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Bedi A, Russell PN, Helton WS. Response uncertainty influences response bias in the sustained attention to response task: a signal detection theory perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:81-90. [PMID: 37318596 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current investigation, we modified the high Go, low No-Go Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) by replacing the single response on Go trials with a dual response to increase response uncertainty. In three experiments, a total of 80 participants completed either the original SART with no response uncertainty regarding the Go stimuli, or versions of the dual response SART in which response probabilities for the two possible responses to the Go stimuli varied from 0.9-0.1, 0.7-0.3, to 0.5-0.5. This resulted in a scale of increasing response uncertainty based on information theory to the Go stimuli. The probability of No-Go withhold stimuli was kept.11 in all experiments. Using the Signal Detection Theory perspective proposed by Bedi et al. (Psychological Research: 1-10, 2022), we predicted that increasing response uncertainty would result in a conservative response bias shift, noted by decreased errors of commission and slower response times to both Go and No-Go stimuli. These predictions were verified. The errors of commission in the SART may not be a measures of conscious awareness per se, but instead indicative of the level of participant trigger happiness-the willingness to respond quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bedi
- University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - William S Helton
- University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch, New Zealand.
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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2
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Agha SS, Riglin L, Carbury R, Blakey R, Shakeshaft A, Thapar AK, Tilling K, Collishaw S, Stergiakouli E, Thapar A, Langley K. Young Adult ADHD Symptoms in the General Population and Neurocognitive Impairment. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:89-98. [PMID: 37864348 PMCID: PMC10676027 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive impairments are associated with child and adult ADHD in clinical settings. However, it is unknown whether adult ADHD symptoms in the general population are associated with the same pattern of cognitive impairment. We examined this using a prospective, population-based cohort spanning birth to age 25 years. METHODS We examined associations between self-reported adult ADHD symptoms and cognitive task performance (attention and response inhibition) in adulthood and childhood. RESULTS Self-rated ADHD symptoms at age 25 were associated with poorer performance in age 25 cognitive tasks capturing ADHD-related functioning (attention B = -0.03, 95% CI [0.05, -0.01], p = .005; response inhibition B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01], p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive impairments linked to adult ADHD symptoms in the general population, are similar to those found in people with childhood ADHD symptoms and are consistent with findings in adult ADHD clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Shameem Agha
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rhian Carbury
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rachel Blakey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Amy Shakeshaft
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
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3
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Somogyi S, Kilencz T, Szőcs K, Klein I, Balogh L, Molnár R, Bálint S, Pulay AJ, Nemoda Z, Baradits M, Réthelyi JM. Differential neurocognitive profiles in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes revealed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:10.1007/s00406-023-01702-x. [PMID: 37979007 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) represents a heterogeneous entity incorporating different subgroups in terms of symptomatology, course, and neurocognition. Although neurocognitive dysfunction is generally associated with aADHD, its severity, association with self-reported symptoms, and differences between subtypes remain unclear. We investigated 61 outpatients (65.6% male, mean age 31.5 ± 9.5) diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria together with age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 58, 63.8% male, mean age 32.3 ± 9.6). Neurocognitive alterations were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and compared between groups using the generalized linear model (GLM) method. Multivariate effects were tested by principal component analysis combined with multivariate pattern analysis. Self-reported symptom severity was tested for correlations with neurocognitive performance. GLM analyses revealed nominally significant differences between the aADHD and HC groups in several domains, however, only the Rapid Visual Information Processing measures survived correction, indicating impaired sustained attention and response inhibition in the aADHD group. Comparison of the predominantly inattentive and the hyperactive-impulsive/combined subtypes yielded nominally significant differences with higher levels of dysfunction in the inattentive group. In the stepwise discriminant analysis aADHD and HC groups were best separated with 2 factors representing sustained attention and reaction time. We found only weak correlations between symptom severity and CANTAB factors. aADHD patients are neuropsychologically heterogeneous and subtypes show different neurocognitive profiles. Differences between the aADHD and HC groups were driven primarily by the inattentive subtype. Sustained attention and its factor derivative showed the most significant alterations in aADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Somogyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kilencz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Katalin Szőcs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Izabella Klein
- Molecular Psychiatry and In Vitro Disease Modeling Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lívia Balogh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Molnár
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Sára Bálint
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Attila J Pulay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nemoda
- Molecular Psychiatry and In Vitro Disease Modeling Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Baradits
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
- Molecular Psychiatry and In Vitro Disease Modeling Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Arnatkeviciute A, Lemire M, Morrison C, Mooney M, Ryabinin P, Roslin NM, Nikolas M, Coxon J, Tiego J, Hawi Z, Fornito A, Henrik W, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Garavan H, Nigg J, Friedman NP, Burton C, Schachar R, Crosbie J, Bellgrove MA. Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of genome wide association studies of inhibitory control. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4175-4184. [PMID: 37500827 PMCID: PMC10827666 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in effective executive function, including inhibitory control are associated with risk for a number of psychiatric disorders and significantly impact everyday functioning. These complex traits have been proposed to serve as endophenotypes, however, their genetic architecture is not yet well understood. To identify the common genetic variation associated with inhibitory control in the general population we performed the first trans-ancestry genome wide association study (GWAS) combining data across 8 sites and four ancestries (N = 14,877) using cognitive traits derived from the stop-signal task, namely - go reaction time (GoRT), go reaction time variability (GoRT SD) and stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Although we did not identify genome wide significant associations for any of the three traits, GoRT SD and SSRT demonstrated significant and similar SNP heritability of 8.2%, indicative of an influence of genetic factors. Power analyses demonstrated that the number of common causal variants contributing to the heritability of these phenotypes is relatively high and larger sample sizes are necessary to robustly identify associations. In Europeans, the polygenic risk for ADHD was significantly associated with GoRT SD and the polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with GoRT, while in East Asians polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with SSRT. These results support the potential of executive function measures as endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. Together these findings provide the first evidence indicating the influence of common genetic variation in the genetic architecture of inhibitory control quantified using objective behavioural traits derived from the stop-signal task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Morrison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Mooney
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James Coxon
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter Henrik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Joel Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christie Burton
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Carter AR, Barrett A. Recent advances in treatment of spatial neglect: networks and neuropsychology. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:587-601. [PMID: 37273197 PMCID: PMC10740348 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2221788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spatial neglect remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated consequence of stroke that imposes significant disability. A growing appreciation of brain networks involved in spatial cognition is helping us to develop a mechanistic understanding of different therapies under development. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on neuromodulation of brain networks for the treatment of spatial neglect after stroke, using evidence-based approaches including 1) Cognitive strategies that are more likely to impact frontal lobe executive function networks; 2) Visuomotor adaptation, which may depend on the integrity of parietal and parieto- and subcortical-frontal connections and the presence of a particular subtype of neglect labeled Aiming neglect; 3) Non-invasive brain stimulation that may modulate relative levels of activity of the two hemispheres and depend on corpus callosum connectivity; and 4) Pharmacological modulation that may exert its effect primarily via right-lateralized networks more closely involved in arousal. EXPERT OPINION Despite promising results from individual studies, significant methodological heterogeneity between trials weakened conclusions drawn from meta-analyses. Improved classification of spatial neglect subtypes will benefit research and clinical care. Understanding the brain network mechanisms of different treatments and different types of spatial neglect will make possible a precision medicine treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Carter
- Department of Neurology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A.M. Barrett
- UMass Chan Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA, USA
- Central Western MA VA Healthcare System, Worcester, MA, USA
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6
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Bedi A, Russell PN, Helton WS. Go-stimuli probability influences response bias in the sustained attention to response task: a signal detection theory perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:509-518. [PMID: 35403969 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sustained attention to response task (SART) is a popular measure in the psychology and neuroscience of attention. The underlying psychological cause for errors, in particular errors of commission, in the SART is actively disputed. Some researchers have suggested task-disengagement due to mind-wandering or mindlessness, and others have proposed strategic choices. In this study we explored an alternative perspective based on Signal Detection Theory, in which the high rate of commission errors in the SART reflects simply a shift in response bias (criterion) due to the high prevalence of Go-stimuli. We randomly assigned 406 participants to one of ten Go-stimuli prevalence rates (50%, 64%, 74%, 78%, 82%, 86%, 90%, 94%, 98% and 100%). As Go-stimuli prevalence increased reaction times to both Go and No-Go stimuli decreased, omission errors decreased and commission errors increased. These all were predicted from a hypothesized bias shift, but the findings were not compatible with some alternative theories of SART performance. These findings may have implications for similar tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bedi
- University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - William S Helton
- University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand.
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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7
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Galeano-Keiner EM, Neubauer AB, Irmer A, Schmiedek F. Daily fluctuations in children’s working memory accuracy and precision: Variability at multiple time scales and links to daily sleep behavior and fluid intelligence. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Zareba MR, Furman W, Binder M. Influence of age and cognitive performance on resting-state functional connectivity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic centers. Brain Res 2022; 1796:148082. [PMID: 36115586 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain, with a decline in cognitive functions observed as its inevitable concomitant. The body of literature suggests dopamine and noradrenaline as prominent candidate neuromodulators to mediate these effects; however, knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms is scarce. To fill this gap, we compared resting-state functional connectivity (FC) patterns of ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and locus coeruleus (LC) in healthy young (20-35 years; N = 37) and older adults (55-80 years; N = 27). Additionally, we sought FC patterns of these structures associated with performance in tasks probing executive, attentional and reward functioning, and we compared the functional coupling of the bilateral SNc. The results showed that individual SNc had stronger coupling with ipsilateral cortical and subcortical areas along with the contralateral cerebellum in the whole sample, and that the strength of connections of this structure with angular gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex predicted visuomotor search abilities. In turn, older age was associated with greater local synchronization within VTA, its lower FC with caudate, mediodorsal thalamus, and SNc, as well as higher FC of both midbrain dopaminergic seeds with red nuclei. LC functional coupling showed no differences between the groups and was not associated with any of the behavioral functions. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to report the age-related effects on VTA local synchronization and its connectivity with key recipients of dopaminergic innervation, such as striatum and mediodorsal thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rafal Zareba
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Furman
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Binder
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Machida K, Barry E, Mulligan A, Gill M, Robertson IH, Lewis FC, Green B, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, Johnson KA. Which Measures From a Sustained Attention Task Best Predict ADHD Group Membership? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1471-1482. [PMID: 35253511 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty with sustaining attention to a task is a hallmark of ADHD. It would be useful to know which measures of sustained attention best predict a diagnosis of ADHD. Participants were 129 children with a diagnosis of ADHD and 129 matched controls who completed the fixed Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). The number of commission and omission errors, standard deviation of response time (SDRT), tau, fast and slow frequency variability, d-prime, and mu were able to successfully classify children with and without ADHD. The mean response time, criterion, and sigma were not able to classify participants. The best classifiers were d-prime (0.75 Area Under the Receiver Operated Characteristic), tau (.74), SDRT (0.74), omission errors (0.72), commission errors (0.71), and SFAUS (0.70). This list of the best classifier measures derived from the SART may prove useful for the planning of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benita Green
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Riglin L, Wootton RE, Livingston LA, Agnew-Blais J, Arseneault L, Blakey R, Agha SS, Langley K, Collishaw S, O’Donovan MC, Smith GD, Stergiakouli E, Tilling K, Thapar A. "Late-onset" ADHD symptoms in young adulthood: Is this ADHD? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1271-1282. [PMID: 35034501 PMCID: PMC7612898 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211066486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We investigated whether "late-onset" ADHD that emerges in adolescence/adulthood is similar in risk factor profile to: (1) child-onset ADHD, but emerges later because of scaffolding/compensation from childhood resources; and (2) depression, because it typically onsets in adolescence/adulthood and shows symptom and genetic overlaps with ADHD. Methods: We examined associations between late-onset ADHD and ADHD risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors in a population-based cohort followed-up to age 25 years (N=4224-9764). Results: Parent-rated late-onset ADHD was like child-onset persistent ADHD in associations with ADHD polygenic risk scores and cognitive task performance, although self-rated late-onset ADHD was not. Late-onset ADHD was associated with higher levels of childhood resources than child-onset ADHD and did not show strong evidence of association with depression risk factors. Conclusions: Late-onset ADHD shares characteristics with child-onset ADHD when parent-rated, but differences for self-reports require investigation. Childhood resources may delay the onset of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy A Livingston
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Rachel Blakey
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sharifah Shameem Agha
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Corresponding author. Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ. Tel: +442920 688325.
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11
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Roberts SD, Wilson A, Rahimi A, Gorbet D, Sergio L, Stevens WD, Wojtowicz M. Investigation of baseline attention, executive control, and performance variability in female varsity athletes. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1636-1645. [PMID: 35182290 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To examine attention, executive control, and performance variability in healthy varsity athletes and identify unique resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) patterns associated with measures of speed, stability, and attention. A sample of 29 female university varsity athletes completed cognitive testing using the Attention Network Test- Interactions (ANT-I) and underwent resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) scans. Performance was characterized by examining mean reaction time (RT), variability in performance (ISD), and attention network scores on the ANT-I. RsfMRI data were analyzed using an independent component analysis (ICA) in the frontoparietal (FPN), dorsal attention (DAN), default mode, (DMN), salience (SN), and sensorimotor (SMN) networks. Group-level analyses using the performance variables of interest were conducted. Athletes' performance on the ANT-I revealed a main effect of orienting and executive control (ps<0.001; partial η2 = 0.68 and 0.89, respectively), with performance facilitated (i.e., faster RT) when athletes were presented with valid cues and congruent flankers. Alerting, orienting, and executive control performance were associated with differences in rsFC within the SN, DMN, and FPN, respectively. Slower RTs were associated with greater rsFC between DAN and bilateral postcentral gyri (p<.001), whereas more stable performance was associated with greater FC between the SMN and the left precuneus (p<.05). Consistent with prior studies, we observed that efficiency in alerting, orienting, and executive control aspects of attention was associated with differences in rsFC in regions associated with the SN, DMS, and FPN. In addition, we observed differential patterns of rsFC for overall speed and variability of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Roberts
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssia Wilson
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada
| | - Alma Rahimi
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Gorbet
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Sergio
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Dale Stevens
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Wojtowicz
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
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12
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Chiu K, Lewis FC, Ashton R, Cornish KM, Johnson KA. Higher Tablet Use Is Associated With Better Sustained Attention Performance but Poorer Sleep Quality in School-Aged Children. Front Psychol 2022; 12:742468. [PMID: 35046864 PMCID: PMC8761987 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are growing concerns that increased screen device usage may have a detrimental impact on classroom behaviour and attentional focus. The consequences of screen use on child cognitive functioning have been relatively under-studied, and results remain largely inconsistent. Screen usage may displace the time usually spent asleep. The aim of this study was to examine associations between screen use, behavioural inattention and sustained attention control, and the potential modifying role of sleep. The relations between screen use, behavioural inattention, sustained attention and sleep were investigated in 162 6- to 8-year-old children, using parent-reported daily screen use, the SWAN ADHD behaviour rating scale, The sustained attention to response task and the children’s sleep habits questionnaire. Tablet use was associated with better sustained attention performance but was not associated with classroom behavioural inattention. Shorter sleep duration was associated with poorer behavioural inattention and sustained attention. Sleep quality and duration did not act as mediators between screen usage and behavioural inattention nor sustained attention control. These findings suggest that careful management of the amount of time spent on electronic screen devices could have a beneficial cognitive impact on young children. The results also highlight the critical role of sleep in enhancing both behavioural attention and sustained attention, which are essential for supporting cognitive development and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiu
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances C Lewis
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Reeva Ashton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim M Cornish
- Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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13
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Working memory and reaction time variability mediate the relationship between polygenic risk and ADHD traits in a general population sample. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5028-5037. [PMID: 36151456 PMCID: PMC9763105 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endophenotypes are heritable and quantifiable traits indexing genetic liability for a disorder. Here, we examined three potential endophenotypes, working memory function, response inhibition, and reaction time variability, for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) measured as a dimensional latent trait in a large general population sample derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. The genetic risk for ADHD was estimated using polygenic risk scores (PRS) whereas ADHD traits were quantified as a dimensional continuum using Bartlett factor score estimates, derived from Attention Problems items from the Child Behaviour Checklist and Effortful Control items from the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. The three candidate cognitive endophenotypes were quantified using task-based performance measures. Higher ADHD PRSs were associated with higher ADHD traits, as well as poorer working memory performance and increased reaction time variability. Lower working memory performance, poorer response inhibition, and increased reaction time variability were associated with more pronounced ADHD traits. Working memory and reaction time variability partially statistically mediated the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits, explaining 14% and 16% of the association, respectively. The mediation effect was specific to the genetic risk for ADHD and did not generalise to genetic risk for four other major psychiatric disorders. Together, these findings provide robust evidence from a large general population sample that working memory and reaction time variability can be considered endophenotypes for ADHD that mediate the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits.
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14
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Turkelson L, Mano Q. The Current State of Mind: a Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Knott R, Johnson BP, Tiego J, Mellahn O, Finlay A, Kallady K, Kouspos M, Mohanakumar Sindhu VP, Hawi Z, Arnatkeviciute A, Chau T, Maron D, Mercieca EC, Furley K, Harris K, Williams K, Ure A, Fornito A, Gray K, Coghill D, Nicholson A, Phung D, Loth E, Mason L, Murphy D, Buitelaar J, Bellgrove MA. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project design and methodologies: a dimensional approach to understanding neurobiological and genetic aetiology. Mol Autism 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 34353377 PMCID: PMC8340366 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ASD and ADHD are prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur and have strong evidence for a degree of shared genetic aetiology. Behavioural and neurocognitive heterogeneity in ASD and ADHD has hampered attempts to map the underlying genetics and neurobiology, predict intervention response, and improve diagnostic accuracy. Moving away from categorical conceptualisations of psychopathology to a dimensional approach is anticipated to facilitate discovery of data-driven clusters and enhance our understanding of the neurobiological and genetic aetiology of these conditions. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project is one of the first large-scale, family-based studies to take a truly transdiagnostic approach to ASD and ADHD. Using a comprehensive phenotyping protocol capturing dimensional traits central to ASD and ADHD, the MAGNET project aims to identify data-driven clusters across ADHD-ASD spectra using deep phenotyping of symptoms and behaviours; investigate the degree of familiality for different dimensional ASD-ADHD phenotypes and clusters; and map the neurocognitive, brain imaging, and genetic correlates of these data-driven symptom-based clusters. Methods The MAGNET project will recruit 1,200 families with children who are either typically developing, or who display elevated ASD, ADHD, or ASD-ADHD traits, in addition to affected and unaffected biological siblings of probands, and parents. All children will be comprehensively phenotyped for behavioural symptoms, comorbidities, neurocognitive and neuroimaging traits and genetics. Conclusion The MAGNET project will be the first large-scale family study to take a transdiagnostic approach to ASD-ADHD, utilising deep phenotyping across behavioural, neurocognitive, brain imaging and genetic measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Knott
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kathryn Kallady
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maria Kouspos
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vishnu Priya Mohanakumar Sindhu
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Tracey Chau
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dalia Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily-Clare Mercieca
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kirsten Furley
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katrina Harris
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra Ure
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kylie Gray
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal, and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ann Nicholson
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dinh Phung
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Welcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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16
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Thomson P, Johnson KA, Malpas CB, Efron D, Sciberras E, Silk TJ. Head Motion During MRI Predicted by out-of-Scanner Sustained Attention Performance in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1429-1440. [PMID: 32189534 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720911988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To characterize head movements in children with ADHD using an ex-Gaussian distribution and examine associations with out-of-scanner sustained attention. Method: Fifty-six children with ADHD and 61 controls aged 9 to 11 years completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In-scanner head motion was calculated using ex-Gaussian estimates for mu, sigma, and tau in delta variation signal and framewise displacement. Sustained attention was evaluated through omission errors and tau in response time on the SART. Results: Mediation analysis revealed that out-of-scanner attention lapses (omissions during the SART) mediated the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and in-scanner head motion (tau in delta variation signal), indirect effect: B = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.07, 3.15], accounting for 29% of the association. Conclusion: Findings suggest a critical link between trait-level sustained attention and infrequent large head movements during scanning (tau in head motion) and highlight fundamental challenges in measuring the neural basis of sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Thomson
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Charles B Malpas
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Silk
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Wei J, Zhang Z, Yao Z, Ming D, Zhou P. Modulation of Sustained Attention by Theta-tACS over the Lateral and Medial Frontal Cortices. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5573471. [PMID: 34239553 PMCID: PMC8238627 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5573471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta oscillations over the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) play vital roles in sustained attention. Specifically, pMFC power and pMFC-LPFC synchronization correlate with cognitive control in sustained-attention-related tasks, but the causal relationships remain unknown. In the present study, we first analyzed the correlation between EEG theta oscillations (characterized by time-frequency power and phase-based connectivity) and the level of sustained attention (Experiment 1) and then utilized transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate theta oscillations and in turn observed its effects on sustained attention (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, two time-frequency regions of interest (ROIs) were determined, in which high/low time-frequency power and high/low phase-based connectivity corresponded to high/low-level sustained attention. In Experiment 2, time-frequency power and phase-based connectivity of theta oscillations were compared between the sham and tACS groups within the time-frequency ROIs determined in Experiment 1. Results showed that phase-based connectivity between pMFC and LPFC significantly decreased in the tACS group compared with the sham group during the first five minutes of the poststimulation period. Moreover, a marginal trend existed that sustained attention was downregulated by tACS in the same time interval, suggesting that theta phase synchronization between pMFC and LPFC may play a causal role in sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Wei
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Dong Ming
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Slattery EJ, Ryan P, Fortune DG, McAvinue LP. Contributions of working memory and sustained attention to children’s reading achievement: A commonality analysis approach. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Racicka-Pawlukiewicz E, Kuć K, Bielecki M, Hanć T, Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Bryńska A. The Association between Executive Functions and Body Weight/BMI in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020178. [PMID: 33535492 PMCID: PMC7912721 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing body of research on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the results of the studies assessing the relationship between executive function deficit and the risk of obesity in people with ADHD are incongruent. Our study aimed to assess the relationship between measures of executive functions and body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) in children and adolescents with ADHD and control subjects. The study group consisted of 58 subjects aged from 8 to 17 years with ADHD. The Control group consisted of 62 healthy age and sex-matched participants from primary and secondary schools. Weight, height, and BMI measurements were standardized. The Sustained Attention to Response Test (SART) and the Attention Network Test (ANT) were used to assess executive functions. Based on the analysis of the correlation and analysis of moderation, we found that subjects with higher weight in the study group presented a lower efficiency of the inhibition processes and gave more impulsive and incorrect answers. The occurrence of impulsive reactions might contribute to the risk of excessive weight in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Racicka-Pawlukiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Kuć
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Tomasz Hanć
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anita Bryńska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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20
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Brydges CR, Ozolnieks KL, Roberts G. Working Memory and Intraindividual Variability in Response Time Mediate Fluid Intelligence Deficits Associated With ADHD Symptomology. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:63-72. [PMID: 29708000 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718772143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine if decreased fluid intelligence was associated with ADHD, and was mediated by deficits in working memory and intraindividual variability in motor responding. Method: The present study tested 142 young adults from the general population on a range of working memory, response time, and fluid intelligence tasks, and an ADHD self-report symptoms questionnaire. Results: Total and hyperactive ADHD symptoms correlated significantly and negatively with fluid intelligence, but this association was fully mediated by both working memory and intraindividual variability in response time. However, inattentive symptoms were not associated with fluid intelligence. Conclusion: These results have important implications for clinicians using speeded psychometric tests as part of their assessment battery, working memory interventions for ADHD patients that focus on performance improvement without controlling for response consistency, and also demonstrate potential differences in the neuropsychological profiles of ADHD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Brydges
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krista L Ozolnieks
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Bolat H, Ercan ES, Ünsel-Bolat G, Tahillioğlu A, Yazici KU, Bacanli A, Pariltay E, Aygüneş Jafari D, Kosova B, Özgül S, Rohde LA, Akin H. DRD4 genotyping may differentiate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:630-637. [PMID: 32491038 PMCID: PMC7678899 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies to reduce the heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have increased interest in the concept of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT). The aim of this study was to investigate if the prevalence of two variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) located within the 3'-untranslated region of the DAT1 gene and in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene differ among four groups (31 subjects with SCT but no ADHD, 146 individuals with ADHD but no SCT, 67 subjects with SCT + ADHD, and 92 healthy controls). METHODS We compared the sociodemographic profiles, neurocognitive domains, and prevalence of two VNTRs in SCT and ADHD subjects versus typically developing (TD) controls. RESULTS The SCT without ADHD group had a higher proportion of females and lower parental educational attainment. Subjects in this group performed worse on neuropsychological tests, except for psychomotor speed and commission errors, compared to controls. However, the ADHD without SCT group performed significantly worse on all neuropsychological domains than controls. We found that 4R homozygosity for the DRD4 gene was most prevalent in the ADHD without SCT group. The SCT without ADHD group had the highest 7R allele frequency, differing significantly from the ADHD without SCT group. CONCLUSION The 7R allele of DRD4 gene was found to be significantly more prevalent in SCT cases than in ADHD cases. No substantial neuropsychological differences were found between SCT and ADHD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmi Bolat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Balikesir Atatürk City Hospital, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Eyüp S Ercan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gül Ünsel-Bolat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Akin Tahillioğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal U Yazici
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Firat University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Bacanli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Baskent University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Pariltay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Buket Kosova
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semiha Özgül
- Department of Bioistatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Programa de Transtornos de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (ProDAH), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Haluk Akin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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22
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Pamplona GS, Heldner J, Langner R, Koush Y, Michels L, Ionta S, Scharnowski F, Salmon CE. Network-based fMRI-neurofeedback training of sustained attention. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Nejati V, Yazdani S. Time perception in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Does task matter? A meta-analysis study. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 26:900-916. [PMID: 32757699 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1712347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of the nature of the task on time perception deficit (TPD) in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The inconsistent results from 12 studies in children with ADHD revealed that the problem of time estimation was more obvious in prospective tasks in long-duration intervals. The modality is not a decisive factor. Only two studies reported the subtypes of ADHD that showed TPD in all subtypes. Children with ADHD have difficulties in time perception (TP). The problem is obvious in different types of modality including visual and auditory, in different types of task time estimation, time reproduction, and especially in longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Psychology Department, Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran, Iran
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24
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Kuc K, Bielecki M, Racicka-Pawlukiewicz E, Czerwinski MB, Cybulska-Klosowicz A. The SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is related to the development of attentional functions but not to ADHD. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6176. [PMID: 32277231 PMCID: PMC7148317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropharmacological and human clinical studies have suggested that the brain dopaminergic system is substantively involved in normal and pathological phenotypes of attention. Dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was proposed as a candidate gene for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We investigated the effect of the SLC6A3 variants on cognitive performance in ADHD and healthy children and teenagers. Participants completed cognitive tasks measuring attentional switching, selective and sustained attention, and effectiveness of alerting, orienting and executive attention. We estimated the effects of 40 bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) (9-repeat vs 10-repeat allele) of the SLC6A3 gene, ADHD diagnosis, age, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive performance. ADHD children demonstrated deficits in most of the examined attention processes, persistent within the examined age range (9-16 years). No significant effects were observed for the interaction of ADHD and the SLC6A3 polymorphism, but the results revealed a significant main effect of SLC6A3 genotype in the entire research sample. Subjects carrying 9R allele performed the switching task significantly worse in comparison to children with 10R/10R or 10R/11R genotype. SLC6A3 polymorphism moderated age-related improvements in orienting and attentional switching. Results suggest that SLC6A3 genotype influence these attentional/cognitive functions which deficits are not the key symptoms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuc
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał B Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Brooker RJ, Moore MN, Van Hulle CA, Beekman CR, Begnoche JP, Lemery-Chalfant K, Goldsmith HH. Attentional Control Explains Covariation Between Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety During Adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:126-141. [PMID: 31095814 PMCID: PMC6858492 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety are common during adolescence and frequently co-occur. However, the genetic and environmental influences that underlie this co-occurrence are understudied. Using a large twin sample (N = 1,017), we examined cross-sectional genetic and environmental influences on ADHD and anxiety symptoms during childhood. We also explored whether these influences were shared with attentional control, a putative mechanism for symptom comorbidity. We found evidence for common genetic and nonshared environmental influences on the covariation among attentional control, ADHD, and anxiety symptoms, supporting the putative role of attentional control as a mechanism by which comorbid problems may develop. Genetic factors also accounted for symptom co-occurrence after controlling for covariation with attentional control, suggesting the presence of additional unmeasured mechanisms.
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Loughrey DG, Mihelj E, Lawlor BA. Age-related hearing loss associated with altered response efficiency and variability on a visual sustained attention task. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 28:1-25. [PMID: 31868123 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1704393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and differences in response efficiency and variability on a sustained attention task. The study population comprised 32 participants in a hearing loss group (HLG) and 34 controls without hearing loss (CG). Mean reaction time (RT) and accuracy were recorded to assess response efficiency. RT variability was decomposed to examine temporal aspects of variability associated with neural arousal and top-down executive control of vigilant attention. The HLG had a significantly longer mean RT, possibly reflecting a strategic approach to maintain accuracy. The HLG also demonstrated altered variability (indicative of greater decline in neural arousal) but maintained executive control that was significantly predictive of poorer response efficiency. Adults with ARHL may rely on higher-order attention networks to compensate for decline in both peripheral sensory function and in subcortical arousal systems which mediate lower-order automatic neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Loughrey
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Mihelj
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Brian A Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California, San Francisco. Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St James Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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Andrillon T, Windt J, Silk T, Drummond SPA, Bellgrove MA, Tsuchiya N. Does the Mind Wander When the Brain Takes a Break? Local Sleep in Wakefulness, Attentional Lapses and Mind-Wandering. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:949. [PMID: 31572112 PMCID: PMC6753166 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been classically described as an all-or-nothing global phenomenon. However, recent research strongly suggests that this view requires tempering. Invasive and non-invasive recordings in animals and humans show that neural activity typically associated with sleep can locally occur during wakefulness. Although local sleep is defined neuronally, it has been associated with impaired performance during cognitive tasks. Comparatively, the phenomenology of local sleep (i.e., what it feels like when your brain is partially asleep) has been less explored. Taking into account the literature on the neuronal and behavioral profile of local sleep intrusions in wakefulness, we propose that occurrences of local sleep could represent the neural mechanism underlying many attentional lapses. In particular, we argue that a unique physiological event such as local sleep could account for a diversity of behavioral outcomes from sluggish to impulsive responses. We further propose that local sleep intrusions could impact individuals' subjective experience. Specifically, we propose that the timing and anatomical sources of local sleep intrusions could be responsible for both the behavioral consequences and subjective content of attentional lapses and may underlie the difference between subjective experiences such as mind wandering and mind blanking. Our framework aims to build a parallel between spontaneous experiences in sleep and wakefulness by integrating evidence across neuronal, behavioral and experiential levels. We use the example of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to illustrate how local sleep could explain complex cognitive profiles which include inattention, impulsivity, mind-wandering and mind-blanking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrillon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Windt
- School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Silk
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Naotsugu Tsuchiya
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
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Johnson KA, White M, Wong PS, Murrihy C. Aspects of attention and inhibitory control are associated with on-task classroom behaviour and behavioural assessments, by both teachers and parents, in children with high and low symptoms of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:219-241. [PMID: 31290357 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1639654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is often weak association between performance on cognitive tasks and the behavioural symptoms of ADHD. One possible reason is the use of rating scales rather than direct observations of behaviours. This exploratory study used well established measures of attention and response inhibition with both direct observation and behavioural rating scales to examine these associations. Twenty-two children (mean age 9.6 years) identified by their teachers as displaying high levels of ADHD symptoms, and 22 matched controls (mean age 9.8 years), completed the Fixed and Random Sustained Attention to Response Tasks (SART). Their on-task classroom behaviour was assessed using the ASEBA Direct Observation Form (DOF). ADHD symptoms were also assessed using the Conners 3 Short Form and the SWAN. Children with high symptoms of ADHD performed the SARTs with more errors of commission and were more variable with their responding, and spent less time on-task in the classroom than controls. Performance on the Fixed SART was not associated with on-task classroom behaviour; in contrast three Random SART measures, commission and omission errors, moment-to-moment variability, were negatively associated with on-task classroom behaviour. There were strong associations between the commission error counts on both SARTs and the Teacher SWAN scores, and one of the Parent SWAN scores. The Teacher SWAN scores were associated with on-task classroom behaviour; the Parent SWAN scores were not. These findings provide preliminary evidence of an association between cognitive measures of inhibitory control and some measures of inattention, and both observed behaviour and the ADHD behavioural symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maximilian White
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Poh Sum Wong
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cherée Murrihy
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Dörrenbächer S, Kray J. Impairments in resource allocation and executive control in children with ADHD. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 24:462-481. [PMID: 30525944 DOI: 10.1177/1359104518816115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show pronounced alterations in cognitive tasks, such as a highly variable mode of responding. There is an ongoing debate about the key driving mechanisms of such alterations (e.g. specific inhibition or working memory (WM) impairments or general impairments in the allocation of energetic resources). The aim of this study was to disentangle such process-specific versus general limitations in cognitive and energetic mechanisms in children with ADHD compared to typically developed (TD) children based on the performance in a task-switching paradigm. This paradigm allows for both a common measurement and a later segregation of different executive sub-processes. Task-switching performance, including performance variability, of 26 children diagnosed with combined-type ADHD (8-13 years) was compared against the performance of 26 age-matched/IQ-matched TD children. Results revealed that compared to TD children, ADHD-diagnosed children showed alterations in performance variability during task switching, both in general (indicating disturbances in resource allocation) and conditionally on WM demands (indicating a specific WM deficit). Hence, our study provides diagnostically relevant new insights into performance impairments in children with ADHD compared to TD children. Importantly, it seems mandatory to include information on performance variability when trying to phenotype alterations in cognitive performance in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dörrenbächer
- Development of Language, Learning and Action, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Jutta Kray
- Development of Language, Learning and Action, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany
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Kostyrka-Allchorne K, Cooper NR, Kennett S, Nestler S, Simpson A. The Short-Term Effect of Video Editing Pace on Children's Inhibition and N2 and P3 ERP Components during Visual Go/No-Go Task. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:385-396. [PMID: 31203657 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2019.1630628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the immediate consequences of differently paced videos on behaviour and neural activity during response inhibition. Forty 7-year-olds watched a fast- or slow-paced video and completed a go/no-go task. Compared to the slow-paced-video group, children in the fast-paced-video group made more no-go errors. There was also an interaction between pace and no-go response type (correct, wrong) for the N2 and P3 peak latencies. In the slow-paced group, both components peaked earlier for correct response withholds. This usual pattern of activation was absent in the fast-paced group. Video pace appears to affect behaviour and the neural responses involved in inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kostyrka-Allchorne
- a Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Nicholas R Cooper
- b Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology , University of Essex , London , UK
| | - Steffan Kennett
- b Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology , University of Essex , London , UK
| | - Steffen Nestler
- c Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Andrew Simpson
- b Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology , University of Essex , London , UK
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Shalev N, Vangkilde S, Neville MJ, Tunbridge EM, Nobre AC, Chechlacz M. Dissociable Catecholaminergic Modulation of Visual Attention: Differential Effects of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Genes on Visual Attention. Neuroscience 2019; 412:175-189. [PMID: 31195057 PMCID: PMC6645579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Visual attention enables us to prioritise behaviourally relevant visual information while ignoring distraction. The neural networks supporting attention are modulated by two catecholamines, dopamine and noradrenaline. The current study investigated the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in two catecholaminergic genes – COMT (Val158Met) and DBH (444 G/A) – on individual differences in attention functions. Participants (n = 125) were recruited from the Oxford Biobank by genotype-based recall. They were tested on a continuous performance task (sustained attention), a Go/No-Go task (response inhibition), and a task assessing attentional selection in accordance with the Theory of Visual Attention (TVA). We found a significant effect of DBH genotype status on the capacity to maintain attention over time (sustained attention) as measured by the continuous performance task. Furthermore, we demonstrated a significant association between COMT genotype status and effective threshold of visual perception in attentional selection as estimated based on the TVA task performance. No other group differences in attention function were found with respect to the studied genotypes. Overall, our findings provide novel experimental evidence that: (i) dopaminergic and noradrenergic genotypes have dissociable effects on visual attention; (ii) either insufficient or excessive catecholaminergic activity may have equally detrimental effects on sustained attention. Catecholaminergic genotypes have dissociative cognitive effects on visual attention. DBH (444 G/A) polymorphism affects sustained attention. COMT Val158Met polymorphism affects perceptual threshold in visual attention. Both too little and too much catecholamines may detrimentally impact sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Shalev
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Magdalena Chechlacz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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Schmitz J, Kumsta R, Moser D, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. DNA methylation of dopamine-related gene promoters is associated with line bisection deviation in healthy adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5902. [PMID: 30976054 PMCID: PMC6459813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Handedness and language lateralization are the most investigated phenotypes among functional hemispheric asymmetries, i.e. differences in function between the left and the right half of the human brain. Both phenotypes are left hemisphere-dominant, while investigations of the molecular factors underlying right hemisphere-dominant phenotypes are less prominent. In the classical line bisection task, healthy subjects typically show a leftward attentional bias due to a relative dominance of the right hemisphere for visuospatial attention. Based on findings of variations in dopamine-related genes affecting performance in the line bisection task, we first tested whether DNA methylation in non-neuronal tissue in the promoter regions of DBH, SLC6A3, and DRD2 are associated with line bisection deviation. We replicated the typical behavioral pattern and found an effect of DNA methylation in the DBH promoter region on line bisection deviation in right-aligned trials. A second exploratory analysis indicated that an overall DNA methylation profile of genes involved in dopamine function predicts line bisection performance in right-aligned trials. Genetic variation in dopamine-related genes has been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental trait associated with rightward attentional bias. Overall, our findings point towards epigenetic markers for functional hemispheric asymmetries in non-neuronal tissue not only for left hemisphere-dominant, but also for right hemisphere-dominant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schmitz
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Moser
- Genetic Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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Pinar A, Hawi Z, Cummins T, Johnson B, Pauper M, Tong J, Tiego J, Finlay A, Klein M, Franke B, Fornito A, Bellgrove MA. Genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic locus associated with intra-individual variability in response time. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:207. [PMID: 30287865 PMCID: PMC6172232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-individual response time variability (IIRTV) is proposed as a viable endophenotype for many psychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we assessed whether IIRTV was associated with common DNA variation genome-wide and whether IIRTV mediated the relationship between any associated loci and self-reported ADHD symptoms. A final data set from 857 Australian young adults (489 females and 368 males; Mage = 22.14 years, SDage = 4.82 years) who completed five response time tasks and self-reported symptoms of ADHD using the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale was used. Principal components analysis (PCA) on these response time measures (standard deviation of reaction times and the intra-individual coefficient of variation) produced two variability factors (labelled response selection and selective attention). To understand the genetic drivers of IIRTV we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) on these PCA-derived indices of IIRTV. For the selective attention variability factor, we identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) attaining genome-wide significance; rs62182100 in the HDAC4 gene located on chromosome 2q37. A bootstrapping mediation analysis demonstrated that the selective attention variability factor mediated the relationship between rs62182100 and self-reported ADHD symptoms. Our findings provide the first evidence of a genome-wide significant SNP association with IIRTV and support the potential utility of IIRTV as a valid endophenotype for ADHD symptoms. However, limitations of this study suggest that these observations should be interpreted with caution until replication samples become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pinar
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tarrant Cummins
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette Tong
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fornito
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Dörrenbächer S, Kray J. The Impact of Game-Based Task-Shifting Training on Motivation and Executive Control in Children with ADHD. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fernández-Jaén A, Albert J, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, López-Martín S, Fernández-Perrone AL, Jimenez de la Peña M, Calleja-Pérez B, Recio Rodríguez M, López Arribas S. Cingulate Cortical Thickness and Dopamine Transporter ( DAT1) Genotype in Children and Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:651-660. [PMID: 27160695 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716647483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the influence of dopamine transporter gene ( DAT1) 3'UTR genotype on cingulate cortical thickness in a large sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD Brain MRIs were acquired from 46 ADHD patients with homozygosity for the 10-repeat allele and 52 ADHD patients with a single copy or no copy of the allele. The cingulate cortex of each MRI scan was automatically parceled into sulci and gyri as well as into Brodmann areas (BA). RESULTS There were no group differences in age, gender, full-scale intelligence quotient, symptom severity, treatment status, comorbidity, or mean overall cortical thickness. Sulcus/gyrus- and BA-based analyses revealed that patients homozygous for the 10-repeat allele showed significantly greater thickness in right cingulate gyrus and right BA 24 compared with 9-repeat carriers. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that thickness of cingulate cortex is influenced by the presence of the 10-repeat allele in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara López-Martín
- 4 Univesidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,5 Centro Neuromottiva, Madrid, Spain
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Neural circuitry underlying sustained attention in healthy adolescents and in ADHD symptomatology. Neuroimage 2018; 169:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Variability in the Precision of Children's Spatial Working Memory. J Intell 2018; 6:jintelligence6010008. [PMID: 31162435 PMCID: PMC6480713 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive modeling studies in adults have established that visual working memory (WM) capacity depends on the representational precision, as well as its variability from moment to moment. By contrast, visuospatial WM performance in children has been typically indexed by response accuracy—a binary measure that provides less information about precision with which items are stored. Here, we aimed at identifying whether and how children’s WM performance depends on the spatial precision and its variability over time in real-world contexts. Using smartphones, 110 Grade 3 and Grade 4 students performed a spatial WM updating task three times a day in school and at home for four weeks. Measures of spatial precision (i.e., Euclidean distance between presented and reported location) were used for hierarchical modeling to estimate variability of spatial precision across different time scales. Results demonstrated considerable within-person variability in spatial precision across items within trials, from trial to trial and from occasion to occasion within days and from day to day. In particular, item-to-item variability was systematically increased with memory load and lowered with higher grade. Further, children with higher precision variability across items scored lower in measures of fluid intelligence. These findings emphasize the important role of transient changes in spatial precision for the development of WM.
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The timing of theta phase synchronization accords with vigilant attention. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:2442-2445. [PMID: 29060392 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vigilant attention plays an important role in some industries and everyday life. However, its mechanism relating to phase synchronization of cortical oscillations is still unknown, which hinders the development of predicting and preventing vigilant attentional deficit. This study utilized psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) to elicit vigilance decrement. High and low levels of vigilant attention were represented by short and long reaction time, respectively. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was collected and phase synchronization between prefrontal and parietal cortices was analyzed by using debiased weighted phase lag index (dWPLI). The result suggests that vigilant attention of high level has earlier timing of theta (4-8Hz) phase synchronization, compared with that of low level. We concluded that phase synchronization may relate closely with the variation of vigilant attention.
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Auerbach JG, Zilberman-Hayun Y, Atzaba-Poria N, Berger A. The Contribution of Maternal ADHD Symptomatology, Maternal DAT1, and Home Atmosphere to Child ADHD Symptomatology at 7 Years of Age. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:415-427. [PMID: 27873141 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Children of mothers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased genetic and environmental risk for ADHD. The unique and interactive contributions of a maternal dopamine receptor gene (DAT1), maternal ADHD symptoms (hyperactive- impulsive, inattentive), and home atmosphere to the prediction of ADHD symptoms (hyperactive- impulsive, inattentive) in 7- year-old boys (N = 96) were examined using data from a longitudinal study of familial risk for ADHD. During the first 6 months of the study, mothers and their spouses completed a questionnaire about the mother's ADHD symptoms. Home atmosphere questionnaire data were collected 4 years later. At the 7-year assessment, mothers reported on their child's ADHD symptoms. Negative home atmosphere was significantly associated with child hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms. Maternal inattentive symptoms were significantly correlated with both child symptom dimensions. Regression models, with child genotype and maternal education controlled, showed main effects for maternal inattentive symptoms, maternal DAT1 10/10 genotype, and home atmosphere in the prediction of child inattentive symptoms. Only home atmosphere predicted child hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. There was a significant home atmosphere x maternal hyperactive-impulsive symptoms interaction in the prediction of child hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Boys with higher levels of symptoms came from homes characterized by higher levels of negative atmosphere and had mothers with higher levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. There was also a trend (p = 0.075) for a maternal DAT1 x home atmosphere interaction. Boys with higher levels of inattentive symptoms came from homes with higher levels of negative atmosphere and had mothers with the homozygous 10/10 genotype. The maternal heterozygous 9/10 genotype did not predict child symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G Auerbach
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501.
| | - Yael Zilberman-Hayun
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
| | - Naama Atzaba-Poria
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
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Liu ZZ, Qu HJ, Tian ZL, Han MJ, Fan Y, Ge LZ, Zang YF, Zhang H. Reproducibility of frequency-dependent low frequency fluctuations in reaction time over time and across tasks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184476. [PMID: 28910331 PMCID: PMC5598978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increased levels of reaction time variability (RTV) are characteristics of sustained attention deficits. The clinical significance of RTV has been widely recognized. However, the reliability of RTV measurements has not been widely studied. The present study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of RTV conventional measurements, e.g., the standard deviation (SD), the coefficient of variation (CV), and a new measurement called the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of RT. In addition, we aimed to assess differences and similarities of these measurements between different tasks. Method Thirty-seven healthy college students participated in 2 tasks, i.e., an Eriksen flanker task (EFT) and a simple reaction task (SRT), twice over a mean interval of 56 days. Conventional measurements of RTV including RT-SD and RT-CV were assessed first. Then the RT time series were converted into frequency domains, and RT-ALFF was further calculated for the whole frequency band (0.0023–0.167 Hz) and for a few sub-frequency bands including Slow-6 (<0.01 Hz), Slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), Slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), and Slow-3 (0.073–0.167 Hz). The test-retest reliability of these measurements was evaluated through intra-class correlation (ICC) tests. Differences and correlations between each EFT and SRT measurement were further examined during both visits. Results 1) The RT-ALFF of the Slow-5/4/3 and conventional measurements of RT-SD and RT-CV showed moderate to high levels of test-retest reliability. EFT RT-ALFF patterns generated slightly higher ICC values than SRT values in higher frequency bands (Slow-3), but SRT RT-ALFF values showed slightly higher ICC values than EFT values in lower frequency bands (Slow-5 and Slow-4). 2) RT-ALFF magnitudes in each sub-frequency band were greater for the SRT than those for the EFT. 3) The RT-ALFF in the Slow-4 of the EFT was found to be correlated with the RT-ALFF in the Slow-5 of the SRT for both two visits, but no consistently significant correlation was found between the same frequency bands. Conclusions These findings reveal good test-retest reliability for conventional measurements and for the RT-ALFF of RTV. The RT-ALFF presented frequency-dependent similarities across tasks. All of our results reveal the presence of different frequency structures between the two tasks, and thus the frequency-dependent characteristics of different tasks deserve more attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Zan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Jie Qu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ling Tian
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jian Han
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lie-Zhong Ge
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YFZ); (HZ)
| | - Hang Zhang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centers for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (YFZ); (HZ)
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Sustained attention to a predictable, unengaging Go/No-Go task shows ongoing development between 6 and 11 years. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:1726-1741. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Simola J, Zhigalov A, Morales-Muñoz I, Palva JM, Palva S. Critical dynamics of endogenous fluctuations predict cognitive flexibility in the Go/NoGo task. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2909. [PMID: 28588303 PMCID: PMC5460255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations with power-law scaling and long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs) are characteristic to human psychophysical performance. Systems operating in a critical state exhibit such LRTCs, but phenomenologically similar fluctuations and LRTCs may also be caused by slow decay of the system’s memory without the system being critical. Theoretically, criticality endows the system with the greatest representational capacity and flexibility in state transitions. Without criticality, however, slowly decaying system memory would predict inflexibility. We addressed these contrasting predictions of the ‘criticality’ and ‘long-memory’ candidate mechanisms of human behavioral LRTCs by using a Go/NoGo task wherein the commission errors constitute a measure of cognitive flexibility. Response time (RT) fluctuations in this task exhibited power-law frequency scaling, autocorrelations, and LRTCs. We show here that the LRTC scaling exponents, quantifying the strength of long-range correlations, were negatively correlated with the commission error rates. Strong LRTCs hence parallel optimal cognitive flexibility and, in line with the criticality hypothesis, indicate a functionally advantageous state. This conclusion was corroborated by a positive correlation between the LRTC scaling exponents and executive functions measured with the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test. Our results hence support the notion that LRTCs arise from critical dynamics that is functionally significant for human cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Simola
- Helsinki Institute for Lifesciences, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 4), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Alexander Zhigalov
- Helsinki Institute for Lifesciences, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 4), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- Helsinki Institute for Lifesciences, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 4), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Matias Palva
- Helsinki Institute for Lifesciences, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 4), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Palva
- Helsinki Institute for Lifesciences, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 4), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lewis FC, Reeve RA, Kelly SP, Johnson KA. Evidence of substantial development of inhibitory control and sustained attention between 6 and 8years of age on an unpredictable Go/No-Go task. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 157:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pagliaccio D, Wiggins JL, Adleman NE, Curhan A, Zhang S, Towbin KE, Brotman MA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Behavioral and Neural Sustained Attention Deficits in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:426-435. [PMID: 28433092 PMCID: PMC5407501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), characterized by severe irritability, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid. This is the first study to characterize neural and behavioral similarities and differences in attentional functioning across these disorders. METHOD Twenty-seven healthy volunteers, 31 patients with DMDD, and 25 patients with ADHD (8 to 18 years old) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging attention task. Group differences in intra-subject variability in reaction time (RT) were examined. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging analytic approach precisely quantified trial-wise associations between RT and brain activity. RESULTS Group differences manifested in the relation between RT and brain activity (all regions: p < .01, F > 2.54, partial eta-squared [ηp2] > 0.06). Patients with DMDD showed specific alterations in the right paracentral lobule, superior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, and cerebellar culmen. In contrast, patients with DMDD and those with ADHD exhibited blunted compensatory increases in activity on long RT trials. In addition, youth with DMDD exhibited increased activity in the postcentral gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and cerebellar tonsil and declive (all regions: p < .05, F > 2.46, ηp2 > 0.06). Groups in the imaging sample did not differ significantly in intra-subject variability in RT (F2,79 = 2.664, p = .076, ηp2 = 0.063), although intra-subject variability in RT was significantly increased in youth with DMDD and ADHD when including those not meeting strict motion and accuracy criteria for imaging analysis (F2,96 = 4.283, p = .017, ηp2 = 0.083). CONCLUSION Patients with DMDD exhibited specific alterations in the relation between pre-stimulus brain activity and RT. Patients with DMDD and those with ADHD exhibited similar blunting of compensatory neural activity in frontal, parietal, and other regions. In addition, patients with DMDD showed increased RT variability compared with healthy youth. This work is the first to identify common and unique behavioral and neural signatures of DMDD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pagliaccio
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD.
| | - Jillian Lee Wiggins
- San Diego State University and San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | | | - Alexa Curhan
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Zhang
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Kenneth E Towbin
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Melissa A Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Chen J, Niemeier M. Altered perceptual pseudoneglect in ADHD: Evidence for a functional disconnection from early visual activation. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fortenbaugh FC, DeGutis J, Esterman M. Recent theoretical, neural, and clinical advances in sustained attention research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1396:70-91. [PMID: 28260249 PMCID: PMC5522184 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Models of attention often distinguish among attention subtypes, with classic models separating orienting, switching, and sustaining functions. Compared with other forms of attention, the neurophysiological basis of sustaining attention has received far less notice, yet it is known that momentary failures of sustained attention can have far-ranging negative effects in healthy individuals, and lasting sustained attention deficits are pervasive in clinical populations. In recent years, however, there has been increased interest in characterizing moment-to-moment fluctuations in sustained attention, in addition to the overall vigilance decrement, and understanding how these neurocognitive systems change over the life span and across various clinical populations. The use of novel neuroimaging paradigms and statistical approaches has allowed for better characterization of the neural networks supporting sustained attention and has highlighted dynamic interactions within and across multiple distributed networks that predict behavioral performance. These advances have also provided potential biomarkers to identify individuals with sustained attention deficits. These findings have led to new theoretical models explaining why sustaining focused attention is a challenge for individuals and form the basis for the next generation of sustained attention research, which seeks to accurately diagnose and develop theoretically driven treatments for sustained attention deficits that affect a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca C. Fortenbaugh
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael Esterman
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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Anguera JA, Brandes-Aitken AN, Rolle CE, Skinner SN, Desai SS, Bower JD, Martucci WE, Chung WK, Sherr EH, Marco EJ. Characterizing cognitive control abilities in children with 16p11.2 deletion using adaptive 'video game' technology: a pilot study. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e893. [PMID: 27648915 PMCID: PMC5048213 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing cognitive abilities in children is challenging for two primary reasons: lack of testing engagement can lead to low testing sensitivity and inherent performance variability. Here we sought to explore whether an engaging, adaptive digital cognitive platform built to look and feel like a video game would reliably measure attention-based abilities in children with and without neurodevelopmental disabilities related to a known genetic condition, 16p11.2 deletion. We assessed 20 children with 16p11.2 deletion, a genetic variation implicated in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism, as well as 16 siblings without the deletion and 75 neurotypical age-matched children. Deletion carriers showed significantly slower response times and greater response variability when compared with all non-carriers; by comparison, traditional non-adaptive selective attention assessments were unable to discriminate group differences. This phenotypic characterization highlights the potential power of administering tools that integrate adaptive psychophysical mechanics into video-game-style mechanics to achieve robust, reliable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco, Mission Bay – Sandler Neurosciences Center, UCSF MC 0444, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 502, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. E-mail: or
| | - A N Brandes-Aitken
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C E Rolle
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S N Skinner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S S Desai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J D Bower
- Akili Interactive Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E J Marco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco, Mission Bay – Sandler Neurosciences Center, UCSF MC 0444, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 502, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. E-mail: or
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Sørensen L, Eichele T, van Wageningen H, Plessen KJ, Stevens MC. Amplitude variability over trials in hemodynamic responses in adolescents with ADHD: The role of the anterior default mode network and the non-specific role of the striatum. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:397-404. [PMID: 27622136 PMCID: PMC5008047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that intra-individual variability (IIV) in performance on attention and other cognitive tasks might be a cognitive endophenotype in individuals with ADHD. Despite robust IIV findings in behavioral data, only sparse data exist on how what type of brain dysfunction underlies variable response times. In this study, we asked whether ADHD IIV in reaction time on a commonly-used test of attention might be related to variation in hemodynamic responses (HRs) observed trial-to-trial. Based on previous studies linking IIV to regions within the “default mode” network (DMN), we predicted that adolescents with ADHD would have higher HR variability in the DMN compared with controls, and this in turn would be related to behavioral IIV. We also explored the influence of social anxiety on HR variability in ADHD as means to test whether higher arousal associated with high trait anxiety would affect the neural abnormalities. We assessed single-trial variability of HRs, estimated from fMRI event-related responses elicited during an auditory oddball paradigm in adolescents with ADHD and healthy controls (11–18 years old; N = 46). Adolescents with ADHD had higher HR variability compared with controls in anterior regions of the DMN. This effect was specific to ADHD and not associated with traits of age, IQ and anxiety. However, an ADHD effect of higher HR variability also appeared in a basal ganglia network, but for these brain regions the relationships of HR variability and social anxiety levels were more complex. Performance IIV correlated significantly with variability of HRs in both networks. These results suggest that assessment of trial-to-trial HR variability in ADHD provides information beyond that detectable through analysis of behavioral data and average brain activation levels, revealing specific neural correlates of a possible ADHD IIV endophenotype. We studied if the behavioral variability in ADHD is also found on a neuronal level. Independent component analysis was combined with BOLD amplitude variability. Adolescents with ADHD had higher amplitude variability than healthy controls. Higher amplitude variability was shown in an anterior default mode network. Social anxiety in ADHD associated with high amplitude variability in the striatum
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway; Section for Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; The MIND Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - H van Wageningen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - K J Plessen
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Gonen-Yaacovi G, Arazi A, Shahar N, Karmon A, Haar S, Meiran N, Dinstein I. Increased ongoing neural variability in ADHD. Cortex 2016; 81:50-63. [PMID: 27179150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been described as a disorder where frequent lapses of attention impair the ability of an individual to focus/attend in a sustained manner, thereby generating abnormally large intra-individual behavioral variability across trials. Indeed, increased reaction time (RT) variability is a fundamental behavioral characteristic of individuals with ADHD found across a large number of cognitive tasks. But what is the underlying neurophysiology that might generate such behavioral instability? Here, we examined trial-by-trial EEG response variability to visual and auditory stimuli while subjects' attention was diverted to an unrelated task at the fixation cross. Comparisons between adult ADHD and control participants revealed that neural response variability was significantly larger in the ADHD group as compared with the control group in both sensory modalities. Importantly, larger trial-by-trial variability in ADHD was apparent before and after stimulus presentation as well as in trials where the stimulus was omitted, suggesting that ongoing (rather than stimulus-evoked) neural activity is continuously more variable (noisier) in ADHD. While the patho-physiological mechanisms causing this increased neural variability remain unknown, they appear to act continuously rather than being tied to a specific sensory or cognitive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Gonen-Yaacovi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ayelet Arazi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Shahar
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anat Karmon
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomi Haar
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nachshon Meiran
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Kakuszi B, Tombor L, Papp S, Bitter I, Czobor P. Altered response-preparation in patients with adult ADHD: A high-density ERP study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 249:57-66. [PMID: 27000308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in early-developing bottom-up processes, such as stimulus-driven response preparation, are thought to play a critical role in the onset of ADHD, and in its persistence over time. Electrophysiology offers a unique tool to gain insight into response preparation, since response preparation has been associated with distinctive ERP changes, including negative potential-shifts which occur predominantly over frontal brain areas. We examined response-preceding negative potential shifts (RPNS) as a probe of response-preparation in adult ADHD patients by obtaining high-density event-related potentials from 33 ADHD and 29 matched healthy subjects during a Go/Nogo task using a 128-channel BioSemi recording-system. Compared to controls, ADHD patients showed enhancement of the RPNS in fronto-central brain regions in the Go condition during correct responses. This change was associated with poor performance in the Stroop incongruency-task: the greater the enhancement, the higher the proportion of errors. Moreover, the ERP-enhancement showed association with the severity of ADHD-symptoms; and with heightened response-variability. Thus, ADHD patients demonstrate neurophysiological alterations in response-preparation and response-preceding brain activity, suggestive of excessive activation of prefrontal neural circuits. Given the correlation with neuropsychological and psychopathological measures, these changes may constitute a pathway for core symptoms of ADHD, including premature and impaired response-preparation and motor-hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kakuszi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tombor
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Papp
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Bitter
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Czobor
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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