various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have highlighted the recent potentials, advances, and limitations of human pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Akbari Kolagar
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Nikkar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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16
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Zhang M, Zhao D, Zhou G, Li C. Dietary Pattern, Gut Microbiota, and Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12800-12809. [PMID: 32090565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Until now, there has been no specific medicine that can cure Alzheimer's disease or effectively reverse the disease process. A good dietary pattern is an efficient way to prevent or delay the progression of the disease. Evidence suggests that diet may affect β-amyloid production and tau processing or may regulate inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress associated with Alzheimer's disease, which can be exerted by gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that affects not only various digestive diseases but also neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that gut microbial metabolites, such as pro-inflammatory factors, short-chain fatty acids, and neurotransmitters, can affect the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical studies suggested that the gut microbial composition of patients with Alzheimer's disease is different, in particular to lower abundances of Eubacterium rectale and Bacteroides fragilis, which have an anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the neuropathological pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and the modulation of dietary patterns rather than single dietary components on Alzheimer's disease through the gut-brain axis was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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17
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Berlanga-Acosta J, Guillén-Nieto G, Rodríguez-Rodríguez N, Bringas-Vega ML, García-del-Barco-Herrera D, Berlanga-Saez JO, García-Ojalvo A, Valdés-Sosa MJ, Valdés-Sosa PA. Insulin Resistance at the Crossroad of Alzheimer Disease Pathology: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:560375. [PMID: 33224105 PMCID: PMC7674493 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.560375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a major neuroprotective and trophic function for cerebral cell population, thus countering apoptosis, beta-amyloid toxicity, and oxidative stress; favoring neuronal survival; and enhancing memory and learning processes. Insulin resistance and impaired cerebral glucose metabolism are invariantly reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative processes. AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in which progressive glucose hypometabolism parallels to cognitive impairment. Although AD may appear and progress in virtue of multifactorial nosogenic ingredients, multiple interperpetuative and interconnected vicious circles appear to drive disease pathophysiology. The disease is primarily a metabolic/energetic disorder in which amyloid accumulation may appear as a by-product of more proximal events, especially in the late-onset form. As a bridge between AD and type 2 diabetes, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway with the ensued serine phosphorylation of the insulin response substrate (IRS)-1/2 may be at the crossroads of insulin resistance and its subsequent dysmetabolic consequences. Central insulin axis bankruptcy translates in neuronal vulnerability and demise. As a link in the chain of pathogenic vicious circles, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and peripheral/central immune-inflammation are increasingly advocated as major pathology drivers. Pharmacological interventions addressed to preserve insulin axis physiology, mitochondrial biogenesis-integral functionality, and mitophagy of diseased organelles may attenuate the adjacent spillover of free radicals that further perpetuate mitochondrial damages and catalyze inflammation. Central and/or peripheral inflammation may account for a local flood of proinflammatory cytokines that along with astrogliosis amplify insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. All these elements are endogenous stressor, pro-senescent factors that contribute to JNK activation. Taken together, these evidences incite to identify novel multi-mechanistic approaches to succeed in ameliorating this pandemic affliction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Berlanga-Acosta
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nadia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria Luisa Bringas-Vega
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Jorge O. Berlanga-Saez
- Applied Mathematics Department, Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mitchell Joseph Valdés-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
| | - Pedro A. Valdés-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neurosciences Center, Cubanacan, Havana, Cuba
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18
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Barker RM, Holly JMP, Biernacka KM, Allen-Birt SJ, Perks CM. Mini Review: Opposing Pathologies in Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease: Does the PI3K/Akt Pathway Provide Clues? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32655497 PMCID: PMC7324530 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview is a brief overview examining the roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and the PI3K/Akt pathway in two apparently unconnected diseases: Alzheimer's dementia and cancer. For both, increased age is a major risk factor, and, in accord with the global rise in average life expectancy, their prevalence is also increasing. Cancer, however, involves excessive cell proliferation and metastasis, whereas Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves cell death and tissue destruction. The apparent "inverse" nature of these disease states is examined here, but also some important commonalities in terms of the PI3K/Akt pathway, glucose utilization and cell deregulation/death. The focus here is on four key molecules associated with this pathway; notably, the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), all previously identified as potential therapeutic targets for both diseases. The insulin-resistant state, commonly reported in AD brain, results in neuronal glucose deprivation, due to a dampening down of the PI3K/Akt pathway, including overactivity of the mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) complex, hyperphosphorylation of p53 and neuronal death. This contrasts with cancer, where there is overstimulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the suppression of mTORC1 and p53, enabling abundant energy and unrestrained cell proliferation. Although these disease states appear to be diametrically opposed, the same key molecules are controlling pathology and, with differential targeting of therapeutics, may yet provide a beneficial outcome for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Barker
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina M. Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley J. Allen-Birt
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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19
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Rhea EM, Raber J, Banks WA. ApoE and cerebral insulin: Trafficking, receptors, and resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104755. [PMID: 31978603 PMCID: PMC7050417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform is a risk factor for AD. The connection between these two factors in relation to AD is being actively explored. We summarize this literature with a focus on the transport of insulin and apoE across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS, the impact of apoE and insulin on the BBB, and the interactions between apoE, insulin, and the insulin receptor once present in the CNS. We highlight how CNS insulin resistance is apparent in AD and potential ways to overcome this resistance by repurposing currently approved drugs, with apoE genotype taken into consideration as the treatment response following most interventions is apoE isoform-dependent. This review is part of a special issue focusing on apoE in AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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20
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Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:231-250. [PMID: 32030485 PMCID: PMC7035309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by motoric dysfunction or cognitive decline in the early stage, respectively, but often by both symptoms in the advanced stage. Among underlying molecular pathologies that PD and AD patients have in common, more attention is recently paid to the central metabolic dysfunction presented as insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and altered cerebral glucose metabolism, both also explored in animal models of these diseases. This review aims to compare IRBS and alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models. The comparison is based on the selectivity of the neurotoxins which cause experimental PD and AD, towards the cellular membrane and intracellular molecular targets as well as towards the selective neurons/non-neuronal cells, and the particular brain regions. Mitochondrial damage and co-expression of insulin receptors, glucose transporter-2 and dopamine transporter on the membrane of particular neurons as well as astrocytes seem to be the key points which are further discussed in a context of alterations in insulin signalling in the brain and its interaction with dopaminergic transmission, particularly regarding the time frame of the experimental AD/PD pathology appearance and the correlation with cognitive and motor symptoms. Such a perspective provides evidence on IRBS being a common underlying metabolic pathology and a contributor to neurodegenerative processes in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models, instead of being a direct cause of a particular neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Fundamental Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Research Centre of Excellence, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Jackson A, Forsyth CB, Shaikh M, Voigt RM, Engen PA, Ramirez V, Keshavarzian A. Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1245. [PMID: 31920905 PMCID: PMC6915094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting up to 1% of the population above the age of 60 and 4–5% of those above the age of 85. Little progress has been made on efforts to prevent disease development or halt disease progression. Diet has emerged as a potential factor that may prevent the development or slow the progression of PD. In this review, we discuss evidence for a role for the intestinal microbiome in PD and how diet-associated changes in the microbiome may be a viable approach to prevent or modify disease progression. Methods: We reviewed studies demonstrating that dietary components/foods were related to risk for PD. We reviewed evidence for the dysregulated intestinal microbiome in PD patients including abnormal shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition (i.e., dysbiosis) characterized by a loss of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) bacteria and increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bacteria. We also examined several candidate mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence PD including the NLRP3 inflammasome, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, vagal nerve signaling. Results: The PD-associated microbiome is associated with decreased production of SCFA and increased LPS and it is believed that these changes may contribute to the development or exacerbation of PD. Diet robustly impacts the intestinal microbiome and the Western diet is associated with increased risk for PD whereas the Mediterranean diet (including high intake of dietary fiber) decreases PD risk. Mechanistically this may be the consequence of changes in the relative abundance of SCFA-producing or LPS-containing bacteria in the intestinal microbiome with effects on intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia (i.e., systemic LPS), NLRP3 inflammasome activation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and the production of factors such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis. Conclusions: This review summarizes a model of microbiota-gut-brain-axis regulation of neuroinflammation in PD including several new mechanisms. We conclude with the need for clinical trials in PD patients to test this model for beneficial effects of Mediterranean based high fiber diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeja Jackson
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vivian Ramirez
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
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22
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Bloch K, Gil-Ad I, Vanichkin A, Hornfeld SH, Taler M, Dar S, Azarov D, Vardi P, Weizman A. Intracranial Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Attenuates Cognitive and Peripheral Metabolic Dysfunctions in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:1445-1458. [PMID: 30175977 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with brain insulin resistance and peripheral metabolic dysfunctions. Recently, we developed a model of sporadic AD associated with obesity-related peripheral metabolic abnormalities in Lewis rats using intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (icv-STZ). OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effect of intracranially grafted pancreatic islets on cognitive and peripheral metabolic dysfunctions in the icv-STZ Lewis rats. METHODS AD-like dementia associated with obesity was induced in inbred Lewis rats using a single icv-STZ. Two months after icv-STZ, syngeneic islets (100 islets per recipient) were implanted in the cranial subarachnoid cavity of icv-STZ rats. Morris water maze and marble burying tests were used for studying cognitive and behavioral functions. Central and peripheral metabolic alterations were assessed by histological and biochemical assays. RESULTS The icv-STZ induced increases in food intake, body weight, and blood levels of insulin and leptin without alteration of glucose homeostasis. Grafted islets reduced body weight gain, food consumption, peripheral insulin resistance, and hyperleptinemia. Biochemical and histological analysis of the brain revealed viable grafted islets expressing insulin and glucagon. The grafted islets did not affect expression of brain insulin receptors and peripheral glucose homeostasis. Two months after islet transplantation, cognitive and behavioral functioning in transplanted rats were significantly better than the sham-operated icv-STZ rats. No significant differences in the locomotor activity between transplanted and non-transplanted icv-STZ rats were found. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial islet transplantation attenuates cognitive decline and peripheral metabolic dysfunctions providing a novel therapeutic approach for sporadic AD associated with peripheral metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bloch
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Irit Gil-Ad
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Alexey Vanichkin
- Laboratory of Transplantation, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shay Henry Hornfeld
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Taler
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shira Dar
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dmitry Azarov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Pnina Vardi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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23
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Agostinone J, Alarcon-Martinez L, Gamlin C, Yu WQ, Wong ROL, Di Polo A. Insulin signalling promotes dendrite and synapse regeneration and restores circuit function after axonal injury. Brain 2019; 141:1963-1980. [PMID: 29931057 PMCID: PMC6022605 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite pathology and synapse disassembly are critical features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In spite of this, the capacity of injured neurons to regenerate dendrites has been largely ignored. Here, we show that, upon axonal injury, retinal ganglion cells undergo rapid dendritic retraction and massive synapse loss that preceded neuronal death. Human recombinant insulin, administered as eye drops or systemically after dendritic arbour shrinkage and prior to cell loss, promoted robust regeneration of dendrites and successful reconnection with presynaptic targets. Insulin-mediated regeneration of excitatory postsynaptic sites on retinal ganglion cell dendritic processes increased neuronal survival and rescued light-triggered retinal responses. Further, we show that axotomy-induced dendrite retraction triggered substantial loss of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity exclusively in retinal ganglion cells, and that insulin fully reversed this response. Targeted loss-of-function experiments revealed that insulin-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is required for new dendritic branching to restore arbour complexity, while complex 2 (mTORC2) drives dendritic process extension thus re-establishing field area. Our findings demonstrate that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system have the intrinsic capacity to regenerate dendrites and synapses after injury, and provide a strong rationale for the use of insulin and/or its analogues as pro-regenerative therapeutics for intractable neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Agostinone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Shou Y, Huang Y, Zhu X, Liu C, Hu Y, Wang H. A review of the possible associations between ambient PM2.5 exposures and the development of Alzheimer's disease. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:344-352. [PMID: 30849654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 particles in air pollution have been widely considered associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 can also cause central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of microglia in the central nervous system can lead to inflammatory and neurological damage. PM2.5 will reduce the methylation level of DNA and affect epigenetics. PM2.5 enters the human body through a variety of pathways to have pathological effects on CNS. For example, PM2.5 can destroy the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), so peripheral systemic inflammation easily crosses BBB and reaches CNS. The olfactory nerve is another way for PM2.5 particles to enter the brain. Surprisingly, PM2.5 can also enter the gastrointestinal tract, causing imbalances in the intestinal microecology to affect central nervous system diseases. The current work collected and discuss the mechanisms of PM2.5-induced CNS damage and PM2.5-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Shou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Str. 16#, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yilu Huang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Str. 16#, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Str. 16#, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Str. 16#, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Str. 16#, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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25
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Santiago JCP, Hallschmid M. Outcomes and clinical implications of intranasal insulin administration to the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:180-190. [PMID: 30885653 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the brain plays a critical role in metabolic control and cognitive function. Targeting insulinergic pathways in the central nervous system via peripheral insulin administration is feasible, but associated with systemic effects that necessitate tight supervision or countermeasures. The intranasal route of insulin administration, which largely bypasses the circulation and thereby greatly reduces these obstacles, has now been repeatedly tested in proof-of-concept studies in humans as well as animals. It is routinely used in experimental settings to investigate the impact on eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, memory function and brain activation of acute or long-term enhancements in central nervous system insulin signaling. Epidemiological and experimental evidence linking deteriorations in metabolic control such as diabetes with neurodegenerative diseases imply pathophysiological relevance of dysfunctional brain insulin signaling or brain insulin resistance, and suggest that targeting insulin in the brain holds some promise as a therapy or adjunct therapy. This short narrative review gives an overview over recent findings on brain insulin signaling as derived from human studies deploying intranasal insulin, and evaluates the potential of therapeutic interventions that target brain insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Santiago
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Koseoglu MM, Norambuena A, Sharlow ER, Lazo JS, Bloom GS. Aberrant Neuronal Cell Cycle Re-Entry: The Pathological Confluence of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Insulin Resistance, and Its Relation to Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:1-11. [PMID: 30452418 PMCID: PMC8363205 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) is a phenomenon that precedes and may mechanistically lead to a majority of the neuronal loss observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent developments concerning the regulation of aberrant neuronal CCR in AD suggest that there are potential intracellular signaling "hotspots" in AD, cancer, and brain insulin resistance, the latter of which is characteristically associated with AD. Critically, these common signaling nodes across different human diseases may represent currently untapped therapeutic opportunities for AD. Specifically, repurposing of existing US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological agents, including experimental therapeutics that target the cell cycle in cancer, may be an innovative avenue for future AD-directed drug discovery and development. In this review we discuss overlapping aspects of AD, cancer, and brain insulin resistance from the perspective of neuronal CCR, and consider strategies to exploit them for prevention or therapeutic intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Norambuena
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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27
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Li H, Liu CC, Zheng H, Huang TY. Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 30603085 PMCID: PMC6306008 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. CONCLUSION AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA USA
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28
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Congdon EE. Sex Differences in Autophagy Contribute to Female Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:372. [PMID: 29988365 PMCID: PMC6023994 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with over 5. 4 million cases in the US alone (Alzheimer's Association, 2016). Clinically, AD is defined by the presence of plaques composed of Aβ and neurofibrillary pathology composed of the microtubule associated protein tau. Another key feature is the dysregulation of autophagy at key steps in the pathway. In AD, disrupted autophagy contributes to disease progression through the failure to clear pathological protein aggregates, insulin resistance, and its role in the synthesis of Aβ. Like many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, the risk of developing AD, and disease course are dependent on the sex of the patient. One potential mechanism through which these differences occur, is the effects of sex hormones on autophagy. In women, the loss of hormones with menopause presents both a risk factor for developing AD, and an obvious example of where sex differences in AD can stem from. However, because AD pathology can begin decades before menopause, this does not provide the full answer. We propose that sex-based differences in autophagy regulation during the lifespan contribute to the increased risk of AD, and greater severity of pathology seen in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
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29
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Yashkin AP, Akushevich I, Ukraintseva S, Yashin A. The Effect of Adherence to Screening Guidelines on the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Elderly Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018; 4:2333721418811201. [PMID: 30450369 PMCID: PMC6236474 DOI: 10.1177/2333721418811201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the possibility that type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease may share common behavioral protective factors such as adherence to type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines given that these two diseases have both epidemiological and metabolic similarities. Method: The method used in this study is a retrospective cohort study of 3,797 U.S. Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 66+ newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and without a prior record of Alzheimer's disease based on the Health and Retirement Study. Results: Results of a left-truncated Cox model showed that adherence reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease by 20% to 24%. Other significant effects were college education (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.65; p value: .023), stroke (HR: 1.40; p value: .013), and 4+ limitations in physical functioning (HR: 1.33; p value: .008). Discussion: Risk of Alzheimer's disease can be reduced by behavioral factors. Possible mechanisms may include earlier start of interventions to reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
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