1
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Ma Z, Zhang W, Wang C, Su Y, Yi C, Niu J. A New Acquaintance of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8. [PMID: 39042298 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system (CNS) that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma. OPCs could generate oligodendrocytes to participate in myelination. Recent advances have renewed our knowledge of OPC biology by discovering novel markers of oligodendroglial cells, the myelin-independent roles of OPCs, and the regulatory mechanism of OPC development. In this review, we will explore the updated knowledge on OPC identity, their multifaceted roles in the CNS in health and diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in their developmental stages, which hopefully would contribute to a further understanding of OPCs and attract attention in the field of OPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chenmeng Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yixun Su
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active substance screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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2
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Franklin RJM, Bodini B, Goldman SA. Remyelination in the Central Nervous System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041371. [PMID: 38316552 PMCID: PMC10910446 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, while this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granule neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this work, we will (1) review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; (2) describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails, including the consequences of its failure; and (3) discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75013, France
- Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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3
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Zou P, Wu C, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in Alzheimer's disease: from physiology to pathology. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:52. [PMID: 37964328 PMCID: PMC10644503 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) play pivotal roles in myelin formation and phagocytosis, communicating with neighboring cells and contributing to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, under the pathological circumstances of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the brain's microenvironment undergoes detrimental changes that significantly impact OPCs and their functions. Starting with OPC functions, we delve into the transformation of OPCs to myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, the intricate signaling interactions with other cells in the central nervous system (CNS), and the fascinating process of phagocytosis, which influences the function of OPCs and affects CNS homeostasis. Moreover, we discuss the essential role of OPCs in BBB formation and highlight the critical contribution of OPCs in forming CNS-protective barriers. In the context of AD, the deterioration of the local microenvironment in the brain is discussed, mainly focusing on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of toxic proteins. The detrimental changes disturb the delicate balance in the brain, impacting the regenerative capacity of OPCs and compromising myelin integrity. Under pathological conditions, OPCs experience significant alterations in migration and proliferation, leading to impaired differentiation and a reduced ability to produce mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, myelin degeneration and formation become increasingly active in AD, contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Finally, we summarize the current therapeutic approaches targeting OPCs in AD. Strategies to revitalize OPC senescence, modulate signaling pathways to enhance OPC differentiation, and explore other potential therapeutic avenues are promising in alleviating the impact of AD on OPCs and CNS function. In conclusion, this review highlights the indispensable role of OPCs in CNS function and their involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. The intricate interplay between OPCs and the AD brain microenvironment underscores the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases. Insights from studying OPCs under pathological conditions provide a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting OPCs and fostering neurodegeneration. Future research will advance our understanding and management of neurodegenerative diseases, ultimately offering hope for effective treatments and improved quality of life for those affected by AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibin Zou
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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5
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Larabee JL, Doyle DA, Ahmed UKB, Shadid TM, Sharp RR, Jones KL, Kim YM, Li S, Ballard JD. Discovery of Hippo signaling as a regulator of CSPG4 expression and as a therapeutic target for Clostridioides difficile disease. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011272. [PMID: 36972308 PMCID: PMC10079225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways and networks regulating expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a cancer-related protein that serves as a receptor for Clostridiodes difficile TcdB, are poorly defined. In this study, TcdB-resistant/CSPG4-negative HeLa cells were generated by exposure to increasing concentrations of the toxin. The cells that emerged (HeLa R5) lost expression of CSPG4 mRNA and were resistant to binding by TcdB. mRNA expression profiles paired with integrated pathway analysis correlated changes in the Hippo and estrogen signaling pathways with a CSPG4 decrease in HeLa R5 cells. Both signaling pathways altered CSPG4 expression when modulated chemically or through CRISPR-mediated deletion of key transcriptional regulators in the Hippo pathway. Based on the in vitro findings, we predicted and experimentally confirmed that a Hippo pathway inactivating drug (XMU-MP-1) provides protection from C. difficile disease in a mouse model. These results provide insights into key regulators of CSPG4 expression and identify a therapeutic for C. difficile disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - D. Annie Doyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ummey Khalecha Bintha Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Shadid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rachel R. Sharp
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jimmy D. Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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6
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González-Alvarado MN, Aprato J, Baumeister M, Lippert M, Ekici AB, Kirchner P, Welz T, Hoffmann A, Winkler J, Wegner M, Haase S, Linker RA. Oligodendrocytes regulate the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 in neuroinflammation. Glia 2021; 70:522-535. [PMID: 34787332 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, oligodendrocytes (Ol) have been attributed potential immunomodulatory effects. Yet, the exact mode of interaction with pathogenic CNS infiltrating lymphocytes remains unclear. Here, we attempt to dissect mechanisms of Ol modulation during neuroinflammation and characterize the interaction of Ol with pathogenic T cells. RNA expression analysis revealed an upregulation of immune-modulatory genes and adhesion molecules (AMs), ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, in Ol when isolated from mice undergoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To explore whether AMs are involved in the interaction of Ol with infiltrating T cells, we performed co-culture studies on mature Ol and Th1 cells. Live cell imaging analysis showed direct interaction between both cell types. Eighty percentage of Th1 cells created contacts with Ol that lasted longer than 15 min, which may be regarded as physiologically relevant. Exposure of Ol to Th1 cells or their supernatant resulted in a significant extension of Ol processes, and upregulation of AMs as well as other immunomodulatory genes. Our observations indicate that blocking of oligodendroglial ICAM-1 can reduce the number of Th1 cells initially contacting the Ol. These results suggest that AMs may play a role in the interaction between Ol and Th1 cells. We identified Ol interacting with CD4+ cells in vivo in spinal cord tissue of EAE diseased mice indicating that our in vitro findings are of interest to further scientific research in this field. Further characterization and understanding of Ol interaction with infiltrating cells may lead to new therapeutic strategies enhancing Ol protection and remyelination potential. Oligodendrocytes regulate immune modulatory genes and adhesion molecules during autoimmune neuroinflammation Oligodendrocytes interact with Th1 cells in vitro in a physiologically relevant manner Adhesion molecules may be involved in Ol-Th1 cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Aprato
- Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melissa Baumeister
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lippert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Welz
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haase
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Akay LA, Effenberger AH, Tsai LH. Cell of all trades: oligodendrocyte precursor cells in synaptic, vascular, and immune function. Genes Dev 2021; 35:180-198. [PMID: 33526585 PMCID: PMC7849363 DOI: 10.1101/gad.344218.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are not merely a transitory progenitor cell type, but rather a distinct and heterogeneous population of glia with various functions in the developing and adult central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the fate and function of OPCs in the brain beyond their contribution to myelination. OPCs are electrically sensitive, form synapses with neurons, support blood-brain barrier integrity, and mediate neuroinflammation. We explore how sex and age may influence OPC activity, and we review how OPC dysfunction may play a primary role in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Finally, we highlight areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Anne Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Audrey H Effenberger
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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9
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Orian JM, D'Souza CS, Kocovski P, Krippner G, Hale MW, Wang X, Peter K. Platelets in Multiple Sclerosis: Early and Central Mediators of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration and Attractive Targets for Molecular Imaging and Site-Directed Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620963. [PMID: 33679764 PMCID: PMC7933211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are clearly central to thrombosis and hemostasis. In addition, more recently, evidence has emerged for non-hemostatic roles of platelets including inflammatory and immune reactions/responses. Platelets express immunologically relevant ligands and receptors, demonstrate adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils, and toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated responses. These properties make platelets central to innate and adaptive immunity and potential candidate key mediators of autoimmune disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease. An association between platelets and MS was first indicated by the increased adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells. This was followed by reports identifying structural and functional changes of platelets, their chronic activation in the peripheral blood of MS patients, platelet presence in MS lesions and the more recent revelation that these structural and functional abnormalities are associated with all MS forms and stages. Investigations based on the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) MS model first revealed a contribution to EAE pathogenesis by exacerbation of CNS inflammation and an early role for platelets in EAE development via platelet-neuron and platelet-astrocyte associations, through sialated gangliosides in lipid rafts. Our own studies refined and extended these findings by identifying the critical timing of platelet accumulation in pre-clinical EAE and establishing an initiating and central rather than merely exacerbating role for platelets in disease development. Furthermore, we demonstrated platelet-neuron associations in EAE, coincident with behavioral changes, but preceding the earliest detectable autoreactive T cell accumulation. In combination, these findings establish a new paradigm by asserting that platelets play a neurodegenerative as well as a neuroinflammatory role in MS and therefore, that these two pathological processes are causally linked. This review will discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of MS, for future applications for imaging toward early detection of MS, and for novel strategies for platelet-targeted treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claretta S D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pece Kocovski
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guy Krippner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Liu J, Li R, Huang Z, Lin J, Ji W, Huang Z, Liu Q, Wu X, Wu X, Jiang H, Ye Y, Zhu Q. Rapamycin Preserves Neural Tissue, Promotes Schwann Cell Myelination and Reduces Glial Scar Formation After Hemi-Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:574041. [PMID: 33551740 PMCID: PMC7862581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.574041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting white matter is one of the key treatment strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI), including alleviation of myelin loss and promotion of remyelination. Rapamycin has been shown neuroprotective effects against SCI and cardiotoxic effects while enhancing autophagy. However, specific neuroprotection of rapamycin for the white matter after cervical SCI has not been reported. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the role of rapamycin in neuroprotection after hemi-contusion SCI in mice. Forty-six 8-week-old mice were randomly assigned into the rapamycin group (n = 16), vehicle group (n = 16), and sham group (n = 10). All mice of the rapamycin and vehicle groups received a unilateral contusion with 1.2-mm displacement at C5 followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin or dimethyl sulfoxide solution (1.5 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1). The behavioral assessment was conducted before the injury, 3 days and every 2 weeks post-injury (WPI). The autophagy-related proteins, the area of spared white matter, the number of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and axons were evaluated at 12 WPI, as well as the glial scar and the myelin sheaths formed by Schwann cells at the epicenter. The 1.2 mm contusion led to a consistent moderate-severe SCI in terms of motor function and tissue damage. Rapamycin administration promoted autophagy in spinal cord tissue after injury and reduced the glial scar at the epicenter. Additionally, rapamycin increased the number of OLs and improved motor function significantly than in the vehicle group. Furthermore, the rapamycin injection resulted in an increase of Schwann cell-mediated remyelination and weight loss. Our results suggest that rapamycin can enhance autophagy, promote Schwann cell myelination and motor function recovery by preserved neural tissue, and reduce glial scar after hemi-contusive cervical SCI, indicating a potential strategy for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyao Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongnong Ye
- Pharmaceutical Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingan Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Goulding DS, Vogel RC, Pandya CD, Shula C, Gensel JC, Mangano FT, Goto J, Miller BA. Neonatal hydrocephalus leads to white matter neuroinflammation and injury in the corpus callosum of Ccdc39 hydrocephalic mice. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 25:476-483. [PMID: 32032950 PMCID: PMC7415550 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.peds19625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine if hydrocephalus caused a proinflammatory state within white matter as is seen in many other forms of neonatal brain injury. Common causes of hydrocephalus (such as trauma, infection, and hemorrhage) are inflammatory insults themselves and therefore confound understanding of how hydrocephalus itself affects neuroinflammation. Recently, a novel animal model of hydrocephalus due to a genetic mutation in the Ccdc39 gene has been developed in mice. In this model, ciliary dysfunction leads to early-onset ventriculomegaly, astrogliosis, and reduced myelination. Because this model of hydrocephalus is not caused by an antecedent proinflammatory insult, it was utilized to study the effect of hydrocephalus on inflammation within the white matter of the corpus callosum. METHODS A Meso Scale Discovery assay was used to measure levels of proinflammatory cytokines in whole brain from animals with and without hydrocephalus. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure macrophage activation and NG2 expression within the white matter of the corpus callosum in animals with and without hydrocephalus. RESULTS In this model of hydrocephalus, levels of cytokines throughout the brain revealed a more robust increase in classic proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, CXCL1) than in immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10). Increased numbers of macrophages were found within the corpus callosum. These macrophages were polarized toward a proinflammatory phenotype as assessed by higher levels of CD86, a marker of proinflammatory macrophages, compared to CD206, a marker for antiinflammatory macrophages. There was extensive structural damage to the corpus callosum of animals with hydrocephalus, and an increase in NG2-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Hydrocephalus without an antecedent proinflammatory insult induces inflammation and tissue injury in white matter. Future studies with this model will be useful to better understand the effects of hydrocephalus on neuroinflammation and progenitor cell development. Antiinflammatory therapy for diseases that cause hydrocephalus may be a powerful strategy to reduce tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Goulding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - R. Caleb Vogel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chirayu D. Pandya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Crystal Shula
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Francesco T. Mangano
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - June Goto
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brandon A. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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12
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Du X, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou J. Differential Modulators of NG2-Glia Differentiation into Neurons and Glia and Their Crosstalk. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1-15. [PMID: 32285247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth main cell population in the brain, NG2-glia are also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels for fast modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which are of functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia also participate in fast signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic contacts in the brain. These distinctive glia have the unique capability of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes, which are critical for axonal myelination in the early developing brain. In neurodegenerative diseases, NG2-glia play an important role and undergo morphological modification, adapt the expression of their membrane receptors and ion channels, and display gene-modulated cell reprogramming and excitotoxicity-caused cell death. These modifications directly and indirectly influence populations of neurons and other glial cells. NG2-glia regulate their action and dynamics in response to neuronal behavior and disease, indicating a critical function to preserve and remodel myelin in physiological states and to repair it in pathological states. Here, we review in detail the differential modulators of NG2-glia into neurons and astrocytes, as well as interactions of NG2-glia with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. We will also summarize a future potential exploitation of NG2-glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuang Du
- Department of Scientific Research, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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13
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Guo D, Hu H, Pan S. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and regeneration failure: A novel hypothesis of delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning. Med Hypotheses 2019; 136:109522. [PMID: 31841765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning usually causes brain lesions and delayed encephalopathy, also known as delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). Demyelination of white matter (WM) is one of the most common sites of abnormalities in patients with DNS, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are myelinated cells that ensure the rapid conduction of neuronal axon signals and provide the nutritional factors necessary for maintaining nerve integrity in the central nervous system (CNS). OLs readily regenerate and replace damaged myelin membranes around axons in the adult mammalian CNS following demyelination. The ability to regenerate OLs depends on the availability of precursor cells (OPCs) in the CNS of adults. Multiple injury-related signals can induce OPC expansion followed by OL differentiation, axonal contact and myelin regeneration (remyelination). Therefore, OL dysfunction and regeneration failure in the deep WM of the brain are the key pathophysiological mechanisms leading to delayed brain injury after CO poisoning. CO-induced toxicity may interfere with OL function and render OPCs unable to regenerate OLs through some unclear mechanisms, leading to progressive demyelinating damage and resulting in DNS. In the future, combination therapies to reduce OL damage and promote OPC differentiation and remyelination may be important for the prevention and treatmentof DNS after CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Huijun Hu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shuyi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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14
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Shen Y, Ding Z, Ma S, Zou Y, Yang X, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Schäfer MKE, Guo Q, Huang C. Targeting aurora kinase B alleviates spinal microgliosis and neuropathic pain in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. J Neurochem 2019; 152:72-91. [PMID: 31563141 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Zhuofeng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Shengyun Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Zijin Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
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15
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Ong W, Pinese C, Chew SY. Scaffold-mediated sequential drug/gene delivery to promote nerve regeneration and remyelination following traumatic nerve injuries. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:19-48. [PMID: 30910595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue regeneration following traumatic injuries is often subpar. As a result, the field of neural tissue engineering has evolved to find therapeutic interventions and has seen promising outcomes. However, robust nerve and myelin regeneration remain elusive. One possible reason may be the fact that tissue regeneration often follows a complex sequence of events in a temporally-controlled manner. Although several other fields of tissue engineering have begun to recognise the importance of delivering two or more biomolecules sequentially for more complete tissue regeneration, such serial delivery of biomolecules in neural tissue engineering remains limited. This review aims to highlight the need for sequential delivery to enhance nerve regeneration and remyelination after traumatic injuries in the central nervous system, using spinal cord injuries as an example. In addition, possible methods to attain temporally-controlled drug/gene delivery are also discussed for effective neural tissue regeneration.
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16
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Espitia Pinzon N, van Mierlo H, de Jonge JC, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, van Dam AM, Baron W. Tissue Transglutaminase Promotes Early Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:281. [PMID: 31312122 PMCID: PMC6614186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Demyelinated lesions of the central nervous system are characteristic for multiple sclerosis (MS). Remyelination is not very effective, particular at later stages of the disease, which results in a chronic neurodegenerative character with worsening of symptoms. Previously, we have shown that the enzyme Tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) is downregulated upon differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and that TG2 knock-out mice lag behind in remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Here, we examined whether astrocytic or oligodendroglial TG2 affects OPCs in a cell-specific manner to modulate their differentiation, and therefore myelination. Our findings indicate that human TG2-expressing astrocytes did not modulate OPC differentiation and myelination. In contrast, persistent TG2 expression upon OPC maturation or exogenously added recombinant TG2 accelerated OPC differentiation and myelin membrane formation. Continuous exposure of recombinant TG2 to OPCs at different consecutive developmental stages, however, decreased OPC differentiation and myelin membrane formation, while it enhanced myelination in dorsal root ganglion neuron-OPC co-cultures. In MS lesions, TG2 is absent in OPCs, while human OPCs show TG2 immunoreactivity during brain development. Exposure to the MS-relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ increased TG2 expression in OPCs and prolonged expression of endogenous TG2 upon differentiation. However, despite the increased TG2 levels, OPC maturation was not accelerated, indicating that TG2-mediated OPC differentiation may be counteracted by other pathways. Together, our data show that TG2, either endogenously expressed, or exogenously supplied to OPCs, accelerates early OPC differentiation. A better understanding of the role of TG2 in the OPC differentiation process during MS is of therapeutic interest to overcome remyelination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke van Mierlo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jenny C de Jonge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Massey SC, Hawkins-Daarud A, Gallaher J, Anderson ARA, Canoll P, Swanson KR. Lesion Dynamics Under Varying Paracrine PDGF Signaling in Brain Tissue. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:1645-1664. [PMID: 30796683 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine PDGF signaling is involved in many processes in the body, both normal and pathological, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, and wound healing as well as liver fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and cancers. We explored this seemingly dual (normal and pathological) role of PDGF mathematically by modeling the release of PDGF in brain tissue and then varying the dynamics of this release. Resulting simulations show that by varying the dynamics of a PDGF source, our model predicts three possible outcomes for PDGF-driven cellular recruitment and lesion growth: (1) localized, short duration of growth, (2) localized, chronic growth, and (3) widespread chronic growth. Further, our model predicts that the type of response is much more sensitive to the duration of PDGF exposure than the maximum level of that exposure. This suggests that extended duration of paracrine PDGF signal during otherwise normal processes could potentially lead to lesions having a phenotype consistent with pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Christine Massey
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | - Andrea Hawkins-Daarud
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jill Gallaher
- Integrative Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter Canoll
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin R Swanson
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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18
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Ebihara T. Multiple Injury. Neurocrit Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7272-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Tamburini E, Dallatomasina A, Quartararo J, Cortelazzi B, Mangieri D, Lazzaretti M, Perris R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality. FASEB J 2018; 33:3112-3128. [PMID: 30550356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801670r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) gene encodes a transmembrane proteoglycan (PG) constituting the largest and most structurally complex macromolecule of the human surfaceome. Its transcript shows an extensive evolutionary conservation and, due to the elaborated intracellular processing of the translated protein, it generates an array of glycoforms with the potential to exert variant-specific functions. CSPG4-mediated molecular events are articulated through the interaction with more than 40 putative ligands and the concurrent involvement of the ectodomain and cytoplasmic tail. Alternating inside-out and outside-in signal transductions may thereby be elicited through a tight functional connection of the PG with the cytoskeleton and its regulators. The potential of CSPG4 to influence both types of signaling mechanisms is also asserted by its lateral mobility along the plasma membrane and its intersection with microdomain-restricted internalization and endocytic trafficking. Owing to the multitude of molecular interplays that CSPG4 may engage, and thanks to a differential phosphorylation of its intracellular domain accounted by crosstalking signaling pathways, the PG stands out for its unique capability to affect numerous cellular phenomena, including those purporting pathologic conditions. We discuss here the progresses made in advancing our understanding about the structural-functional bases for the ability of CSPG4 to widely impact on cell behavior, such as to highlight how its multivalency may be exploited to interfere with disease progression.-Tamburini, E., Dallatomasina, A., Quartararo, J., Cortelazzi, B., Mangieri, D., Lazzaretti, M., Perris, R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamburini
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Jade Quartararo
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mirca Lazzaretti
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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20
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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21
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Yu B, Gu X. Combination of biomaterial transplantation and genetic enhancement of intrinsic growth capacities to promote CNS axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Front Med 2018; 13:131-137. [PMID: 30159670 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory environment that surrounds the lesion site and the lack of intrinsic regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) impede the regrowth of injured axons and thereby the reestablishment of neural circuits required for functional recovery after spinal cord injuries (SCI). To circumvent these barriers, biomaterial scaffolds are applied to bridge the lesion gaps for the regrowing axons to follow, and, often by combining stem cell transplantation, to enable the local environment in the growth-supportive direction. Manipulations, such as the modulation of PTEN/mTOR pathways, can also enhance intrinsic CNS axon regrowth after injury. Given the complex pathophysiology of SCI, combining biomaterial scaffolds and genetic manipulation may provide synergistic effects and promote maximal axonal regrowth. Future directions will primarily focus on the translatability of these approaches and promote therapeutic avenues toward the functional rehabilitation of patients with SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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22
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Aguilera G, Colín-González AL, Rangel-López E, Chavarría A, Santamaría A. Redox Signaling, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1626-1651. [PMID: 28467722 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is part of the defense system that mostly microglia and macrophages display to induce normal signaling to counteract the deleterious actions of invading pathogens in the brain. Also, redox activity in the central nervous system (CNS) constitutes an integral part of the metabolic processes needed by cells to exert their normal molecular and biochemical functions. Under normal conditions, the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and the following oxidative activity encounter a healthy balance with immunological responses to preserve cell functions in the brain. However, under different pathological conditions, inflammatory responses recruit pro-oxidant signals and vice versa. The aim of this article is to review the basic concepts about the triggering of inflammatory and oxidative responses in the CNS. Recent Advances: Diverse concurrent toxic pathways are described to provide a solid mechanistic scope for considering intervention at the experimental and clinical levels that are aimed at diminishing the harmful actions of these two contributing factors to nerve cell damage. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The main conclusion supports the existence of a narrow cross-talk between pro-inflammatory and oxidative signals that can lead to neuronal damage and subsequent neurodegeneration. Further investigation about critical pathways crosslinking oxidative stress and inflammation will strength our knowlegde on this topic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1626-1651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilera
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- 2 Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaría
- 1 Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a significant public healthcare concern, accounting for the majority of all head injuries. While symptoms are generally transient, some patients go on to experience long-term cognitive impairments and additional mild impacts can result in exacerbated and persisting negative outcomes. To date, studies using a range of experimental models have reported chronic behavioral deficits in the presence of axonal injury and inflammation following repeated mTBI; assessments of oxidative stress and myelin pathology have thus far been limited. However, some models employed induced acute focal damage more suggestive of moderate–severe brain injury and are therefore not relevant to repeated mTBI. Given that the nature of mechanical loading in TBI is implicated in downstream pathophysiological changes, the mechanisms of damage and chronic consequences of single and repeated closed-head mTBI remain to be fully elucidated. This review covers literature on potential mechanisms of damage following repeated mTBI, integrating known mechanisms of pathology underlying moderate–severe TBIs, with recent studies on adult rodent models relevant to direct impact injuries rather than blast-induced damage. Pathology associated with excitotoxicity and cerebral blood flow-metabolism uncoupling, oxidative stress, cell death, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrocyte reactivity, microglial activation, diffuse axonal injury, and dysmyelination is discussed, followed by a summary of functional deficits and preclinical assessments of therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive characterization of the pathology underlying delayed and persisting deficits following repeated mTBI is likely to facilitate further development of therapeutic strategies to limit long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Fehily
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,3 Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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25
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George N, Geller HM. Extracellular matrix and traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:573-588. [PMID: 29344975 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in both the developing and adult brain by providing structural support and mediating cell-cell interactions. In this review, we focus on the major constituents of the ECM and how they function in both normal and injured brain, and summarize the changes in the composition of the ECM as well as how these changes either promote or inhibit recovery of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Modulation of ECM composition to facilitates neuronal survival, regeneration and axonal outgrowth is a potential therapeutic target for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijil George
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
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26
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Robins SC, Kokoeva MV. NG2-Glia, a New Player in Energy Balance. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:305-312. [PMID: 29506015 DOI: 10.1159/000488111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that glia act not only as neuronal support cells, but that they can also influence physiological outcomes via effects on neural signalling. The role of NG2-glia in this regard is especially enigmatic, as they are known to interact with neural circuits but their precise functions other than as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain elusive. Here, we summarise recent evidence suggesting that NG2-glia play a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, most notably via the support of leptin-sensing neural circuits. We also discuss the potential clinical implication of these findings specifically in the context of cranial radiation therapy.
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Stolz L, Derouiche A, Devraj K, Weber F, Brunkhorst R, Foerch C. Anticoagulation with warfarin and rivaroxaban ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:152. [PMID: 28754118 PMCID: PMC5534067 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis, coagulation factors have been shown to modulate inflammation. In this translational study, we investigated whether long-term anticoagulation with warfarin or rivaroxaban has beneficial effects on the course of autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS Female SJL/J mice treated with anticoagulants namely warfarin or rivaroxaban were immunized with PLP139-151. Stable anticoagulation was maintained throughout the entire experiment. Mice without anticoagulation treated with the vehicle only were used as controls. The neurological deficit was recorded during the course of EAE, and histopathological analyses of inflammatory lesions were performed. RESULTS In preventive settings, both treatment with warfarin and rivaroxaban reduced the maximum EAE score as compared to the control group and led to a reduction of inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord. In contrast, therapeutic treatment with warfarin had no beneficial effects on the clinical course of EAE. Signs of intraparenchymal hemorrhage at the site of the inflammatory lesions were not observed. CONCLUSION We developed long-term anticoagulation models that allowed exploring the course of EAE under warfarin and rivaroxaban treatment. We found a mild preventive effect of both warfarin and rivaroxaban on neurological deficits and local inflammation, indicating a modulation of the disease induction by anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Stolz
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Amin Derouiche
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute for Anatomy II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Neurological Clinic Medical Park, Bad Camberg, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Foerch
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ampofo E, Schmitt BM, Menger MD, Laschke MW. The regulatory mechanisms of NG2/CSPG4 expression. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:4. [PMID: 28536635 PMCID: PMC5415841 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), is a surface type I transmembrane core proteoglycan that is crucially involved in cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. NG2 is frequently used as a marker for the identification and characterization of certain cell types, but little is known about the mechanisms regulating its expression. In this review, we provide evidence that the regulation of NG2 expression underlies inflammation and hypoxia and is mediated by methyltransferases, transcription factors, including Sp1, paired box (Pax) 3 and Egr-1, and the microRNA miR129-2. These regulatory factors crucially determine NG2-mediated cellular processes such as glial scar formation in the central nervous system (CNS) or tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, they are potential targets for the establishment of novel NG2-based therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CNS injuries, cancer and other conditions of these types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Beate M Schmitt
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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29
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Jäkel S, Dimou L. Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28243193 PMCID: PMC5303749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells, consisting of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells as their major components, constitute a large fraction of the mammalian brain. Originally considered as purely non-functional glue for neurons, decades of research have highlighted the importance as well as further functions of glial cells. Although many aspects of these cells are well characterized nowadays, the functions of the different glial populations in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions remain, at least to a certain extent, unresolved. To tackle these important questions, a broad range of depletion approaches have been developed in which microglia, astrocytes, or oligodendrocyte lineage cells (i.e., NG2-glia and oligodendrocytes) are specifically ablated from the adult brain network with a subsequent analysis of the consequences. As the different glial populations are very heterogeneous, it is imperative to specifically ablate single cell populations instead of inducing cell death in all glial cells in general. Thanks to modern genetic manipulation methods, the approaches can now directly be targeted to the cell type of interest making the ablation more specific compared to general cell ablation approaches that have been used earlier on. In this review, we will give a detailed summary on different glial ablation studies, focusing on the adult mouse central nervous system and the functional readouts. We will also provide an outlook on how these approaches could be further exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jäkel
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunich, Germany; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems NeurologyMunich, Germany; Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of UlmUlm, Germany
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30
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Siegert E, Paul F, Rothe M, Weylandt KH. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on central nervous system remyelination in fat-1 mice. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:19. [PMID: 28114887 PMCID: PMC5259863 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
There is a large body of experimental evidence suggesting that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are capable of modulating immune function. Some studies have shown that these PUFAs might have a beneficial effect in patients suffering form multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This could be due to increased n-3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. In the present study we tested the effect of an endogenously increased n-3 PUFA status on cuprizone-induced CNS demyelination and remyelination in fat-1 mice versus their wild-type (wt) littermates. Fat-1 mice express an n-3 desaturase, which allows them to convert n-6 PUFAs into n-3 PUFAs. Results CNS lipid profiles in fat-1 mice showed a significant increase of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels but similar docosahexaenoic acid levels compared to wt littermates. This was also reflected in significantly higher levels of monohydroxy EPA metabolites such as 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) in fat-1 brain tissue. Feeding fat-1 mice and wt littermates 0.2% cuprizone for 5 weeks caused a similar degree of CNS demyelination in both groups; remyelination was increased in the fat-1 group after a recovery period of 2 weeks. However, at p = 0.07 this difference missed statistical significance. Conclusions These results indicate that n-3 PUFAs might have a role in promotion of remyelination after toxic injury to CNS oligodendrocytes. This might occur either via modulation of the immune system or via a direct effect on oligodendrocytes or neurons through EPA-derived lipid metabolites such as 18-HEPE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0312-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Siegert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Hospital, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipdomix GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten H Weylandt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Hospital, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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32
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Hackett AR, Lee JK. Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2016; 7:199. [PMID: 27895617 PMCID: PMC5108923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. While astrocytes are typically associated with being the major cell type in the glial scar, many NG2 cells also accumulate within the glial scar but their function remains poorly understood. Similar to astrocytes, these cells hypertrophy, upregulate expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, inhibit axon regeneration, contribute to the glial-fibrotic scar border, and some even differentiate into astrocytes. Whether NG2 cells also have a role in other astrocyte functions, such as preventing the spread of infiltrating leukocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines, is not yet known. Thus, NG2 cells are not only important for remyelination after SCI but are also a major component of the glial scar with functions that overlap with astrocytes in this region. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways important for the proliferation and differentiation of NG2 cells, as well as the role of NG2 cells in scar formation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R. Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jae K. Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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33
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Margul DJ, Park J, Boehler RM, Smith DR, Johnson MA, McCreedy DA, He T, Ataliwala A, Kukushliev TV, Liang J, Sohrabi A, Goodman AG, Walthers CM, Shea LD, Seidlits SK. Reducing neuroinflammation by delivery of IL-10 encoding lentivirus from multiple-channel bridges. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:136-148. [PMID: 27981242 PMCID: PMC5125399 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is unable to regenerate after injury largely due to growth‐inhibition by an inflammatory response to the injury that fails to resolve, resulting in secondary damage and cell death. An approach that prevents inhibition by attenuating the inflammatory response and promoting its resolution through the transition of macrophages to anti‐inflammatory phenotypes is essential for the creation of a growth permissive microenvironment. Viral gene delivery to induce the expression of anti‐inflammatory factors provides the potential to provide localized delivery to alter the host inflammatory response. Initially, we investigated the effect of the biomaterial and viral components of the delivery system to influence the extent of cell infiltration and the phenotype of these cells. Bridge implantation reduces antigen‐presenting cell infiltration at day 7, and lentivirus addition to the bridge induces a transient increase in neutrophils in the spinal cord at day 7 and macrophages at day 14. Delivery of a lentivirus encoding IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory factor that inhibits immune cell activation and polarizes the macrophage population towards anti‐inflammatory phenotypes, reduced neutrophil infiltration at both day 7 and day 28. Though IL‐10 lentivirus did not affect macrophages number, it skewed the macrophage population toward an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype and altered macrophage morphology. Additionally, IL‐10 delivery resulted in improved motor function, suggesting reduced secondary damage and increased sparing. Taken together, these results indicate that localized expression of anti‐inflammatory factors, such as IL‐10, can modulate the inflammatory response following spinal cord injury, and may be a key component of a combinatorial approach that targets the multiple barriers to regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Margul
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Ryan M Boehler
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Mitchell A Johnson
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Dylan A McCreedy
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109; Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Ting He
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Aishani Ataliwala
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Todor V Kukushliev
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Jesse Liang
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Alireza Sohrabi
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | | | - Lonnie D Shea
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109; Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL, 48109; Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095; Brain Research Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90024
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34
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Levine J. The reactions and role of NG2 glia in spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2016; 1638:199-208. [PMID: 26232070 PMCID: PMC4732922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) react rapidly to brain and spinal cord injuries. This reaction is characterized by the retraction of cell processes, cell body swelling and increased expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Reactive OPCs rapidly divide and accumulate surrounding the injury site where they become major cellular components of the glial scar. The glial reaction to injury is an attempt to restore normal homeostasis and re-establish the glia limitans but the exact role of reactive OPCs in these processes is not well understood. Traumatic injury results in extensive oligodendrocyte cell death and the proliferating OPCs generate the large number of precursor cells necessary for remyelination. Reactive OPCs, however, also are a source of axon-growth inhibitory proteoglycans and may interact with invading inflammatory cells in complex ways. Here, I discuss these and other properties of OPCs after spinal cord injury. Understanding the regulation of these disparate properties may lead to new therapeutic approaches to devastating injuries of the spinal cord. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Levine
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stonybrook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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35
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Yang T, Zheng Q, Zhao H, Zhang QX, Li M, Qi F, Li KN, Fang L, Wang L, Fan YP. Effect of Bushen Yisui Capsule () on oligodendrocyte lineage genes 1 and 2 in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:932-940. [PMID: 26919831 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Bushen Yisui Capsule (, BSYSC) on the oligodendrocyte lineage genes (Olig) 1 and Olig2 in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in order to explore the remyelination effect of BSYSC. METHODS The mice were randomly divided into normal control (NC), EAE model (EAE-M), prednisone acetate (PA, 6 mg/kg), BSYSC high-dose (3.02 g/kg) and BSYSC low-dose (1.51 g/kg) groups. The mice were induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55. The neurological function scores were assessed once daily. The pathological changes in mice brains were observed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expressions of myelin basic protein (MBP), Olig1 and Olig2 in brains were measured by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expressions of Olig1 and Olig 2 was also determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the EAE-M mice, (1) the neurological function scores were significantly decreased in BSYSC-treated mice on days 22 to 40 (P<0.01); (2) the inflammatory cells and demyelination in brains were reduced in BSYSC-treated EAE mice; (3) the protein expression of MBP was markedly increased in BSYSC-treated groups on day 18 and 40 respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01); (4) the protein expression of Olig1 was increased in BSYSC (3.02 g/kg)-treated EAE mice on day 40 (P<0.01). Protein and mRNA expression of Olig2 was increased in BSYSC-treated EAE mice on day 18 and 40 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The effects of BSYSC on reducing demyelination and promoting remyelination might be associated with the increase of Olig1 and Olig2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China.,Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Kang-Ning Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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36
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Lipopolysaccharide Upregulates the Expression of CINC-3 and LIX in Primary NG2 Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1448-57. [PMID: 26842931 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous NG2 cells, also called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), exist ubiquitously in the gray and white matter in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Although NG2 cells could become active by upregulation of NG2 expression and hypertrophy or extension of their processes under various neuropathological conditions, their actual role in the brain remains to be illustrated. In view of the fact that the synergy of cytokine and chemokine networks plays an important role in CNS inflammation and immunity, we have assumed that the NG2 cells might take part in brain inflammation and immunity by making a contribution to the pool of cytokines or chemokines. In the current study, NG2-expressing OPCs were prepared from cerebral hemispheres of postnatal day 0 or 1 Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results showed that NG2-expressing OPCs, verified by immunohistological staining of anti-NG2 antibody and anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) antibody, presented binding affinity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a commonly used stimulator in a neuroinflammatory model. Using cytokine antibody array, QPCR and ELISA, we have further shown that LPS could upregulate the expression of cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-3 (CINC-3) and LPS induced CXC chemokine (LIX) in primary NG2-expressing OPCs, without the alteration in cell number of NG2-expressing OPCs. In addition, the cells bearing the receptor for these two cytokines included microglia and OPCs. Taken together, our results suggest that NG2-expressing OPCs could response to LPS and may take part in neuroinflammatory process, through secreting cytokines and chemokines to exert an effect on target cells (OPCs and microglia).
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37
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Mohn TC, Koob AO. Adult Astrogenesis and the Etiology of Cortical Neurodegeneration. J Exp Neurosci 2015; 9:25-34. [PMID: 26568684 PMCID: PMC4634839 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As more evidence points to a clear role for astrocytes in synaptic processing, synaptogenesis and cognition, continuing research on astrocytic function could lead to strategies for neurodegenerative disease prevention. Reactive astrogliosis results in astrocyte proliferation early in injury and disease states and is considered neuroprotective, indicating a role for astrocytes in disease etiology. This review describes the different types of human cortical astrocytes and the current evidence regarding adult cortical astrogenesis in injury and degenerative disease. A role for disrupted astrogenesis as a cause of cortical degeneration, with a focus on the tauopathies and synucleinopathies, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal C. Mohn
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew O. Koob
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
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38
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Iijima K, Kurachi M, Shibasaki K, Naruse M, Puentes S, Imai H, Yoshimoto Y, Mikuni M, Ishizaki Y. Transplanted microvascular endothelial cells promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell survival in ischemic demyelinating lesions. J Neurochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiya Iijima
- Department of Neurosurgery; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masashi Kurachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Sandra Puentes
- Department of Neurosurgery; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Hideaki Imai
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuhei Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masahiko Mikuni
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
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39
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Chen WF, Chen CH, Chen NF, Sung CS, Wen ZH. Neuroprotective Effects of Direct Intrathecal Administration of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:698-707. [PMID: 26190345 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To date, no reliable methods have proven effective for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). Even systemic administration of methylprednisolone (MP) remains controversial. We previously reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) improves outcome after experimental spinal cord ischemic insults in rats. The present study aimed to examine the neuroprotective efficacy of i.t. G-CSF or MP in rats with SCI. METHODS Female rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion injury at T10 using NYU impactor. We i.t. administered G-CSF (10 μg) or MP (one bolus of 100 μg, followed by 18 μg/h infusion for 23 h) immediately after SCI. RESULTS Both G-CSF and MP significantly improved the rats' motor function after SCI. Immunofluorescence staining revealed suppressed expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (neurocan and phosphacan), OX-42 and tumor necrosis factor alpha after i.t. G-CSF, but not MP, in rats with SCI. In addition, G-CSF significantly decreased the expression of astrocytic TGF-β1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein around the injury site. Furthermore, rats with G-CSF treatment showed increased neurofilament expression beyond the glial scars. CONCLUSION Direct i.t. administration of G-CSF provides a promising therapeutic option for SCI or related spinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, China.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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40
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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41
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Son YJ. Synapsing with NG2 cells (polydendrocytes), unappreciated barrier to axon regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:346-8. [PMID: 25878571 PMCID: PMC4396085 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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42
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Xiang P, Zhu L, Jiang H, He BP. The activation of NG2 expressing cells is downstream to microglial reaction and mediated by the transforming growth factor beta 1. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 279:50-63. [PMID: 25670001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of activation of NG2 expressing cells. Application of microglial inhibitors not only attenuated morphological changes but also significantly retarded increase in the number of NG2 expressing cells. Intracerebral injection of TGF-β1 led to a profound activation of NG2 glia as well as an earlier accumulation of NG2(+)-microglia, whilst inhibition of TGF-β1 Smad2/3 signalling pathway eventually attenuated their active responses. We conclude that the activation of NG2 expressing cells is an event downstream to microglial reaction and TGF-β1 secreted from microglia might play an important role in modulation of the function of NG2 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lie Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ping He
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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43
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Axonal regeneration through the fibrous scar in lesioned goldfish spinal cord. Neuroscience 2015; 284:134-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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44
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45
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Huang S, Tang C, Sun S, Cao W, Qi W, Xu J, Huang J, Lu W, Liu Q, Gong B, Zhang Y, Jiang J. Protective Effect of Electroacupuncture on Neural Myelin Sheaths is Mediated via Promotion of Oligodendrocyte Proliferation and Inhibition of Oligodendrocyte Death After Compressed Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1870-1881. [PMID: 25465241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used worldwide to treat demyelinating diseases, but its therapeutic mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a custom-designed model of compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) was used to induce demyelination. Zusanli (ST36) and Taixi (KI3) acupoints of adult rats were stimulated by EA to demonstrate its protective effect. At 14 days after EA, both locomotor skills and ultrastructural features of myelin sheath were significantly improved. Phenotypes of proliferating cells were identified by double immunolabeling of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine with antibodies to cell markers: NG2 [oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) marker], 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) (oligodendrocyte marker), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocyte marker). EA enhanced the proliferation of OPCs and CNPase, as well as the differentiation of OPCs by promoting Olig2 (the basic helix-loop-helix protein) and attenuating Id2 (the inhibitor of DNA binding 2). EA could also improve myelin basic protein (MBP) and protect existing oligodendrocytes from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-12 (a representative of endoplasmic reticulum stress) and cytochrome c (an apoptotic factor and hallmark of mitochondria). Therefore, our results indicate that the protective effect of EA on neural myelin sheaths is mediated via promotion of oligodendrocyte proliferation and inhibition of oligodendrocyte death after CSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shanquan Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenfu Cao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chongqing Three Gorgers Central Hospital, No.165 Xin Cheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weitian Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Biao Gong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Chen P, Wang L, Deng Q, Ruan H, Cai W. Alteration in rectification of potassium channels in perinatal hypoxia ischemia brain damage. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:592-600. [PMID: 25355958 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00144.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are susceptible to perinatal hypoxia ischemia brain damage (HIBD), which results in infant cerebral palsy due to the effects on myelination. The origin of OPC vulnerability in HIBD, however, remains controversial. In this study, we defined the HIBD punctate lesions by MRI diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) in postnatal 7-day-old rats. The electrophysiological functional properties of OPCs in HIBD were recorded by patch-clamp in acute cerebral cortex slices. The slices were intracellularly injected with Lucifer yellow and immunohistochemically labeled with NG2 antibody to identify local OPCs. Passive membrane properties and K(+) channel functions in OPCs were analyzed to estimate the onset of vulnerability in HIBD. The resting membrane potential, membrane resistance, and membrane capacitance of OPCs were increased in both the gray and white matter of the cerebral cortex. OPCs in both the gray and white matter exhibited voltage-dependent K(+) currents, which consisted of the initiated rectified potassium currents (IA) and the sustained rectified currents (IK). The significant alternation in membrane resistance was influenced by the diversity of potassium channel kinetics. These findings suggest that the rectification of IA and IK channels may play a significant role in OPC vulnerability in HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyue Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Huaizhen Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Wenqin Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
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47
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Luessi F, Kuhlmann T, Zipp F. Remyelinating strategies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1315-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.969241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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48
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Mechanisms of intimate and long-distance cross-talk between glioma and myeloid cells: how to break a vicious cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:560-75. [PMID: 25453365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) condition the glioma microenvironment to generate an immunosuppressed niche for tumour expansion. This immunosuppressive microenvironment is considered to be shaped through a complex multi-step interactive process between glioma cells, GAMs and MDSCs. Glioma cells recruit GAMs and MDSCs to the tumour site and block their maturation. Glioma cell-derived factors subsequently skew these cells towards an immunosuppressive, tumour-promoting phenotype. Finally, GAMs and MDSCs enhance immune suppression in the glioma microenvironment and promote glioma growth, invasiveness, and neovascularization. The local and distant cross-talk between glioma cells and GAMs and MDSCs is regulated by a plethora of soluble proteins and cell surface-bound factors, and possibly via extracellular vesicles and platelets. Importantly, GAMs and MDSCs have been reported to impair the efficacy of glioma therapy, in particular immunotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, advancing our understanding of the function of GAMs and MDSCs in brain tumours and targeted intervention of their immunosuppressive function may benefit the treatment of glioma.
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49
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Wennström M, Janelidze S, Bay-Richter C, Minthon L, Brundin L. Pro-inflammatory cytokines reduce the proliferation of NG2 cells and increase shedding of NG2 in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109387. [PMID: 25285951 PMCID: PMC4186831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron glial 2 (NG2) cells become strongly activated in injured brain areas. The activation is characterized by increased proliferation as well as increased expression and shedding of the proteoglycan NG2 expressed on their cell surface. It is currently not known how these cells respond to low-grade neuroinflammation provoked by systemic inflammation. To investigate this, we analyzed NG2 cell proliferation as well as soluble NG2 (sNG2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from rats treated with an acute intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or saline and sacrificed after 2 or 24 hours. The systemically induced neuroinflammation was confirmed as elevated levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and MHCII expressing microglia were found 24 h after LPS treatment. At this time point NG2 cell proliferation was significantly decreased in both amygdala and hippocampus and sNG2 levels in CSF were increased twofold. We also exposed human NG2 cells in culture to IL-6 and IL-1β for 24 h and found, in line with our in vivo study, a direct impact of these cytokines reducing cell proliferation and increasing shedding of NG2. We conclude that LPS induced systemic inflammation significantly affects NG2 cell proliferation and shedding and that these two events at least in in part are mediated by IL-6 and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Wennström
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilie Bay-Richter
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Lennart Minthon
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Brundin
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Van Andel Research Institute, Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
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50
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Abrogation of β-catenin signaling in oligodendrocyte precursor cells reduces glial scarring and promotes axon regeneration after CNS injury. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10285-97. [PMID: 25080590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4915-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When the brain or spinal cord is injured, glial cells in the damaged area undergo complex morphological and physiological changes resulting in the formation of the glial scar. This scar contains reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, macrophages and other myeloid cells, meningeal cells, proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and a dense extracellular matrix. Whether the scar is beneficial or detrimental to recovery remains controversial. In the acute phase of recovery, scar-forming astrocytes limit the invasion of leukocytes and macrophages, but in the subacute and chronic phases of injury the glial scar is a physical and biochemical barrier to axonal regrowth. The signals that initiate the formation of the glial scar are unknown. Both canonical and noncanonical signaling Wnts are increased after spinal cord injury (SCI). Because Wnts are important regulators of OPC and oligodendrocyte development, we examined the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the glial reactions to CNS injury. In adult female mice carrying an OPC-specific conditionally deleted β-catenin gene, there is reduced proliferation of OPCs after SCI, reduced accumulation of activated microglia/macrophages, and reduced astrocyte hypertrophy. Using an infraorbital optic nerve crush injury, we show that reducing β-catenin-dependent signaling in OPCs creates an environment that is permissive to axonal regeneration. Viral-induced expression of Wnt3a in the normal adult mouse spinal cord induces an injury-like response in glia. Thus canonical Wnt signaling is both necessary and sufficient to induce injury responses among glial cells. These data suggest that targeting Wnt expression after SCI may have therapeutic potential in promoting axon regeneration.
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