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Depalma P, Proverbio AM. The neural representation of self, close, and famous others: An electrophysiological investigation on the social brain. Soc Neurosci 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39189115 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2024.2391512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that the Self has a unique representation in the social brain, as evident from the Self-Referential Effect (SRE). However, the timing and neural mechanisms underlying the representation of individuals with varying degrees of closeness and emotional relevance to the Self remain unclear. Twenty-two participants read 260 personality traits and decided whether they described themselves, a close friend, or an admired celebrity. A strong Self-Referential Effect (SRE) was found at behavioral, ERP, and neuroimaging levels. Three anterior ERP components were identified as sensitive to social information: a P200 (250-350 ms) responding to famous others' traits, a P600 (500-700 ms) responding to self-trait processing, and a late positivity (800-950 ms) responding to self-trait processing and close traits. Source reconstructions revealed partially overlapping but distinct neural sources for each individual. The right precuneus (bodily self) and inferior frontal areas (inner voice) were active only during self-processing, while the right medial prefrontal cortex (BA10) was consistently active across tasks, showing a robust SRE. These findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the representation of the Self in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Depalma
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Lab, Department. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Lab, Department. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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2
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Tallman CW, Luo Z, Smith CN. Human brain activity and functional connectivity associated with verbal long-term memory consolidation across 1 month. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1342552. [PMID: 38450223 PMCID: PMC10915245 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1342552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Declarative memories are initially dependent on the hippocampus and become stabilized through the neural reorganization of connections between the medial temporal lobe and neocortex. The exact time-course of these neural changes is not well established, although time-dependent changes in retrieval-related brain function can be detected across relatively short time periods in humans (e.g., hours to months). Methods In a study involving older adults with normal cognition (N = 24), we investigated changes in brain activity and functional connectivity associated with the long-term memory consolidation of verbal material over one month. Participants studied fact-like, three-word sentences at 1-month, 1-week, 1-day, and 1-hour intervals before a recognition memory test inside an MRI scanner. Old/new recognition with confidence ratings and response times were recorded. We examined whole-brain changes in retrieval-related brain activity, as well as functional connectivity of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), as memories aged from 1 hour to 1 month. Secondary analyses minimized the effect of confounding factors affected by memory age (i.e., changes in confidence and response time or re-encoding of targets). Results Memory accuracy, confidence ratings, and response times changed with memory age. A memory age network was identified where retrieval-related brain activity in cortical regions increased or decreased as a function of memory age. Hippocampal brain activity in an anatomical region of interest decreased with memory age. Importantly, these changes in retrieval-related activity were not confounded with changes in activity related to concomitant changes in behavior or encoding. Exploratory analyses of vmPFC functional connectivity as a function of memory age revealed increased connectivity with the posterior parietal cortex, as well as with the vmPFC itself. In contrast, hippocampal functional connectivity with the vmPFC and orbitofrontal cortex decreased with memory age. Discussion The observed changes in retrieval-related brain activity and functional connectivity align with the predictions of standard systems consolidation theory. These results suggest that processes consistent with long-term memory consolidation can be identified over short time periods using fMRI, particularly for verbal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W. Tallman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zhishang Luo
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christine N. Smith
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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3
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Purcell J, Wiley R, Won J, Callow D, Weiss L, Alfini A, Wei Y, Carson Smith J. Increased neural differentiation after a single session of aerobic exercise in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 132:67-84. [PMID: 37742442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with decreased cognitive function. One theory posits that this decline is in part due to multiple neural systems becoming dedifferentiated in older adults. Exercise is known to improve cognition in older adults, even after only a single session. We hypothesized that one mechanism of improvement is a redifferentiation of neural systems. We used a within-participant, cross-over design involving 2 sessions: either 30 minutes of aerobic exercise or 30 minutes of seated rest (n = 32; ages 55-81 years). Both functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Stroop performance were acquired soon after exercise and rest. We quantified neural differentiation via general heterogeneity regression. There were 3 prominent findings following the exercise. First, participants were better at reducing Stroop interference. Second, while there was greater neural differentiation within the hippocampal formation and cerebellum, there was lower neural differentiation within frontal cortices. Third, this greater neural differentiation in the cerebellum and temporal lobe was more pronounced in the older ages. These data suggest that exercise can induce greater neural differentiation in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Purcell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Robert Wiley
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Weiss
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alfonso Alfini
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi Wei
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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4
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Marier A, Dadar M, Bouhali F, Montembeault M. Irregular word reading as a marker of cognitive and semantic decline in Alzheimer's disease rather than an estimate of premorbid intellectual abilities. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3381469. [PMID: 37841870 PMCID: PMC10571618 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3381469/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Irregular word reading has been used to estimate premorbid intelligence in Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, reading models highlight the core influence of semantic abilities on irregular word reading, which shows early decline in AD. The general aim of this study is to determine whether irregular word reading is a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence, or a marker of cognitive and semantic decline in AD. Method 681 healthy controls (HC), 104 subjective cognitive decline, 290 early and 589 late mild cognitive impairment (EMCI, LMCI) and 348 AD participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were included. Irregular word reading was assessed with the American National Adult Reading Test (AmNART). Multiple linear regressions were conducted predicting AmNART score using diagnostic category, general cognitive impairment and semantic tests. A generalized logistic mixed-effects model predicted correct reading using extracted psycholinguistic characteristics of each AmNART words. Deformation-based morphometry was used to assess the relationship between AmNART scores and voxel-wise brain volumes, as well as with the volume of a region of interest placed in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Results EMCI, LMCI and AD patients made significantly more errors in reading irregular words compared to HC, and AD patients made more errors than all other groups. Across the AD continuum, as well as within each diagnostic group, irregular word reading was significantly correlated to measures of general cognitive impairment / dementia severity. Neuropsychological tests of lexicosemantics were moderately correlated to irregular word reading whilst executive functioning and episodic memory were respectively weakly and not correlated. Age of acquisition, a primarily semantic variable, had a strong effect on irregular word reading accuracy whilst none of the phonological variables significantly contributed. Neuroimaging analyses pointed to bilateral hippocampal and left ATL volume loss as the main contributors to decreased irregular word reading performances. Conclusions Irregular word reading performances decline throughout the AD continuum, and therefore, premorbid intelligence estimates based on the AmNART should not be considered accurate in MCI or AD. Results are consistent with the theory of irregular word reading impairments as an indicator of disease severity and semantic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marier
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- Douglas Research Centre & Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, Canada, H4H 1R3
| | | | - Maxime Montembeault
- Douglas Research Centre & Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, Canada, H4H 1R3
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5
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Fan X, Guo Q, Zhang X, Fei L, He S, Weng X. Top-down modulation and cortical-AMG/HPC interaction in familiar face processing. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4677-4687. [PMID: 36156127 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can accurately recognize familiar faces in only a few hundred milliseconds, but the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Here, we recorded intracranial electrophysiological signals from ventral temporal cortex (VTC), superior/middle temporal cortex (STC/MTC), medial parietal cortex (MPC), and amygdala/hippocampus (AMG/HPC) in 20 epilepsy patients while they viewed faces of famous people and strangers as well as common objects. In posterior VTC and MPC, familiarity-sensitive responses emerged significantly later than initial face-selective responses, suggesting that familiarity enhances face representations after they are first being extracted. Moreover, viewing famous faces increased the coupling between cortical areas and AMG/HPC in multiple frequency bands. These findings advance our understanding of the neural basis of familiar face perception by identifying the top-down modulation in local face-selective response and interactions between cortical face areas and AMG/HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fan
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, United States
| | - Qiang Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education,Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510898, China
| | - Lingxia Fei
- Epilepsy Center, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education,Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510898, China
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Tallman CW, Clark RE, Smith CN. Human brain activity and functional connectivity as memories age from one hour to one month. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:115-133. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.2021164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W. Tallman
- Department of Psychology, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert E. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine N. Smith
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Autobiographical memory unknown: Pervasive autobiographical memory loss encompassing personality trait knowledge in an individual with medial temporal lobe amnesia. Cortex 2021; 147:41-57. [PMID: 35007893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory consists of distinct memory types varying from highly abstract to episodic. Self trait knowledge, which is considered one of the more abstract types of autobiographical memory, is thought to rely on regions of the autobiographical memory neural network implicated in schema representation, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and critically, not the medial temporal lobes. The current case study introduces an individual who experienced bilateral posterior cerebral artery strokes resulting in extensive medial temporal lobe damage with sparing of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, in addition to severe retrograde and anterograde episodic and autobiographical fact amnesia, this individual's self trait knowledge was impaired for his current and pre-morbid personality traits. Yet, further assessment revealed that this individual had preserved conceptual knowledge for personality traits, could reliably and accurately rate another person's traits, and could access his own self-concept in a variety of ways. In addition to autobiographical memory loss, he demonstrated impairment on non-personal semantic memory tests, most notably on tests requiring retrieval of unique knowledge. This rare case of amnesia suggests a previously unreported role for the medial temporal lobes in self trait knowledge, which we propose reflects the critical role of this neural region in the storage and retrieval of personal semantics that are experience-near, meaning autobiographical facts grounded in spatiotemporal contexts.
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8
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Harrington DL, Shen Q, Sadeghi V, Huang M, Litvan I, Wei X, Lee RR. Semantic Recollection in Parkinson's Disease: Functional Reconfiguration and MAPT Variants. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:727057. [PMID: 34616286 PMCID: PMC8489380 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.727057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline in semantic cognition in early stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a leading risk factor for future dementia, yet the underlying neural mechanisms are not understood. The present study addressed this gap by investigating the functional connectivity of regions involved in semantic recollection. We further examined whether microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) risk variants, which may accelerate cognitive decline, altered the strength of regional functional connections. Cognitively normal PD and healthy elder controls underwent fMRI while performing a fame-discrimination task, which activates the semantic network. Analyses focused on disturbances in fame-modulated functional connectivity in PD for regions that govern semantic recollection and interrelated processes. Group differences were found in multiple connectivity features, which were reduced into principal components that reflected the strength of fame-modulated regional couplings with other brain areas. Despite the absence of group differences in semantic cognition, two aberrant connectivity patterns were uncovered in PD. One pattern was related to a loss in frontal, parietal, and temporal connection topologies that governed semantic recollection in older controls. Another pattern was characterized by functional reconfiguration, wherein frontal, parietal, temporal and caudate couplings were strengthened with areas that were not recruited by controls. Correlations between principal component scores and cognitive measures suggested that reconfigured frontal coupling topologies in PD supported compensatory routes for accessing semantic content, whereas reconfigured parietal, temporal, and caudate connection topologies were detrimental or unrelated to cognition. Increased tau transcription diminished recruitment of compensatory frontal topologies but amplified recruitment of parietal topologies that were unfavorable for cognition. Collectively, the findings provide a new understanding of early vulnerabilities in the functional architecture of regional connectivity during semantic recollection in cognitively normal PD. The findings also have implications for tracking cognitive progression and selecting patients who stand to benefit from therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Harrington
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Qian Shen
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vida Sadeghi
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiangyu Wei
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Roland R Lee
- Research and Radiology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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9
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Greater Semantic Memory Activation After Exercise Training Cessation in Older Endurance-Trained Athletes. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:250-258. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of a 10-day exercise-training cessation on semantic memory functional activation in older distance runners. Methods: Ten master runners (62.6 ± 7.0 years) with a long-term endurance-training history (29.0 ± 6.0 years) underwent a 10-day training cessation. Before and immediately after the training cessation, semantic memory activation was measured during the famous name recognition task, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The 10-day training cessation resulted in greater semantic memory activation in three brain regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and inferior semilunar lobule. The 10-day training cessation did not significantly alter famous name recognition task performance. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that even a relatively short period without exercise training alters the functional activation patterns of semantic memory–related neural networks. Increased semantic memory activation after training cessation may indicate reduced neural efficiency during successful memory retrieval.
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10
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HIV-related decreased brain activity during a semantic memory task is reflected in spontaneous brain functional connectivity. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2020.94720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Kalscheur EJ, Kandah CC, Woodard JL, Song W, Seidenberg M. Duration of Fame and Extent of Semantic Knowledge of Famous Names in Cognitively Intact Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:1382-1391. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The greater resilience of older memories relative to recent memories has primarily been demonstrated in clinical groups, but this phenomenon has been less extensively examined in cognitively intact older adults. Additionally, most studies of person-identity have only examined recognition or familiarity of a famous face or name, and there has been less systematic study of access to more specific person-identity semantic knowledge. The current study examined the effect of both memory age and extent of semantic knowledge on famous name recognition and retrieval of person-identity biographical information in healthy older adults.
Method
We examined recognition accuracy and response time of famous names at three time epochs (recent fame, transitory fame and enduring fame) in cognitively intact older adults. We also compared access to semantic knowledge that differed on the degree of specificity of biographical information: categorical, associative, and attribute knowledge.
Results
As predicted, participants recognized transitory famous names more quickly and accurately than recent famous names. Additionally, participants recognized enduring famous names more accurately than transitory famous names and recent names. We also found that categorical semantic knowledge was accessed more quickly and accurately than semantic knowledge for associative and attribute information.
Conclusions
These findings provide data on the cognitive structure and retrieval of person-identity knowledge and memory age in older cognitively intact individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Kalscheur
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cassandra C Kandah
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Woojin Song
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Seidenberg
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing body of research suggests that regular participation in long-term exercise is associated with enhanced cognitive function. However, less is known about the beneficial effects of acute exercise on semantic memory. This study investigated brain activation during a semantic memory task after a single session of exercise in healthy older adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Using a within-subjects counterbalanced design, 26 participants (ages, 55-85 years) underwent two experimental visits on separate days. During each visit, participants engaged in 30 min of rest or stationary cycling exercise immediately before performing a Famous and Non-Famous name discrimination task during fMRI scanning. RESULTS Acute exercise was associated with significantly greater semantic memory activation (Famous>Non-Famous) in the middle frontal, inferior temporal, middle temporal, and fusiform gyri. A planned comparison additionally showed significantly greater activation in the bilateral hippocampus after exercise compared to rest. These effects were confined to correct trials, and as expected, there were no differences between conditions in response time or accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Greater brain activation following a single session of exercise suggests that exercise may increase neural processes underlying semantic memory activation in healthy older adults. These effects were localized to the known semantic memory network, and thus do not appear to reflect a general or widespread increase in brain blood flow. Coupled with our prior exercise training effects on semantic memory-related activation, these data suggest the acute increase in neural activation after exercise may provide a stimulus for adaptation over repeated exercise sessions. (JINS, 2019, 25, 557-568).
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13
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Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C, Ekstrom AD, Wiltgen BJ. A contextual binding theory of episodic memory: systems consolidation reconsidered. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:364-375. [PMID: 30872808 PMCID: PMC7233541 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory reflects the ability to recollect the temporal and spatial context of past experiences. Episodic memories depend on the hippocampus but have been proposed to undergo rapid forgetting unless consolidated during offline periods such as sleep to neocortical areas for long-term storage. Here, we propose an alternative to this standard systems consolidation theory (SSCT) - a contextual binding account - in which the hippocampus binds item-related and context-related information. We compare these accounts in light of behavioural, lesion, neuroimaging and sleep studies of episodic memory and contend that forgetting is largely due to contextual interference, episodic memory remains dependent on the hippocampus across time, contextual drift produces post-encoding activity and sleep benefits memory by reducing contextual interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian J Wiltgen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Runyan JD, Moore AN, Dash PK. Coordinating what we’ve learned about memory consolidation: Revisiting a unified theory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Anderson AJ, Lin F. How pattern information analyses of semantic brain activity elicited in language comprehension could contribute to the early identification of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101788. [PMID: 30991624 PMCID: PMC6451171 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a loss of semantic knowledge reflecting brain pathophysiology that begins years before dementia. Identifying early signs of pathophysiology induced dysfunction in the neural systems that access and process words' meaning could therefore help forecast dementia. This article reviews pioneering studies demonstrating that abnormal functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) response patterns elicited in semantic tasks reflect both AD-pathophysiology and the hereditary risk of AD, and also can help forecast cognitive decline. However, to bring current semantic task-based fMRI research up to date with new AD research guidelines the relationship with different types of AD-pathophysiology needs to be more thoroughly examined. We shall argue that new analytic techniques and experimental paradigms will be critical for this. Previous work has relied on specialized tests of specific components of semantic knowledge/processing (e.g. famous name recognition) to reveal coarse AD-related changes in activation across broad brain regions. Recent computational advances now enable more detailed tests of the semantic information that is represented within brain regions during more natural language comprehension. These new methods stand to more directly index how pathophysiology alters neural information processing, whilst using language comprehension as the basis for a more comprehensive examination of semantic brain function. We here connect the semantic pattern information analysis literature up with AD research to raise awareness to potential cross-disciplinary research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States of America.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States of America; School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, United States of America.
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16
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Lucas I, Sánchez-Adam A, Vila J, Guerra P. Positive emotional reactions to loved names. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13363. [PMID: 30883805 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies concerning personal attachment have successfully used loved familiar faces to prompt positive affective and physiological reactions. Moreover, the processing of emotional words shows similar physiological patterns to those found with affective pictures. The objective of this study was to assess whether the passive viewing of loved names would produce a pattern of subjective and physiological reactivity similar to that produced by the passive viewing of loved faces. The results showed that, compared to neutral (unknown) and famous names, loved names produced a biphasic pattern of heart rate deceleration-acceleration, heightened skin conductance and zygomaticus muscle activity, inhibition of corrugator muscle activity, and potentiation of the startle reflex response. This pattern of physiological responses was accompanied by subjective reports of higher positive affect and arousal for loved names than for neutral and famous ones. These findings highlight not only the similarity but also the differences between the affective processing of identity recognition by loved faces and names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Adam
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Jaime Vila
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Guerra
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
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17
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Characterization of a Factual Knowledge–Associated Brain Memory Area by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Implementation in Tumor and Epilepsy Brain Surgery. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:291-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Huijbers W, Papp KV, LaPoint M, Wigman SE, Dagley A, Hedden T, Rentz DM, Schultz AP, Sperling RA. Age-Related Increases in Tip-of-the-tongue are Distinct from Decreases in Remembering Names: A Functional MRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:4339-4349. [PMID: 27578492 PMCID: PMC6074848 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences increase with age and frequently heighten concerns about memory decline. We studied 73 clinically normal older adults participating in the Harvard Aging Brain Study. They completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that required remembering names associated with pictures of famous faces. Older age was associated with more self-reported TOT experiences and a decrease in the percentage of remembered names. However, the percentage of TOT experiences and the percentage of remembered names were not directly correlated. We mapped fMRI activity for recollection of famous names and TOT and examined activity in the hippocampal formation, retrosplenial cortex, and lateral prefrontal cortex. The hippocampal formation was similarly activated in recollection and TOT experiences. In contrast, the retrosplenial cortex was most active for recollection and lateral prefrontal cortex was most active for TOT experiences. Together, the results confirm that age-related increases in TOT experiences are not only solely the consequence of age-related decline in recollection, but also likely reflect functional alterations in the brain networks that support retrieval monitoring and cognitive control. These findings provide behavioral and neuroimaging evidence that age-related TOT experiences and memory failure are partially independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Huijbers
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Department of Population Health Sciences, Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathryn V. Papp
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Molly LaPoint
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wigman
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex Dagley
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Trey Hedden
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dorene M. Rentz
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Liu ZX, Grady C, Moscovitch M. Effects of Prior-Knowledge on Brain Activation and Connectivity During Associative Memory Encoding. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1991-2009. [PMID: 26941384 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming new associations is a fundamental process of building our knowledge system. At the brain level, how prior-knowledge influences acquisition of novel associations has not been thoroughly investigated. Based on recent cognitive neuroscience literature on multiple-component memory processing, we hypothesize that prior-knowledge triggers additional evaluative, semantic, or episodic-binding processes, mainly supported by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior temporal pole (aTPL), and hippocampus (HPC), to facilitate new memory encoding. To test this hypothesis, we scanned 20 human participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they associated novel houses with famous or nonfamous faces. Behaviorally, we found beneficial effects of prior-knowledge on associative memory. At the brain level, we found that the vmPFC and HPC, as well as the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and fusiform face area, showed stronger activation when famous faces were involved. The vmPFC, aTPL, HPC, and PPA also exhibited stronger activation when famous faces elicited stronger emotions and memories, and when associations were later recollected. Connectivity analyses also suggested that HPC connectivity with the vmPFC plays a more important role in the famous than nonfamous condition. Taken together, our results suggest that prior-knowledge facilitates new associative encoding by recruiting additional perceptual, evaluative, or associative binding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xu Liu
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Center.,Applied Psychology and Human Development, OISE
| | - Cheryl Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Center.,Department of Psychology.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Center.,Department of Psychology
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20
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van Ekert J, Wegman J, Jansen C, Takashima A, Janzen G. The dynamics of memory consolidation of landmarks. Hippocampus 2017; 27:393-404. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke van Ekert
- Radboud University Nijmegen Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 91046500 HENijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 91016500 HBNijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joost Wegman
- Radboud University Nijmegen Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 91046500 HENijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 91016500 HBNijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Jansen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 91046500 HENijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 91016500 HBNijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Atsuko Takashima
- Radboud University Nijmegen Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 91046500 HENijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 91016500 HBNijmegen The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, P.O. Box 3106500 AHNijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Janzen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 91046500 HENijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 91016500 HBNijmegen The Netherlands
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21
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Schallmo MP, Kassel MT, Weisenbach SL, Walker SJ, Guidotti-Breting LM, Rao JA, Hazlett KE, Considine CM, Sethi G, Vats N, Pecina M, Welsh RC, Starkman MN, Giordani B, Langenecker SA. A new semantic list learning task to probe functioning of the Papez circuit. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 37:816-33. [PMID: 26313512 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION List learning tasks are powerful clinical tools for studying memory, yet have been relatively underutilized within the functional imaging literature. This limits understanding of regions such as the Papez circuit that support memory performance in healthy, nondemented adults. METHOD The current study characterized list learning performance in 40 adults who completed a semantic list learning task (SLLT) with a Brown-Peterson manipulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cued recall with semantic cues and recognition memory were assessed after imaging. Internal reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity were evaluated. RESULTS Subjects averaged 38% accuracy in recall (62% for recognition), with primacy but no recency effects observed. Validity and reliability were demonstrated by showing that the SLLT was correlated with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), but not with executive functioning tests, and by high intraclass correlation coefficient across lists for recall (.91). fMRI measurements during encoding (vs. silent rehearsal) revealed significant activation in bilateral hippocampus, parahippocampus, and bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Post hoc analyses showed increased activation in anterior and middle hippocampus, subgenual cingulate, and mammillary bodies specific to encoding. In addition, increasing age was positively associated with increased activation in a diffuse network, particularly frontal cortex and specific Papez regions for correctly recalled words. Gender differences were specific to left inferior and superior frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS This is a clinically relevant list learning task that can be used in studies of groups for which the Papez circuit is damaged or disrupted, in mixed or crossover studies at imaging and clinical sites.
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22
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Dede AJO, Smith CN. The Functional and Structural Neuroanatomy of Systems Consolidation for Autobiographical and Semantic Memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 37:119-150. [PMID: 27677778 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that patients with memory impairment have more difficulty retrieving memories from the recent past relative to the remote past and that damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a key role in this pattern of impairment. The precise role of the MTL and how it may interact with other brain regions remains an area of active research. We investigated the role of structures in a memory network that supports remembering. Our chapter focuses on two types of memory: episodic memory and semantic memory. Findings from studies of patients with brain damage and neuroimaging studies in patients and healthy individuals were considered together to identify the functional and structural neuroanatomy of past remembrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J O Dede
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116A), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Christine N Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116A), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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23
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Sikka R, Cuddy LL, Johnsrude IS, Vanstone AD. An fMRI comparison of neural activity associated with recognition of familiar melodies in younger and older adults. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:356. [PMID: 26500480 PMCID: PMC4594019 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies of semantic memory in non-musical domains involving recognition of items from long-term memory have shown an age-related shift from the medial temporal lobe structures to the frontal lobe. However, the effects of aging on musical semantic memory remain unexamined. We compared activation associated with recognition of familiar melodies in younger and older adults. Recognition follows successful retrieval from the musical lexicon that comprises a lifetime of learned musical phrases. We used the sparse-sampling technique in fMRI to determine the neural correlates of melody recognition by comparing activation when listening to familiar vs. unfamiliar melodies, and to identify age differences. Recognition-related cortical activation was detected in the right superior temporal, bilateral inferior and superior frontal, left middle orbitofrontal, bilateral precentral, and left supramarginal gyri. Region-of-interest analysis showed greater activation for younger adults in the left superior temporal gyrus and for older adults in the left superior frontal, left angular, and bilateral superior parietal regions. Our study provides powerful evidence for these musical memory networks due to a large sample (N = 40) that includes older adults. This study is the first to investigate the neural basis of melody recognition in older adults and to compare the findings to younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sikka
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lola L. Cuddy
- Music Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ingrid S. Johnsrude
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
- Cognitive Neuroscience of Communication and Hearing, Department of Psychology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley D. Vanstone
- Music Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the hippocampus guides the reorganization of the information stored in the neocortex such that it eventually becomes independent of the hippocampus. Early evidence for systems consolidation was provided by studies of retrograde amnesia, which found that damage to the hippocampus-impaired memories formed in the recent past, but typically spared memories formed in the more remote past. Systems consolidation has been found to occur for both episodic and semantic memories and for both spatial and nonspatial memories, although empirical inconsistencies and theoretical disagreements remain about these issues. Recent work has begun to characterize the neural mechanisms that underlie the dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex (e.g., "neural replay," which occurs during sharp wave ripple activity). New work has also identified variables, such as the amount of preexisting knowledge, that affect the rate of consolidation. The increasing use of molecular genetic tools (e.g., optogenetics) can be expected to further improve understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T Wixted
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Richard G Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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25
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Semantic Processing Impairment in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 2015:746745. [PMID: 26257956 PMCID: PMC4519536 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impairment in episodic memory system is the best-known cognitive deficit in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Recent studies have shown evidence of semantic disorders, but they have been less studied than episodic memory. The semantic dysfunction in TLE has various cognitive manifestations, such as the presence of language disorders characterized by defects in naming, verbal fluency, or remote semantic information retrieval, which affects the ability of patients to interact with their surroundings. This paper is a review of recent research about the consequences of TLE on semantic processing, considering neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging findings, as well as the functional role of the hippocampus in semantic processing. The evidence from these studies shows disturbance of semantic memory in patients with TLE and supports the theory of declarative memory of the hippocampus. Functional neuroimaging studies show an inefficient compensatory functional reorganization of semantic networks and electrophysiological studies show a lack of N400 effect that could indicate that the deficit in semantic processing in patients with TLE could be due to a failure in the mechanisms of automatic access to lexicon.
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26
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Rao SM, Bonner-Jackson A, Nielson KA, Seidenberg M, Smith JC, Woodard JL, Durgerian S. Genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease alters the five-year trajectory of semantic memory activation in cognitively intact elders. Neuroimage 2015; 111:136-46. [PMID: 25687593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with cognitive declines typically accompanied by increased task-related brain activity in comparison to younger counterparts. The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC) (Park and Reuter-Lorenz, 2009; Reuter-Lorenz and Park, 2014) posits that compensatory brain processes are responsible for maintaining normal cognitive performance in older adults, despite accumulation of aging-related neural damage. Cross-sectional studies indicate that cognitively intact elders at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrate patterns of increased brain activity compared to low risk elders, suggesting that compensation represents an early response to AD-associated pathology. Whether this compensatory response persists or declines with the onset of cognitive impairment can only be addressed using a longitudinal design. The current prospective, 5-year longitudinal study examined brain activation in APOE ε4 carriers (N=24) and non-carriers (N=21). All participants, ages 65-85 and cognitively intact at study entry, underwent task-activated fMRI, structural MRI, and neuropsychological assessments at baseline, 18, and 57 months. fMRI activation was measured in response to a semantic memory task requiring participants to discriminate famous from non-famous names. Results indicated that the trajectory of change in brain activation while performing this semantic memory task differed between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. The APOE ε4 group exhibited greater activation than the Low Risk group at baseline, but they subsequently showed a progressive decline in activation during the follow-up periods with corresponding emergence of episodic memory loss and hippocampal atrophy. In contrast, the non-carriers demonstrated a gradual increase in activation over the 5-year period. Our results are consistent with the STAC model by demonstrating that compensation varies with the severity of underlying neural damage and can be exhausted with the onset of cognitive symptoms and increased structural brain pathology. Our fMRI results could not be attributed to changes in task performance, group differences in cerebral perfusion, or regional cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Rao
- Schey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
| | - Aaron Bonner-Jackson
- Schey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael Seidenberg
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - John L Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Sally Durgerian
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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27
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Geukes C, Müller HM. Proper name anomia after right-hemispheric lesion: a case study. Neurocase 2015; 21:520-8. [PMID: 25105322 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2014.945462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the case of CH, a 68-year-old left-handed woman who suffered a right temporo-parieto-occipital infarct in the territory of the middle cerebral artery and who exhibits severe proper name anomia. During the acute stage, CH was diagnosed with severe amnestic aphasia (Aachen Aphasia Test). Her lesion mirrors those of left hemisphere impairing the processing proper names, without an aphasic language disorder in general. Seven weeks later, language improved to a mild amnestic aphasia that currently does not interfere with her daily life. However, the use of proper names in both the visual and auditory modalities was still impaired and showed no improvement after 6 months of speech therapy. While not being able to name family members or familiar persons, she was, however, still able to describe the persons' backgrounds along with some additional semantic information. Furthermore, in a simple semantic design test, CH was selectively impaired in correctly classifying proper names into their respective word classes. Conversely, she was able to correctly name and classify other word categories (e.g., common nouns). In the subsequent study, we assessed the modalities "auditory comprehension," "picture naming," and "reading comprehension" and classified her responses in the categories "correctly named," "correctly classified," "correctly described attributes" (e.g., occupation) and "falsely named." The results were compared with those of an age-matched healthy control group. In the visual task, CH correctly named 80% of the visualized objects, 3% of the familiar persons and 15% of the familiar city views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Geukes
- a Experimental Neurolinguistics Group, Faculty of Linguistics and Literary Studies , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld , Germany
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28
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Denkova EJ, Manning L. FMRI contributions to addressing autobiographical memory impairment in temporal lobe pathology. World J Radiol 2014; 6:93-105. [PMID: 24778771 PMCID: PMC4000613 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i4.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic autobiographical memory (AM) allows one, through the recollection of sensory-perceptual details, thoughts and feelings, to become aware of an event as belonging to one’s own past as well as being able to project into one’s future. Because AM provides a sense of self-continuity, contributes to the integrity of the self, and helps predicting future experiences, any deficit of AM may have debilitating consequences for everyday life functioning. Understanding AM failure and the underlying neural mechanisms has the potential to shed light on brain reorganization mechanisms and engagement of compensatory processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides the most promising imaging method to tackle these issues. We reviewed evidence from the few studies that used fMRI to investigate the functionality of the residual tissue, the neural reorganization and compensatory mechanisms in patients with neurological conditions due to impaired medial temporal lobe. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of the left hippocampus, which when atrophied and not functional leads to AM deficits but its residual functionality may support relatively normal AM recollection. When damaged hippocampal tissue is not functional, other brain regions (e.g., the medial prefrontal cortex) may be involved to compensate impairment, but they appear generally ineffective to support detailed episodic recollection.
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29
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Smith JC, Nielson KA, Antuono P, Lyons JA, Hanson RJ, Butts AM, Hantke NC, Verber MD. Semantic memory functional MRI and cognitive function after exercise intervention in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 37:197-215. [PMID: 23803298 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with early memory loss, Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, inefficient or ineffective neural processing, and increased risk for AD. Unfortunately, treatments aimed at improving clinical symptoms or markers of brain function generally have been of limited value. Physical exercise is often recommended for people diagnosed with MCI, primarily because of its widely reported cognitive benefits in healthy older adults. However, it is unknown if exercise actually benefits brain function during memory retrieval in MCI. Here, we examined the effects of exercise training on semantic memory activation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Seventeen MCI participants and 18 cognitively intact controls, similar in sex, age, education, genetic risk, and medication use, volunteered for a 12-week exercise intervention consisting of supervised treadmill walking at a moderate intensity. Both MCI and control participants significantly increased their cardiorespiratory fitness by approximately 10% on a treadmill exercise test. Before and after the exercise intervention, participants completed an fMRI famous name discrimination task and a neuropsychological battery, Performance on Trial 1 of a list-learning task significantly improved in the MCI participants. Eleven brain regions activated during the semantic memory task showed a significant decrease in activation intensity following the intervention that was similar between groups (p-values ranged 0.048 to 0.0001). These findings suggest exercise may improve neural efficiency during semantic memory retrieval in MCI and cognitively intact older adults, and may lead to improvement in cognitive function. Clinical trials are needed to determine if exercise is effective to delay conversion to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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30
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Seidenberg M, Kay CD, Woodard JL, Nielson KA, Smith JC, Kandah C, Guidotti Breting LM, Novitski J, Lancaster M, Matthews M, Hantke N, Butts A, Rao SM. Recognition of famous names predicts cognitive decline in healthy elders. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:333-42. [PMID: 23688215 DOI: 10.1037/a0032226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to recognize familiar people is impaired in both Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Dementia (AD). In addition, both groups often demonstrate a time-limited temporal gradient (TG) in which well known people from decades earlier are better recalled than those learned recently. In this study, we examined the TG in cognitively intact elders for remote famous names (1950-1965) compared to more recent famous names (1995-2005). We hypothesized that the TG pattern on a famous name recognition task (FNRT) would predict future cognitive decline, and also show a significant correlation with hippocampal volume. METHOD Seventy-eight healthy elders (ages 65-90) with age-appropriate cognitive functioning at baseline were administered a FNRT. Follow-up testing 18 months later produced two groups: Declining (≥ 1 SD reduction on at least one of three measures) and Stable (< 1 SD). RESULTS The Declining group (N = 27) recognized fewer recent famous names than the Stable group (N = 51), although recognition for remote names was comparable. Baseline MRI volumes for both the left and right hippocampi were significantly smaller in the Declining group than the Stable group. Smaller baseline hippocampal volume was also significantly correlated with poorer performance for recent, but not remote famous names. Logistic regression analyses indicated that baseline TG performance was a significant predictor of group status (Declining vs. Stable) independent of chronological age and APOE ε4 inheritance. CONCLUSIONS The TG for famous name recognition may serve as an early preclinical cognitive marker of cognitive decline in healthy older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidenberg
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Roberts J, Tsivilis D, Mayes A. The electrophysiological correlates of recent and remote recollection. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Campanella F, Fabbro F, Urgesi C. Cognitive and anatomical underpinnings of the conceptual knowledge for common objects and familiar people: a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64596. [PMID: 23704999 PMCID: PMC3660352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have addressed the issue of how knowledge of common objects is organized in the brain, whereas the cognitive and anatomical underpinnings of familiar people knowledge have been less explored. Here we applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right temporal poles before asking healthy individuals to perform a speeded word-to-picture matching task using familiar people and common objects as stimuli. We manipulated two widely used semantic variables, namely the semantic distance and the familiarity of stimuli, to assess whether the semantic organization of familiar people knowledge is similar to that of common objects. For both objects and faces we reliably found semantic distance and familiarity effects, with less accurate and slower responses for stimulus pairs that were more closely related and less familiar. However, the effects of semantic variables differed across categories, with semantic distance effects larger for objects and familiarity effects larger for faces, suggesting that objects and faces might share a partially comparable organization of their semantic representations. The application of rTMS to the left temporal pole modulated, for both categories, semantic distance, but not familiarity effects, revealing that accessing object and face concepts might rely on overlapping processes within left anterior temporal regions. Crucially, rTMS of the left temporal pole affected only the recognition of pairs of stimuli that could be discriminated at specific levels of categorization (e.g., two kitchen tools or two famous persons), with no effect for discriminations at either superordinate or individual levels. Conversely, rTMS of the right temporal pole induced an overall slowing of reaction times that positively correlated with the visual similarity of the stimuli, suggesting a more perceptual rather than semantic role of the right anterior temporal regions. Results are discussed in the light of current models of face and object semantic representations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Campanella
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’, Udine, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico ‘E. Medea’, Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico ‘E. Medea’, Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
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Comparison of semantic and episodic memory BOLD fMRI activation in predicting cognitive decline in older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013. [PMID: 23199565 PMCID: PMC3584558 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617712000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that task-activated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can predict future cognitive decline among healthy older adults. The present fMRI study examined the relative sensitivity of semantic memory (SM) versus episodic memory (EM) activation tasks for predicting cognitive decline. Seventy-eight cognitively intact elders underwent neuropsychological testing at entry and after an 18-month interval, with participants classified as cognitively "Stable" or "Declining" based on ≥ 1.0 SD decline in performance. Baseline fMRI scanning involved SM (famous name discrimination) and EM (name recognition) tasks. SM and EM fMRI activation, along with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status, served as predictors of cognitive outcome using a logistic regression analysis. Twenty-seven (34.6%) participants were classified as Declining and 51 (65.4%) as Stable. APOE ε4 status alone significantly predicted cognitive decline (R(2) = .106; C index = .642). Addition of SM activation significantly improved prediction accuracy (R(2) = .285; C index = .787), whereas the addition of EM did not (R(2) = .212; C index = .711). In combination with APOE status, SM task activation predicts future cognitive decline better than EM activation. These results have implications for use of fMRI in prevention clinical trials involving the identification of persons at-risk for age-associated memory loss and Alzheimer's disease.
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Guidotti Breting LM, Tuminello ER, Duke Han S. Functional neuroimaging studies in normal aging. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 10:91-111. [PMID: 21751096 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With an expanding aging population, it is increasingly important to gain a better understanding of the changes in cognition and neural integrity that occur in normal aging. The advent of non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques has spurred researchers to examine cognition and neural functioning in healthy older adults. A significant amount of research has been produced since this time and has led to influential theories of aging such as the hemispheric asymmetry reduction for older adults (HAROLD) model and the compensatory recruitment hypothesis. This chapter discusses advances in our understanding of normal aging achieved through the use of functional neuroimaging. Research examining age-related changes in domains such as attention, memory, and executive functioning, as well as imaging of the resting-state and the influences of genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE genotype), are discussed. In conclusion, limitations of the current literature and important avenues for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Guidotti Breting
- Department of Psychiarty and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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Woodard JL, Sugarman MA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in aging and dementia: detection of age-related cognitive changes and prediction of cognitive decline. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 10:113-136. [PMID: 21922397 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows for dynamic observation of the neural substrates of cognitive processing, which makes it a valuable tool for studying brain changes that may occur with both normal and pathological aging. fMRI studies have revealed that older adults frequently exhibit a greater magnitude and extent activation of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal compared to younger adults. This additional activation may reflect compensatory recruitment associated with functional and structural deterioration of neural resources. Increased activation has also been associated with several risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the apolipoprotein ε4 allele. Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that fMRI may have predictive utility in determining which individuals are at the greatest risk of developing cognitive decline. This chapter will review the results of a number of task-activated fMRI studies of older adults, focusing on both healthy aging and neuropathology associated with AD. We also discuss models that account for cognitive aging processes, including the hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD) and scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC) models. Finally, we discuss methodological issues commonly associated with fMRI research in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., 7th Floor, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA,
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36
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Sugarman MA, Woodard JL, Nielson KA, Seidenberg M, Smith JC, Durgerian S, Rao SM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of semantic memory as a presymptomatic biomarker of Alzheimer's disease risk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:442-56. [PMID: 21996618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been directed toward strategies for predicting risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) prior to the appearance of observable symptoms. Existing approaches for early detection of AD vary in terms of their efficacy, invasiveness, and ease of implementation. Several non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging strategies have been developed for predicting decline in cognitively healthy older adults. This review will survey a number of studies, beginning with the development of a famous name discrimination task used to identify neural regions that participate in semantic memory retrieval and to test predictions of several key theories of the role of the hippocampus in memory. This task has revealed medial temporal and neocortical contributions to recent and remote memory retrieval, and it has been used to demonstrate compensatory neural recruitment in older adults, apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers, and amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients. Recently, we have also found that the famous name discrimination task provides predictive value for forecasting episodic memory decline among asymptomatic older adults. Other studies investigating the predictive value of semantic memory tasks will also be presented. We suggest several advantages associated with the use of semantic processing tasks, particularly those based on person identification, in comparison to episodic memory tasks to study AD risk. Future directions for research and potential clinical uses of semantic memory paradigms are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.
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37
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Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3188-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Most studies on memory consolidation consider the new information as if it were imposed on a tabula rasa, but considerable evidence indicates that new memories must be interleaved within a large network of relevant pre-existing knowledge. Early studies on reconsolidation highlighted that a newly consolidated memory could be erased after reactivation, but new evidence has shown that an effective reactivation experience must also involve memory reorganization to incorporate new learning. The combination of these observations on consolidation and reconsolidation highlights the fundamental similarities of both phenomena as the integration of new information and old, and it suggests reconsolidation = consolidation as a neverending process of schema modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam McKenzie
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Verber MD, Durgerian S, Antuono P, Butts AM, Hantke NC, Lancaster MA, Rao SM. Does physical activity influence semantic memory activation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment? Psychiatry Res 2011; 193:60-2. [PMID: 21601432 PMCID: PMC3105157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of physical activity (PA) on functional brain activation for semantic memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) was examined using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during fame discrimination. Significantly greater semantic memory activation occurred in the left caudate of High- versus Low-PA patients, (P=0.03), suggesting PA may enhance memory-related caudate activation in aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Carson Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - Kristy A. Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201 USA; and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - John L. Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Michael Seidenberg
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Matthew D. Verber
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Sally Durgerian
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Piero Antuono
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Alissa M. Butts
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201 USA
| | - Nathan C. Hantke
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201 USA
| | - Melissa A. Lancaster
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Stephen M. Rao
- Schey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave / U10, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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40
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR. Accessing Semantic Person Knowledge: Temporal Dynamics of Nonstrategic Categorical and Associative Priming. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:447-59. [PMID: 20146597 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent theories of semantic memory suggest a subdivision into several separate domains of knowledge. The present study examined the structure of semantic person knowledge by analyzing both behavioral and ERP correlates of associative priming (via co-occurrence and/or shared semantic information) versus purely categorical priming (via shared occupational information). Participants performed familiarity decisions for target faces, which were preceded by sandwich-masked prime names at either short (33 msec) or long (1033 msec) SOAs. Although masking effectively prevented explicit prime recognition, faster RTs were generally observed for both associative and categorical priming (relative to an unrelated prime-target condition). At the short SOA, both associatively and categorically primed targets similarly elicited more positive going ERPs compared with unrelated targets in the N400 time range (N400 priming effect), suggesting a common initial mechanism mediating both forms of priming. By contrast, at the long SOA, a typical N400 priming effect was observed for associative priming only, whereas the corresponding effect for categorical priming was small and restricted to a left parietal site. This hitherto unreported interaction of relatedness, and SOA in the N400 suggests an initial fast spreading of activation to a wide range of related targets, which subsequently focuses to more closely related people at longer SOAs. This ability of ERPs to trace the neural dynamics of activation for different forms of prime/target relatedness can be exploited for testing different models of semantic priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Wiese
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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41
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Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Nielson KA, Smith JC, Antuono P, Durgerian S, Guidotti L, Zhang Q, Butts A, Hantke N, Lancaster M, Rao SM. Prediction of cognitive decline in healthy older adults using fMRI. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 21:871-85. [PMID: 20634590 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-091693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the extent to which structural and functional MRI, alone and in combination with genetic biomarkers, can predict future cognitive decline in asymptomatic elders. This prospective study evaluated individual and combined contributions of demographic information, genetic risk, hippocampal volume, and fMRI activation for predicting cognitive decline after an 18-month retest interval. Standardized neuropsychological testing, an fMRI semantic memory task (famous name discrimination), and structural MRI (sMRI) were performed on 78 healthy elders (73% female; mean age = 73 years, range = 65 to 88 years). Positive family history of dementia and presence of one or both apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 alleles occurred in 51.3% and 33.3% of the sample, respectively. Hippocampal volumes were traced from sMRI scans. At follow-up, all participants underwent a repeat neuropsychological examination. At 18 months, 27 participants (34.6%) declined by at least 1 SD on one of three neuropsychological measures. Using logistic regression, demographic variables (age, years of education, gender) and family history of dementia did not predict future cognitive decline. Greater fMRI activity, absence of an APOE ε4 allele, and larger hippocampal volume were associated with reduced likelihood of cognitive decline. The most effective combination of predictors involved fMRI brain activity and APOE ε4 status. Brain activity measured from task-activated fMRI, in combination with APOE ε4 status, was successful in identifying cognitively intact individuals at greatest risk for developing cognitive decline over a relatively brief time period. These results have implications for enriching prevention clinical trials designed to slow AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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42
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Nadel L, Hardt O. Update on memory systems and processes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:251-73. [PMID: 20861829 PMCID: PMC3055510 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ideas about how the brain organizes learning and memory have been evolving in recent years, with potentially important ramifications. We review traditional thinking about learning and memory and consider more closely emerging trends from both human and animal research that could lead to profound shifts in how we understand the neural basis of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nadel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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43
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Lacruz M, Valentín A, Seoane JG, Morris R, Selway R, Alarcón G. Single pulse electrical stimulation of the hippocampus is sufficient to impair human episodic memory. Neuroscience 2010; 170:623-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Durgerian S, Antuono P, Butts AM, Hantke NC, Lancaster MA, Rao SM. Interactive effects of physical activity and APOE-ε4 on BOLD semantic memory activation in healthy elders. Neuroimage 2010; 54:635-44. [PMID: 20691792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) is associated with the maintenance of cognitive function across the lifespan. In contrast, the apolipoproteinE-ε4 (APOE-ε4) allele, a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with impaired cognitive function. The objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of PA and APOE-ε4 on brain activation during memory processing in older (ages 65-85) cognitively intact adults. A cross-sectional design was used with four groups (n=17 each): (1) Low Risk/Low PA; (2) Low Risk/High PA; (3) High Risk/Low PA; and (4) High Risk/High PA. PA level was based on self-reported frequency and intensity. AD risk was based on presence or absence of an APOE-ε4 allele. Brain activation was measured using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants performed a famous name discrimination task. Brain activation subserving semantic memory processing occurred in 15 functional regions of interest. High PA and High Risk were associated with significantly greater semantic memory activation (famous>unfamiliar) in 6 and 3 of the 15 regions, respectively. Significant interactions of PA and Risk were evident in 9 of 15 brain regions, with the High PA/High Risk group demonstrating greater semantic memory activation than the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that PA selectively increases memory-related brain activation in cognitively intact but genetically at-risk elders. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether increased semantic memory processing in physically active at-risk individuals is protective against future cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carson Smith
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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45
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Prabhakaran R, Thompson-Schill SL. The price of fame: the impact of stimulus familiarity on proactive interference resolution. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 23:816-31. [PMID: 20429858 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interference from previously learned information, known as proactive interference (PI), limits our memory retrieval abilities. Previous studies of PI resolution have focused on the role of short-term familiarity, or recency, in causing PI. In the present study, we investigated the impact of long-term stimulus familiarity on PI resolution processes. In two behavioral experiments and one event-related fMRI experiment, long-term familiarity was manipulated through the use of famous and nonfamous stimuli, and short-term familiarity was manipulated through the use of recent and nonrecent probe items in an item recognition task. The right middle frontal gyrus demonstrated greater sensitivity to famous stimuli, suggesting that long-term stimulus familiarity plays a role in influencing PI resolution processes. Further examination of the effect of long-term stimulus familiarity on PI resolution revealed a larger behavioral interference effect for famous stimuli, but only under speeded response conditions. Thus, models of memory retrieval--and of the cognitive control mechanisms that guide retrieval processes--should consider the impact of and interactions among sources of familiarity on multiple time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA.
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46
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On the characterization of the spatio-temporal profiles of brain activity associated with face naming and the tip-of-the-tongue state: A magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:1757-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Recollection and familiarity for public events in neurologically intact older adults and two brain-damaged patients. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:945-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Nielson KA, Seidenberg M, Woodard JL, Durgerian S, Zhang Q, Gross WL, Gander A, Guidotti LM, Antuono P, Rao SM. Common neural systems associated with the recognition of famous faces and names: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2010; 72:491-8. [PMID: 20167415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Person recognition can be accomplished through several modalities (face, name, voice). Lesion, neurophysiology and neuroimaging studies have been conducted in an attempt to determine the similarities and differences in the neural networks associated with person identity via different modality inputs. The current study used event-related functional-MRI in 17 healthy participants to directly compare activation in response to randomly presented famous and non-famous names and faces (25 stimuli in each of the four categories). Findings indicated distinct areas of activation that differed for faces and names in regions typically associated with pre-semantic perceptual processes. In contrast, overlapping brain regions were activated in areas associated with the retrieval of biographical knowledge and associated social affective features. Specifically, activation for famous faces was primarily right lateralized and famous names were left-lateralized. However, for both stimuli, similar areas of bilateral activity were observed in the early phases of perceptual processing. Activation for fame, irrespective of stimulus modality, activated an extensive left hemisphere network, with bilateral activity observed in the hippocampi, posterior cingulate, and middle temporal gyri. Findings are discussed within the framework of recent proposals concerning the neural network of person identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology and the Integrative Neuroscience Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, United States.
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49
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Hardt O, Einarsson EÖ, Nader K. A Bridge Over Troubled Water: Reconsolidation as a Link Between Cognitive and Neuroscientific Memory Research Traditions. Annu Rev Psychol 2010; 61:141-67. [PMID: 19575608 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hardt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada; ;
| | - Einar Örn Einarsson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada; ;
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada; ;
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50
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Smith JF, Alexander GE, Chen K, Husain FT, Kim J, Pajor N, Horwitz B. Imaging systems level consolidation of novel associate memories: a longitudinal neuroimaging study. Neuroimage 2009; 50:826-36. [PMID: 19948227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a standard theory of systems level memory consolidation was developed to describe how memory recall becomes independent of the medial temporal memory system. More recently, an extended consolidation theory was proposed that predicts seven changes in regional neural activity and inter-regional functional connectivity. Using longitudinal event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of an associate memory task, we simultaneously tested all predictions and additionally tested for consolidation-related changes in recall of associate memories at a sub-trial temporal resolution, analyzing cue, delay and target periods of each trial separately. Results consistent with the theoretical predictions were observed though two inconsistent results were also obtained. In particular, while medial temporal recall related delay period activity decreased with consolidation as predicted, visual cue activity increased for consolidated memories. Though the extended theory of memory consolidation is largely supported by our study, these results suggest that the extended theory needs further refinement and the medial temporal memory system has multiple, temporally distinct roles in associate memory recall. Neuroimaging analysis at a sub-trial temporal resolution, as used here, may further clarify the role of the hippocampal complex in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F Smith
- Brain Imaging and Modeling Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1407, USA.
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