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Dubey H, Ray A, Dubey A, Gulati K. S-Nitrosoglutathione Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Improves Retention Memory Dysfunctions in Intra-Cerebroventricular-Streptozotocin Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease via Activation of BDNF and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2 Antioxidant Signaling Pathway. Neuropsychobiology 2024; 83:101-113. [PMID: 38744261 DOI: 10.1159/000538348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and transcription nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF-2) play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the interactive involvement of BDNF and NRF-2 in respect to antioxidant mechanisms in different parts of the AD brain is still unclear. Considering the above condition, used S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to examine whether it modulates the BDNF and NRF-2 levels to activate signaling pathway to promote antioxidant levels in AD brains. METHOD AD was induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ, 3 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. The effect of GSNO was analyzed by evaluating the retention of memory in months 1, 2, and 3. After the behavior study, rats were sacrificed and accessed the amyloid beta (Aβ)-40, Aβ42, glutathione (GSH), BDNF, and NRF-2 levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and amygdala tissue. RESULTS Pretreatment with GSNO (50 µg/kg/intraperitoneal/day) restored the BDNF, and NRF-2 levels toward normalcy as compared with ICV-STZ + saline-treated animals. Also, GSNO treatment reversed the oxidative stress and increased the GSH levels toward normal levels. Further, reduced Aβ levels and neuronal loss in different brain regions. As a result, GSNO treatment improved the cognitive deficits in ICV-STZ-treated rats. CONCLUSION The results showed that endogenous nitric oxide donor GSNO improved the cognitive deficits and ICV-STZ-induced AD pathological conditions, possibly via attenuating the oxidative stress. Hence, the above finding supported that GSNO treatment may activate BDNF and NRF-2 antioxidant signaling pathways in the AD brain to normalize oxidative stress, which is the main causative factor for ICV-STZ-induced AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh Dubey
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Arunabha Ray
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Departments of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (HIMSR), Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Gulati
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Natrus L, Lisakovska O, Smirnov A, Osadchuk Y, Savosko S, Klys Y. Could the Propionic Acid Treatment in Combination with Metformin be Safe for the Small Intestine of Diabetic Rats? Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:1335-1345. [PMID: 38265384 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303273125231121062111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of propionic acid (PA) on the cellular and molecular processes in the small intestine under type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remain incompletely studied. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the state of unfolded protein response (UPR) system in the small intestine of diabetic rats and to explore PA's influence on metformin treatment. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 1) control and 2) T2DM groups, and groups receiving (14 days, orally) 3) metformin (60 mg/kg), 4) PA (60 mg/kg), and 5) PA+metformin. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy were performed. RESULTS We found that T2DM induced elevation of ER intermembrane space and UPR overactivation based on increased GRP78, ATF6 and PERK levels in small intestine. Metformin treatment led to a further UPR activation. PA supplementation partially restored enterocytes functioning via normalization of ATF6 and PERK content, while IRE1 level reached the maximum value, compared to all groups. The most pronounced effect of adaptation to the T2DMinduced ER stress was observed after combined metformin and PA action. In particular, decreased ER intermembrane space in enterocytes was detected compared to separate metformin and PA administration, which was accompanied by restored GRP78, PERK and IRE1 levels. CONCLUSION Our study proves the safety of additional therapy with propionic acid in combination with metformin for the functional state of small intestine. Due to its ability to modulate UPR signaling, PA may be considered a safe and perspective candidate for supportive therapy in T2DM, especially for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Natrus
- Department of Modern Technologies of Medical Diagnostics and Treatment, Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Olha Lisakovska
- Department of Biochemistry of Vitamins and Coenzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Anton Smirnov
- Department of Socio-Humanitarian and Biomedical Sciences, Kharkiv Institute of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia Osadchuk
- Department of Modern Technologies of Medical Diagnostics and Treatment, Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Serhyi Savosko
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia Klys
- Department of Modern Technologies of Medical Diagnostics and Treatment, Bogomoletz National Medical University, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
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Vega-Martín E, González-Moreno D, Sanz-Gómez M, Guzmán-Aguayo AK, Manzano-Lista FJ, Schulz A, Aránguez I, Kreutz R, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Upregulation in Inflammation and Collagen Expression in Perirenal but Not in Mesenteric Adipose Tissue from Diabetic Munich Wistar Frömter Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17008. [PMID: 38069331 PMCID: PMC10706928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) surrounding the kidney is emerging as a player and novel independent risk factor in diabetic kidney disease (DKD); DKD is a complication of diabetes and is a major cause of increased cardiovascular (CV) risk and CV mortality in affected patients. We determined the effect of diabetes induction on (i) kidney and CV damage and (ii) on the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors in both the PRAT and the mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) of Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rats. The 16-week-old male MWF rats (n = 10 rats/group) were fed standard chow (MWF-C) or a high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 6 weeks together with low-dose streptozotocin (15 mg/kg i.p.) at the start of dietary exposure (MWF-D). Phenotyping was performed at the end of treatment through determining water intake, urine excretion, and oral glucose tolerance; use of the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) evidenced the development of overt diabetes manifestation in MWF-D rats. The kidney damage markers Kim-1 and Ngal were significantly higher in MWF-D rats, as were the amounts of PRAT and MAT. A diabetes-induced upregulation in IL-1, IL-6, Tnf-α, and Tgf-β was observed in both the PRAT and the MAT. Col1A1 was increased in the PRAT but not in the MAT of MWF-D, whereas IL-10 was lower and higher in the PRAT and the MAT, respectively. Urinary albumin excretion and blood pressure were not further increased by diabetes induction, while heart weight was higher in the MWF-D. In conclusion, our results show a proinflammatory and profibrotic in vivo environment in PRAT induced by diabetes which might be associated with kidney damage progression in the MWF strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vega-Martín
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
| | - Daniel González-Moreno
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
| | - Marta Sanz-Gómez
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
| | - Ana Karen Guzmán-Aguayo
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
| | | | - Angela Schulz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Aránguez
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - María S. Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.K.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bordet S, Luaces JP, Herrera MI, Gonzalez LM, Kobiec T, Perez-Lloret S, Otero-Losada M, Capani F. Neuroprotection from protein misfolding in cerebral hypoperfusion concurrent with metabolic syndrome. A translational perspective. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1215041. [PMID: 37650104 PMCID: PMC10463751 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1215041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on clinical and experimental evidence, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered risk factors for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) and neurodegeneration. Scientific evidence suggests that protein misfolding is a potential mechanism that explains how CCH can lead to either Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of experimental studies regarding this issue. Using several animal paradigms and different markers of CCH, scientists have discussed the extent to which MetSor T2D causes a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF). In addition, different models of CCH have explored how long-term reductions in oxygen and energy supply can trigger AD or VCID via protein misfolding and aggregation. Research that combines two or three animal models could broaden knowledge of the links between these pathological conditions. Recent experimental studies suggest novel neuroprotective properties of protein-remodeling factors. In this review, we present a summarized updated revision of preclinical findings, discussing clinical implications and proposing new experimental approaches from a translational perspective. We are confident that research studies, both clinical and experimental, may find new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to prevent neurodegeneration associated with MetS, diabetes, and any other chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) associated with diet and lifestyle risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Bordet
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP), Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Luaces
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Ines Herrera
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP), Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Mirta Gonzalez
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Kobiec
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP), Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Observatorio de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS, UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wu DG, Wang YN, Zhou Y, Gao H, Zhao B. Inhibition of the Proteasome Regulator PA28 Aggravates Oxidized Protein Overload in the Diabetic Rat Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:2857-2869. [PMID: 36715894 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized protein overloading caused by diabetes is one accelerating pathological pathway in diabetic encephalopathy development. To determine whether the PA28-regulated function of the proteasome plays a role in diabetes-induced oxidative damaged protein degradation, brain PA28α and PA28β interference experiments were performed in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model. The present results showed that proteasome activity was changed in the brains of diabetic rats, but the constitutive subunits were not. In vivo PA28α and PA28β inhibition via adeno-associated virus (AAV) shRNA infection successfully decreased PA28 protein levels and further exacerbated oxidized proteins load by regulating proteasome catalytic activity. These findings suggest that the proteasome plays a role in the elimination of oxidized proteins and that PA28 is functionally involved in the regulation of proteasome activity in vivo. This study suggests that abnormal protein turbulence occurring in the diabetic brain could be explained by the proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. Changes in proteasome activity regulator PA28 could be a reason to induce oxidative aggregation in diabetic brain. Proteasome regulator PA28 inhibition in vivo by AAV vector injection could aggravate oxidized proteins abundance in brain of HFD-STZ diabetic rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gui Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, 79th Kangning Road, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Na Wang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Li Yun-Qing Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province (No. 202005AF150014) based in Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Li D, Yi P, Shi J, Guo M, Yin Q, Liu D, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Peripheral origin exosomal microRNAs aggravate glymphatic system dysfunction in diabetic cognitive impairment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2817-2825. [PMID: 37521866 PMCID: PMC10372831 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the common central nervous systems (CNS) complications of diabetes mellitus, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and results in a huge economic burden. The glymphatic system dysfunction mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) loss or redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced cognitive impairment (DCI). However, the mechanism of AQP4 loss or redistribution in the diabetic states remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that peripheral insulin resistance target tissues and CNS communication affect brain homeostasis and that exosomal miRNAs are key mediators. Glucose and lipid metabolism disorder is an important pathological feature of diabetes mellitus, and skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue are the key target insulin resistance organs. In this review, the changes in exosomal miRNAs induced by peripheral metabolism disorders in diabetes mellitus were systematically reviewed. We focused on exosomal miRNAs that could induce low AQP4 expression and redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet, which could provide an interorgan communication pathway to illustrate the pathogenesis of DCI. Furthermore, the mechanisms of exosome secretion from peripheral insulin resistance target tissue and absorption to the CNS were summarized, which will be beneficial for proposing novel and feasible strategies to optimize DCI prevention and/or treatment in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dongna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Pengrong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
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Natrus L, Osadchuk Y, Lisakovska O, Roch T, Babel N, Klys Y, Labudzynskyi D, Chaikovsky Y. Regulation of the apoptosis/autophagy switch by propionic acid in ventromedial hypothalamus of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11529. [PMID: 36439719 PMCID: PMC9681650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic dysregulation may cause abnormal glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The balance between autophagy and apoptosis is important for maintaining cellular/tissue homeostasis and may be disrupted in T2DM. Objectives Since propionic acid (PA) exerts neuroprotective effects, the aim was to investigate its effects on apoptosis/autophagy switch in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of T2DM rats. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were divided: 1) control; 2) T2DM; groups that received (14 days, orally): 3) metformin (60 mg/kg); 4) sodium salt of PA (60 mg/kg); 5) PA + metformin. Western blotting (Bax, Bcl-xl, LC3, Beclin-1, caspase-3), RT-PCR (Bax, Bcl-xl, LC3, Beclin-1), transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining (Bax, Bcl-xl) were performed on the VMH samples. Results T2DM-induced apoptosis and mitoptosis, enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules/cisterns were observed in VMH, and accompanied by an imbalance of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors: elevation of pro-apoptotic markers Bax and caspase-3, decrease in autophagy protein LC3 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl. Metformin and PA administration partially improved VMH ultrastructural changes by reducing mitochondrial swelling and diminishing the number of apoptotic neurons. Metformin inhibited neuronal apoptosis, however, caused reactive astrogliosis and accumulation of lipofuscin granules. Elevated number of autophagosomes was associated with the LC3, Beclin-1 and Bcl-xl increase and decrease in Bax and caspase-3 vs. T2DM. PA switched cell fate from apoptosis to autophagy by elevating LC3 and Beclin-1 levels, increasing Bcl-xl content that altogether may represent adaptive response to T2DM-induced apoptosis. PA + metformin administration lowered relative area of ER membranes/cisterns vs. control, T2DM and metformin, and was optimal considering ratio between the pro-apoptotic, anti-apoptotic and autophagy markers. Conclusion T2DM was associated with apoptosis activation leading to impairments in VMH. PA in combination with metformin may be effective against diabetes-induced cell death by switching apoptosis to autophagy in VMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Natrus
- Department of Modern Technologies of Medical Diagnostics & Treatment, Bogomolets National Medical University, 34 Peremoha Avenue, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia Osadchuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bogomolets National Medical University, 34 Peremoha Avenue, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Olha Lisakovska
- Department of Biochemistry of Vitamins and Coenzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9 Leontovicha Str., Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Toralf Roch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliia Klys
- Department of Modern Technologies of Medical Diagnostics & Treatment, Bogomolets National Medical University, 34 Peremoha Avenue, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Labudzynskyi
- Department of Biochemistry of Vitamins and Coenzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9 Leontovicha Str., Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Yuri Chaikovsky
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bogomolets National Medical University, 34 Peremoha Avenue, Kyiv 03115, Ukraine
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Kim HY, Back DB, Choi BR, Choi DH, Kwon KJ. Rodent Models of Post-Stroke Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810750. [PMID: 36142661 PMCID: PMC9501431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment is one of the most common complications in stroke survivors. Concomitant vascular risk factors, including aging, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or underlying pathologic conditions, such as chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, white matter hyperintensities, or Alzheimer’s disease pathology, can predispose patients to develop post-stroke dementia (PSD). Given the various clinical conditions associated with PSD, a single animal model for PSD is not possible. Animal models of PSD that consider these diverse clinical situations have not been well-studied. In this literature review, diverse rodent models that simulate the various clinical conditions of PSD have been evaluated. Heterogeneous rodent models of PSD are classified into the following categories: surgical technique, special structure, and comorbid condition. The characteristics of individual models and their clinical significance are discussed in detail. Diverse rodent models mimicking the specific pathomechanisms of PSD could provide effective animal platforms for future studies investigating the characteristics and pathophysiology of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2030-7563; Fax: +82-2-2030-5169
| | - Dong Bin Back
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Bo-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
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Sayevand Z, Nazem F, Nazari A, Sheykhlouvand M, Forbes SC. Cardioprotective effects of exercise and curcumin supplementation against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: physiopathological and therapeutic complexity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:292-299. [PMID: 34269190 PMCID: PMC8463990 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and associated chronic hyperglycemia enhance the risk of acute ischemic stroke and lead to worsened clinical outcome and increased mortality. However, post-stroke hyperglycemia is also present in a number of non-diabetic patients after acute ischemic stroke, presumably as a stress response. The aim of this review is to summarize the main effects of hyperglycemia when associated to ischemic injury in acute stroke patients, highlighting the clinical and neurological outcomes in these conditions and after the administration of the currently approved pharmacological treatment, i.e. insulin. The disappointing results of the clinical trials on insulin (including the hypoglycemic events) demand a change of strategy based on more focused therapies. Starting from the comprehensive evaluation of the physiopathological alterations occurring in the ischemic brain during hyperglycemic conditions, the effects of various classes of glucose-lowering drugs are reviewed, such as glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, in the perspective of overcoming the up-to-date limitations and of evaluating the effectiveness of new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Federic Villa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Qian C, Zhang M. RTN3 - ASC interaction: The potential mechanism behind diabetes-induced cortical neuritic dystrophy. Neurosci Lett 2021; 766:136333. [PMID: 34752788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that people with diabetes are more vulnerable to cognitive dysfunction, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies revealed that Reticulon 3 (RTN3) oligomers could induce cortical neuritic dystrophy (CND) in the brains of diabetic rats. However, it is not clear how diabetes induces RTN3 aggregation. In this study, we examined in vivo and in vitro diabetes models to explore the underlying effects of RTN3-mediated neurite dystrophy. The results showed that the binding ability of ASC and RTN3 was significantly increased during diabetes- or high glucose-induced neuritic dystrophy, and ASC siRNA or an anti-inflammatory drug (CP 424174) could inhibit neuritic dystrophy in vitro. These results suggest that the ASC and RTN3 interaction is involved in diabetes-induced CND, and anti-inflammatory therapy might be an effective way to prevent and inhibit diabetes-induced CND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute for Basic Research on Aging, National Clinical Research Center for Aging, Huashan Hospital of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Meidi Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
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12
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Hu W, Zhang D, Tu H, Li YL. Reduced Cell Excitability of Cardiac Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons Correlates With Myocardial Infarction-Induced Fatal Ventricular Arrhythmias in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:721364. [PMID: 34483832 PMCID: PMC8416412 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.721364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Withdrawal of cardiac vagal activity is considered as one of the important triggers for acute myocardial infarction (MI)-induced ventricular arrhythmias in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our previous study demonstrated that cell excitability of cardiac parasympathetic postganglionic (CPP) neurons was reduced in T2DM rats. This study investigated whether cell excitability of CPP neurons is associated with cardiac vagal activity and MI-induced ventricular arrhythmias in T2DM rats. Methods Rat T2DM was induced by a high-fat diet plus streptozotocin injection. MI-evoked ventricular arrhythmia was achieved by surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Twenty-four-hour, continuous ECG recording was used to quantify ventricular arrhythmic events and heart rate variability (HRV) in conscious rats. The power spectral analysis of HRV was used to evaluate autonomic function. Cell excitability of CPP neurons was measured by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Results Twenty-four-hour ECG data demonstrated that MI-evoked fatal ventricular arrhythmias are more severe in T2DM rats than that in sham rats. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the survival rate over 2 weeks after MI is significantly lower in T2DM rats (15% in T2DM+MI) compared to sham rats (75% in sham+MI). The susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmia elicited by programmed electrical stimulation was higher in anesthetized T2DM+MI rats than that in rats with MI or T2DM alone (7.0 ± 0.58 in T2DM+MI group vs. 3.5 ± 0.76 in sham+MI). Moreover, as an index for vagal control of ventricular function, changes of left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and the maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dtmax) in response to vagal efferent nerve stimulation were blunted in T2DM rats. Furthermore, T2DM increased heterogeneity of ventricular electrical activities and reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity and cell excitability of CPP neurons (current threshold-inducing action potentials being 62 ± 3.3 pA in T2DM rats without MI vs. 27 ± 1.9 pA in sham rats without MI). However, MI did not alter vagal control of the ventricular function and CPP neuronal excitability, although it also induced cardiac autonomic dysfunction and enhanced heterogeneity of ventricular electrical activities. Conclusion The reduction of CPP neuron excitability is involved in decreased cardiac vagal function, including cardiac parasympathetic activity and vagal control of ventricular function, which is associated with MI-induced high mortality and malignant ventricular arrhythmias in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Dongze Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Huiyin Tu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yu-Long Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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13
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Baranowski BJ, Hayward GC, Marko DM, MacPherson REK. Examination of BDNF Treatment on BACE1 Activity and Acute Exercise on Brain BDNF Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:665867. [PMID: 34017238 PMCID: PMC8129185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.665867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in metabolism results in the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides, which is a pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for beta-amyloid production. Obesogenic diets increase BACE1 while exercise reduces BACE1 activity, although the mechanisms are unknown. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is an exercise inducible neurotrophic factor, however, it is unknown if BDNF is related to the effects of exercise on BACE1. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct effect of BDNF on BACE1 activity and to examine neuronal pathways induced by exercise. C57BL/6J male mice were assigned to either a low (n = 36) or high fat diet (n = 36) for 10 weeks. To determine the direct effect of BDNF on BACE1, a subset of mice (low fat diet = 12 and high fat diet n = 12) were used for an explant experiment where the brain tissue was directly treated with BDNF (100 ng/ml) for 30 min. To examine neuronal pathways activated with exercise, mice remained sedentary (n = 12) or underwent an acute bout of treadmill running at 15 m/min with a 5% incline for 120 min (n = 12). The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were collected 2-h post-exercise. Direct treatment with BDNF resulted in reductions in BACE1 activity in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05), but not the hippocampus. The high fat diet reduced BDNF content in the hippocampus; however, the acute bout of exercise increased BDNF in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). These novel findings demonstrate the region specific differences in exercise induced BDNF in lean and obese mice and show that BDNF can reduce BACE1 activity, independent of other exercise-induced alterations. This work demonstrates a previously unknown link between BDNF and BACE1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant C Hayward
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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14
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Choi BR, Seo JH, Back DB, Han JS, Choi DH, Kwon KJ, Shin CY, Lee J, Kim HY. Effect of amyloid toxicity or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on brain insulin resistance in a rat model with intracerebroventricular streptozotocin. Brain Res Bull 2020; 158:40-50. [PMID: 32114000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affected by amyloid and vascular pathogenesis. Brain insulin resistance (BIR) has been suggested as one of the pathomechanisms of sporadic AD. We investigated how the amyloid and vascular pathogenesis of AD interacts with BIR. We examined experimental groups mimicking amyloid pathogenesis following intracerebroventriculr (icv) injection of amyloid β or vascular pathogenesis following permanent ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries in Wistar rats that had undergone icv injection of streptozotocin. Behavioral tests and pathologic studies were performed. Cognitive impairments were induced by BIR superimposed by amyloid or vascular pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation in the white matter and hippocampus was aggravated by an interaction between BIR and vascular pathogenesis. Amyloid-associated pathology in the white matter was enhanced by BIR and vascular pathogenesis. Tau-associated pathology in the hippocampus was altered by BIR in a relation with amyloid or vascular pathogenesis. Our study may provide useful experimental insights based on an integrated approach to the influence of amyloid and vascular pathogenesis on BIR, permitting better understanding of the heterogeneous pathogenesis of sporadic AD. Pathologic responses in sporadic AD may differ depending on amyloid and vascular pathogenesis and may sometimes be synergistically aggravated when combined with BIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Seo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Bin Back
- Department of Neurology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Ikonomidis I, Katogiannis K, Kyriakou E, Taichert M, Katsimaglis G, Tsoumani M, Andreadou I, Maratou E, Lambadiari V, Kousathana F, Papadopoulou A, Varlamos C, Plotas P, Parissis J, Stamatelopoulos K, Alexopoulos D, Dimitriadis G, Tsantes AE. β-Amyloid and mitochondrial-derived peptide-c are additive predictors of adverse outcome to high-on-treatment platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetics with revascularized coronary artery disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 49:365-376. [PMID: 32052315 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased β-amyloid and decreased mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c), are reported in diabetes. We investigated their additive value to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity (HPR) for adverse outcome in type 2 diabetics after recent revascularization. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 121 type II diabetics, treated with clopidogrel and aspirin, (93 males, mean age 67.2 years) we measured: (a) maximum platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by light transmission aggregometry (LTAmax), (b) malondialdehyde (MDA), as oxidative stress marker, (c) MOTS-c, (d) β-amyloid blood levels. Cardiac death and acute coronary syndromes (MACE) were recorded during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS Out of 121 patients, 32 showed HPR (LTAmax > 48%,). At baseline, HPR was associated with β-amyloid > 51 pg/ml (p = 0.006) after adjusting clinical variables, HbA1c, MOTS-c, MDA and medication. During follow-up, 22 patients suffered a MACE. HPR, β-amyloid > 51 pg/ml and MOTS-c < 167 ng/ml were predictors of MACE (relative risk 3.1, 3.5 and 3.8 respectively, p < 0.05) after adjusting for confounders and medication. There was significant interaction between HPR and β-amyloid or MOTS-c for the prediction of MACE (p < 0.05). Patients with HPR and β-amyloid > 51 mg/dl or HPR and MOTS-c concentration < 167 ng/ml had a fourfold higher risk for MACE than patients without these predictors (relative risk 4.694 and 4.447 respectively p < 0.01). The above results were confirmed in an external validation cohort of 90 patients with diabetes and CAD. CONCLUSIONS Increased β-amyloid or low MOTS-c are additive predictors to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity for adverse outcome in diabetics with CAD during 2-years follow-up. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT04027712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Katogiannis
- Second Cardiology Department, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Kyriakou
- Laboratory of Haematology & Blood Bank Unit, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Taichert
- Laboratory of Haematology & Blood Bank Unit, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Tsoumani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Maratou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Kousathana
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Papadopoulou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Varlamos
- Second Cardiology Department, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Parissis
- Second Cardiology Department, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Alexopoulos
- Second Cardiology Department, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argirios E Tsantes
- Laboratory of Haematology & Blood Bank Unit, 'Attikon University Hospital', School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Wang HY, Wu M, Diao JL, Li JB, Sun YX, Xiao XQ. Huperzine A ameliorates obesity-related cognitive performance impairments involving neuronal insulin signaling pathway in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:145-153. [PMID: 31213670 PMCID: PMC7471460 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share several common pathophysiological features. Huperzine A (Hup A), a Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb moss Huperzia serrata, is a specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which is clinically used for the treatment of AD. In this study, we investigated whether Hup A improved the metabolic and cognitive functions in the high fat-induced (HFD) obese mice and genetic ob/ob mice. HFD and ob/ob mice were treated with Hup A (0.1, 0.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1, ig) for 3 months. Body weight was monitored and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Novel object recognition test and Morris water maze assay were conducted to evaluate the cognitive functions. We found that the Hup A treatment had no significant effect on peripheral metabolism of obese mice, whereas Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) improved both the abilities of object recognition and spatial memory in HFD-fed mice, but not in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, Hup A treatment significantly upregulated the insulin and phosphorylated Akt levels in the cortex of HFD-fed mice, but not ob/ob mice. In addition, Hup A (0.3, mg · kg-1 · d-1) significantly decreased cortical β-secretase (BACE1) expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that treatment with Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) can effectively improve the cognitive functions, at least in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jun-Ling Diao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ji-Bin Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China.
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17
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Obesity-induced type 2 diabetes impairs neurological recovery after stroke in correlation with decreased neurogenesis and persistent atrophy of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1367-1386. [PMID: 31235555 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) hampers stroke recovery though largely undetermined mechanisms. Few preclinical studies have investigated the effect of genetic/toxin-induced diabetes on long-term stroke recovery. However, the effects of obesity-induced T2D are mostly unknown. We aimed to investigate whether obesity-induced T2D worsens long-term stroke recovery through the impairment of brain's self-repair mechanisms - stroke-induced neurogenesis and parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons-mediated neuroplasticity. To mimic obesity-induced T2D in the middle-age, C57bl/6j mice were fed 12 months with high-fat diet (HFD) and subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). We evaluated neurological recovery by upper-limb grip strength at 1 and 6 weeks after tMCAO. Gray and white matter damage, stroke-induced neurogenesis, and survival and potential atrophy of PV-interneurons were quantitated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) at 2 and 6 weeks after tMCAO. Obesity/T2D impaired neurological function without exacerbating brain damage. Moreover, obesity/T2D diminished stroke-induced neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and neuroblast formation in striatum and hippocampus at 2 weeks after tMCAO and abolished stroke-induced neurogenesis in hippocampus at 6 weeks. Finally, stroke resulted in the atrophy of surviving PV-interneurons 2 weeks after stroke in both non-diabetic and obese/T2D mice. However, after 6 weeks, this effect selectively persisted in obese/T2D mice. We show in a preclinical setting of clinical relevance that obesity/T2D impairs neurological functions in the stroke recovery phase in correlation with reduced neurogenesis and persistent atrophy of PV-interneurons, suggesting impaired neuroplasticity. These findings shed light on the mechanisms behind impaired stroke recovery in T2D and could facilitate the development of new stroke rehabilitative strategies for obese/T2D patients.
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18
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Kim OY, Song J. The Role of Irisin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110407. [PMID: 30388754 PMCID: PMC6262319 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory dysfunction, oxidative stress, and presence of senile plaques formed by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. AD is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. AD has a variety of risk factors, including environmental factors, metabolic dysfunction, and genetic background. Recent research has highlighted the relationship between AD and systemic metabolic changes such as glucose and lipid imbalance and insulin resistance. Irisin, a myokine closely linked to exercise, has been associated with glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and fat browning. Recent studies have suggested that irisin is involved in the process in central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis and has reported the effects of irisin on AD as one of the neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the roles of irisin with respect to AD and suggest that irisin highlight therapeutic important roles in AD. Thus, we propose that irisin could be a potential future target for ameliorating AD pathology and preventing AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Human Life Research Center, Dong A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706
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19
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Ward R, Valenzuela JP, Li W, Dong G, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Poststroke cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurovascular remodeling: the impact of diabetes and sex. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1402-H1413. [PMID: 30118341 PMCID: PMC6297815 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00390.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk and severity of cognitive impairment, especially after ischemic stroke. Pathological remodeling of the cerebrovasculature has been postulated to contribute to poor neuronal repair and worsened cognitive deficits in diabetes. However, little is known about the effect of diabetes on the vascularization of hippocampus, a domain critical to memory and learning. Therefore, we had two aims for this study: 1) to determine the impact of diabetes on hippocampal neurovascular remodeling and the resulting cognitive impairment after stroke using two models with varying disease severity, and 2) to compare the effects of ischemia on hippocampal neurovascular injury in diabetic male and female animals. Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by either the suture or embolic method in control and diabetic age-matched male and female Wistar rats. Hippocampal neuronal density, vascular architecture, and microglial activation as well as cognitive outcomes were measured. Embolic MCAO induced greater neuronal degeneration, pathological vascularization, microglial activation, and cognitive impairment in diabetes as compared with control animals or 60-min MCAO. Although diabetic males had lower neuronal density at baseline, diabetic females had more neurodegeneration after stroke. Control animals recovered cognitive function by day 14 after stroke; diabetic animals showed deficits regardless of sex. These results suggest that mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in diabetes may differ in males and females and provide further insight to the impact of diabetes on stroke severity and poststroke cognitive impairment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study is the first to provide comparative information on the effects of diabetes and ischemia on cognitive outcomes in both sexes while also evaluating the neurovascular structure in the hippocampus, a critical region for cognitive and memory-related tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ward
- Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
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20
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Huang L, Wang S, Ma F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Xing C, Feng Y, Wang X, Peng Y. From stroke to neurodegenerative diseases: The multi-target neuroprotective effects of 3-n-butylphthalide and its derivatives. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Baranowski BJ, Bott KN, MacPherson REK. Evaluation of neuropathological effects of a high-fat high-sucrose diet in middle-aged male C57BL6/J mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13729. [PMID: 29890051 PMCID: PMC5995310 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction related to diet-induced obesity has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms linking obesity and AD remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine early alterations in brain insulin signaling, inflammatory/stress markers, and energetic stress in a model of diet-induced obesity during middle age. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomized to either a control diet (AGE n = 12) or high-fat and sucrose diet (AGE-HFS n = 12) for 13-weeks from 20-weeks of age. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal samples were collected at 20-weeks of age (BSL n = 11) and at 33-weeks of age (AGE and AGE-HFS). The HFS diet resulted in increased body weight (30%; P = 0.0001), increased %fat mass (28%; P = 0.0001), and decreased %lean mass (33%; P = 0.0001) compared to aged controls. In the prefrontal cortex, AGE-HFS resulted in increased 5' adenosine monophosphate - activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (P = 0.045). In the hippocampus, AGE-HFS resulted in increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and protein kinase B (Akt) serine473 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Results from this study demonstrate that aging combined with a HFS diet results in increased inflammation (pERK and pJNK) and energetic stress (pAMPK) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Together these novel results provide important information for future targets in early AD pathogenesis.
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Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. A practical guide for induction of type-2 diabetes in rat: Incorporating a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:605-613. [PMID: 28881291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of diabetes, a serious public health problem is rapidly increasing worldwide. Type-2 diabetes is the common form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and abnormalities in insulin production. Despite the current development of therapeutic agents, there is no effective treatment without side effects; it is therefore necessary to find new prevention strategies and better treatments. For this purpose animal models of diabetes are appropriate tools, of which rodents due to the short generation time and economic considerations are the first choice. The aim of this review is to present features of a frequently used model of type-2 diabetes in rat, induced by a high fat diet and streptozotocin, taking into account its advantages/disadvantages and presenting a practical guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Gheibi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Surawan J, Areemit S, Tiamkao S, Sirithanawuthichai T, Saensak S. Risk factors associated with post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Int 2017; 9:7216. [PMID: 29071041 PMCID: PMC5641826 DOI: 10.4081/nir.2017.7216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesada Surawan
- Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University
| | - Suchat Areemit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University
| | - Somsak Tiamkao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | - Suprawita Saensak
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University
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24
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MacPherson REK. Filling the void: a role for exercise-induced BDNF and brain amyloid precursor protein processing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R585-R593. [PMID: 28814391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00255.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inactivity, obesity, and insulin resistance are significant risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies have demonstrated that diet-induced obesity, inactivity, and insulin resistance exacerbate the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides is one of these hallmarks. β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, leading to β-amyloid peptide formation. Understanding how BACE1 content and activity are regulated is essential for establishing therapies aimed at reducing and/or slowing the progression of AD. Exercise training has been proven to reduce the risk of AD as well as decrease β-amyloid production and BACE1 content and/or activity. However, these long-term interventions also result in improvements in adiposity, circulating metabolites, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity making it difficult to determine the direct effects of exercise on brain APP processing. This review highlights this large void in our knowledge and discusses our current understanding of the direct of effect of exercise on β-amyloid production. We have concentrated on the central role that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play in mediating the direct effects of exercise on reducing brain BACE1 content and activity as well as β-amyloid production. Future studies should aim to generate a greater understanding of how obesity and exercise can directly alter APP processing and AD-related pathologies. This knowledge could provide evidence-based hypotheses for designing therapies to reduce the risk of AD and dementia.
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25
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Rehni AK, Liu A, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Diabetic aggravation of stroke and animal models. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:63-79. [PMID: 28274862 PMCID: PMC5400679 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia in diabetics results in severe brain damage. Different animal models of cerebral ischemia have been used to study the aggravation of ischemic brain damage in the diabetic condition. Since different disease conditions such as diabetes differently affect outcome following cerebral ischemia, the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) guidelines recommends use of diseased animals for evaluating neuroprotective therapies targeted to reduce cerebral ischemic damage. The goal of this review is to discuss the technicalities and pros/cons of various animal models of cerebral ischemia currently being employed to study diabetes-related ischemic brain damage. The rational use of such animal systems in studying the disease condition may better help evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for diabetes related exacerbation of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Allen Liu
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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26
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Li Y, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zou W, Gong X, Fu J. Cinepazide Maleate Improves Cognitive Function and Protects Hippocampal Neurons in Diabetic Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 40:249-255. [PMID: 27990002 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the combined effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) on learning and spatial memory, we developed a rat model of CCH by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2-vessel occlusion (2VO)) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ). Furthermore, we examined the effect of cinepazide maleate (CM) on cognitive deficits and brain damage in this rat model. Rats were maintained on HFD for 6 weeks and then injected with 35 mg/kg STZ to induce T2D. Sham or 2VO surgery was performed in non-diabetic or diabetic (DM) rats to obtain four groups: blank, DM, CCH, and DM-CCH groups. Cognitive function was tested by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. To determine the effects of the vasodilator cinepazide maleate (CM) on cognitive deficits and brain damage, DM-CCH rats were administered with 10 mg/kg CM or saline daily for 14 d. Neuronal damage in DM-CCH rats was associated with increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and β-secretase 1 (BACE1), but decreased expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Moreover, the levels of all these proteins were significantly alleviated by CM treatment. These results suggest that T2D exacerbated CCH-induced brain damage and cognitive impairment, and CM ameliorated these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
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27
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Segev Y, Livne A, Mints M, Rosenblum K. Concurrence of High Fat Diet and APOE Gene Induces Allele Specific Metabolic and Mental Stress Changes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:170. [PMID: 27656136 PMCID: PMC5011130 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, evidence indicates that the pathological process begins long before actual cognitive or pathological symptoms are apparent. The long asymptomatic phase and complex integration between genetic, environmental and metabolic factors make it one of the most challenging diseases to understand and cure. In the present study, we asked whether an environmental factor such as high-fat (HF) diet would synergize with a genetic factor to affect the metabolic and cognitive state in the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) mouse model of AD. Our data suggest that a HF diet induces diabetes mellitus (DM)-like metabolism in ApoE4 mice, as well as changes in β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protein levels between the two ApoE strains. Furthermore, HF diet induces anxiety in this AD mouse model. Our results suggest that young ApoE4 carriers are prone to psychological stress and metabolic abnormalities related to AD, which can easily be triggered via HF nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Segev
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Adva Livne
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Meshi Mints
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel; Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
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28
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Zhao B, Zou CJ, Zhou P. Delayed administration IL-1β neutralizing antibody improves cognitive function after transient global ischemia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Zhong Y, Zhu Y, He T, Li W, Yan H, Miao Y. Rolipram-induced improvement of cognitive function correlates with changes in hippocampal CREB phosphorylation, BDNF and Arc protein levels. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Cordner ZA, Tamashiro KLK. Effects of high-fat diet exposure on learning & memory. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:363-71. [PMID: 26066731 PMCID: PMC5729745 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The associations between consumption of a high-fat or 'Western' diet and metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have long been recognized and a great deal of evidence now suggests that diets high in fat can also have a profound impact on the brain, behavior, and cognition. Here, we will review the techniques most often used to assess learning and memory in rodent models and discuss findings from studies assessing the cognitive effects of high-fat diet consumption. The review will then consider potential underlying mechanisms in the brain and conclude by reviewing emerging literature suggesting that maternal consumption of a high-fat diet may have effects on the learning and memory of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cordner
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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31
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Miao Y, He T, Zhu Y, Li W, Wang B, Zhong Y. Activation of Hippocampal CREB by Rolipram Partially Recovers Balance Between TNF-α and IL-10 Levels and Improves Cognitive Deficits in Diabetic Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1157-64. [PMID: 26001770 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes damages the central nervous system, inducing cognitive dysfunction and structural changes, known as diabetic encephalopathy (DE). Some research suggests that the pathogenesis of DE may involve an inflammatory imbalance in the nervous system, along with β-amyloid deposition, similar to Alzheimer's disease. Less data have been yet provided to prove that mechanism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diabetes on the expression of TNF-α, IL-10, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/phosphorylated CREB (pCREB). Moreover, we investigated whether rolipram can improve memory, suppress the inflammatory response, and improve balance of CREB/pCREB in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. We used a 4-week high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozocin (30 mg/kg) to induce diabetes with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Cognitive impairment was induced over a period of 4 months, and rolipram treatment was concomitantly given. Cognitive impairment was evaluated with the Morris water maze test. We also assessed expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. We found that memory in rats with long-term diabetes was impaired. Treatment with rolipram increased expression of CREB and pCREB, reduced the inflammatory reaction (decreased TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels), and prevented cognitive impairment in these diabetic animals. This present study suggests that rolipram improves cognitive function by activating the CREB signaling pathway and alleviating neuroinflammation in type 2 diabetic rats. Rolipram may have therapeutic potential in DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Ling Yin Road, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yitong Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Beiyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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32
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High Fat Diet Enhances β-Site Cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) via Promoting β-Site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1/Adaptor Protein 2/Clathrin Complex Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131199. [PMID: 26414661 PMCID: PMC4587376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We reported that a high fat diet (HFD) promotes amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) without increasing BACE1 levels in APP transgenic mice. However, the detailed mechanism had remained unclear. Here we demonstrate that HFD promotes BACE1/Adaptor protein-2 (AP-2)/clathrin complex formation by increasing AP-2 levels in APP transgenic mice. In Swedish APP overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as in SH-SY5Y cells, overexpression of AP-2 promoted the formation of BACE1/AP-2/clathrin complex, increasing the level of the soluble form of APP β (sAPPβ). On the other hand, mutant D495R BACE1, which inhibits formation of this trimeric complex, was shown to decrease the level of sAPPβ. Overexpression of AP-2 promoted the internalization of BACE1 from the cell surface, thus reducing the cell surface BACE1 level. As such, we concluded that HFD may induce the formation of the BACE1/AP-2/clathrin complex, which is followed by its transport of BACE1 from the cell surface to the intracellular compartments. These events might be associated with the enhancement of β-site cleavage of APP in APP transgenic mice. Here we present evidence that HFD, by regulation of subcellular trafficking of BACE1, promotes APP cleavage.
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Cai Z, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ. Role of insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:839-51. [PMID: 25399337 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A critical role of insulin resistance (IR) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes beta-amyloid (Aβ) production and accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), failure of synaptic transmission and neuronal degeneration. Aβ is sequentially cleavaged from APP by two proteolytic enzymes: β-secretase and γ-secretase. IR could regulate Aβ production via enhancing β- and γ-secretase activity. Meanwhile, IR induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain which contributes to Aβ and tau pathology. Aβ accumulation can enhance IR through Aβ-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress. IR is a possible linking between amyloid plaques and NFTs pathology via oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, IR could disrupt acetylcholine activity, and accelerate axon degeneration and failures in axonal transport, and lead to cognitive impairment in AD. Preclinical and clinical studies have supported that insulin could be useful in the treatment of AD. Thus, an effective measure to inhibit IR may be a novel drug target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
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Kuznetsova LA, Sharova TS, Pertseva MN, Shpakov AO. Beta-adrenergic regulation of adenylyl cyclase signaling system in the myocardium and brain of rats with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus as affected by long-term intranasal insulin administration. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Models and mechanisms for hippocampal dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. Neuroscience 2015; 309:125-39. [PMID: 25934036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that obesity and Type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes impair the structural integrity of medial temporal lobe regions involved in memory and confer greater vulnerability to neurological insults. While eliminating obesity and its endocrine comorbidities would be the most straightforward way to minimize cognitive risk, structural barriers to physical activity and the widespread availability of calorically dense, highly palatable foods will likely necessitate additional strategies to maintain brain health over the lifespan. Research in rodents has identified numerous correlates of hippocampal functional impairment in obesity and diabetes, with several studies demonstrating causality in subsequent mechanistic studies. This review highlights recent work on pathways and cell-cell interactions underlying the synaptic consequences of obesity, diabetes, or in models with both pathological conditions. Although the mechanisms vary across different animal models, immune activation has emerged as a shared feature of obesity and diabetes, with synergistic exacerbation of neuroinflammation in model systems with both conditions. This review discusses these findings with reference to the benefits of incorporating existing models from the fields of obesity and metabolic disease. Many transgenic lines with basal metabolic alterations or differential susceptibility to diet-induced obesity have yet to be characterized with respect to their cognitive and synaptic phenotype. Adopting these models, and building on the extensive knowledge base used to generate them, is a promising avenue for understanding interactions between peripheral disease states and neurodegenerative disorders.
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36
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Kuznetsova LA, Plesneva SA, Sharova TS, Pertseva MN, Shpakov AO. Attenuation of inhibitory influence of hormones on adenylyl cyclase systems in the myocardium and brain of obese and type 2 diabetic rats as affected by the intranasal insulin treatment. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093014050044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Nguyen JCD, Killcross AS, Jenkins TA. Obesity and cognitive decline: role of inflammation and vascular changes. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:375. [PMID: 25477778 PMCID: PMC4237034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity in middle age is increasing markedly, and in parallel the prevalence of metabolic disorders including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes is also rising. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both obesity and metabolic disorders are associated with poorer cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and dementia. In this review we discuss the effects of obesity on cognitive performance, including both clinical and preclinical observations, and discuss some of the potential mechanisms involved, namely inflammation and vascular and metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. D. Nguyen
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Trisha A. Jenkins
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
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38
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Skovsø S. Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high fat diet and streptozotocin. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:349-58. [PMID: 25411593 PMCID: PMC4210077 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of type 2 diabetes is complex, with multiple stages culminating in a functional β‐cell mass that is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Although the broad outlines of the disease etiology are known, many critical questions remain to be answered before next‐generation therapeutics can be developed. In order to further elucidate the pathobiology of this disease, animal models mimicking the pathology of human type 2 diabetes are of great value. One example of a type 2 diabetes animal model is the high‐fat diet‐fed, streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)‐treated rat model. The present review first summarizes the current understanding of the metabolic profile and pathology involved in the different stages of the type 2 diabetes disease progression in humans. Second, the known characteristics of the HFD/STZ rat model are reviewed and compared with the pathophysiology of human type 2 diabetes. Next, the suitability of the HFD/STZ model as a model of type 2 diabetes with a focus on identifying critical caveats and unanswered questions about the model is discussed. The improved understanding of refined animal models will hopefully lead to more relevant preclinical studies and development of improved therapeutics for diabetes. Depending on the amount of residual functional β‐cells mass, the HFD/STZ rat model might be a suitable animal model of the final stage of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søs Skovsø
- In vivo Pharmacology Graduate Program Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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39
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Zhang T, Wang H, Li Q, Huang J, Sun X. Modulating autophagy affects neuroamyloidogenesis in an in vitro ischemic stroke model. Neuroscience 2014; 263:130-7. [PMID: 24440753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effects of modulating autophagy on neuroamyloidogenesis in an ischemic stroke model of cultured neuroblastoma 2a (N2a)/Amyloid precursor protein (APP)695 cells. METHODS The ischemic stroke model of N2a/APP695 cells was made by 6h oxygen-glucose deprivation/12h reperfusion (OGDR). Drug administration of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), rapamycin or dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) was started at the beginning of the OGDR and lasted until the end of reperfusion, in order to explore their effects on N2a/APP695 cells under OGDR conditions. Then the cells were incubated in the drug-free and full culture medium under normoxic conditions for 12h. Cell viability and injury were investigated. The key proteins of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and a key component of autophagy Beclin 1 were detected by Western blotting; immunofluorescence double-staining of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 with Beclin 1 was performed to investigate their cellular co-localization relationship; β-secretase and γ-secretase activity assay and Aβ1-42 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to investigate the amyloidogenesis. RESULTS The results showed that, OGDR enhanced cell injury, autophagy activity, neuroinflammation and Aβ generation in N2a/APP695 cells; down-regulating autophagy by 3-MA and NBP increased cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, suppressed β- and γ-secretase activities and Aβ generation; while up-regulating autophagy by rapamycin got the opposite results; immunofluorescence double-staining results showed elevated Aβ1-42(+) signal was co-localized with Beclin 1(+) signal. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that down-regulating autophagy may inhibit ischemia-induced neuroamyloidogenesis via suppressing the activation of NF-κB pathway. This study might help us to find a new therapeutic strategy to prevent brain ischemic damage and depress the risk of post-stroke dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Increases in the risk of cognitive impairment and alterations of cerebral β-amyloid metabolism in mouse model of heart failure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63829. [PMID: 23737953 PMCID: PMC3667825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinico-pathological studies indicate a causal relationship between heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To learn whether heart disease causes an onset of AD, mice with myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (HF) were used to test neuropsychiatric and cognitive behaviors as well as for measurements of AD related protein markers. To this end, adult mice were subjected to ligation of left anterior descending artery (LAD) and about two weeks later high-frequency echocardiography was performed to exam the resulting cardiac structure and function. Three months after successful induction of chronic heart failure (CHF) these mice showed an impairment of learning in the Morris Water Maze task. In addition, the expression of selected molecules, which are involved in β-amyloid metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation on the level of gene transcription and translation, was altered in CHF mice. Our findings provide a plausible explanation that CHF increases the risk of cognitive impairments and alters cerebral β-amyloid metabolism. In addition, our data indicate that the cerebral compensatory mechanisms in response to CHF are brain area and gender specific.
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Zhao B, Pan BS, Shen SW, Sun X, Hou ZZ, Yan R, Sun FY. Diabetes-induced central neuritic dystrophy and cognitive deficits are associated with the formation of oligomeric reticulon-3 via oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15590-9. [PMID: 23592790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a high risk factor to dementia. To investigate the molecular mechanism of diabetic dementia, we induced type 2 diabetes in rats and examined potential changes in their cognitive functions and the neural morphology of the brains. We found that the diabetic rats with an impairment of spatial learning and memory showed the occurrence of RTN3-immunoreactive dystrophic neurites in the cortex. Biochemical examinations revealed the increase of a high molecular weight form of RTN3 (HW-RTN3) in diabetic brains. The corresponding decrease of monomeric RTN3 was correlated with the reduction of its inhibitory effects on the activity of β-secretase (BACE1), a key enzyme for generation of β-amyloid peptides. The results from immunoprecipitation combined with protein carbonyl detection showed that carbonylated RTN3 was significantly higher in cortical tissues of diabetic rats compared with control rats, indicating that diabetes-induced oxidative stress led to RTN3 oxidative damage. In neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, high glucose and/or H2O2 treatment significantly increased the amounts of carbonylated proteins and HW-RTN3, whereas monomeric RTN3 was reduced. Hence, we conclude that diabetes-induced cognitive deficits and central neuritic dystrophy are correlated with the formation of aggregated RTN3 via oxidative stress. We provided the first evidence that oxidative damage caused the formation of toxic RTN3 aggregates, which participated in the pathogenesis of central neuritic dystrophy in diabetic brain. Present findings may offer a new therapeutic strategy to prevent or reduce diabetic dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhao
- Institutes for Biomedical Science and Department of Neurobiology of the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032
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42
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Williams WM, Castellani RJ, Weinberg A, Perry G, Smith MA. Do β-defensins and other antimicrobial peptides play a role in neuroimmune function and neurodegeneration? ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:905785. [PMID: 22606066 PMCID: PMC3346844 DOI: 10.1100/2012/905785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the brain responds to mechanical trauma and development of most neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory sequelae that was once thought exclusive to systemic immunity. Mostly cationic peptides, such as the β-defensins, originally assigned an antimicrobial function are now recognized as mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity. Herein supporting evidence is presented for the hypothesis that neuropathological changes associated with chronic disease conditions of the CNS involve abnormal expression and regulatory function of specific antimicrobial peptides. It is also proposed that these alterations exacerbate proinflammatory conditions within the brain that ultimately potentiate the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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43
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Ly JV, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Zavala JA, Ma H, Sahathevan R, O'Keefe G, Gong SJ, Gunawan R, Churilov L, Saunder T, Ackerman U, Tochon-Danguy H, Donnan GA. Subacute ischemic stroke is associated with focal 11C PiB positron emission tomography retention but not with global neocortical Aβ deposition. Stroke 2012; 43:1341-6. [PMID: 22492514 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.636266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Conflicting evidence exists as to whether focal cerebral ischemia contributes to cerebral amyloid deposition. We aimed to look at Aβ deposits, detected by N-methyl-2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (PiB) positron emission tomography, in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Specifically, we hypothesized that patients with recent ischemic stroke have higher local and neocortical PiB positron emission tomography retention and that this may be associated with major vascular risk factors. METHODS Ischemic stroke patients were studied using PiB positron emission tomography within 30 days and compared to age-matched controls. Distribution volume ratio maps were created using Logan graphical analysis with the cerebellar cortex as a reference. RESULTS Among the 21 ischemic stroke patients (median age, 76 years; interquartile range, 68-77), the ipsilateral peri-infarct region PiB retention was higher compared to the contralateral mirror region, with a PiB distribution volume ratio difference of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.2-0.44; P=0.001) at median 10 (interquartile range, 7-14) days after stroke. Two patients also had higher PiB retention within the infarct compared to the contralateral side. There was no difference in the neocortical PiB retention elsewhere in the brain among ischemic stroke patients compared with 22 age-matched normal controls (P=0.22). Among the risk factors in the ischemic stroke patients, diabetes was associated with a higher neocortical PiB retention (Spearman Rho=0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.72). CONCLUSIONS PiB retention was higher in the peri-infarct region among patients with recent ischemic stroke. This did not translate into a higher global neocortical PiB retention except possibly in patients with diabetes. The cause of the focal PiB retention is uncertain and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Ly
- University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Australia
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44
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Liu J, Tu H, Zheng H, Zhang L, Tran TP, Muelleman RL, Li YL. Alterations of calcium channels and cell excitability in intracardiac ganglion neurons from type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C1119-27. [PMID: 22189553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical study has demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes with attenuated arterial baroreflex have higher mortality rate compared with those without arterial baroreflex dysfunction. As a final pathway for the neural control of the cardiac function, functional changes of intracardiac ganglion (ICG) neurons might be involved in the attenuated arterial baroreflex in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we measured the ICG neuron excitability and Ca(2+) channels in the sham and T2DM rats. T2DM was induced by a combination of both high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg ip) injection. After 12-14 wk of the above treatment, the T2DM rats presented hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance but no hyperinsulinemia, which closely mimicked the clinical features of the patients with T2DM. Data from immunofluorescence staining showed that L, N, P/Q, and R types of Ca(2+) channels were expressed in the ICG neurons, but only protein expression of N-type Ca(2+) channels was decreased in the ICG neurons from T2DM rats. Using whole cell patch-clamp technique, we found that T2DM significantly reduced the Ca(2+) currents and cell excitability in the ICG neurons. ω-Conotoxin GVIA (a specific N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, 1 μM) lowered the Ca(2+) currents and cell excitability toward the same level in sham and T2DM rats. These results indicate that the decreased N-type Ca(2+) channels contribute to the suppressed ICG neuron excitability in T2DM rats. From this study, we think high-fat diet/STZ injection-induced T2DM might be an appropriate animal model to test the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5850, USA
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45
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Ferreira ST, Klein WL. The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:529-43. [PMID: 21914486 PMCID: PMC4390395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the 3rd most costly disease and the leading cause of dementia. It can linger for many years, but ultimately is fatal, the 6th leading cause of death. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fatal and affected individuals can sometimes linger many years. Current treatments are palliative and transient, not disease modifying. This article reviews progress in the search to identify the primary AD-causing toxins. We summarize the shift from an initial focus on amyloid plaques to the contemporary concept that AD memory failure is caused by small soluble oligomers of the Aβ peptide, toxins that target and disrupt particular synapses. Evidence is presented that links Aβ oligomers to pathogenesis in animal models and humans, with reference to seminal discoveries from cell biology and new ideas concerning pathogenic mechanisms, including relationships to diabetes and Fragile X. These findings have established the oligomer hypothesis as a new molecular basis for the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil,
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
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46
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Wang Y, Yang YS, Tang XC, Zhang HY. T33, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ/α agonist, exerts neuroprotective action via its anti-inflammatory activities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1100-8. [PMID: 21804572 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the neuroprotective effects of T33, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/alpha (PPARγ/α) agonist, in acute ischemic models in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Primary astrocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (O/R) and BV-2 cells subjected to hypoxia were used as a model simulating the ischemic core and penumbra, respectively. The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured using qPCR. The levels of TNF-α secreted by BV-2 cells were measured using ELISA. Protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p65, phosphorylated I-κBα/I-κBα, phosphorylated I-κB kinase (pIKK), phosphorylated eukaryote initiation factor 2α (p-eIF-2α)/eIF-2α and p-p38/p38 were detected using Western blot. PPARγ activity was measured using EMSA. The neuroprotection in vivo was examined in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model with neurological scoring and TTC staining. RESULTS Addition of T33 (0.5 μmol/L) increased the level of I-κBα protein in primary astrocytes subjected to O/R, which was due to promoting protein synthesis without affecting degradation. In primary astrocytes subjected to O/R, addition of T33 amplified I-κBα gene transcription and mRNA translation, thus suppressing the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and reducing inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2). In BV-2 cells subjected to hypoxia, T33 (0.5 μmol/L) reduced TNF-α, COX-2, and p-P38 production, which was antagonized by pre-administration of the specific PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (30 μmol/L). T33 (2 mg/kg, ip) attenuated MCAO-induced inflammatory responses and brain infarction, which was antagonized by pre-administered GW9662 (4 mg/kg, ip). CONCLUSION T33 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the ischemic core and penumbra via PPARγ activation, which contributed to its neuroprotective action.
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Tureyen K, Bowen K, Liang J, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. Exacerbated brain damage, edema and inflammation in type-2 diabetic mice subjected to focal ischemia. J Neurochem 2011; 116:499-507. [PMID: 21133923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the limiting factors in stroke therapeutic development is the use of animal models that do not well represent the underlying medical conditions of patients. In humans, diabetes increases the risk of stroke incidence as well as post-stroke mortality. To understand the mechanisms that render diabetics to increased brain damage, we evaluated the effect of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult db/db mice. The db/db mouse is a model of type-2 diabetes with four times higher blood sugar than its normoglycemic genetic control(db/+ mouse). Following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, the db/db mice showed significantly higher mortality, bigger infarcts, increased cerebral edema, worsened neurological status compared to db/+ mice. The db/db mice also showed significantly higher post-ischemic inflammatory markers (ICAM1(+) capillaries, extravasated macrophages/neutrophils and exacerbated proinflammatory gene expression) compared to db/+ mice. In addition, the post-ischemic neuroprotective heat-shock chaperone gene expression was curtailed in the db/db compared to db/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudret Tureyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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48
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Stranahan AM, Mattson MP. Bidirectional metabolic regulation of neurocognitive function. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:507-16. [PMID: 21236352 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of somatic energy metabolism is correlated with cognitive change over the lifespan. This relationship is bidirectional, with improved overall fitness associated with enhanced synaptic function and neuroprotection, and synaptic endangerment occurring in the context of impaired energy metabolism. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the fields of exercise, dietary energy intake and diabetes, as they relate to neuronal function in the hippocampus. Because hippocampal neurons have energy requirements that are relatively higher than those of other brain regions, they are uniquely poised to benefit from exercise, and to be harmed by diabetes. We view exercise and dietary energy restriction as being associated with enhanced hippocampal plasticity at one end of a continuum, with obesity and diabetes accompanied by cognitive impairment at the other end of the continuum. Understanding the mechanisms for this continuum may yield novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline following aging, disease, or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Zhang T, Jia W, Sun X. 3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) reduces apoptosis and enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) up-regulation in diabetic rats. Neurol Res 2010; 32:390-6. [PMID: 20483006 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12670144526264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on chronic brain injury caused by diabetes. METHODS A group of diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats was orally treated with NBP for 6 weeks. In this study, we examined glial reactivity in hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by determining the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b. We also examined anti-apoptosis protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and key apoptosis enzyme, caspase-3, expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that GFAP, CD11b, VEGF (685.1 +/- 35.5 cells/mm(2) in diabetic rats versus 320.6 +/- 21.9 cells/mm(2) in control rats, p<0.05, n=5) and VEGF(+)-caspase-3(+) (393.4 +/- 24.2 cells/mm(2) versus 135.8 +/- 12.0 cells/mm(2) in control rats, p<0.05, n=5) immunostaining increased in the hippocampus of diabetic rats; However, treatment with NBP resulted in an obvious reduction of GFAP and CD11b-immunoreactive gliocytes in hippocampus. VEGF expression was up-regulated (837.2 +/- 20.1 cells/mm(2), n=5), while the caspase-3 expression was reduced (240.0 +/- 15.1 cells/mm(2), n=5) in the NBP-treated diabetes mellitus-NBP rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest that diabetes causes increased glial reactivity, apoptosis and compensatory VEGF expression, and NBP may have a protective effect for diabetic brain damage through enhancing VEGF expression to inhibit caspase-3 mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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50
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Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Seripa D, Capurso C, Santamato A, Sancarlo D, Vendemiale G, Pilotto A, Panza F. Metabolic-cognitive syndrome: a cross-talk between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:399-417. [PMID: 20444434 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological evidence suggested that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Mets components (impaired glucose tolerance, abdominal or central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) may be important in the development of age-related cognitive decline (ARCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These suggestions proposed in these patients the presence of a "metabolic-cognitive syndrome", i.e. a MetS plus cognitive impairment of degenerative or vascular origin. This could represent a pathophysiological model in which to study in depth the mechanisms linking MetS and MetS components with dementia, particularly AD, and predementia syndromes (ARCD or MCI), suggesting a possible integrating view of the MetS components and their influence on cognitive decline. In the present article, we discussed the role of these factors in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, including underlying mechanisms, supporting their influence on β-amyloid peptide metabolism and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, the principal neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In the next future, trials could then be undertaken to determine if modifications of these MetS components including inflammation, another factor probably related to MetS, could lower risk of developing cognitive decline. Future research aimed at identifying mechanisms that underlie comorbid associations of MetS components will not only provide important insights into the causes and interdependencies of predementia and dementia syndromes, but will also inspire novel strategies for treating and preventing cognitive disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/physiology
- Aging/psychology
- Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
- Alzheimer Disease/therapy
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/standards
- Comorbidity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology
- Hyperlipidemias/therapy
- Hypertension/epidemiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/therapy
- Life Style
- Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/therapy
- Mice
- Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/metabolism
- Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Obesity, Abdominal/therapy
- Population Dynamics
- Risk Factors
- tau Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Frisardi
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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