1
|
Imbesi C, Ettari R, Irrera N, Zappalà M, Pallio G, Bitto A, Mannino F. Blunting Neuroinflammation by Targeting the Immunoproteasome with Novel Amide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10732. [PMID: 37445907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response of the nervous tissue mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that an upregulation of immunoproteasome is highly associated with various diseases and its inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation. In this context, the development of non-covalent immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors could represent a promising strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Novel amide derivatives, KJ3 and KJ9, inhibit the β5 subunit of immunoproteasome and were used to evaluate their possible anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of TNF-α induced neuroinflammation. Differentiated SH-SY5Y and microglial cells were challenged with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h and treated with KJ3 (1 µM) and KJ9 (1 µM) for 24 h. The amide derivatives showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress and the inflammatory cascade triggered by TNF-α reducing p-ERK expression in treated cells. Moreover, the key action of these compounds on the immunoproteasome was further confirmed by halting the IkB-α phosphorylation and the consequent inhibition of NF-kB. As downstream targets, IL-1β and IL-6 expression resulted also blunted by either KJ3 and KJ9. These preliminary results suggest that the effects of these two compounds during neuroinflammatory response relies on the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maaliki D, Itani MM, Itani HA. Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001434. [PMID: 36176775 PMCID: PMC9513236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sensitivity, regardless of their hypertensive status. Data has shown that salt-sensitivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear and tremendously challenged by its multifactorial etiology, complicated genetic influences, and the unavailability of a diagnostic tool. So far, the important roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and immune system in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension have been studied. In the first part of this review, we focus on how the systems mentioned above are aberrantly regulated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We follow this with an emphasis on genetic variants in those systems that are associated with and/or increase predisposition to salt-sensitivity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha M. Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A. Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bódi N, Chandrakumar L, al Doghmi A, Mezei D, Szalai Z, Barta BP, Balázs J, Bagyánszki M. Intestinal Region-Specific and Layer-Dependent Induction of TNFα in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and after Insulin Replacement. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092410. [PMID: 34572059 PMCID: PMC8466257 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to reveal the effects of chronic hyperglycaemia and insulin treatment on TNFα expression in different gut segments and intestinal wall layers. TNFα expression was mapped by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy in myenteric ganglia of duodenum, ileum and colon. Tissue TNFα levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in muscle/myenteric plexus-containing (MUSCLE-MP) and mucosa/submucosa/submucous plexus-containing (MUC-SUBMUC-SP) homogenates. Increasing density of TNFα-labelling gold particles is observed in myenteric ganglia from proximal to distal segments and TNFα tissue levels are much more elevated in MUSCLE-MP homogenates than in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples in healthy controls. In the diabetics, the number of TNFα gold labels is significantly increased in the duodenum, decreased in the colon and remained unchanged in the ileal ganglia, while insulin does not prevent these diabetes-related TNFα changes. TNFα tissue concentration is also increased in MUSCLE-MP homogenates of diabetic duodenum, while decreased in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples of diabetic ileum and colon. These findings support that type 1 diabetes has region-specific and intestinal layer-dependent effects on TNFα expression, contributing to the regional damage of myenteric neurons and their intestinal milieu.
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi A, Cao Y, Wang A. Ketamine and Propofol Protect Neuron Cells from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Injury through SAPK/JNK Signalling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8868839. [PMID: 33381594 PMCID: PMC7758132 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8868839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine and propofol are commonly used anaesthetic reagents. Recent research revealed that ketamine and propofol have an important role in cell survival. However, it remains unknown whether they affect the outcome of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. To address this issue, we in this study investigated the effects of ketamine and propofol on the survival and proliferation of neuronal PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) induced injury. PC12 cells were maintained under a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system to mimic a real physiological microenvironment. The cell injury was induced by 5% CO2 and 95% N2 for a different time point. MTT assay was used for the cell proliferation assay. The cell apoptosis was evaluated by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) labeling, immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry, and Western blot, respectively. Our results showed that PC12 cell apoptosis was significantly increased for up to 70% after the cells were treated with OGD for 24 hours and reduced to baseline at the 72-hour time point. However, pretreatment with ketamine and propofol significantly protected the cells from OGD-induced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by more expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and lower expression of proapoptotic cleaved caspase-3, phosphor-SAPK/JNK, and phosphor-c-Jun than those of untreated control cells. Thus, we conclude that ketamine and propofol protected PC12 cells from OGD-induced cell apoptosis, at least partially through the SAPK/JNK signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Qi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiyun Cao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martí Navia A, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Marques-Morgado I, Coelho JE, Lopes LV, Marucci G, Buccioni M. Adenosine Receptors as Neuroinflammation Modulators: Role of A 1 Agonists and A 2A Antagonists. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071739. [PMID: 32708189 PMCID: PMC7409197 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological condition of neuroinflammation is caused by the activation of the neuroimmune cells astrocytes and microglia. The autacoid adenosine seems to be an important neuromodulator in this condition. Its main receptors involved in the neuroinflammation modulation are A1AR and A2AAR. Evidence suggests that A1AR activation produces a neuroprotective effect and A2AARs block prevents neuroinflammation. The aim of this work is to elucidate the effects of these receptors in neuroinflammation using the partial agonist 2'-dCCPA (2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyl-2'-deoxyadenosine) (C1 KiA1AR = 550 nM, KiA2AAR = 24,800 nM, and KiA3AR = 5560 nM, α = 0.70, EC50A1AR = 832 nM) and the newly synthesized in house compound 8-chloro-9-ethyl-2-phenethoxyadenine (C2 KiA2AAR = 0.75 nM; KiA1AR = 17 nM and KiA3AR = 227 nM, IC50A2AAR = 251 nM unpublished results). The experiments were performed in in vitro and in in vivo models of neuroinflammation. Results showed that C1 was able to prevent the inflammatory effect induced by cytokine cocktail (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) while C2 possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, counteracting both neuroinflammation in mixed glial cells and in an animal model of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, C2 is a potential candidate for neuroinflammation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Martí Navia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Inês Marques-Morgado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Joana E. Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Luísa V. Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-073-7402-223
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren J, Crowley SD. Role of T-cell activation in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1345-H1353. [PMID: 30901277 PMCID: PMC6620682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of T lymphocytes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension has been well established. Under hypertensive stimuli, naive T cells develop into different subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, depending on the surrounding microenviroment in organs. Distinct subsets of T cells may play totally different roles in tissue damage and hypertension. The underlying mechanisms by which hypertensive stimuli activate naive T cells involve many events and different organs, such as neoantigen presentation by dendritic cells, high salt concentration, and the milieu of oxidative stress in the kidney and vasculature. Infiltrating and activated T subsets in injured organs, in turn, exert considerable impacts on tissue dysfunction, including sodium retention in the kidney, vascular stiffness, and remodeling in the vasculature. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of T-cell actions in hypertension may provide novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients with hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafa Ren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Centers , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Centers , Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nayak A, Lopez-Davila AJ, Kefalakes E, Holler T, Kraft T, Amrute-Nayak M. Regulation of SETD7 Methyltransferase by SENP3 Is Crucial for Sarcomere Organization and Cachexia. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2725-2736.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
8
|
Lively S, Schlichter LC. Microglia Responses to Pro-inflammatory Stimuli (LPS, IFNγ+TNFα) and Reprogramming by Resolving Cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:215. [PMID: 30087595 PMCID: PMC6066613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia respond to CNS injuries and diseases with complex reactions, often called "activation." A pro-inflammatory phenotype (also called classical or M1 activation) lies at one extreme of the reactivity spectrum. There were several motivations for this study. First, bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is the most commonly used pro-inflammatory stimulus for microglia, both in vitro and in vivo; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα) rather than LPS will be encountered with sterile CNS damage and disease. We lack direct comparisons of responses between LPS and such cytokines. Second, while transcriptional profiling is providing substantial data on microglial responses to LPS, these studies mainly use mouse cells and models, and there is increasing evidence that responses of rat microglia can differ. Third, the cytokine milieu is dynamic after acute CNS damage, and an important question in microglial biology is: How malleable are their responses? There are very few studies of effects of resolving cytokines, particularly for rat microglia, and much of the work has focused on pro-inflammatory outcomes. Here, we first exposed primary rat microglia to LPS or to IFNγ+TNFα (I+T) and compared hallmark functional (nitric oxide production, migration) and molecular responses (almost 100 genes), including surface receptors that can be considered part of the sensome. Protein changes for exemplary molecules were also quantified: ARG1, CD206/MRC1, COX-2, iNOS, and PYK2. Despite some similarities, there were notable differences in responses to LPS and I+T. For instance, LPS often evoked higher pro-inflammatory gene expression and also increased several anti-inflammatory genes. Second, we compared the ability of two anti-inflammatory, resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), to counteract responses to LPS and I+T. IL-4 was more effective after I+T than after LPS, and IL-10 was surprisingly ineffective after either stimulus. These results should prove useful in modeling microglial reactivity in vitro; and comparing transcriptional responses to sterile CNS inflammation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee PC, Yang LY, Wang YW, Huang SF, Lee KC, Hsieh YC, Yang YY, Hsieh SL, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee FY, Lee SD. Mechanisms of the prevention and inhibition of the progression and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by genetic and pharmacological decoy receptor 3 supplementation. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:1260-1271. [PMID: 28066964 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is difficult due to the absence of a proven treatment and its comprehensive mechanisms. In the NASH animal model, upregulated hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, with the resultant M1 polarization of macrophages as well as imbalanced adipocytokines, all accelerate NASH progression. As a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) not only neutralizes the death ligands, but also performs immune modulations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible non-decoy effects of DcR3 on diet-induced NASH mice. METHODS Methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet feeding for 9 weeks was applied to induce NASH in BALB/c mice. Decoy receptor 3 heterozygous transgenesis or pharmacological pretreatment with DcR3a for 1 month were designed as interventions. Intrahepatic inflammatory status as well as macrophage polarization, oxidative stress, and steatosis as well as lipogenic gene expression and fibrotic status were analyzed. Additionally, acute effects of DcR3a on HepG2 cells, Hep3B cells, and primary mouse hepatocytes in various MCD medium-stimulated changes were also evaluated. RESULTS Both DcR3 genetic and pharmacologic supplement significantly reduced MCD diet-induced hepatic M1 polarization. In addition, DcR3 supplement attenuated MCD diet-increased hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, adipocytokine imbalance, steatosis, and fibrogenesis. Moreover, acute DcR3a incubation in HepG2 cells, Hep3B cells, and mouse hepatocytes could normalize the expression of genes related to lipid oxidation along with inflammation and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The ability of DcR3 to attenuate hepatic steatosis and inflammation through its non-decoy effects of immune modulation and oxidative stress attenuation makes it a potential treatment for NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yuanshan Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fen Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Infection, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Cheng Hsieh
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yuah Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis inhibits sonic hedgehog function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171668. [PMID: 28170441 PMCID: PMC5295673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen essential to the developing nervous system that continues to play an important role in adult life by contributing to cell proliferation and differentiation, maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, and being cytoprotective against oxidative and excitotoxic stress, all features of importance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a fatal disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons due to poorly understood mechanisms. Evidence indicates that Shh might play an important role in ALS, and that Shh signaling might be also adversely affected in ALS. Since little is known about the functional status of Shh pathway in patients with ALS, we therefore sought to determine whether Shh protein levels or biological activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was less in ALS patients than controls, and whether these measures could be correlated with ALS disease severity and disease progression, and with other CSF analytes of biological interest in ALS. Comparing Shh levels in the CSF of normal controls (n = 13), neurological controls (n = 12), and ALS patients (n = 9) measured by ELISA, we found that CSF Shh levels were not different between controls and ALS patients. However, when assessing Shh biological activity in CSF using in vitro cell-based assays, which measure Shh activity as inducible Gli-driven luminescence, we found that in the presence of exogenous recombinant Shh or the Shh agonist, purmorphamine, the inducible activity of CSF was significantly augmented in the control groups as expected, but not in the ALS group, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor of Shh signaling in ALS CSF samples. Since purmorphamine acts on Smoothened, downstream of Shh and its receptor Patched, the inhibitory action is downstream of Smoothened. Our results also demonstrated that while the inhibitory effect of ALS CSF on Shh signaling did not correlate significantly with ALS disease characteristics, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α did. In addition to being significantly elevated in ALS CSF, these cytokines negatively correlated with the disease duration, whereas GDF11 was a favorable predictor of ALS clinical score. We also found that TNF-α significantly inhibited Shh biological activity in vitro, potentially suggesting a novel role of TNF-α in ALS pathogenesis. Collectively, this is the first report demonstrating that Shh signaling in CSF of ALS patients is compromised.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ringer C, Tune S, Bertoune MA, Schwarzbach H, Tsujikawa K, Weihe E, Schütz B. Disruption of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling accelerates muscle denervation and dampens cytotoxic neuroinflammation in SOD1 mutant mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:339-358. [PMID: 27554772 PMCID: PMC11107523 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Neuronal vacuolization and glial activation are pathologic hallmarks in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Previously, we found the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) associated with vacuolization and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of these mice. We now show that CGRP abundance positively correlated with the severity of astrogliosis, but not vacuolization, in several motor and non-motor areas throughout the brain. SOD1 mice harboring a genetic depletion of the βCGRP isoform showed reduced CGRP immunoreactivity associated with vacuolization, while motor functions, body weight, survival, and astrogliosis were not altered. When CGRP signaling was completely disrupted through genetic depletion of the CGRP receptor component, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), hind limb muscle denervation, and loss of muscle performance were accelerated, while body weight and survival were not affected. Dampened neuroinflammation, i.e., reduced levels of astrogliosis in the brain stem already in the pre-symptomatic disease stage, and reduced microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltrations during the late disease phase were additional neuropathology features in these mice. On the molecular level, mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) were elevated, while those of several pro-inflammatory cytokines found reduced in the brain stem of RAMP1-deficient SOD1 mice at disease end stage. Our results thus identify an important, possibly dual role of CGRP in ALS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Tune
- Department of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mirjam A Bertoune
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roth RA, Maiuri AR, Ganey PE. Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Is Drug-Cytokine Interaction the Linchpin? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:461-470. [PMID: 28104833 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury continues to be a human health problem in part because drugs that cause these reactions are not identified in current preclinical testing and because progress in prevention is hampered by incomplete knowledge of mechanisms that underlie these adverse responses. Several hypotheses involving adaptive immune responses, inflammatory stress, inability to adapt to stress, and multiple, concurrent factors have been proposed. Yet much remains unknown about how drugs interact with the liver to effect death of hepatocytes. Evidence supporting hypotheses implicating adaptive or innate immune responses in afflicted patients has begun to emerge and is bolstered by results obtained in experimental animal models and in vitro systems. A commonality in adaptive and innate immunity is the production of cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFNγ). IFNγ initiates cell signaling pathways that culminate in cell death or inhibition of proliferative repair. Tumor necrosis factor-α, another cytokine prominent in immune responses, can also promote cell death. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α interacts with IFNγ, leading to enhanced cellular responses to each cytokine. In this short review, we propose that the interaction of drugs with these cytokines contributes to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, and mechanisms by which this could occur are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ashley R Maiuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kotni MK, Zhao M, Wei DQ. Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction networks in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with C9orf72 mutation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:148. [PMID: 27814735 PMCID: PMC5097384 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves the death of neurons. ALS is associated with many gene mutations as previously studied. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying ALS with C9orf72 mutation, gene expression profiles of ALS fibroblasts and control fibroblasts were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Genes with critical functional roles can be detected by a measure of node centrality in biological networks. In gene co-expression networks, highly connected genes called as candidate hubs have been associated with key disease-related pathways. Herein, this method was applied to find the hub genes related to ALS disease. METHODS Illumina HiSeq microarray gene expression dataset GSE51684 was retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database which included four Sporadic ALS, twelve Familial ALS and eight control samples. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were identified using the Student's t test statistical method and gene co-expression networking. Gene ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using the DAVID online tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by mapping the DEGs onto protein-protein interaction data from publicly available databases to identify the pathways where DEGs are involved in. PPI interaction network was divided into subnetworks using MCODE algorithm and was analyzed using Cytoscape. RESULTS The results revealed that the expression of DEGs was mainly involved in cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, Extra cellular matrix region GO processes and focal adhesion, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, Extracellular matrix receptor interaction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Endothelin 1 (EDN1), Angiotensin (AGT) and many cell adhesion molecules (CAM) were detected as hub genes that can be targeted as novel therapeutic targets for ALS disease. CONCLUSION These analyses and findings enhance the understanding of ALS pathogenesis and provide references for ALS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kumari Kotni
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tseng CC, Chang SJ, Tsai WC, Ou TT, Wu CC, Sung WY, Hsieh MC, Yen JH. Increased Incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Polymyositis: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 69:1231-1237. [PMID: 27723283 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Past studies have shown common pathologic characteristics and shared immunologic features between polymyositis (PM) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To explore the potential relationship between the 2 diseases, we performed a nationwide cohort study. METHODS We identified all newly diagnosed patients with PM from Taiwan's Registry of Catastrophic Illness Database between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2011. Each PM patient was matched to ≤5 control patients from the National Health Insurance Research Database by sex, age, and entry date. Cumulative incidence of ALS was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log rank test. Cox hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio of ALS. RESULTS A total of 1,778 PM patients and 8,124 control patients were enrolled. PM patients had a higher cumulative incidence of ALS (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation in being diagnosed with ALS in patients previously diagnosed with PM when stratified by sex. Consistent trends were conserved across different age strata. The strength of this association remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex, age, and concomitant autoimmune diseases (hazard ratio 25.72 [95% confidence interval 2.95-224.58]; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a diagnosis of PM increased the likelihood of a subsequent ALS diagnosis, independent of sex, age, and concomitant autoimmune diseases. Future studies are warranted to clarify the underlying biologic mechanisms and to translate them into clinical therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Chan Tsai
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Teng Ou
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Sung
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Hsieh
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
NF-κB and IRF1 Induce Endogenous Retrovirus K Expression via Interferon-Stimulated Response Elements in Its 5' Long Terminal Repeat. J Virol 2016; 90:9338-49. [PMID: 27512062 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01503-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thousands of endogenous retroviruses (ERV), viral fossils of ancient germ line infections, reside within the human genome. Evidence of ERV activity has been observed widely in both health and disease. While this is most often cited as a bystander effect of cell culture or disease states, it is unclear which signals control ERV transcription. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that the viral promoter of endogenous retrovirus K (ERVK) is responsive to inflammatory transcription factors. Here we show that one reason for ERVK upregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the presence of functional interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in the viral promoter. Transcription factor overexpression assays revealed independent and synergistic upregulation of ERVK by interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and NF-κB isoforms. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and LIGHT cytokine treatments of human astrocytes and neurons enhanced ERVK transcription and protein levels through IRF1 and NF-κB binding to the ISREs. We further show that in ALS brain tissue, neuronal ERVK reactivation is associated with the nuclear translocation of IRF1 and NF-κB isoforms p50 and p65. ERVK overexpression can cause motor neuron pathology in murine models. Our results implicate neuroinflammation as a key trigger of ERVK provirus reactivation in ALS. These molecular mechanisms may also extend to the pathobiology of other ERVK-associated inflammatory diseases, such as cancers, HIV infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia. IMPORTANCE It has been well established that inflammatory signaling pathways in ALS converge at NF-κB to promote neuronal damage. Our findings suggest that inflammation-driven IRF1 and NF-κB activity promotes ERVK reactivation in neurons of the motor cortex in ALS. Thus, quenching ERVK activity through antiretroviral or immunomodulatory regimens may hinder virus-mediated neuropathology and improve the symptoms of ALS or other ERVK-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mishra PS, Dhull DK, Nalini A, Vijayalakshmi K, Sathyaprabha TN, Alladi PA, Raju TR. Astroglia acquires a toxic neuroinflammatory role in response to the cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:212. [PMID: 27578023 PMCID: PMC5006495 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-cell autonomous toxicity is one of the potential mechanisms implicated in the etiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the exact role of glial cells in ALS pathology is yet to be fully understood. In a cellular model recapitulating the pathology of sporadic ALS, we have studied the inflammatory response of astroglia following exposure to the cerebrospinal fluid from ALS patients (ALS-CSF). Methods Various inflammatory markers including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, PGE-2, trophic factors, glutamate, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed in the rat astroglial cultures exposed to ALS-CSF and compared with the disease control or normal controls. We used immunofluorescence, ELISA, and immunoblotting techniques to investigate the protein expression and real-time PCR to study the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Glutamate, NO, and ROS were estimated using appropriate biochemical assays. Further, the effect of conditioned medium from the astroglial cultures exposed to ALS-CSF on NSC-34 motor neuronal cell line was detected using the MTT assay. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, or Student’s t test, as applicable. Results Here, we report that the ALS-CSF enhanced the production and release of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as COX-2 and PGE-2. Concomitantly, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the beneficial trophic factors, namely VEGF and GDNF, were down-regulated. We also found impaired regulation of glutamate, NO, and ROS in the astroglial cultures treated with ALS-CSF. The conditioned medium from the ALS-CSF exposed astroglial cultures induced degeneration in NSC-34 cells. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the astroglial cells contribute to the neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in the in vitro model of sporadic ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0698-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja-Shree Mishra
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.,Present address: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.,Present address: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - A Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - K Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - T N Sathyaprabha
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Trichur R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India. trraju.nimhans.@gmail.com
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ng CT, Fong LY, Low YY, Ban J, Hakim MN, Ahmad Z. Nitric oxide participates in IFN-gamma-induced HUVECs hyperpermeability. Physiol Res 2016; 65:1053-1058. [PMID: 27539106 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial barrier function is tightly controlled by a broad range of signaling cascades including nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway. It has been proposed that disturbances in NO and cGMP production could interfere with proper endothelial barrier function. In this study, we assessed the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, on NO and cGMP levels and examined the mechanisms by which NO and cGMP regulate the IFN-gamma-mediated HUVECs hyperpermeability. The flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran across cell monolayers was used to study the permeability of endothelial cells. Here, we found that IFN-gamma significantly attenuated basal NO concentration and the increased NO levels supplied by a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Besides, application of IFN-gamma also significantly attenuated both the basal cGMP concentration and the increased cGMP production donated by a cell permeable cGMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (8-Br-cGMP). In addition, exposure of the cell monolayer to IFN-gamma significantly increased HUVECs basal permeability. However, L-NAME pretreatment did not suppress IFN-gamma-induced HUVECs hyperpermeability. L-NAME pretreatment followed by SNP or SNP pretreatment partially reduced IFN-gamma-induced HUVECs hyperpermeability. Pretreatment with a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (LY83583), led to a further increase in IFN-gamma-induced HUVECs hyperpermeability. The findings suggest that the mechanism underlying IFN-gamma-induced increased HUVECs permeability is partly related to the inhibition of NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Ng
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian KW, Jiang H, Wang BB, Zhang F, Han S. Intravenous injection of l-BMAA induces a rat model with comprehensive characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson-dementia complex. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 5:79-96. [PMID: 30090328 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-protein amino acid beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine (l-BMAA) is a neurotoxin that was associated with the high incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinson-Dementia Complex (ALS/PDC) in Guam. This neurotoxin has been implicated as a potential environmental factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, and was found to accumulate in brain tissues of ALS/PDC patients. It is extremely important to establish a reliable animal model that has the comprehensive characteristics of ALS/PDC for studying mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and exploring effective therapies. However, very few good animal models that mimic ALS/PDC have been established. In this study, an ideal rat model that mimicked most characteristics of ALS/PDC was established by administering continuous intravenous (i.v.) injections of neurotoxic l-BMAA. Based on the data obtained, it was demonstrated that continuous i.v. injections of l-BMAA induced mitochondrial morphology and structural changes, astrogliosis, motor neuronal death, and other relative functional changes, which led to the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and resulted in the upregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), downregulation of astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), accumulation of microtubule-associated protein tau and cytosolic aggregates of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) in degenerating motor neurons. These results suggest that this model could be used as a useful tool for the mechanistic and therapeutic study of ALS/PDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Tian
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Medical College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-571-88208160
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Electrophysiology , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Medical College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- Core Facilities , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Medical College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-571-88208160
| | - Shu Han
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Medical College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-571-88208160
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee JK, Shin JH, Gwag BJ, Choi EJ. Iron accumulation promotes TACE-mediated TNF-α secretion and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
20
|
Gruber RC, LaRocca D, Minchenberg SB, Christophi GP, Hudson CA, Ray AK, Shafit-Zagardo B, Massa PT. The control of reactive oxygen species production by SHP-1 in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2015; 63:1753-71. [PMID: 25919645 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described reduced myelination and corresponding myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in the central nervous system of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) deficient motheaten (me/me) mice compared with normal littermate controls. Deficiency in myelin and MBP expression in both brains and spinal cords of motheaten mice correlated with reduced MBP mRNA expression levels in vivo and in purified oligodendrocytes in vitro. Therefore, SHP-1 activity seems to be a critical regulator of oligodendrocyte gene expression and function. Consistent with this role, this study demonstrates that oligodendrocytes of motheaten mice and SHP-1-depleted N20.1 cells produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibit corresponding markers of increased oxidative stress. In agreement with these findings, we demonstrate that increased production of ROS coincides with ROS-induced signaling pathways known to affect myelin gene expression in oligodendrocytes. Antioxidant treatment of SHP-1-deficient oligodendrocytes reversed the pathological changes in these cells, with increased myelin protein gene expression and decreased expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) responsive gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, we demonstrate that SHP-1 is expressed in human white matter oligodendrocytes, and there is a subset of multiple sclerosis subjects that demonstrate a deficiency of SHP-1 in normal-appearing white matter. These studies reveal critical pathways controlled by SHP-1 in oligodendrocytes that relate to susceptibility of SHP-1-deficient mice to both developmental defects in myelination and to inflammatory demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Gruber
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Daria LaRocca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Scott B Minchenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - George P Christophi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Chad A Hudson
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Alex K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: role of TNF. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:610813. [PMID: 25834699 PMCID: PMC4365363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/610813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to increased oxidative stress by excessive release of harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which further promote neuronal damage and subsequent inflammation resulting in a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master regulator of the immune system, plays an important role in the propagation of inflammation due to the activation and recruitment of immune cells via its receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, TNFR1 can directly induce oxidative stress by the activation of ROS and RNS producing enzymes. Both TNF-induced oxidative stress and inflammation interact and cooperate to promote neurodegeneration. However, TNF plays a dual role in neurodegenerative disease, since stimulation via its second receptor, TNFR2, is neuroprotective and promotes tissue regeneration. Here we review the interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the two major chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and discuss the dual role of TNF in promoting neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration via its two receptors.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pusic AD, Mitchell HM, Kunkler PE, Klauer N, Kraig RP. Spreading depression transiently disrupts myelin via interferon-gamma signaling. Exp Neurol 2015; 264:43-54. [PMID: 25500111 PMCID: PMC4324018 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and migraine with aura are clinically correlated and both show imaging changes suggestive of myelin disruption. Furthermore, cortical myelin loss in the cuprizone animal model of multiple sclerosis enhances susceptibility to spreading depression, the likely underlying cause of migraine with aura. Since multiple sclerosis pathology involves inflammatory T cell lymphocyte production of interferon-gamma and a resulting increase in oxidative stress, we tested the hypothesis that spreading depression disrupts myelin through similar signaling pathways. Rat hippocampal slice cultures were initially used to explore myelin loss in spreading depression, since they contain T cells, and allow for controlled tissue microenvironment. These experiments were then translated to the in vivo condition in neocortex. Spreading depression in slice cultures induced significant loss of myelin integrity and myelin basic protein one day later, with gradual recovery by seven days. Myelin basic protein loss was abrogated by T cell depletion, neutralization of interferon-gamma, and pharmacological inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase-2. Conversely, one day after exposure to interferon-gamma, significant reductions in spreading depression threshold, increases in oxidative stress, and reduced levels of glutathione, an endogenous neutral sphingomyelinase-2 inhibitor, emerged. Similarly, spreading depression triggered significant T cell accumulation, sphingomyelinase activation, increased oxidative stress, and reduction of gray and white matter myelin in vivo. Myelin disruption is involved in spreading depression, thereby providing pathophysiological links between multiple sclerosis and migraine with aura. Myelin disruption may promote spreading depression by enhancing aberrant excitability. Thus, preservation of myelin integrity may provide novel therapeutic targets for migraine with aura.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya D Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA; The Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
| | - Heidi M Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
| | - Phillip E Kunkler
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
| | - Neal Klauer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
| | - Richard P Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA; The Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
König HG, Coughlan KS, Kinsella S, Breen BA, Prehn JHM. The BCL-2 family protein Bid is critical for pro-inflammatory signaling in astrocytes. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:99-107. [PMID: 24956542 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motoneurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene represent a frequent genetic determinant and recapitulate a disease phenotype similar to ALS when expressed in mice. Previous studies using SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice have suggested a paracrine mechanism of neuronal loss, in which cytokines and other toxic factors released from astroglia or microglia trigger motoneuron degeneration. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines activate death receptors and may downstream from this activate the Bcl-2 family protein, Bid. We here sought to investigate the role of Bid in astrocyte activation and non-cell autonomous motoneuron degeneration. We found that spinal cord Bid protein levels increased significantly during disease progression in SOD1(G93A) mice. Subsequent experiments in vitro indicated that Bid was expressed at relatively low levels in motoneurons, but was enriched in astrocytes and microglia. Bid was strongly induced in astrocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines or exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Experiments in bid-deficient astrocytes or astrocytes treated with a small molecule Bid inhibitor demonstrated that Bid was required for the efficient activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB in response to these pro-inflammatory stimuli. Finally, we found that conditioned medium from wild-type astrocytes, but not from bid-deficient astrocytes, was toxic when applied to primary motoneuron cultures. Collectively, our data demonstrate a new role for the Bcl-2 family protein Bid as a mediator of astrocyte activation during neuroinflammation, and suggest that Bid activation may contribute to non-cell autonomous motoneuron degeneration in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg König
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karen S Coughlan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bridget A Breen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a link between neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:861231. [PMID: 24966471 PMCID: PMC4055424 DOI: 10.1155/2014/861231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts both homeostatic and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system. In pathological conditions, microglia release large amounts of TNF-α; this de novo production of TNF-α is an important component of the so-called neuroinflammatory response that is associated with several neurological disorders. In addition, TNF-α can potentiate glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity by two complementary mechanisms: indirectly, by inhibiting glutamate transport on astrocytes, and directly, by rapidly triggering the surface expression of Ca+2 permeable-AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, while decreasing inhibitory GABAA receptors on neurons. Thus, the net effect of TNF-α is to alter the balance of excitation and inhibition resulting in a higher synaptic excitatory/inhibitory ratio. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which TNF-α links the neuroinflammatory and excitotoxic processes that occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, but with a special emphasis on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As microglial activation and upregulation of TNF-α expression is a common feature of several CNS diseases, as well as chronic opioid exposure and neuropathic pain, modulating TNF-α signaling may represent a valuable target for intervention.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis KE, Rasmussen AL, Bennett W, King A, West AK, Chung RS, Chuah MI. Microglia and motor neurons during disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: changes in arginase1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 24655927 PMCID: PMC3994340 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor system. Although the etiology of the disease is not fully understood, microglial activation and neuroinflammation are thought to play a role in disease progression. METHODS We examined the immunohistochemical expression of two markers of microglial phenotype, the arginine-metabolizing enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase1 (Arg1), in the spinal cord of a mouse model carrying an ALS-linked mutant human superoxide dismutase transgene (SOD1(G93A)) and in non-transgenic wild-type (WT) mice. Immunolabeling for iNOS and Arg1 was evaluated throughout disease progression (6 to 25 weeks), and correlated with body weight, stride pattern, wire hang duration and ubiquitin pathology. For microglia and motor neuron counts at each time point, SOD1(G93A) and WT animals were compared using an independent samples t-test. A Welch t-test correction was applied if Levene's test showed that the variance in WT and SOD1G93A measurements was substantially different. RESULTS Disease onset, measured as the earliest change in functional parameters compared to non-transgenic WT mice, occurred at 14 weeks of age in SOD1(G93A) mice. The ventral horn of the SOD1(G93A) spinal cord contained more microglia than WT from 14 weeks onwards. In SOD1(G93A) mice, Arg1-positive and iNOS-positive microglia increased 18-fold and 7-fold, respectively, between 10 and 25 weeks of age (endpoint) in the lumbar spinal cord, while no increase was observed in WT mice. An increasing trend of Arg1- and iNOS-expressing microglia was observed in the cervical spinal cords of SOD1(G93A) mice. Additionally, Arg1-negative motor neurons appeared to selectively decline in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice, suggesting that Arg1 may have a neuroprotective function. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the increase in spinal cord microglia occurs around and after disease onset and is preceded by cellular pathology. The results show that Arg1 and iNOS, thought to have opposing inflammatory properties, are upregulated in microglia during disease progression and that Arg1 in motor neurons may confer protection from disease processes. Further understanding of the neuroinflammatory response, and the Arg1/iNOS balance in motor neurons, may provide suitable therapeutic targets for ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lewis
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Anna L Rasmussen
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - William Bennett
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Anna King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Adrian K West
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meng Inn Chuah
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crowley SD. The cooperative roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:102-20. [PMID: 23472597 PMCID: PMC3880899 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Innate and adaptive immunity play fundamental roles in the development of hypertension and its complications. As effectors of the cell-mediated immune response, myeloid cells and T lymphocytes protect the host organism from infection by attacking foreign intruders with bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RECENT ADVANCES While these ROS may help to preserve the vascular tone and thereby protect against circulatory collapse in the face of overwhelming infection, aberrant elaboration of ROS triggered by immune cells in the absence of a hemodynamic insult can lead to pathologic increases in blood pressure. Conversely, misdirected oxidative stress in cardiovascular control organs, including the vasculature, the kidney, and the nervous system potentiates inflammatory responses, augmenting blood pressure elevation and inciting target organ damage. CRITICAL ISSUES Inflammation and oxidative stress thereby act as cooperative and synergistic partners in the pathogenesis of hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Pharmacologic interventions for hypertensive patients will need to exploit this robust bidirectional relationship between ROS generation and immune activation in cardiovascular control organs to maximize therapeutic benefit, while limiting off-target side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers , Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gandhapudi SK, Murapa P, Threlkeld ZD, Ward M, Sarge KD, Snow C, Woodward JG. Heat shock transcription factor 1 is activated as a consequence of lymphocyte activation and regulates a major proteostasis network in T cells critical for cell division during stress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4068-79. [PMID: 24043900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is a major transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response in eukaryotic cells. HSF1 is evoked in response to a variety of cellular stressors, including elevated temperatures, oxidative stress, and other proteotoxic stressors. Previously, we demonstrated that HSF1 is activated in naive T cells at fever range temperatures (39.5°C) and is critical for in vitro T cell proliferation at fever temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated that murine HSF1 became activated to the DNA-binding form and transactivated a large number of genes in lymphoid cells strictly as a consequence of receptor activation in the absence of apparent cellular stress. Microarray analysis comparing HSF1(+/+) and HSF1(-/-) gene expression in T cells activated at 37°C revealed a diverse set of 323 genes significantly regulated by HSF1 in nonstressed T cells. In vivo proliferation studies revealed a significant impairment of HSF1(-/-) T cell expansion under conditions mimicking a robust immune response (staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced T cell activation). This proliferation defect due to loss of HSF1 is observed even under nonfebrile temperatures. HSF1(-/-) T cells activated at fever temperatures show a dramatic reduction in cyclin E and cyclin A proteins during the cell cycle, although the transcription of these genes was modestly affected. Finally, B cell and hematopoietic stem cell proliferation from HSF1(-/-) mice, but not HSF1(+/+) mice, were also attenuated under stressful conditions, indicating that HSF1 is critical for the cell cycle progression of lymphoid cells activated under stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva K Gandhapudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Notch signaling pathway is activated in motoneurons of spinal muscular atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11424-37. [PMID: 23759991 PMCID: PMC3709740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease produced by low levels of Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein that affects alpha motoneurons in the spinal cord. Notch signaling is a cell-cell communication system well known as a master regulator of neural development, but also with important roles in the adult central nervous system. Aberrant Notch function is associated with several developmental neurological disorders; however, the potential implication of the Notch pathway in SMA pathogenesis has not been studied yet. We report here that SMN deficiency, induced in the astroglioma cell line U87MG after lentiviral transduction with a shSMN construct, was associated with an increase in the expression of the main components of Notch signaling pathway, namely its ligands, Jagged1 and Delta1, the Notch receptor and its active intracellular form (NICD). In the SMNΔ7 mouse model of SMA we also found increased astrocyte processes positive for Jagged1 and Delta1 in intimate contact with lumbar spinal cord motoneurons. In these motoneurons an increased Notch signaling was found, as denoted by increased NICD levels and reduced expression of the proneural gene neurogenin 3, whose transcription is negatively regulated by Notch. Together, these findings may be relevant to understand some pathologic attributes of SMA motoneurons.
Collapse
|
29
|
Shao H, He Y, Li KCP, Zhou X. A system mathematical model of a cell-cell communication network in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:398-406. [PMID: 23287963 PMCID: PMC3752652 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and chronic neurodegenerative disease without any known cure. In the brain and spinal cord of both patients and animal models with ALS, neuroinflammation is a prominent pathological hallmark which is characterized by infiltrating T cells at sites of motor neuron injury. Their presence in mutant Cu(2+)/Zn(2+) superoxide dismutase (mSOD1) induced ALS plays an important role in shifting the response of microglia from neuroprotective to neurotoxic. In order to better understand how these cells and their communication network collectively modulate the disease progression, we have established a mathematical model integrating diverse cells and cytokines. According to the experimental data sets, we first refined this model by identifying a link between TGFβ and M1 microglia which can produce an optimized model to fit data sets better. Then based on this model, parameters were estimated using genetic algorithm. Sensitivity analysis of these parameters identified several factors such as the release rate of IFNγ by T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which may be related to the heterogeneity between the patients with different survival times. Furthermore, the tests on T cell based therapeutic strategies indicated that elimination of Th1 cells is the most effective approach extending survival time. This confirmed the dominant role of Th1 cells in leading the rapid disorder in the later stage of ALS. For the therapies targeting cytokines, injection of IL6 can essentially augment the neuroprotective response and extend the life effectively by elevating the level of IL4, a neuroprotective cytokine, while directly injected IL4 will decay rapidly in the ALS microenvironment and cannot provide a persistent protective effect. On the other hand, in spite of the attractive effect of direct elimination of mSOD1 or self-antigen, it is difficult to implement in CNS. As an alternative, elimination of IFNγ can be chosen as another effective therapy. In the future, if we combine the side effects of different therapies, this model can be used to optimize the therapeutic strategies so that they can effectively improve survival rates and quality of life for patients with ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shao
- 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, USA
- 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei, China
| | - Ying He
- 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chuang DY, Chan MH, Zong Y, Sheng W, He Y, Jiang JH, Simonyi A, Gu Z, Fritsche KL, Cui J, Lee JC, Folk WR, Lubahn DB, Sun AY, Sun GY. Magnolia polyphenols attenuate oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurons and microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:15. [PMID: 23356518 PMCID: PMC3576246 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bark of magnolia has been used in Oriental medicine to treat a variety of remedies, including some neurological disorders. Magnolol (Mag) and honokiol (Hon) are isomers of polyphenolic compounds from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, and have been identified as major active components exhibiting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigate the ability of these isomers to suppress oxidative stress in neurons stimulated by the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and oxidative and inflammatory responses in microglial cells activated by interferon-γ (IFNγ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also attempt to elucidate the mechanism and signaling pathways involved in cytokine-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglial cells. Methods Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to assay superoxide production in neurons, while CM-H2DCF-DA was used to test for ROS production in murine (BV-2) and rat (HAPI) immortalized microglial cells. NADPH oxidase inhibitors (for example, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), AEBSF, and apocynin) and immunocytochemistry targeting p47phox and gp91phox were used to assess the involvement of NADPH oxidase. Western blotting was used to assess iNOS and ERK1/2 expression, and the Griess reaction protocol was employed to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Results Exposure of Hon and Mag (1–10 μM) to neurons for 24 h did not alter neuronal viability, but both compounds (10 μM) inhibited NMDA-stimulated superoxide production, a pathway known to involve NADPH oxidase. In microglial cells, Hon and Mag inhibited IFNγ±LPS-induced iNOS expression, NO, and ROS production. Studies with inhibitors and immunocytochemical assay further demonstrated the important role of IFNγ activating the NADPH oxidase through the p-ERK-dependent pathway. Hon and, to a lesser extent, Mag inhibited IFNγ-induced p-ERK1/2 and its downstream pathway for ROS and NO production. Conclusion This study highlights the important role of NADPH oxidase in mediating oxidative stress in neurons and microglial cells and has unveiled the role of IFNγ in stimulating the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway for activation of NADPH oxidase in microglial cells. Hon and Mag offer anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory effects, at least in part, through suppressing IFNγ-induced p-ERK1/2 and its downstream pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol on Motoneurons in a Model of Rat Spinal Cord Embryonic Explants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
Efficient gene expression from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors in the spinal cord. Gene Ther 2012; 20:645-57. [PMID: 23076378 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to spinal cord cells may be crucial for therapy in spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Lentiviral vectors are efficient for transduction of a variety of cells, but like all integrating vectors they pose a risk of insertional mutagenesis. Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) remain episomal but retain the transduction efficiency of standard integrating lentiviral vectors, particularly when the episomes are not diluted out through repeated cell division. We have now applied IDLVs for transduction of spinal cord in vitro, in explants and in vivo. Our results demonstrate similar efficiency of eGFP expression from integrating lentiviral vectors and IDLVs in most cell types analyzed, including motor neurons, interneurons, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and astroglia. IDLV-mediated expression of pro-glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) rescues motor neuron cultures from death caused by removal of exogenous trophic support. IDLVs also mediate efficient RNA interference in DRG neuron cultures. After intraparenchymal injection in the rat and mouse cervical and lumbar regions in vivo, transduction is mainly neuronal, with both motor neurons and interneurons being efficiently targeted. These results suggest that IDLVs could be efficient and safer tools for spinal cord transduction in future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lerman BJ, Hoffman EP, Sutherland ML, Bouri K, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Rothstein JD, Knoblach SM. Deletion of galectin-3 exacerbates microglial activation and accelerates disease progression and demise in a SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Behav 2012; 2:563-75. [PMID: 23139902 PMCID: PMC3489809 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are pleiotropic carbohydrate-binding lectins involved in inflammation, growth/differentiation, and tissue remodeling. The functional role of galectins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown. Expression studies revealed increases in galectin-1 mRNA and protein in spinal cords from SOD1(G93A) mice, and in galectin-3 and -9 mRNAs and proteins in spinal cords of both SOD1(G93A) mice and sporadic ALS patients. As the increase in galectin-3 appeared in early presymptomatic stages and increased progressively through to end stage of disease in the mouse, it was selected for additional study, where it was found to be mainly expressed by microglia. Galectin-3 antagonists are not selective and do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier; therefore, we generated SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) transgenic mice to evaluate galectin-3 deletion in a widely used mouse model of ALS. Disease progression, neurological symptoms, survival, and inflammation were assessed to determine the effect of galectin-3 deletion on the SOD1(G93A) disease phenotype. Galectin-3 deletion did not change disease onset, but resulted in more rapid progression through functionally defined disease stages, more severely impaired neurological symptoms at all stages of disease, and expiration, on average, 25 days earlier than SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. In addition, microglial staining, as well as TNF-α, and oxidative injury were increased in SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) mice compared with SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. These data support an important functional role for microglial galectin-3 in neuroinflammation during chronic neurodegenerative disease. We suggest that elevations in galectin-3 by microglia as disease progresses may represent a protective, anti-inflammatory innate immune response to chronic motor neuron degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Lerman
- Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Activation of innate immune responses in the central nervous system during reovirus myelitis. J Virol 2012; 86:8107-18. [PMID: 22623770 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infection of the murine spinal cord (SC) was used as a model system to investigate innate immune responses during viral myelitis, including the activation of glia (microglia and astrocytes) and interferon (IFN) signaling and increased expression of inflammatory mediators. Reovirus myelitis was associated with the pronounced activation of SC glia, as evidenced by characteristic changes in cellular morphology and increased expression of astrocyte and microglia-specific proteins. Expression of inflammatory mediators known to be released by activated glia, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL 5), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), was also significantly upregulated in the SC of reovirus-infected animals compared to mock-infected controls. Reovirus infection of the mouse SC was also associated with increased expression of genes involved in IFN signaling, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). Further, reovirus infection of mice deficient in the expression of the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) resulted in accelerated mortality, demonstrating that IFN signaling is protective during reovirus myelitis. Experiments performed in ex vivo SC slice cultures (SCSC) confirmed that resident SC cells contribute to the production of at least some of these inflammatory mediators and ISG during reovirus infection. Microglia, but not astrocytes, were still activated, and glia-associated inflammatory mediators were still produced in reovirus-infected INFAR(-/-) mice, demonstrating that IFN signaling is not absolutely required for these neuroinflammatory responses. Our results suggest that activated glia and inflammatory mediators contribute to a local microenvironment that is deleterious to neuronal survival.
Collapse
|
35
|
Peterson R, Turnbull J. Sonic hedgehog is cytoprotective against oxidative challenge in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:31-41. [PMID: 21979788 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that primary cilia on spinal motor neurons are reduced in G93A SOD1 (mSOD) mice, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling involves the primary cilium and Shh has been shown to be cytoprotective in models of other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the Shh signaling pathway may bear further study in ALS. Accordingly, we established that interference with the Shh pathway (with the Shh antagonist cyclopamine or with miRNA 3245p) sensitized HT22 cells, while augmentation of the Shh pathway (with Shh or the Shh agonist purmorphamine) protected cells against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) challenge. We ectopically expressed mSOD, human wild-type SOD1 (wtSOD), or an empty vector in HT22 cells. Compared to empty vector, wtSOD decreased cell death and mSOD increased cell death in response to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with cyclopamine or miRNA 3245p sensitized all three transfections to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with recombinant human Shh or purmorphamine decreased cell death after H₂O₂ challenge, an effect more pronounced in mSOD cells. Compared with empty vector, overexpression of wtSOD increased Shh and Gli transcript levels and increased activity in a Gli-responsive reporter assay. Overexpression of mSOD did not change Shh transcript levels, but decreased Gli transcript levels, especially Gli3, and reduced activity in a Gli reporter assay. These results suggest that overexpression of mSOD but not wtSOD reduces signaling in the Shh pathway and renders mSOD cells more susceptible to H₂O₂ challenge, and that treatment with Shh or Shh agonists is cytoprotective to mSOD cells. Shh or Shh agonists merit further consideration as potential therapy in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Peterson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Rm 4U7, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
McDowell ML, Das A, Smith JA, Varma AK, Ray SK, Banik NL. Neuroprotective effects of genistein in VSC4.1 motoneurons exposed to activated microglial cytokines. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:175-84. [PMID: 21672594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines released from activated microglia may be responsible for neuronal damage and resulting motor deficits associated with CNS disorders such as spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Estrogen (17β-estradiol) is capable of ameliorating motoneuron death following spinal cord injury, but has a number of deleterious side effects. Genistein (GEN), an estrogen receptor beta agonist and potent antioxidant, may represent an alternative to estrogen in treating neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the neuroprotective effects of GEN. We therefore tested whether GEN would prevent apoptosis in cultured motoneurons following exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines released from IFN-γ activated microglia. Exposure of ventral spinal cord 4.1 motoneurons to microglial cytokine supernatant in vitro caused significant apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. An increase in reactive oxygen species, intracellular Ca(2+), calpain, caspases, cytochrome c, and the bax:bcl-2 ratio were also noted. GEN treatment reversed apoptotic death and cellular changes following cytokine exposure and was associated with increased expression of estrogen receptor β suggesting that GEN may promote neuroprotection via receptor-mediated pathways. The addition of ICI 182, 780, an estrogen receptor antagonist following GEN treatment attenuated neuroprotection, suggesting that GEN may act mainly via estrogen receptor β to protect VSC4.1 motoneurons. We conclude that GEN protects cultured ventral spinal cord 4.1 cells from inflammatory insult and thus may represent a potential beneficial therapy in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misty L McDowell
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., 309 Clinical Sciences Building, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Byrnes KR. Novel neuroinflammatory targets in the chronically injured spinal cord. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:195-205. [PMID: 21394541 PMCID: PMC3101830 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord is known to result in inflammation. To date, the preponderance of research has focused on the acute neuroinflammatory response, which begins immediately and is believed to terminate within hours to (at most) days after the injury. However, recent studies have demonstrated that postinjury inflammation is not restricted to the first few hours or days after injury, but can last for months to years after a spinal cord injury (SCI). These chronic studies have revealed that increased numbers of inflammatory cells, such as microglia and macrophages, and inflammatory factors, including cytokines, chemokines, and enzyme products are found at markedly delayed times after injury. Here we review experimental work on a selection of the novel inflammatory factors observed chronically after SCI, including the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) oxidase enzyme and galectin-3. We will discuss the role of these proteins in inflammation with regard to both detrimental and beneficial effects of neuroinflammation after injury. Finally, the potential of these proteins to serve as therapeutic targets will be considered, and a novel therapeutic approach (i.e., the agonist for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 [mGluR5], [RS]-2-Chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine [CHPG]) will be discussed. This review will demonstrate the expression and activity profiles, roles in potentiation of injury, and therapy studies of these inflammatory factors suggest that not only are these chronically expressed factors viable targets for SCI treatment, but that the therapeutic window is broader than has previously been thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahdeah Pajoohesh-Ganji
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street N.W., Washington, District of Columbia 20037 USA
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sanagi T, Yuasa S, Nakamura Y, Suzuki E, Aoki M, Warita H, Itoyama Y, Uchino S, Kohsaka S, Ohsawa K. Appearance of phagocytic microglia adjacent to motoneurons in spinal cord tissue from a presymptomatic transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:2736-46. [PMID: 20648658 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation occurs early during the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent evidence indicates that the expression of mutant Cu(2+)/Zn(2+) superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in microglia contributes to the late disease progression of ALS. However, the mechanism by which microglia influence the neurodegenerative process and disease progression in ALS remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that activated microglia aggregated in the lumbar spinal cord of presymptomatic mutant SOD1(H46R) transgenic rats, an animal model of familial ALS. The aggregated microglia expressed a marker of proliferating cell, Ki67, and phagocytic marker proteins ED1 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. The motoneurons near the microglial aggregates showed weak choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity and contained reduced granular endoplasmic reticulum and altered nucleus electron microscopically. Furthermore, immunopositive signals for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were localized in the aggregated microglia. These results suggest that the activated and aggregated microglia represent phagocytic features in response to early changes in motoneurons and possibly play an important role in ALS disease progression during the presymptomatic stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sanagi
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Garcera A, Mincheva S, Gou-Fabregas M, Caraballo-Miralles V, Lladó J, Comella JX, Soler RM. A new model to study spinal muscular atrophy: neurite degeneration and cell death is counteracted by BCL-X(L) Overexpression in motoneurons. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:415-26. [PMID: 21333739 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motoneuron disorder characterized by deletions or specific mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron gene (SMN). SMN is ubiquitously expressed and has a general role in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and pre-mRNA splicing requirements. However, in motoneuron axons SMN deficiency results in inappropriate levels of certain transcripts in the distal axon, suggesting that the specific susceptibility of motoneurons to SMN deficiency is related to a specialized function in these cells. Although mouse models of SMA have been generated and are useful for in vivo and in vitro studies, the limited number of isolated MNs that could be obtained from them makes it difficult to perform biochemical, genetic and pharmacological approaches. We describe here an in vitro model of isolated embryonic mouse motoneurons in which the cellular levels of endogenous SMN are reduced. These cells show neurite degeneration and cell death after several days of SMN knockdown. We found that the over-expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) into motoneurons rescues these cells from the phenotypic changes observed. This result demonstrates that Bcl-x(L) signaling could be a possible pharmacological target of SMA therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Garcera
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Montserrat Roig, 2. 25008-Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Litteljohn D, Mangano E, Clarke M, Bobyn J, Moloney K, Hayley S. Inflammatory mechanisms of neurodegeneration in toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2010; 2011:713517. [PMID: 21234362 PMCID: PMC3018622 DOI: 10.4061/2011/713517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with exposure to a variety of environmental agents, including pesticides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants; and inflammatory processes appear to constitute a common mechanistic link among these insults. Indeed, toxin exposure has been repeatedly demonstrated to induce the release of oxidative and inflammatory factors from immunocompetent microglia, leading to damage and death of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, which are produced locally within the brain by microglia, have been implicated in the loss of DA neurons in toxin-based models of PD; and mounting evidence suggests a contributory role of the inflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2. Likewise, immune-activating bacterial and viral agents were reported to have neurodegenerative effects themselves and to augment the deleterious impact of chemical toxins upon DA neurons. The present paper will focus upon the evidence linking microglia and their inflammatory processes to the death of DA neurons following toxin exposure. Particular attention will be devoted to the possibility that environmental toxins can activate microglia, resulting in these cells adopting a “sensitized” state that favors the production of proinflammatory cytokines and damaging oxidative radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Litteljohn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
IFNγ triggers a LIGHT-dependent selective death of motoneurons contributing to the non-cell-autonomous effects of mutant SOD1. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:754-68. [PMID: 21072055 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord. Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause a familial form of ALS. Mutant SOD1-damaged glial cells contribute to ALS pathogenesis by releasing neurotoxic factors, but the mechanistic basis of the motoneuron-specific elimination is poorly understood. Here, we describe a motoneuron-selective death pathway triggered by activation of lymphotoxin-β receptor (LT-βR) by LIGHT, and operating by a novel signaling scheme. We show that astrocytes expressing mutant SOD1 mediate the selective death of motoneurons through the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ), which activates the LIGHT-LT-βR death pathway. The expression of LIGHT and LT-βR by motoneurons in vivo correlates with the preferential expression of IFNγ by motoneurons and astrocytes at disease onset and symptomatic stage in ALS mice. Importantly, the genetic ablation of Light in an ALS mouse model retards progression, but not onset, of the disease and increases lifespan. We propose that IFNγ contributes to a cross-talk between motoneurons and astrocytes causing the selective loss of some motoneurons following activation of the LIGHT-induced death pathway.
Collapse
|
42
|
Victório SCS, Havton LA, Oliveira ALR. Absence of IFNγ expression induces neuronal degeneration in the spinal cord of adult mice. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:77. [PMID: 21073708 PMCID: PMC2993684 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which may be up-regulated after trauma to the peripheral or central nervous system. Such changes include reactive gliosis and synaptic plasticity that are considered important responses to the proper regenerative response after injury. Also, IFNγ is involved in the upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I), which has recently been shown to play an important role in the synaptic plasticity process following axotomy. There is also evidence that IFNγ may interfere in the differentiation and survival of neuronal cells. However, little is known about the effects of IFNγ absence on spinal cord neurons after injury. METHODS We performed a unilateral sciatic nerve transection injury in C57BL/6J (wild type) and IFNγ-KO (mutant) mice and studied motoneuron morphology using light and electron microscopy. One week after the lesion, mice from both strains were sacrificed and had their lumbar spinal cords processed for histochemistry (n = 5 each group) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, n = 5 each group). Spinal cord sections from non-lesioned animals were also used to investigate neuronal survival and the presence of apoptosis with TUNEL and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We find that presumed motoneurons in the lower lumbar ventral horn exhibited a smaller soma size in the IFNγ-KO series, regardless of nerve lesion. In plastic embedded sections stained with toluidine blue, the IFNγ-KO mice demonstrated a greater proportion of degenerating neurons in the ventral horn when compared to the control series (p < 0.05). Apoptotic death is suggested based on TUNEL and caspase 3 immunostaining. A sciatic nerve axotomy did not further aggravate the neuronal loss. The cellular changes were supported by electron microscopy, which demonstrated ventral horn neurons exhibiting intracellular vacuoles as well as degenerating nuclei and cytoplasm in the IFNγ-KO mice. Adjacent glial cells showed features suggestive of phagocytosis. Additional ultrastructural studies showed a decreased number of pre-synaptic terminals apposing to motoneurons in mutant mice. Nevertheless, no statistical difference regarding the input covering could be detected among the studied strains. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results suggest that IFNγ may be neuroprotective and its absence results in neuronal death, which is not further increased by peripheral axotomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila CS Victório
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alexandre LR Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang EJ, Jiang JH, Lee SM, Yang SC, Hwang HS, Lee MS, Choi SM. Bee venom attenuates neuroinflammatory events and extends survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:69. [PMID: 20950451 PMCID: PMC2974667 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease affecting the central nervous system that is either sporadic or familial origin and causing the death of motor neurons. One of the genetic factors contributing to the etiology of ALS is mutant SOD1 (mtSOD1), which induces vulnerability of motor neurons through protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, cytoskeletal abnormalities, defective axonal transport, glutamate excitotoxicity, inadequate growth factor signaling, and neuroinflammation. Bee venom has been used in the practice of Oriental medicine and evidence from the literature indicates that BV plays an anti-inflammatory or anti-nociceptive role against inflammatory reactions associated with arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether bee venom suppresses motor neuron loss and microglial cell activation in hSOD1G93A mutant mice. METHODS Bee venom (BV) was bilaterally injected (subcutaneously) into a 14-week-old (98 day old) male hSOD1G93A animal model at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint, which is known to mediate an anti-inflammatory effect. For measurement of motor activity, rotarod test was performed and survival statistics were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The effects of BV treatment on anti-neuroinflammation of hSOD1G93A mice were assessed via immunoreactions using Iba 1 as a microglia marker and TNF-α antibody. Activation of ERK, Akt, p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK), and caspase 3 proteins was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS BV-treated mutant hSOD1 transgenic mice showed a decrease in the expression levels of microglia marker and phospho-p38 MAPK in the spinal cord and brainstem. Interestingly, treatment of BV in symptomatic ALS animals improved motor activity and the median survival of the BV-treated group (139 ± 3.5 days) was 18% greater than control group (117 ± 3.1 days). Furthermore, we found that BV suppressed caspase-3 activity and blocked the defects of mitochondrial structure and cristae morphology in the lumbar spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice at the symptomatic stage. CONCLUSION From these findings, our research suggests BV could be a potential therapeutic agent for anti-neuroinflammatory effects in an animal model of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Jing Hua Jiang
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Sun Choel Yang
- Department of Instrument Development, Korea Basic Science Institute, 113 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Induction of Protective Immunity by Vaccination With Wild-Type Apo Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Mutant SOD1 Transgenic Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181f4a90a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
45
|
Tolosa L, Caraballo-Miralles V, Olmos G, Lladó J. TNF-α potentiates glutamate-induced spinal cord motoneuron death via NF-κB. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:176-86. [PMID: 20849956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides glutamate excitotoxicity, the neuroinflammatory response is emerging as a relevant contributor to motoneuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this regard, high levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been shown both in human patients and in animal models of ALS. The aim of this work was to study the effects of TNF-α on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in spinal cord motoneurons. In rat spinal cord organotypic cultures chronic glutamate excitotoxicity, induced by the glutamate-uptake inhibitor threohydroxyaspartate (THA), resulted in motoneuron loss that was associated with a neuroinflammatory response. In the presence of TNF-α, THA-induced excitotoxic motoneuron death was potentiated. Co-exposure to TNF-α and THA also resulted in down-regulation of the astroglial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and in increased extracellular glutamate levels, which were prevented by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibition. Furthermore, TNF-α and THA also cooperated in the induction of oxidative stress in a mechanism involving the NF-κB signalling pathway as well. The inhibition of this pathway abrogated the exacerbation of glutamate-mediated motoneuron death induced by TNF-α. These data link two important pathogenic mechanisms, excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, suggested to play a role in ALS and, to our knowledge, this is the first time that TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation has been reported to potentiate glutamate excitotoxicity on motononeurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Grup de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS)/Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5,E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang EJ, Jiang JH, Lee SM, Hwang HS, Lee MS, Choi SM. Electroacupuncture reduces neuroinflammatory responses in symptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 223:84-91. [PMID: 20460191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralyzing disorder that is characterized by the progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons. Acupuncture or electroacupuncture (EA) has been used for the treatment of various conditions including osteoarthritis, asthma, and other types of chronic pain conditions. It has been hypothesized that acupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects on inflammatory reactions processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acupuncture at a specific acupoint could produce anti-inflammatory responses and suppress motor neuron loss in the hG93ASOD1 mouse, commonly used as a model for inherited ALS. We delivered EA at the Zusanli (ST36) acupuncture point in the symptomatic hSOD1G93A animal model. The EA-treated mutant hSOD1 transgenic mice showed decreases in microglial cell activity and TNF-alpha expression in the spinal cord and brain stem. Furthermore, EA significantly improved motor activity compared to the control group and reduced neuronal cell loss in hSOD1G93A mice. Our research suggests a potential functional link between EA therapy and anti-neuroinflammatory response in an ALS animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Interferon-gamma deficiency modifies the effects of a chronic stressor in mice: Implications for psychological pathology. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:462-73. [PMID: 20004715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote behavioral and neurochemical variations similar to those evident following stressor exposure, and have been implicated in promoting depressive illness. Indeed, immunotherapeutic application of the cytokine, interferon-alpha, promoted depressive illness in cancer and hepatitis C patients. We assessed the possibility that another interferon cytokine family member, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), might contribute to the behavioral and biochemical alterations provoked by a chronic stressor regimen that has been used to model neuropsychiatric pathology in rodents. As predicted, IFN-gamma-deficient mice displayed basal differences in behavior (e.g., reduced open field exploration) and altered neurochemical activity (e.g., increased noradrenergic and serotonergic activity within the central amygdala), relative to their wild-type counterparts. Moreover, stressor-induced elevations of corticosterone and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, were attenuated in IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Similarly, the IFN-gamma null mice were refractory to the chronic stressor-induced alterations of dopamine metabolism (within the prefrontal cortex, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and central amygdala) evident in wild-type mice. Yet, the chronic stressor provoked signs of anxiety (e.g., reduced open field exploration) and depression-like behavior (e.g., increased forced swim immobility, reduced consumption of a palatable solution) among both wild-type and IFN-gamma knockout mice alike, suggesting a dissociation of behavioral functioning from the stressor-induced alterations of immunological, hormonal and dopaminergic activity. Together, these data suggest a complex neurobehavioral phenotype, wherein IFN-gamma deletion engenders a state of heightened basal emotionality coupled with increased monoaminergic activity in the amygdala. At the same time, however, IFN-gamma deficiency appears to blunt some of the neurochemical, corticoid and cytokine alterations ordinarily associated with chronic stressor exposure.
Collapse
|