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Lafta MS, Mwinyi J, Affatato O, Rukh G, Dang J, Andersson G, Schiöth HB. Exploring sex differences: insights into gene expression, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and pathology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1340108. [PMID: 38449735 PMCID: PMC10915038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1340108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased knowledge about sex differences is important for development of individualized treatments against many diseases as well as understanding behavioral and pathological differences. This review summarizes sex chromosome effects on gene expression, epigenetics, and hormones in relation to the brain. We explore neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and brain pathology aiming to explain the current state of the art. While some domains exhibit strong differences, others reveal subtle differences whose overall significance warrants clarification. We hope that the current review increases awareness and serves as a basis for the planning of future studies that consider both sexes equally regarding similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muataz S. Lafta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oreste Affatato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Junhua Dang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Raji CA, Meysami S, Hashemi S, Garg S, Akbari N, Gouda A, Chodakiewitz YG, Nguyen TD, Niotis K, Merrill DA, Attariwala R. Exercise-Related Physical Activity Relates to Brain Volumes in 10,125 Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:829-839. [PMID: 38073389 PMCID: PMC10874612 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential neuroprotective effects of regular physical activity on brain structure are unclear, despite links between activity and reduced dementia risk. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between regular moderate to vigorous physical activity and quantified brain volumes on magnetic resonance neuroimaging. METHODS A total of 10,125 healthy participants underwent whole-body MRI scans, with brain sequences including isotropic MP-RAGE. Three deep learning models analyzed axial, sagittal, and coronal views from the scans. Moderate to vigorous physical activity, defined by activities increasing respiration and pulse rate for at least 10 continuous minutes, was modeled with brain volumes via partial correlations. Analyses adjusted for age, sex, and total intracranial volume, and a 5% Benjamini-Hochberg False Discovery Rate addressed multiple comparisons. RESULTS Participant average age was 52.98±13.04 years (range 18-97) and 52.3% were biologically male. Of these, 7,606 (75.1%) reported engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity approximately 4.05±3.43 days per week. Those with vigorous activity were slightly younger (p < 0.00001), and fewer women compared to men engaged in such activities (p = 3.76e-15). Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and multiple comparisons, increased days of moderate to vigorous activity correlated with larger normalized brain volumes in multiple regions including: total gray matter (Partial R = 0.05, p = 1.22e-7), white matter (Partial R = 0.06, p = 9.34e-11), hippocampus (Partial R = 0.05, p = 5.96e-7), and frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes (Partial R = 0.04, p≤1.06e-5). CONCLUSIONS Exercise-related physical activity is associated with increased brain volumes, indicating potential neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus A. Raji
- Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Somayeh Meysami
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Sam Hashemi
- Prenuvo, Vancouver, Canada
- Voxelwise Imaging Technology, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Nasrin Akbari
- Prenuvo, Vancouver, Canada
- Voxelwise Imaging Technology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ahmed Gouda
- Prenuvo, Vancouver, Canada
- Voxelwise Imaging Technology, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Thanh Duc Nguyen
- Prenuvo, Vancouver, Canada
- Voxelwise Imaging Technology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kellyann Niotis
- Early Medical, Austin, TX, USA
- The Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Florida, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - David A. Merrill
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajpaul Attariwala
- Prenuvo, Vancouver, Canada
- Voxelwise Imaging Technology, Vancouver, Canada
- AIM Medical Imaging, Vancouver, Canada
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González KA, Tarraf W, Stickel AM, Kaur S, Agudelo C, Redline S, Gallo LC, Isasi CR, Cai J, Daviglus ML, Testai FD, DeCarli C, González HM, Ramos AR. Sleep duration and brain MRI measures: Results from the SOL-INCA MRI study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:641-651. [PMID: 37772658 PMCID: PMC10840814 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep duration has been associated with dementia and stroke. Few studies have evaluated sleep pattern-related outcomes of brain disease in diverse Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS The SOL-INCA (Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study recruited diverse Hispanics/Latinos (35-85 years) who underwent neuroimaging. The main exposure was self-reported sleep duration. Our main outcomes were total and regional brain volumes. RESULTS The final analytic sample included n = 2334 participants. Increased sleep was associated with smaller brain volume (βtotal_brain = -0.05, p < 0.01) and consistently so in the 50+ subpopulation even after adjusting for mild cognitive impairment status. Sleeping >9 hours was associated with smaller gray (βcombined_gray = -0.17, p < 0.05) and occipital matter volumes (βoccipital_gray = -0.18, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION We found that longer sleep duration was associated with lower total brain and gray matter volume among diverse Hispanics/Latinos across sex and background. These results reinforce the importance of sleep on brain aging in this understudied population. HIGHLIGHTS Longer sleep was linked to smaller total brain and gray matter volumes. Longer sleep duration was linked to larger white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and smaller hippocampal volume in an obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk group. These associations were consistent across sex and Hispanic/Latino heritage groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. González
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley‐Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences and Institute of GerontologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Ariana M. Stickel
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sonya Kaur
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Christian Agudelo
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of Psychology and South Bay Latino Research CenterSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Martha L. Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health ResearchCollege of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Fernando D. Testai
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationUniversity of Illinois College of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley‐Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alberto R. Ramos
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
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Qi L, Wang GL, Yang YL, Yang SY, Liu LQ, Zhang JW. Positive effects of brisk walking and Tai Chi on cognitive function in older adults: An fNIRS study. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114390. [PMID: 37890605 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has shown to have beneficial effects on cognition in older adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cortical hemodynamic responses during the word-color Stroop test (WCST) prior and after acute walking and Tai Chi exercise by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty participants (9 males, mean age 62.8 ± 5.2), first underwent a baseline WCST test, after which they took three WCST tests in a randomized order, (a) after sitting rest (control), (b) after 6 minutes performing Tai Chi Quan, and (c) after a bout of 6 minutes brisk walking. During these four WCST tests cortical hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal area were monitored with fNIRS. Both brisk walking and Tai Chi enhanced hemodynamic activity during the Stroop incongruent tasks, leading to improved cognitive performance (quicker reaction time). Brisk walking induced a greater hemodynamic activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) area, whereas Tai Chi induced a greater bilateral hemodynamic activity in the DLPFC and VLPFC areas. The present study provided empirical evidence of enhanced hemodynamic response in task- specific regions of the brain that can be achieved by a mere six minutes of brisk walking or Tai Chi in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qi
- School of Artificial intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- School of Artificial intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yu-Long Yang
- Faculty of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Shu-Ye Yang
- Faculty of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Li-Qing Liu
- Faculty of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhang
- School of Artificial intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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5
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Leal-Nazaré CG, Santos-Sacramento L, Lopes-Araújo A, Royes LFF, Crespo-Lopez ME. Exercise Reshapes the Brain: Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Changes Associated with Cognitive Improvements. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6950-6974. [PMID: 37518829 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is well known as a non-pharmacological and holistic therapy believed to prevent and mitigate numerous neurological conditions and alleviate ageing-related cognitive decline. To do so, exercise affects the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels. It changes brain physiology and structure, promoting cognitive improvements, which ultimately improves quality of life. Most of these effects are mediated by neurotrophins release, enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, attenuation of neuroinflammation, modulation of cerebral blood flow, and structural reorganisation, besides to promote social interaction with beneficial cognitive outcomes. In this review, we discuss, based on experimental and human research, how exercise impacts the brain structure and function and how these changes contribute to cognitive improvements. Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise affects the brain is essential to understand the brain plasticity following exercise, guiding therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of life, especially in obesity, ageing, neurodegenerative disorders, and following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio G Leal-Nazaré
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Do Exercício, Centro de Educacão Física E Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RGS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Rojas-Valverde D, Bonilla DA, Gómez-Miranda LM, Calleja-Núñez JJ, Arias N, Martínez-Guardado I. Examining the Interaction between Exercise, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration: Future Research Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2267. [PMID: 37626763 PMCID: PMC10452292 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut-brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Nucleus of Studies for High Performance and Health (CIDISAD-NARS), School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI), National University, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Sports Injury Clinic (Rehab & Readapt), School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI), National University, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis M. Gómez-Miranda
- Sports Faculty, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22615, Mexico; (L.M.G.-M.); (J.J.C.-N.)
| | - Juan J. Calleja-Núñez
- Sports Faculty, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22615, Mexico; (L.M.G.-M.); (J.J.C.-N.)
| | - Natalia Arias
- BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain;
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Manckoundia P, Dipanda M, Mourey F. [Physical activity in the elderly with other major neurocognitive disorders]. SOINS. GERONTOLOGIE 2022; 27:37-40. [PMID: 36280370 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the literature was skeptical about the feasibility of motor rehabilitation and its impact, as well as that of physical activity (PA), in subjects with major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD), including Alzheimer's disease. Now, authors report several benefits of PA, both physical and cognitive, by promoting brain perfusion, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. PA should be recommended in cases of TNCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Manckoundia
- Pôle personnes âgées, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, 2 rue Jules Violle, 21079 Dijon, France; Unité mixte de recherche Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale/U1093 Cognition, action et plasticité sensori-motrice, université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Mélanie Dipanda
- Pôle personnes âgées, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, 2 rue Jules Violle, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - France Mourey
- Unité mixte de recherche Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale/U1093 Cognition, action et plasticité sensori-motrice, université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Rody T, De Amorim JA, De Felice FG. The emerging neuroprotective roles of exerkines in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965190. [PMID: 36118704 PMCID: PMC9472554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive knowledge of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, a sedentary lifestyle is still a predominant harm in our society. Sedentarism is one of the major modifiable risk factors for metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)–characterized by synaptic failure, amyloid protein deposition and memory loss. Physical exercise promotes neuroprotective effects through molecules released in circulation and mediates the physiological crosstalk between the periphery and the brain. This literature review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of exerkines, molecules released during physical exercise, as systemic and central factors that mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognition. We highlight the neuroprotective role of irisin—a myokine released from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Lastly, we review evidence pointing to physical exercise as a potential preventative and interventional strategy against cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayna Rody
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia A. De Amorim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda G. De Felice,
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Huuha AM, Norevik CS, Moreira JBN, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Scrimgeour N, Kivipelto M, Van Praag H, Ziaei M, Sando SB, Wisløff U, Tari AR. Can exercise training teach us how to treat Alzheimer's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101559. [PMID: 34999248 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and there is currently no cure. Novel approaches to treat AD and curb the rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence and costs of dementia are needed. Physical inactivity is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD, estimated to contribute to 12.7% of AD cases worldwide. Exercise interventions in humans and animals have shown beneficial effects of exercise on brain plasticity and cognitive functions. In animal studies, exercise also improved AD pathology. The mechanisms underlying these effects of exercise seem to be associated mainly with exercise performance or cardiorespiratory fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecules of peripheral origin seem to play an important role. Since exercise affects the whole body, there likely is no single therapeutic target that could mimic all the benefits of exercise. However, systemic strategies may be a viable means to convey broad therapeutic effects in AD patients. Here, we review the potential of physical activity and exercise training in AD prevention and treatment, shining light on recently discovered underlying mechanisms and concluding with a view on future development of exercise-free treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi M Huuha
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilie S Norevik
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Bianco N Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan Scrimgeour
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging and Inflammation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette Van Praag
- Brain Institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefe R Tari
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Sandström A, Ellerbrock I, Löfgren M, Altawil R, Bileviciute-Ljungar I, Lampa J, Kosek E. Distinct aberrations in cerebral pain processing differentiating patients with fibromyalgia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain 2022; 163:538-547. [PMID: 34224497 PMCID: PMC8832547 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to directly compare disease-relevant cerebral pain processing in well-characterized patient cohorts of fibromyalgia (FM, nociplastic pain) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, nociceptive pain). Secondary aims were to identify pain-related cerebral alterations related to the severity of clinical symptoms such as pain intensity, depression, and anxiety. Twenty-six patients with FM (without RA-comorbidity) and 31 patients with RA (without FM-comorbidity) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while stimulated with subjectively calibrated painful pressures corresponding to a pain sensation of 50 mm on a 100-mm visual analogue scale. Stimulation sites were at the most inflamed proximal interphalangeal joint in the left hand in patients with RA and the left thumbnail in patients with FM, 2 sites that have previously been shown to yield the same brain activation in healthy controls. The current results revealed disease-distinct differences during pain modulation in RA and FM. Specifically, in response to painful stimulation, patients with FM compared to patients with RA exhibited increased brain activation in bilateral inferior parietal lobe (IPL), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) encapsulating left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right IFG/vlPFC. However, patients with RA compared to patients with FM exhibited increased functional connectivity (during painful stimulation) between right and left IPL and sensorimotor network and between left IPL and frontoparietal network. Within the FM group only, anxiety scores positively correlated with pain-related brain activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right IFG/vlPFC, which further highlights the complex interaction between affective (ie, anxiety scores) and sensory (ie, cerebral pain processing) dimensions in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Sandström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Ellerbrock
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reem Altawil
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Indre Bileviciute-Ljungar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Lampa
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Pain Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Erickson KI, Donofry SD, Sewell KR, Brown BM, Stillman CM. Cognitive Aging and the Promise of Physical Activity. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:417-442. [PMID: 35044793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-014213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Is the field of cognitive aging irretrievably concerned with decline and deficits, or is it shifting to emphasize the hope of preservation and enhancement of cognitive function in late life? A fragment of an answer comes from research attempting to understand the reasons for individual variability in the extent and rate of cognitive decline. This body of work has created a sense of optimism based on evidence that there are some health behaviors that amplify cognitive performance or mitigate the rate of age-related cognitive decline. In this context, we discuss the role of physical activity on neurocognitive function in late adulthood and summarize how it can be conceptualized as a constructive approach both for the maintenance of cognitive function and as a therapeutic for enhancing or optimizing cognitive function in late life. In this way, physical activity research can be used to shape perceptions of cognitive aging. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Shannon D Donofry
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelsey R Sewell
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
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12
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Donofry SD, Stillman CM, Hanson JL, Sheridan M, Sun S, Loucks EB, Erickson KI. Promoting brain health through physical activity among adults exposed to early life adversity: Potential mechanisms and theoretical framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:688-703. [PMID: 34624365 PMCID: PMC8642290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and poverty, profoundly alter neurobehavioral development in a manner that negatively impacts health across the lifespan. Adults who have been exposed to such adversities exhibit premature and more severe age-related declines in brain health. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether the negative effects of early life adversity (ELA) on brain health can be remediated through intervention in adulthood. Physical activity may represent a low-cost behavioral approach to address the long-term consequences of ELA on brain health. However, there has been limited research examining the impact of physical activity on brain health among adults with a history of ELA. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to (1) review the influence of ELA on brain health in adulthood and (2) highlight evidence for the role of neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis regulation, inflammatory processes, and epigenetic modifications in mediating the effects of both ELA and physical activity on brain health outcomes in adulthood. We then propose a theoretical framework to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Donofry
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Psychiatric and Behavioral Health Institute, Allegheny Health Network Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Margaret Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shufang Sun
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Timing of objectively-collected physical activity in relation to body weight and metabolic health in sedentary older people: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 46:515-522. [PMID: 34782736 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of timing as opposed to frequency and intensity of daily physical activity on metabolic health. Therefore, we assessed the association between accelerometery-based daily timing of physical activity and measures of metabolic health in sedentary older people. METHODS Hourly mean physical activity derived from wrist-worn accelerometers over a 6-day period was collected at baseline and after 3 months in sedentary participants from the Active and Healthy Ageing study. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the number of dimensions (e.g. define periods instead of separate hours) of hourly physical activity at baseline and change during follow-up. Cross-sectionally, a multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis was used to associate the principal components, particularly correlated with increased physical activity in data-driven periods during the day, with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose and insulin, HbA1c and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). For the longitudinal analyses, we calculated the hourly changes in physical activity and change in metabolic health after follow-up. RESULTS We included 207 individuals (61.4% male, mean age: 64.8 [SD 2.9], mean BMI: 28.9 [4.7]). Higher physical activity in the early morning was associated with lower fasting glucose (-2.22%, 95% CI: -4.19, -0.40), fasting insulin (-13.54%, 95%CI: -23.49, -4.39), and HOMA-IR (-16.07%, 95%CI: -27.63, -5.65). Higher physical activity in the late afternoon to evening was associated with lower BMI (-2.84%, 95% CI: -4.92, -0.70). Higher physical activity at night was associated with higher BMI (2.86%, 95% CI: 0.90, 4.78), fasting glucose (2.57%, 95% CI: 0.70, 4.30), and HbA1c (2.37%, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.82). Similar results were present in the prospective analysis. CONCLUSION Specific physical activity timing patterns were associated with more beneficial metabolic health, suggesting particular time-dependent physical activity interventions might maximise health benefits.
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14
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Cohen AD, Bruña R, Chang YF, Cheng Y, Doman J, Huppert T, Kim T, Maestu F, Roush RE, Snitz BE, Becker JT. Connectomics in Brain Aging and Dementia - The Background and Design of a Study of a Connectome Related to Human Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:669490. [PMID: 34690734 PMCID: PMC8530182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.669490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural history of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) includes significant alterations in the human connectome, and this disconnection results in the dementia of AD. The organizing principle of our research project is the idea that the expression of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly is the result of two independent processes — the neuropathology associated with AD, and second the neuropathological changes of cerebrovascular disease. Synaptic loss, senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles are the functional and diagnostic hallmarks of AD, but it is the structural changes as a consequence of vascular disease that reduce brain reserve and compensation, resulting in an earlier expression of the clinical dementia syndrome. This work is being completed under the auspices of the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We have achieved an equal representation of Black individuals (vs. White individuals) and enrolled 60% Women. Each of the participants contributes demographic, behavioral and laboratory data. We acquire data relative to vascular risk, and the participants also undergo in vivo amyloid imaging, and magnetoencephalography (MEG). All of the data are publicly available under the HCP guidelines using the Connectome Coordinating Facility and the NIMH Data Archive. Locally, we use these data to address specific questions related to structure, function, AD, aging and vascular disease in multi-modality studies leveraging the differential advantages of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), MEG, and in vivo beta amyloid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ricardo Bruña
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yue-Fang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Statistics, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jack Doman
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ted Huppert
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fernando Maestu
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebecca E Roush
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Psychology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Tubi MA, Kothapalli D, Hapenney M, Feingold FW, Mack WJ, King KS, Thompson PM, Braskie MN. Regional relationships between CSF VEGF levels and Alzheimer's disease brain biomarkers and cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:241-251. [PMID: 34126466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a complex signaling protein that supports vascular and neuronal function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) -neuropathological hallmarks interfere with VEGF signaling and modify previously detected positive associations between cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) VEGF and cognition and hippocampal volume. However, it remains unknown 1) whether regional relationships between VEGF and glucose metabolism and cortical thinning exist, and 2) whether AD-neuropathological hallmarks (CSF Aβ, t-tau, p-tau) also modify these relationships. We addressed this in 310 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants (92 cognitively normal, 149 mild cognitive impairment, 69 AD; 215 CSF Aβ+, 95 CSF Aβ-) with regional cortical thickness and cognition measurements and 158 participants with FDG-PET. In Aβ + participants (CSF Aβ42 ≤ 192 pg/mL), higher CSF VEGF levels were associated with greater FDG-PET signal in the inferior parietal, and middle and inferior temporal cortices. Abnormal CSF amyloid and tau levels strengthened the positive association between VEGF and regional FDG-PET indices. VEGF also had both direct associations with semantic memory, as well as indirect associations mediated by regional FDG-PET signal to cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral A Tubi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Deydeep Kothapalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Hapenney
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Franklin W Feingold
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin S King
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Imaging Division, Pasadena, CA, 91105 USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
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16
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Zahr NM, Pohl KM, Kwong AJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship between Elevated Plasma TNFα and Smaller Subcortical White Matter Volume in HCV Infection Irrespective of HIV or AUD Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094953. [PMID: 34067023 PMCID: PMC8124321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical inflammation in response to bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections such as HIV includes local recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Proposed biomarkers of organ integrity in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) include elevations in peripheral plasma levels of proinflammatory proteins. In testing this proposal, previous work included a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as positive controls and identified elevations in the soluble proteins TNFα and IP10; these cytokines were only elevated in AUD individuals seropositive for hepatitis C infection (HCV). The current observational, cross-sectional study evaluated whether higher levels of these proinflammatory cytokines would be associated with compromised brain integrity. Soluble protein levels were quantified in 86 healthy controls, 132 individuals with AUD, 54 individuals seropositive for HIV, and 49 individuals with AUD and HIV. Among the patient groups, HCV was present in 24 of the individuals with AUD, 13 individuals with HIV, and 20 of the individuals in the comorbid AUD and HIV group. Soluble protein levels were correlated to regional brain volumes as quantified with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to higher levels of TNFα and IP10 in the 2 HIV groups and the HCV-seropositive AUD group, this study identified lower levels of IL1β in the 3 patient groups relative to the control group. Only TNFα, however, showed a relationship with brain integrity: in HCV or HIV infection, higher peripheral levels of TNFα correlated with smaller subcortical white matter volume. These preliminary results highlight the privileged status of TNFα on brain integrity in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-859-5243
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
| | - Allison J. Kwong
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94350, USA;
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
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17
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Seven-Day Pedometer-Assessed Step Counts and Brain Volume: A Population-Based Observational Study. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:157-164. [PMID: 33429361 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between step counts and brain volumes (BVs)-global and 6 a priori selected cognition-related regions of interest-in Japanese men aged 40-79 years. METHODS The authors analyzed data from 680 cognitively intact participants of the Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis-a population-based observational study. Using multivariable linear regression, the authors assessed cross-sectional associations between 7-day step counts at baseline (2006-2008) and BVs at follow-up (2012-2015) for age-stratified groups (<60 y and ≥60 y). RESULTS In the older adults ≥60 years, step counts at baseline (per 1000 steps) were associated with total BV at follow-up (β = 1.42, P = .022) while adjusted for potential covariates. Regions of interest-based analyses yielded an association of step counts with both prefrontal cortexes (P < .05) in older adults, while the left entorhinal cortex showed marginally significant association (P = .05). No association was observed with hippocampus, parahippocampal, cingulum, and cerebellum. No association was observed in younger adults (<60 y). CONCLUSIONS The authors found a positive association between 7-day step counts and BVs, including prefrontal cortexes, and left entorhinal cortex in apparently healthy Japanese men.
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18
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Exercise as Potential Therapeutic Target to Modulate Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in APOE ε4 Carriers: A Systematic Review. Cardiol Ther 2021; 10:67-88. [PMID: 33403644 PMCID: PMC8126521 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-020-00209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which no effective treatment exists at present. Previous research has found that exercise reduces the risk of AD. Since the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele increases the risk of AD and is associated with faster disease progression than the other isoforms, we aimed to highlight the impact of exercise on AD pathology in APOE ε4 carriers. This review focuses on the effect of exercise on cognitive function, dementia risk, amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, neurotrophic factors and vascularization in APOE ε4 carriers. We searched the literature in the PubMed electronic database using the following search terms: physical activity, exercise, aerobic fitness, training, sport, APOE4, Alzheimer's disease, AD and dementia. By cross-referencing, additional publications were identified. Selected studies required older adults to take part in an exercise intervention or to make use of self-reported physical activity questionnaires. All included studies were written and published in English between 2000 and 2020. From these studies, we conclude that exercise is a non-pharmacological treatment option for high-risk APOE ε4 carriers to ameliorate the AD pathological processes including reducing Aβ load, protecting against hippocampal atrophy, improving cognitive function, stabilizing cholesterol levels and lowering pro-inflammatory signals. Variation in study design related to age, cognitive outcomes and the type of intervention explained the differences in study outcomes. However, exercise seems to be effective in delaying the onset of AD and may improve the quality of life of AD patients.
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19
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Batouli SAH, Saba V. Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:669-685. [PMID: 33643560 PMCID: PMC7878053 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Military missions involve stressful and life-threatening situations; however, soldiers should have a healthy cognition on the battlefield despite their high-stress levels. This is an ability that should be gained during prior military training. Successful and influential training is suggested to be associated with structural and functional improvements of the brain. Methods: This study investigated the pattern of brain activation while observing videos relevant to life-threatening situations, in addition to brain structure. Accordingly, the obtained data were compared between 20 military members and 26 healthy controls. The study participants were all male, aged between 19 to 24 years, right-handed, studying BSc, and from the same socioeconomic status. Results: The obtained data presented a larger volume in a total number of 1103 voxels of the brain (in 5 brain areas) in the military group. Furthermore, the military group suggested higher brain activation in the visual processing areas of the brain when observing real combat videos; however, this increment was mostly in the areas associated with motor processing and executive functions in the controls. Conclusion: This study indicated that military training is associated with positive structural changes in the brain. Besides, it provided a different brain activation in response to stressful situations. These findings highlighted the importance of qualified military training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valiallah Saba
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Cardiometabolic determinants of early and advanced brain alterations: Insights from conventional and novel MRI techniques. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:308-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Klimova B, Dostalova R. The Impact of Physical Activities on Cognitive Performance among Healthy Older Individuals. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060377. [PMID: 32560126 PMCID: PMC7349640 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The population is aging in developed countries. This aging process results in many changes, both physical and mental. Over the years, there has been a gradual decline in the level of cognitive functions closely related to the ageing process, which is most often connected with ageing diseases such as dementia. So far, pharmacological treatment has not yet been able to cure this neurological disorder. Health policies around the world seek to find alternative programs and strategies to help a healthy population prevent cognitive decline and prolong active life. One such strategy appears to be physical activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of physical activity on cognitive performance among healthy older individuals. The methodology of this study is based on a systematic electronic literature search of available studies found in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The findings suggest that any physical activity in older age seems to have a positive impact on the improvement of cognitive function. Furthermore, it appears that dancing, due to its multiple mechanisms, might have the biggest effect on the enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy older individuals. However, controlled clinical trials of physical activity intervention in older adults are rare. Therefore, further research in this area (particularly on the amount of physical activity, its intensity and type) is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Klimova
- Department of Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Radka Dostalova
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
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22
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Structural brain differences between ultra-endurance athletes and sedentary persons. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:89-94. [PMID: 35784180 PMCID: PMC9219350 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in ultra-endurance events has increased in recent years and requires extreme levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Moderate levels of MVPA have been associated with increased brain volume but the effects of extreme levels of MVPA on brain volume is unknown. As a result, we sought to compare the brains of those who engage in extremely high levels of MVPA with those who are sedentary using magnetic resonance imaging. We performed whole brain volumetric analyses and voxel-based morphometry on 12 ultra-endurance athletes (1078.75 ± 407.86 min of MVPA/week) and 9 sedentary persons (18.0 ± 56.9 min of MVPA/week). Whole-brain analyses revealed that those who participate in ultra-endurance training have increased grey (p< 0.0001), white (p = 0.031), and total matter volume (p < 0.0001), while regional analyses revealed that ultra-endurance athletes have smaller regional grey matter volume in the right primary sensory and motor cortex, inferior and middle frontal gyrus, and left thalamus. Future research is warranted to determine why ultra-endurance athletes have lower regional volumes in these areas despite having overall increased grey and white matter volumes.
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23
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Stigger FS, Zago Marcolino MA, Portela KM, Plentz RDM. Effects of Exercise on Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Neurotrophic Biomarkers on Cognitively Impaired Individuals Diagnosed With Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:616-624. [PMID: 30084942 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of physical exercise (PE) on cognitive function in dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been largely studied, its biochemical effect is still poorly explored. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of PE on inflammatory, oxidative, and neurotrophic biomarkers of participants with MCI or dementia. Six electronic databases, (PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, PEDro, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) were searched for randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of PE on serum and/or plasma biomarkers of elderly participants with MCI or dementia. After selection process, eight studies were included. Meta-analysis was performed by comparison of changes from baseline, using the random effects method. Meta-analysis showed a significant effect of aerobic exercise on interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha decrease and positive effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. As only one study was included with oxidative biomarker assessment, the effects of PE on oxidative process remain unclear. Finally, even though it was possible to observe positive effects of PE on some biomarkers of MCI and dementia individuals, current evidence does not allow drawing specific practical recommendations such as type, frequency, intensity, or duration of PE in these population. Further researches aiming to estimate the PE effectiveness on biomarkers of MCI and Alzheimer's disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Stigger
- Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miriam A Zago Marcolino
- Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karin M Portela
- Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz
- Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Let food and physical activity be your medicine : Lessons from EuGMS Athens 2020 pre-congress seminar. Eur Geriatr Med 2019; 10:553-558. [PMID: 34652734 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-019-00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In the context of the preparation of the 16th EuGMS Congress that will be held in Athens in 2020, EUGMS and the Hellenic Consortium for Geriatric Medicine organized a pre-congress seminar in November 2018. METHODS The seminar focused on the role of diet and physical activity in healthy aging. RESULTS It seems that the Mediterranean Diet (MD) remains one of the most well-studied and scientifically appreciated diets and holds much promise also in older age. It is never too late to adhere to a healthier diet and MD seems to attenuate inflammaging and reduce the risk of various chronic diseases, impaired cognition, and frailty. Food preparation also emerges as a critical issue due to its relation to Advanced Glycation End-products that are tightly related to the aging process. Physical activity is the second pillar of health-promoting lifestyle changes. It can alleviate related to age structural and physiological decline. It does not only reduce total morbidity and mortality in older adults, but also improves functionality and decreases disability in aerobic capacity, body composition, muscle mass, bone density, articulation performance. A multi-component physical activity, combining endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility training which is preferable for older adults is advisable. However, adherence to an active lifestyle meets additional challenges for older people, which could be overcome by adjusting intensity and types of exercise in individual capacities and preferences and by campaigning against stereotypes. CONCLUSIONS Promoting healthy diet and physical activity as the new trend in healthy aging is a relevant, cost-effective, and challenging perspective, adjustable to individual needs and values. But most importantly, eating and moving are part of our living, our socializing, and our cultural routines, and by these means, could consist two particularly effective remedies.
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Haeger A, Costa AS, Schulz JB, Reetz K. Cerebral changes improved by physical activity during cognitive decline: A systematic review on MRI studies. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101933. [PMID: 31491837 PMCID: PMC6699421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment in late-life cognitive impairment and dementia is still limited, and there is no cure for brain tissue degeneration or reversal of cognitive decline. Physical activity represents a promising non-pharmacological interventional approach in many diseases causing cognitive impairment, but its effect on brain integrity is still largely unknown. Especially research of cerebral alterations in disease state that goes beyond observations of clinical improvement is crucial to understand disease processes and possible effective treatments. In this systematic review, we address the question how physical activity and fitness in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) influences brain architecture compared to cognitively healthy elderly. We review both interventional studies comprising aerobic, coordinative and resistance exercises and observational studies on fitness and physical activity combined with Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). Different MRI approaches were included such as volumetric and structural analyses, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), functional MRI and Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF). We evaluate MRI results for different exercise modalities and performed a methodological evaluation of interventional studies in cognitive decline compared to normal aging. According to our results, among 12 interventions in AD/MCI, aerobic exercise is most frequently applied (9 studies). Interventions in AD/MCI altogether reveal a higher methodological quality compared to interventions in healthy elderly (8.33 ± 2.19 vs. 6.25 ± 2.36 out of 13 points), with most frequent missing aspects related to descriptions of complications, lack of intention-to-treat and statistical power analyses. Effects of aerobic exercise and fitness seem to mainly impact brain structures sensitive to neurodegeneration, which especially comprise frontal, temporal and parietal regions, such as the hippocampal/parahippocampal region, precuneus, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, which are reported by several studies. General fitness measured via an objective fitness assessment and questionnaires seems to have a more global cerebral effect, probably due to its long-term application, whereas distinct intervention effects of durations between 3 and 6 months seem to concentrate on more local brain regions as the hippocampus, which can also be influenced by region of interest analyses. There is still a lack of evidence on other or combined types of intervention modalities, such as resistance, coordinative as well as multicomponent exercise during cognitive decline, and complex interventions as dancing. Future research should examine their beneficial effect on brain integrity, since several non-MRI studies already point to their advantageous impact. As a further future prospect, combination and application of newly developed imaging methods such as metabolic imaging should be envisaged to understand physical activity and its cerebral influence under its many-sided facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Haeger
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana S Costa
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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26
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Agüera Sánchez MÁ, Barbancho Ma MÁ, García-Casares N. [Effect of physical exercise on Alzheimer's disease. A sistematic review]. Aten Primaria 2019; 52:307-318. [PMID: 31153668 PMCID: PMC7231856 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo El propósito de este estudio es investigar la evidencia científica sobre el efecto del ejercicio físico respecto al estado cognitivo y conductual como medida preventiva y terapéutica no farmacológica en la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Diseño Revisión sistemática Fuentes de datos: Pubmed, Science Direct, Medline y Scopus, con las palabras clave: Alzheimer, Exercise, Neuroimaging, MRI, PET y Physical Activity. Selección de artículos: Se incluyeron aquellos estudios en los que se evaluaba el efecto del ejercicio físico en la evolución de la EA y que además contenían pruebas de imagen (resonancia magnética nuclear o tomografía por emisión de positrones) con marcador Pittsburg Compound B (PiB) analizando la atrofia cerebral o el aumento del depósito de beta-Amiloide respectivamente. Se excluyeron aquellos estudios en otros tipos de demencia que no fueran la EA, los que no incluían pruebas de neuroimagen, los casos únicos y aquellos de lengua no inglesa. Para la extracción de datos se utilizó la escala de calidad PRISMA para la lectura crítica de los estudios. Los investigadores evaluaron de forma independiente los artículos y las discrepancias se resolvieron por consenso. Resultados Se identificaron 75 artículos, de los cuales 23 fueron finalmente incluidos en la revisión. Concusiones La mayoría de los estudios incluidos no permiten conocer la repercusión del ejercicio físico a nivel cognitivo y sobre los cambios estructurales y funcionales cerebrales en pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar la EA o en pacientes que ya presentan la enfermedad. Sin poder descartase un posible efecto beneficioso, son necesarios más estudios con un mejor diseño y rigor metodológico que permitan un mejor conocimiento de esta asociación.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Ángel Barbancho Ma
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (C.I.M.E.S), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, España
| | - Natalia García-Casares
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España; Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (C.I.M.E.S), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, España.
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Abstract
The global population is ageing at an accelerating speed. The ability to perform working memory tasks together with rapid processing becomes increasingly difficult with increases in age. With increasing national average life spans and a rise in the prevalence of age-related disease, it is pertinent to discuss the unique perspectives that can be gained from imaging the aged brain. Differences in structure, function, blood flow, and neurovascular coupling are present in both healthy aged brains and in diseased brains and have not yet been explored to their full depth in contemporary imaging studies. Imaging methods ranging from optical imaging to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to newer technologies such as photoacoustic tomography each offer unique advantages and challenges in imaging the aged brain. This paper will summarize first the importance and challenges of imaging the aged brain and then offer analysis of potential imaging modalities and their representative applications. The potential breakthroughs in brain imaging are also envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Humayun
- Photoacoustic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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28
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Gyengesi E, Rangel A, Ullah F, Liang H, Niedermayer G, Asgarov R, Venigalla M, Gunawardena D, Karl T, Münch G. Chronic Microglial Activation in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Contributes to Age-Dependent Cerebellar Volume Loss and Impairment in Motor Function. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:303. [PMID: 31001075 PMCID: PMC6456818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation is a prominent feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate the effects of chronic microglial activation on cerebellar structure and motor function throughout the lifespan, the transgenic GFAP-IL6 mouse model was used. The aim of the study was to examine inflammatory markers and neuronal degeneration while simultaneously characterizing the motor performance of GFAP-IL6 mice at 3, 6, 14, and 24 months of age in comparison to WT (C57BL/6) mice. In respect to markers of neuroinflammation in the cerebellum, increased numbers of Iba1+ microglia were observed as early as at 3 months of age. In addition, TNF-α levels proved to be significantly higher in the GFAP-IL6 compared to WT mice at all time points. A difference in cerebellar volume between the GFAP-IL6 and WT mice was observed later in life, starting at 6 months and increasing to a loss of about 50% in aged (24 months old) GFAP-IL6 mice. Synaptic deficits were also assessed by using pre- (synaptophysin) and post-synaptic (PSD95) markers. While synaptophysin levels remained unchanged, PSD95 levels decreased in the aging GFAP-IL6 mice compared to their WT littermates from 14 months onward. To assess the effect of microglia activation and neurodegeneration on behavior, a variety of motor function tests, semi-quantitative cerebellar ataxia score, accelerod, beam walking, and open field tests were performed. An age-dependent difference between the genotypes was observed in many of the motor function tests. For example, reduced performance on the accelerod and higher ataxia scores were observed at 6 months of age, followed by the beam walking test showing differences at 14 months of age. In summary, this study constitutes a comprehensive, age-dependent examination of inflammatory, synaptic and neurodegenerative changes in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice leading to a deterioration in motor performance. The results also indicate that early chronic microglia activation in the GFAP-IL6 mouse leads to observable cerebellar volume loss and motor deficits later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Faheem Ullah
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rustam Asgarov
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Madhuri Venigalla
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Dhanushka Gunawardena
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Klimova B, Maresova P, Kuca K. Alzheimer’s Disease: Physical Activities as an Effective Intervention Tool - A Mini-Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:166-171. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666181002132021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
There are a few risk factors which definitely have an impact on the development
of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Those include genetics, gender, age, diabetes, head injuries, and lifestyle.
Physical activity together with a healthy diet is part of people’s lifestyle. At present, there exist
several research studies showing that the physical activities can be a good intervention tool in the delay
of cognitive decline in AD.
Objective:
The aim of this study is to discuss a relationship between the physical activities and the delay
and/or maintenance of cognitive decline in AD and the types of physical activities which are especially
suitable for this delay.
Methods:
The method of this review study consists of a method of literature review analysing the data
contained in the world’s prestigious scientific databases: PubMed, Springer, Web of Science and Scopus
in the period of 2010 - 2015. In addition, a method of comparison of different research studies discussing
various aspects and factors of the correlation of physical activities and AD is used.
Results:
The findings of this review confirm that in most cases, physical activities have a positive effect
on the improvement of cognitive decline in AD.
Conclusion:
Although physical activities seem to be beneficial for people with AD, more convincing
results, particularly in the area of specific types of exercises and their impact on slowing down the cognitive
decline, respectively AD, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Klimova
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Maresova
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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30
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Macey PM, Prasad JP, Ogren JA, Moiyadi AS, Aysola RS, Kumar R, Yan-Go FL, Woo MA, Albert Thomas M, Harper RM. Sex-specific hippocampus volume changes in obstructive sleep apnea. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:305-317. [PMID: 30101062 PMCID: PMC6083433 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients show hippocampal-related autonomic and neurological symptoms, including impaired memory and depression, which differ by sex, and are mediated in distinct hippocampal subfields. Determining sites and extent of hippocampal sub-regional injury in OSA could reveal localized structural damage linked with OSA symptoms. Methods High-resolution T1-weighted images were collected from 66 newly-diagnosed, untreated OSA (mean age ± SD: 46.3 ± 8.8 years; mean AHI ± SD: 34.1 ± 21.5 events/h;50 male) and 59 healthy age-matched control (46.8 ± 9.0 years;38 male) participants. We added age-matched controls with T1-weighted scans from two datasets (IXI, OASIS-MRI), for 979 controls total (426 male/46.5 ± 9.9 years). We segmented the hippocampus and analyzed surface structure with “FSL FIRST” software, scaling volumes for brain size, and evaluated group differences with ANCOVA (covariates: total-intracranial-volume, sex; P < .05, corrected). Results In OSA relative to controls, the hippocampus showed small areas larger volume bilaterally in CA1 (surface displacement ≤0.56 mm), subiculum, and uncus, and smaller volume in right posterior CA3/dentate (≥ − 0.23 mm). OSA vs. control males showed higher bilateral volume (≤0.61 mm) throughout CA1 and subiculum, extending to head and tail, with greater right-sided increases; lower bilateral volumes (≥ − 0.45 mm) appeared in mid- and posterior-CA3/dentate. OSA vs control females showed only right-sided effects, with increased CA1 and subiculum/uncus volumes (≤0.67 mm), and decreased posterior CA3/dentate volumes (≥ − 0.52 mm). Unlike males, OSA females showed volume decreases in the right hippocampus head and tail. Conclusions The hippocampus shows lateralized and sex-specific, OSA-related regional volume differences, which may contribute to sex-related expression of symptoms in the sleep disorder. Volume increases suggest inflammation and glial activation, whereas volume decreases suggest long-lasting neuronal injury; both processes may contribute to dysfunction in OSA. The hippocampus in OSA shows areas of increased and decreased volume. The injury is sex-specific, in subregions related to symptoms in females and males. Injury may be inflammation (volume increases) or cell death (volume decreases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Janani P Prasad
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer A Ogren
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ammar S Moiyadi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ravi S Aysola
- Medicine-Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Frisca L Yan-Go
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mary A Woo
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - M Albert Thomas
- Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ronald M Harper
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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31
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Abstract
In this mini-review, I summarize and interpret the current status of sex/gender differences in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, behavior, and cognition. Based on this review and the reported findings, I conclude that most of these sex/gender differences are not large enough to support the assumption of sexual dimorphism in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, cognition, and behavior. Instead, I suggest that many brain and cognitive features are modulated by environment, culture, and practice (and several other influences). These influences interact with the menstrual cycle, the general hormone level, and current gender stereotypes in a way that has not yet been fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Jäncke
- Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Corlier F, Hafzalla G, Faskowitz J, Kuller LH, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Thompson PM, Braskie MN. Systemic inflammation as a predictor of brain aging: Contributions of physical activity, metabolic risk, and genetic risk. Neuroimage 2018; 172:118-129. [PMID: 29357308 PMCID: PMC5954991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes may contribute to risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related brain degeneration. Metabolic and genetic risk factors, and physical activity may, in turn, influence these inflammatory processes. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, and interact with each other. Understanding how these processes together relate to brain aging will help to inform future interventions to treat or prevent cognitive decline. We used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to scan 335 older adult humans (mean age 77.3 ± 3.4 years) who remained non-demented for the duration of the 9-year longitudinal study. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) in a subset of 226 adults to evaluate whether measures of baseline peripheral inflammation (serum C-reactive protein levels; CRP), mediated the baseline contributions of genetic and metabolic risk, and physical activity, to regional cortical thickness in AD-relevant brain regions at study year 9. We found that both baseline metabolic risk and AD risk variant apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4), modulated baseline serum CRP. Higher baseline CRP levels, in turn, predicted thinner regional cortex at year 9, and mediated an effect between higher metabolic risk and thinner cortex in those regions. A higher polygenic risk score composed of variants in immune-associated AD risk genes (other than APOE) was associated with thinner regional cortex. However, CRP levels did not mediate this effect, suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the elevated AD risk. We found interactions between genetic and environmental factors and structural brain health. Our findings support the role of metabolic risk and peripheral inflammation in age-related brain decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Corlier
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - George Hafzalla
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Joshua Faskowitz
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15139, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA; Depts. of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, & Ophthalmology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA.
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Freitas HR, Ferreira GDC, Trevenzoli IH, Oliveira KDJ, de Melo Reis RA. Fatty Acids, Antioxidants and Physical Activity in Brain Aging. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111263. [PMID: 29156608 PMCID: PMC5707735 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants are important mediators in the central nervous system. Lipid derivatives may control the production of proinflammatory agents and regulate NF-κB activity, microglial activation, and fatty acid oxidation; on the other hand, antioxidants, such as glutathione and ascorbate, have been shown to signal through transmitter receptors and protect against acute and chronic oxidative stress, modulating the activity of different signaling pathways. Several authors have investigated the role of these nutrients in the brains of the young and the aged in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and during brain aging due to adiposity- and physical inactivity-mediated metabolic disturbances, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Through a literature review, we aimed to highlight recent data on the role of adiposity, fatty acids, antioxidants, and physical inactivity in the pathophysiology of the brain and in the molecular mechanisms of senescence. Data indicate the complexity and necessity of endogenous/dietary antioxidants for the maintenance of redox status and the control of neuroglial signaling under stress. Recent studies also indicate that omega-3 and -6 fatty acids act in a competitive manner to generate mediators for energy metabolism, influencing feeding behavior, neural plasticity, and memory during aging. Finding pharmacological or dietary resources that mitigate or prevent neurodegenerative affections continues to be a great challenge and requires additional effort from researchers, clinicians, and nutritionists in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo da Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Karen de Jesus Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
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34
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At least eighty percent of brain grey matter is modifiable by physical activity: A review study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:204-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the relationship of lifestyle factors and neurocognitive functioning in older adults with vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND). METHODS One hundred sixty adults (M [SD] = 65.4 [6.8] years) with CIND completed neurocognitive assessments of executive function, processing speed, and memory. Objective measures of physical activity using accelerometry, aerobic capacity determined by exercise testing, and dietary habits quantified by the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 4-Day Food Diary to assess adherence to the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets were obtained to assess direct effects with neurocognition. Potential indirect associations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile also were examined. RESULTS Greater aerobic capacity (β = 0.24) and daily physical activity (β = 0.15) were associated with better executive functioning/processing speed and verbal memory (βs = 0.24; 0.16). Adherence to the DASH diet was associated with better verbal memory (β = 0.17). Greater high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (βs = -0.14; -0.21) and Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (β = -0.18; -0.18) were associated with poorer executive functioning/processing speed and verbal memory. Greater stroke risk partially mediated the association of aerobic capacity with executive functioning/processing speed, and verbal memory and greater inflammation partially mediated the association of physical activity and aerobic fitness, with verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of physical activity, aerobic fitness, and adherence to the DASH diet are associated with better neurocognitive performance in adults with CIND. These findings suggest that the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits could reduce the risk of neurocognitive decline in vulnerable older adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01573546.
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Wang C, Ding Y, Shen B, Gao D, An J, Peng K, Hou G, Zou L, Jiang M, Qiu S. Altered Gray Matter Volume in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Subclinical Cognitive Impairment: an Exploratory Study. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:453-463. [PMID: 28005183 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gray matter volume deficits have been identified in cognitively impaired patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it remains unknown whether the gray matter volume is altered in COPD patients with subclinical cognitive impairment. To determine whether any gray matter abnormalities are present in these patients, neuropsychological tests and structural MRI data were analyzed from 60 patients with COPD and 60 age-, gender-, education-, and handedness-matched normal controls (NCs). The COPD patients had similar Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores compared with the NCs. However, they had reduced Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores for visuospatial and executive and naming and memory functions (P < 0.001). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed that the COPD patients had significantly lowered gray matter volumes in several brain regions, including the left precuneus (PrCU), bilateral calcarine (CAL), right superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG), bilateral fusiform gyrus (FG), and right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) (P < 0.01, corrected). Importantly, the forced vital capacity (FVC) was found to be associated with the gray matter volume in the calcarine. The present study confirmed that brain structural changes were present in stable COPD patients with subclinical cognitive impairment. These findings may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Yanhui Ding
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Bixian Shen
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Dehong Gao
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China
| | - Kewen Peng
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Gangqiang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Liqiu Zou
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Nanshan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518052, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
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Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Quindós-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Emanuele E, Garatachea N, Lucia A. Physical Activity and Alzheimer Disease: A Protective Association. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:999-1020. [PMID: 27492909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether being physically active can decrease Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective observational cohort studies reporting the association between physical activity (PA) and incident AD. Relevant articles were identified by title and abstract in the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the keywords Alzheimer, Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's disease, physical activity, sport, exercise, sedentary, fitness, and combinations thereof for articles published in any language up to February 15, 2016. Criteria for consideration included division of the study cohort by PA levels and sample size specification for each PA level group, quantification (number) of persons who had development of AD, and PA assessment during time off work (not just work time). We followed the MOOSE (Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) recommendations and used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for study quality assessment. RESULTS Ten high-quality studies were included in meta-analysis I (23,345 participants). Follow-up ranged from 3.9 to 31 years, and the participants' age ranged from 70 to 80 years. The pooled odds ratio for development of AD in participants who were more vs less physically active was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.56-0.74; P<.001; no publication bias [P=.24] but with heterogeneity among studies [I(2)=31.32%]). We could identify participants' adherence to international PA recommendations in 5 studies, which constituted meta-analysis II (10,615 participants). The pooled odds ratio for development of AD in participants who were active vs those who were inactive was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.51-0.71; P<.001; no publication bias [P=.34] and no heterogeneity [I(2)=5.63%]). CONCLUSION Although the limitations of self-reported PA data must be considered, regular PA performed by elderly people might play a certain protective role against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; GIDFYS, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Quindós-Rubial
- Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, and Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Nuria Garatachea
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Espeland MA, Erickson K, Neiberg RH, Jakicic JM, Wadden TA, Wing RR, Desiderio L, Erus G, Hsieh MK, Davatzikos C, Maschak-Carey BJ, Laurienti PJ, Demos-McDermott K, Bryan RN. Brain and White Matter Hyperintensity Volumes After 10 Years of Random Assignment to Lifestyle Intervention. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:764-71. [PMID: 27208378 PMCID: PMC4839171 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes increases the accumulation of brain white matter hyperintensities and loss of brain tissue. Behavioral interventions to promote weight loss through dietary changes and increased physical activity may delay these adverse consequences. We assessed whether participation in a successful 10-year lifestyle intervention was associated with better profiles of brain structure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At enrollment in the Action for Health in Diabetes clinical trial, participants had type 2 diabetes, were overweight or obese, and were aged 45-76 years. They were randomly assigned to receive 10 years of lifestyle intervention, which included group and individual counseling, or to a control group receiving diabetes support and education through group sessions on diet, physical activity, and social support. Following this intervention, 319 participants from three sites underwent standardized structural brain magnetic resonance imaging and tests of cognitive function 10-12 years after randomization. RESULTS Total brain and hippocampus volumes were similar between intervention groups. The mean (SE) white matter hyperintensity volume was 28% lower among lifestyle intervention participants compared with those receiving diabetes support and education: 1.59 (1.11) vs. 2.21 (1.11) cc (P = 0.02). The mean ventricle volume was 9% lower: 28.93 (1.03) vs. 31.72 (1.03) cc (P = 0.04). Assignment to lifestyle intervention was not associated with consistent differences in cognitive function compared with diabetes support and education. CONCLUSIONS Long-term weight loss intervention may reduce the adverse impact of diabetes on brain structure. Determining whether this eventually delays cognitive decline and impairment requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Espeland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kirk Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rebecca H Neiberg
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John M Jakicic
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Guray Erus
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Paul J Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang Y, Newman AB. Risk of dementia and death in the long-term follow-up of the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:170-183. [PMID: 26519786 PMCID: PMC4744537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.08.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing life expectancy has resulted in a larger population of older individuals at risk of dementia. METHODS The Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study followed 532 participants from 1998-99 (mean age 79) to 2013 (mean age 93) for death and dementia. RESULTS Risk of death was determined by extent of coronary artery calcium, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, brain natriuretic peptide, and white matter grade. Significant predictors of dementia were age, apolipoprotein-E4, vocabulary raw score, hippocampal volume, ventricular size, cognitive performance, and number of blocks walked. By 2013, 160 of 532 were alive, including 19 cognitively normal. Those with normal cognition had higher grade education, better cognition test scores, greater hippocampal volume, faster gait speed, and number of blocks walked as compared with survivors who were demented. DISCUSSION Few survived free of dementia and disability. Prevention and delay of cognitive decline for this older population is an imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuefang Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Iyalomhe O, Chen Y, Allard J, Ntekim O, Johnson S, Bond V, Goerlitz D, Li J, Obisesan TO. A standardized randomized 6-month aerobic exercise-training down-regulated pro-inflammatory genes, but up-regulated anti-inflammatory, neuron survival and axon growth-related genes. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:159-69. [PMID: 25981742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable support for the view that aerobic exercise may confer cognitive benefits to mild cognitively impaired elderly persons. However, the biological mechanisms mediating these effects are not entirely clear. As a preliminary step towards informing this gap in knowledge, we enrolled older adults confirmed to have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a 6-month exercise program. Male and female subjects were randomized into a 6-month program of either aerobic or stretch (control) exercise. Data collected from the first 10 completers, aerobic exercise (n=5) or stretch (control) exercise (n=5), were used to determine intervention-induced changes in the global gene expression profiles of the aerobic and stretch groups. Using microarray, we identified genes with altered expression (relative to baseline values) in response to the 6-month exercise intervention. Genes whose expression were altered by at least two-fold, and met the p-value cutoff of 0.01 were inputted into the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base Library to generate gene-interaction networks. After a 6-month aerobic exercise-training, genes promoting inflammation became down-regulated, whereas genes having anti-inflammatory properties and those modulating immune function or promoting neuron survival and axon growth, became up-regulated (all fold change≥±2.0, p<0.01). These changes were not observed in the stretch group. Importantly, the differences in the expression profiles correlated with significant improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the aerobic program as opposed to the stretch group. We conclude that three distinct cellular pathways may collectively influence the training effects of aerobic exercise in MCI subjects. We plan to confirm these effects using rt-PCR and correlate such changes with the cognitive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osigbemhe Iyalomhe
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Yuanxiu Chen
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Joanne Allard
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Oyonumo Ntekim
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Leisure Studies, College of Arts and Science, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Sheree Johnson
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Vernon Bond
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - David Goerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 400 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 400 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Thomas O Obisesan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA; Clinical Translational Science Center, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults. Neuroscience 2014; 281:147-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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