1
|
Torres-Rico M, García-Calvo V, Gironda-Martínez A, Pascual-Guerra J, García AG, Maneu V. Targeting calciumopathy for neuroprotection: focus on calcium channels Cav1, Orai1 and P2X7. Cell Calcium 2024; 123:102928. [PMID: 39003871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
As the uncontrolled entry of calcium ions (Ca2+) through plasmalemmal calcium channels is a cell death trigger, the conjecture is here raised that mitigating such an excess of Ca2+ entry should rescue from death the vulnerable neurons in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, this supposition has failed in some clinical trials (CTs). Thus, a recent CT tested whether isradipine, a blocker of the Cav1 subtype of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs), exerted a benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, outcomes were negative. This is one more of the hundreds of CTs done under the principle of one-drug-one-target, that have failed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other NDDs during the last three decades. As there are myriad calcium channels to let Ca2+ ions gain the cell cytosol, it seems reasonable to predict that blockade of Ca2+ entry through a single channel may not be capable of preventing the Ca2+ flood of cells by the uncontrolled Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, as Ca2+ signaling is involved in the regulation of myriad functions in different cell types, it seems also reasonable to guess that a therapy should be more efficient by targeting different cells with various drugs. Here, we propose to mitigate Ca2+ entry by the simultaneous partial blockade of three quite different subtypes of plasmalemmal calcium channels that is, the Cav1 subtype of VOCCs, the Orai1 store-operated calcium channel (SOCC), and the purinergic P2X7 calcium channel. All three channels are expressed in both microglia and neurons. Thus, by targeting the three channels with a combination of three drug blockers we expect favorable changes in some of the pathogenic features of NDDs, namely (i) to mitigate Ca2+ entry into microglia; (ii) to decrease the Ca2+-dependent microglia activation; (iii) to decrease the sustained neuroinflammation; (iv) to decrease the uncontrolled Ca2+ entry into neurons; (v) to rescue vulnerable neurons from death; and (vi) to delay disease progression. In this review we discuss the arguments underlying our triad hypothesis in the sense that the combination of three repositioned medicines targeting Cav1, Orai1, and P2X7 calcium channels could boost neuroprotection and delay the progression of AD and other NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrián Gironda-Martínez
- Instituto Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio G García
- Instituto Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soni S, Lukhey MS, Thawkar BS, Chintamaneni M, Kaur G, Joshi H, Ramniwas S, Tuli HS. A current review on P2X7 receptor antagonist patents in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders: a patent review on antagonists. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4643-4656. [PMID: 38349395 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is defined by an activated microglial state linked to all neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease that affects the brain and spinal cord). P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are ATP-activated ion-gated channels present on microglial surfaces. Prolonged ATP release under pathological settings results in sustained P2X7R activation, which leads to inflammasome development and cytokine release. P2X7R and its enabling roles have recently been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, making it a potential research subject. This research provides an overview of current patents for chemicals, biologics, and medicinal applications. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO, Espacenet), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) databases were searched for patents using the keywords "P2X7R and Neuroinflammation." During the study period from 2015 to 2021, 103 patents were examined. The countries that protected these innovations were the United States, PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty states), Europe, Canada, Australia, and India. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV had the most applications, followed by Acetelion Pharmaceuticals LTD., Renovis Inc., Kelly Michael G, Kincaid Jhon, Merck Patent GMBH, H Lundbeck A/S, and many more. The P2X7R is a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer, pain disorders, and inflammation. For P2X7 R, several compounds have been discovered and are presently the subject of clinical trial investigations. This study featured patents for P2X7R antagonists, which help treat conditions including neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simran Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Mihir S Lukhey
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Baban S Thawkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Meena Chintamaneni
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Togre NS, Melaka N, Bhoj PS, Mogadala N, Winfield M, Trivedi J, Grove D, Kotnala S, Rom SS, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Neuroinflammatory Responses and Blood-Brain Barrier Injury in Chronic Alcohol Exposure: Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4350949. [PMID: 38766082 PMCID: PMC11100971 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4350949/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, resulting in neurological impairment. We previously demonstrated that ethanol-induced disruption of barrier function in human brain endothelial cells was associated with mitochondrial injury, increased ATP and extracellular vesicle (EV) release, and purinergic receptor P2X7R activation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of P2X7r blockade on peripheral and neuro-inflammation in EtOH-exposed mice. In a chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE)-exposed mouse model, P2X7R was inhibited by two different methods: Brilliant Blue G (BBG) or gene knockout. We assessed blood ethanol concentration (BEC), plasma P2X7R and P-gp, number of extra-cellular vesicles (EV), serum ATP and EV-ATP levels. Brain microvessel gene expression and EV mtDNA copy numbers were measured by RT2 PCR array and digital PCR, respectively. A RT2 PCR array of brain microvessels revealed significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes involved in apoptosis, vasodilation, and platelet activation in CIE-exposed animals, which were decreased 15-50-fold in BBG-treated CIE-exposed animals. Plasma P-gp levels and serum P2X7R shedding were significantly increased in CIE-exposed animals. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of P2X7R decreased P2X7R shedding to levels equivalent to those in control group. The increase in EV number and EV-ATP content in the CIE-exposed mice was significantly reduced by P2X7R inhibition. CIE mice showed augmented EV-mtDNA copy numbers which were reduced in EVs after P2X7R inhibition or receptor knockout. These observations suggested that P2X7R signaling plays a critical role in ethanol-induced brain injury. Increased eATP, EV-ATP, EV numbers, and EV-mtDNA copy numbers highlight a new mechanism of brain injury during alcohol exposure via P2X7R and biomarkers of such damage. In this study, for the first time, we report the in vivo involvement of P2X7R signaling in CIE-induced brain injury.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang Q, Ying J, Yu W, Dong Y, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang X, Hua F. P2X7 Receptor: an Emerging Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2866-2880. [PMID: 37940779 PMCID: PMC11043177 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of age-related dementia, which is becoming a global health crisis. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of AD are still not fully understood. And there are no valid treatment methods or precise diagnostic tools for AD. There is increasing evidence that P2X7R expression is upregulated in AD and is involved in multiple related pathological processes such as Aβ plaques, neurogenic fiber tangles, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation. This suggests that P2X7R may be a key player in the development of AD. P2X7R is a member of the ligand-gated purinergic receptor (P2X) family. It has received attention in neuroscience due to its role in a wide range of aging and age-related neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize current information on the roles of P2X7R in AD and suggest potential pharmacological interventions to slow down AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17# Yongwai Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen C, Li ZH, Cheng L, Zheng JZ, Wang P, Chen L, You QY, Ding L. LC-MS/MS analysis of Shenghui decoction component and its effect on learning and memory and neuroprotection in sleep deprivation model mice. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105823. [PMID: 38307137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, sleep problems have emerged as a significant factor in the development of diseases that influence cognitive function. The inflammatory response may have a role in the neurobiological processes of sleep deprivation, resulting in impairment of memory and learning. Shenghui Decoction (SHD) is a classic formula in Chinese medicine used to treat forgetfulness and insomnia. However, it remains unclear whether the anti-inflammatory effects of SHD are specifically linked to the inhibition of P2X7R and p38MAPK. METHODS Analysis of chemical constituents of Shenghui Decoction based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS / MS. The learning and memory competency of the mice was assessed using the new object recognition and Morris water maze tests. The morphology of hippocampus neurons was observed using HE staining, and the expression of inflammatory factors was measured using ELISA and immunofluorescence. The expression of P2X7R and p38MAPK in the hippocampus was analyzed via real-time PCR and Western blotting. Additionally, the components absorbed into the bloodstream of SHD were analyzed. RESULTS The study found that SHD contains 47 chemical constituents, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, and triterpenoids. In addition, it was observed that SHD significantly improved the learning and memory abilities of the mice. SHD also improved the morphology of hippocampus neurons. The expression of inflammatory factors was decreased in the SHD-treated mice. Additionally, the expression of P2X7R and p38MAPK was decreased in the hippocampus of the SHD-treated mice. Fifteen prototype chemical constituents were detected in blood. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that SHD could be a viable treatment for cognitive impairments associated with brain inflammation. The therapeutic effects of SHD are likely due to its chemical components, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, and triterpenoids. SHD can improve learning and memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation through the P2X7R/p38MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Zuo Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun You
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beltran-Lobo P, Hughes MM, Troakes C, Croft CL, Rupawala H, Jutzi D, Ruepp MD, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Perkinton MS, Kassiou M, Golde TE, Hanger DP, Verkhratsky A, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. P2X 7R influences tau aggregate burden in human tauopathies and shows distinct signalling in microglia and astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:414-429. [PMID: 37716378 PMCID: PMC10896738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinoceptor P2X7R is a promising therapeutic target for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of P2X7R ameliorates cognitive deficits and reduces pathological tau burden in mice that model aspects of tauopathy, including mice expressing mutant human frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-causing forms of tau. However, disagreements remain over which glial cell types express P2X7R and therefore the mechanism of action is unresolved. Here, we show that P2X7R protein levels increase in human AD post-mortem brain, in agreement with an upregulation of P2RX7 mRNA observed in transcriptome profiles from the AMP-AD consortium. P2X7R protein increases mirror advancing Braak stage and coincide with synapse loss. Using RNAScope we detect P2RX7 mRNA in microglia and astrocytes in human AD brain, including in the vicinity of senile plaques. In cultured microglia, P2X7R activation modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by promoting the formation of active complexes and release of IL-1β. In astrocytes, P2X7R activates NFκB signalling and increases production of the cytokines CCL2, CXCL1 and IL-6 together with the acute phase protein Lcn2. To further explore the role of P2X7R in a disease-relevant context, we expressed wild-type or FTD-causing mutant forms of tau in mouse organotypic brain slice cultures. Inhibition of P2X7R reduces insoluble tau levels without altering soluble tau phosphorylation or synaptic localisation, suggesting a non-cell autonomous role of glial P2X7R on pathological tau aggregation. These findings support further investigations into the cell-type specific effects of P2X7R-targeting therapies in tauopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beltran-Lobo
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Martina M Hughes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Cara L Croft
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane P Hanger
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beatriz G Perez-Nievas
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK.
| | - Wendy Noble
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; University of Exeter, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Budriesi P, Tintorelli R, Correa J, Villar ME, Marchal P, Giurfa M, Viola H. A behavioral tagging account of kinase contribution to memory formation after spaced aversive training. iScience 2023; 26:107278. [PMID: 37520708 PMCID: PMC10372744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) can be induced by repeated spaced training trials. Using the weak inhibitory avoidance (wIA) task, we showed that one wIA session does not lead to a 24-h LTM, whereas two identical wIA sessions spaced by 15 min to 6 h induce a 24-h LTM. This LTM promotion depends both on hippocampal protein synthesis and the activity of several kinases. In agreement with the behavioral tagging (BT) hypothesis, our results suggest that the two training sessions induce transient learning tags and lead, via a cooperative effect, to the synthesis of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) that become available and captured by the tag from the second session. Although ERKs1/2 are needed for PRPs synthesis and CaMKs are required for tag setting, PKA participates in both processes. We conclude that the BT mechanism accounts for the molecular constraints underlying the classic effect of spaced learning on LTM formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Budriesi
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Villar
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Marchal
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Poe Lab, Integrative Biology and Physiology department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado” (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cevoli F, Arnould B, Peralta FA, Grutter T. Untangling Macropore Formation and Current Facilitation in P2X7. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10896. [PMID: 37446075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropore formation and current facilitation are intriguing phenomena associated with ATP-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7). Macropores are large pores formed in the cell membrane that allow the passage of large molecules. The precise mechanisms underlying macropore formation remain poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests two alternative pathways: a direct entry through the P2X7 pore itself, and an indirect pathway triggered by P2X7 activation involving additional proteins, such as TMEM16F channel/scramblase. On the other hand, current facilitation refers to the progressive increase in current amplitude and activation kinetics observed with prolonged or repetitive exposure to ATP. Various mechanisms, including the activation of chloride channels and intrinsic properties of P2X7, have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In this comprehensive review, we present an in-depth overview of P2X7 current facilitation and macropore formation, highlighting new findings and proposing mechanistic models that may offer fresh insights into these untangled processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cevoli
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Benoit Arnould
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Francisco Andrés Peralta
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Grutter
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miao J, Ma H, Yang Y, Liao Y, Lin C, Zheng J, Yu M, Lan J. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201982. [PMID: 37396657 PMCID: PMC10309009 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of microglial involvement in AD, focusing on genetic determinants, phenotypic state, phagocytic capacity, neuroinflammatory response, and impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal regulation. Furthermore, recent developments in drug discovery targeting microglia in AD are reviewed, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the essential role of microglia in AD and provides insights into potential treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanpin Liao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanxia Zheng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muli Yu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bianchi C, Alvarez-Castelao B, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Di Lauro C, Soria-Tobar L, Nicke A, Engel T, Díaz-Hernández M. P2X7 receptor inhibition ameliorates ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:105. [PMID: 37287063 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, increasing evidence suggests a causal relationship between neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation, the main histopathological hallmark of tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction detected in these patients. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying UPS failure and the factors involved remain poorly understood. Given that AD and tauopathies are associated with chronic neuroinflammation, here, we explore if ATP, one of the danger-associated molecules patterns (DAMPs) associated with neuroinflammation, impacts on AD-associated UPS dysfunction. METHODS To evaluate if ATP may modulate the UPS via its selective P2X7 receptor, we combined in vitro and in vivo approaches using both pharmacological and genetic tools. We analyze postmortem samples from human AD patients and P301S mice, a mouse model that mimics pathology observed in AD patients, and those from the new transgenic mouse lines generated, such as P301S mice expressing the UPS reporter UbG76V-YFP or P301S deficient of P2X7R. RESULTS We describe for the first time that extracellular ATP-induced activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) downregulates the transcription of β5 and β1 proteasomal catalytic subunits via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3/Nfr2 pathway, leading to their deficient assembly into the 20S core proteasomal complex, resulting in a reduced proteasomal chymotrypsin-like and postglutamyl-like activities. Using UPS-reported mice (UbGFP mice), we identified neurons and microglial cells as the most sensitive cell linages to a P2X7R-mediated UPS regulation. In vivo pharmacological or genetic P2X7R blockade reverted the proteasomal impairment developed by P301S mice, which mimics that were detected in AD patients. Finally, the generation of P301S;UbGFP mice allowed us to identify those hippocampal cells more sensitive to UPS impairment and demonstrate that the pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7R promotes their survival. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates the sustained and aberrant activation of P2X7R caused by Tau-induced neuroinflammation contributes to the UPS dysfunction and subsequent neuronal death associated with AD, especially in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Soria-Tobar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cherninskyi A, Storozhuk M, Maximyuk O, Kulyk V, Krishtal O. Triggering of Major Brain Disorders by Protons and ATP: The Role of ASICs and P2X Receptors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:845-862. [PMID: 36445556 PMCID: PMC9707125 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is well-known as a universal source of energy in living cells. Less known is that this molecule has a variety of important signaling functions: it activates a variety of specific metabotropic (P2Y) and ionotropic (P2X) receptors in neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes. So, a wide variety of signaling functions well fits the ubiquitous presence of ATP in the tissues. Even more ubiquitous are protons. Apart from the unspecific interaction of protons with any protein, many physiological processes are affected by protons acting on specific ionotropic receptors-acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Both protons (acidification) and ATP are locally elevated in various pathological states. Using these fundamentally important molecules as agonists, ASICs and P2X receptors signal a variety of major brain pathologies. Here we briefly outline the physiological roles of ASICs and P2X receptors, focusing on the brain pathologies involving these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Cherninskyi
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Maksim Storozhuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Maximyuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kulyk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ribeiro DE, Petiz LL, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Andrejew R, Saab FDAR, Milanis MDS, Campos HC, Sampaio VFA, La Banca S, Longo BM, Lameu C, Tang Y, Resende RR, Ferreira ST, Ulrich H. Purinergic signaling in cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109371. [PMID: 36502867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
About 10 million new cases of dementia develop worldwide each year, of which up to 70% are attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the widely known symptoms of memory loss and cognitive impairment, AD patients frequently develop non-cognitive symptoms, referred to as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs). Sleep disorders are often associated with AD, but mood alterations, notably depression and apathy, comprise the most frequent class of BPSDs. BPSDs negatively affect the lives of AD patients and their caregivers, and have a significant impact on public health systems and the economy. Because treatments currently available for AD are not disease-modifying and mainly aim to ameliorate some of the cognitive symptoms, elucidating the mechanisms underlying mood alterations and other BPSDs in AD may reveal novel avenues for progress in AD therapy. Purinergic signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as AD, depression and sleep disorders. Here, we review recent findings indicating that purinergic receptors, mainly the A1, A2A, and P2X7 subtypes, are associated with the development/progression of AD. Current evidence suggests that targeting purinergic signaling may represent a promising therapeutic approach in AD and related conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milena da Silva Milanis
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Correia Campos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sophia La Banca
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Leal IF, Dos Santos MV, Coiado JV, Bagatini MD. Action of the Purinergic and Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neuroscience 2023; 512:110-132. [PMID: 36526078 PMCID: PMC9746135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected more than 20 million people in Brazil and caused a global health emergency. This virus has the potential to affect various parts of the body and compromise metabolic functions. The virus-mediated neural inflammation of the nervous system is due to a storm of cytokines and oxidative stress, which are the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This neurodegenerative disease is aggravated in cases involving SARS-CoV-2 and its inflammatory biomarkers, accelerating accumulation of β-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and production of reactive oxygen species, which lead to homeostasis imbalance. The cholinergic system, through neurons and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), modulates various physiological pathways, such as the response to stress, sleep and wakefulness, sensory information, and the cognitive system. Patients with AD have low concentrations of ACh; hence, therapeutic methods are aimed at adjusting the ACh titers available to the body for maintaining functionality. Herein, we focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, responsible for the degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, and muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists of the cholinergic system owing to the therapeutic potential of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in AD associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L.B. Simões
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Inayá F. Leal
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - João Victor Coiado
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete D. Bagatini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alves VS, da Silva JP, Rodrigues FC, Araújo SMB, Gouvêa AL, Leite-Aguiar R, Santos SACS, da Silva MSP, Ferreira FS, Marques EP, dos Passos BABR, Maron-Gutierrez T, Kurtenbach E, da Costa R, Figueiredo CP, Wyse ATS, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. P2X7 receptor contributes to long-term neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in sepsis-surviving mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1179723. [PMID: 37153798 PMCID: PMC10160626 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1179723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis is defined as a multifactorial debilitating condition with high risks of death. The intense inflammatory response causes deleterious effects on the brain, a condition called sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neuroinflammation or pathogen recognition are able to stress cells, resulting in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) release and P2X7 receptor activation, which is abundantly expressed in the brain. The P2X7 receptor contributes to chronic neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases; however, its function in long-term neurological impairment caused by sepsis remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of P2X7 receptor activation in neuroinflammatory and behavioral changes in sepsis-surviving mice. Methods: Sepsis was induced in wild-type (WT), P2X7-/-, and BBG (Brilliant Blue G)-treated mice by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). On the thirteenth day after the surgery, the cognitive function of mice was assessed using the novel recognition object and Water T-maze tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, microglial and astrocytic activation markers, and cytokine production were also evaluated. Results: Initially, we observed that both WT and P2X7-/- sepsis-surviving mice showed memory impairment 13 days after surgery, once they did not differentiate between novel and familiar objects. Both groups of animals presented increased AChE activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. However, the absence of P2X7 prevented partly this increase in the cerebral cortex. Likewise, P2X7 absence decreased ionized calcium-binding protein 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) upregulation in the cerebral cortex of sepsis-surviving animals. There was an increase in GFAP protein levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of both WT and P2X7-/- sepsis-surviving animals. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of P2X7 receptor attenuated the production of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Conclusion: The modulation of the P2X7 receptor in sepsis-surviving animals may reduce neuroinflammation and prevent cognitive impairment due to sepsis-associated encephalopathy, being considered an important therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce Pereira da Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cristina Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz Gouvêa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Peil Marques
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson da Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Angela T. S. Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tao S, Fan W, Liu J, Wang T, Zheng H, Qi G, Chen Y, Zhang H, Guo Z, Zhou F. NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1383-1398. [PMID: 37980662 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently the most prevalent neurological disease, and no effective and practical treatments and therapies exist. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain- containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is vital in the human innate immune response. However, when the NLRP3 inflammasome is overactivated by persistent stimulation, several immune-related diseases, including AD, atherosclerosis, and obesity, result. This review will focus on the composition and activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the relevant mechanisms of involvement in the inflammatory response to AD, and AD treatment targeting NLRP3 inflammasome. This review aims to reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of AD from a new perspective and provide the possibility of more effective and novel strategies for preventing and treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Tao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Fan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wei Fang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haoning Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gaoxiu Qi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haoyun Zhang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhangyu Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Si ZZ, Zou CJ, Mei X, Li XF, Luo H, Shen Y, Hu J, Li XX, Wu L. Targeting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: from mechanisms to clinical applications. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:708-715. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
17
|
Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Turgutalp B, Bhattarai P, Ercetin T, Luise C, Reis R, Gurdal EE, Isaak A, Biriken D, Dinter E, Sipahi H, Schepmann D, Junker A, Wünsch B, Sippl W, Gulcan HO, Kizil C, Yarim M. Discovery of Potent Cholinesterase Inhibition-Based Multi-Target-Directed Lead Compounds for Synaptoprotection in Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12292-12318. [PMID: 36084304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug development efforts that focused on single targets failed to provide effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we designed cholinesterase inhibition (ChEI)-based multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) to simultaneously target AD-related receptors. We built a library of 70 compounds, sequentially screened for ChEI, and determined σ1R, σ2R, NMDAR-GluN2B binding affinities, and P2X7R antagonistic activities. Nine fulfilled in silico drug-likeness criteria and did not display toxicity in three cell lines. Seven displayed cytoprotective activity in two stress-induced cellular models. Compared to donepezil, six showed equal/better synaptic protection in a zebrafish model of acute amyloidosis-induced synaptic degeneration. Two P2X7R antagonists alleviated the activation state of microglia in vivo. Permeability studies were performed, and four did not inhibit CYP450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. Therefore, four ChEI-based lead MTDLs are promising drug candidates for synaptic integrity protection and could serve as disease-modifying AD treatment. Our study also proposes zebrafish as a useful preclinical tool for drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Turgutalp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 10032 New York, United States
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, TRNC, via Mersin 10, 99628 Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Chiara Luise
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 6099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rengin Reis
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34758 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Ece Gurdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Isaak
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Derya Biriken
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06620 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elisabeth Dinter
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Clinic, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Junker
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 6099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, TRNC, via Mersin 10, 99628 Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 10032 New York, United States
| | - Mine Yarim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh D. Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:206. [PMID: 35978311 PMCID: PMC9382837 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is instigated by the misfiring of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) involving microglia and astrocytes as key cell-types. Neuroinflammation is a consequence of CNS injury, infection, toxicity, or autoimmunity. It is favorable as well as a detrimental process for neurodevelopment and associated processes. Transient activation of inflammatory response involving release of cytokines and growth factors positively affects the development and post-injury tissue. However, chronic or uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. These diseases have variable clinical and pathological features, but are underlaid by the aggregation of misfolded proteins with a cytotoxic effect. Notably, abnormal activation of glial cells could mediate neuroinflammation, leading to the neurodegenerative condition. Microglia, a type of glial cell, a resident immune cell, form the forefront defense of the CNS immune system. Dysfunctional microglia and astrocyte, a different kind of glial cell with homeostatic function, impairs the protein aggregate (amyloid-beta plaque) clearance in AD. Studies have shown that microglia and astrocytes undergo alterations in their genetic profile, cellular and molecular responses, and thus promote dysfunctional immune cross-talk in AD. Hence, targeting microglia and astrocytes-driven molecular pathways could resolve the particular layers of neuroinflammation and set a reliable therapeutic intervention in AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Singh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Platelets and the Role of P2X Receptors in Nociception, Pain, Neuronal Toxicity and Thromboinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126585. [PMID: 35743029 PMCID: PMC9224425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors belong to a family of cation channel proteins, which respond to extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). These receptors have gained increasing attention in basic and translational research, as they are central to a variety of important pathophysiological processes such as the modulation of cardiovascular physiology, mediation of nociception, platelet and macrophage activation, or neuronal-glial integration. While P2X1 receptor activation is long known to drive platelet aggregation, P2X7 receptor antagonists have recently been reported to inhibit platelet activation. Considering the role of both P2X receptors and platelet-mediated inflammation in neuronal diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, targeting purinergic receptors may provide a valuable novel therapeutic approach in these diseases. Therefore, the present review illuminates the role of platelets and purinergic signaling in these neurological conditions to evaluate potential translational implications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma XF, Wang TT, Wang WH, Guan L, Guo CR, Li XH, Lei YT, Fan YZ, Yang XN, Hattori M, Nureki O, Zhu MX, Yu Y, Tian Y, Wang J. The long β2,3-sheets encoded by redundant sequences play an integral role in the channel function of P2X7 receptors. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102002. [PMID: 35504351 PMCID: PMC9163701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a class of nonselective cation channels widely distributed in the immune and nervous systems, and their dysfunction is a significant cause of tumors, inflammation, leukemia, and immune diseases. P2X7 is a unique member of the P2X receptor family with many properties that differ from other subtypes in terms of primary sequence, the architecture of N- and C-terminals, and channel function. Here, we suggest that the observed lengthened β2- and β3-sheets and their linker (loop β2,3), encoded by redundant sequences, play an indispensable role in the activation of the P2X7 receptor. We show that deletion of this longer structural element leads to the loss of P2X7 function. Furthermore, by combining mutagenesis, chimera construction, surface expression, and protein stability analysis, we found that the deletion of the longer β2,3-loop affects P2X7 surface expression but, more importantly, that this loop affects channel gating of P2X7. We propose that the longer β2,3-sheets may have a negative regulatory effect on a loop on the head domain and on the structural element formed by E171 and its surrounding regions. Understanding the role of the unique structure of the P2X7 receptor in the gating process will aid in the development of selective drugs targeting this subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chang-Run Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xing-Hua Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yun-Tao Lei
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Fan
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Na Yang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nillert N, Boonyarat C, Welbat JU, Bunreungthong K, Puthongking P, Pannangrong W. Clausena Harmandiana root extract attenuated cognitive impairments via reducing amyloid accumulation and neuroinflammation in Aβ 1-42-induced rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:108. [PMID: 35439990 PMCID: PMC9019931 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is associated with amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation. In AD, the activation of microglia caused by Aβ accumulation is followed by the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and ultimately leads to cognitive impairments. Clausena harmandiana (CH) is a medicinal plant in the Rutaceae family and has been used in folk medicine to relieve illnesses such as stomachache and headache, and as a health tonic. Interestingly, CH root extract (CHRE) has several anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological activities, but there are no studies in AD-like animal models. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the effects of CHRE on cognitive impairments, increased Aβ1-42 protein levels, and neuroinflammation in Aβ1-42-induced rats. METHODS Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 8) of the sham control, V + Aβ, CB + Aβ CHRE125 + Aβ, CHRE250 + Aβ, and CHRE500 + Aβ. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Celebrex (10 mg/kg BW) and CHRE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW) were given orally or without any treatment for 35 days. On day 21, aggregated Aβ1-42 at a concentration of 1 μg/μl were injected into both lateral ventricles (1 μl/side) of all treated rats, while sterilized normal saline were injected to untreated rats. Ten days later, the novel object recognition test was performed to assess their recognition memory. At the end of the test period, an overdose of thiopental sodium (120 mg/kg BW) and transcardial perfusion with 0.9% normal saline solution were used to euthanize all rats. Then Aβ1-42 protein levels and the expression of inflammatory markers (CD11b-positive microglia, IL-1β, and TNFα) were investigated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Pretreatment with CHRE at all doses could attenuate short- and long-term impairments in recognition memory. Additionally, CHRE also inhibited the increase of Aβ1-42 protein levels and the expression of inflammatory markers in both brain regions as well as receiving Celebrex. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that preventive treatment of CHRE might be a potential therapy against cognitive impairments via reducing Aβ1-42 protein levels and neuroinflammation caused by Aβ1-42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nutchareeporn Nillert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chantana Boonyarat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Komsun Bunreungthong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
P2X7 receptor blockade reduces tau induced toxicity, therapeutic implications in tauopathies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102173. [PMID: 34516970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of aberrant intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Recent studies suggest that associated chronic neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathological Tau dissemination. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Since purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7) can sense the rise of extracellular ATP levels associated with neuroinflammation, its involvement in neurodegeneration-associated inflammation was suggested. We found a P2X7 upregulation in patients diagnosed with different tauopathies and in a tauopathy mouse model, P301S mice. In vivo pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7 reverted microglial activation in P301S mice leading to a reduction in microglial migratory, secretory, and proliferative capacities, and promoting phagocytic function. Furthermore, it reduced the intraneuronal phosphorylated Tau levels in a GSK3-dependent way and increased extracellular phosphorylated Tau levels by reducing the expression of ectoenzyme TNAP. Accordingly, pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7 improved the cellular survival, motor and memory deficits and anxiolytic profile in P301S mice. Contrary, P2X7 overexpression caused a significant worsening of Tau-induced toxicity and aggravated the deteriorated motor and memory deficits in P301S mice. Our results indicate that P2X7 plays a deleterious role in tauopathies and suggest that its blockade may be a promising approach to treat Tauopathies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng J, Dong Y, Ma J, Pan R, Liao Y, Kong X, Li X, Li S, Chen P, Wang L, Yu Y, Yuan Z. Microglial Calhm2 regulates neuroinflammation and contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabe3600. [PMID: 34433553 PMCID: PMC8386937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Neuronal calcium dysfunction and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation are closely associated with the development of AD. However, it remains unknown whether calcium dysfunction contributes to microglial activation and, in turn, AD pathology in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of calcium homeostasis modulator family protein 2 (Calhm2) is increased in an AD mouse model. In 5×FAD mice carrying five familial AD gene mutations, both conventional knockout of Calhm2 and conditional microglial knockout of Calhm2 significantly reduced amyloid β deposition, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments. Mechanistically, knockout of Calhm2 inhibited microglial proinflammatory activity but increased phagocytic activity, leading to restoration of the balance between inflammation and phagocytosis. In addition, knockout of Calhm2 reduced acute LPS-induced neuroinflammation. These results highlight an important role for Calhm2 in microglial activation and provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun Ma
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyuan Pan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiangxi Kong
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pingfang Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Varshney V, Garabadu D. Ang(1-7) exerts Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection against amyloid beta-induced cognitive deficits in rodents. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4319-4331. [PMID: 34075536 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive deficits in an individual. Ang(1-7) exhibits neuroprotection against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity in experimental conditions. Further, Ang(1-7) also exhibits nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity in experimental conditions. However, its therapeutic role on nrf2-mediated mitochondrial function is yet to be established in the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. The experimental dementia was induced in the male rats by intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ(1-42) on day-1 (D-1) of the experimental schedule of 14 days. Ang(1-7) was administered once daily from D-1 toD-14 to the Aβ-challenged rodents. Ang(1-7) attenuated Aβ-induced increase in escape latency and decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant during Morris water maze and percentage of spontaneous alteration behavior during Y-maze tests in the rats. Further, Ang(1-7) attenuated Aβ-induced cholinergic dysfunction in terms of decrease in the level of acetylcholine and activity of choline acetyltransferase, and increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, and increase in the level of Aβ in rat hippocampus, pre-frontal cortex and amygdala. Furthermore, Ang(1-7) reversed Aβ-induced decrease in the mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics in all brain regions. Additionally, Ang(1-7) attenuated Aβ-induced increase in the extent of apoptosis and decrease in the level of heme oxygenase-1 in all selected brain regions. Trigonelline significantly abolished the therapeutic effectiveness of Ang(1-7) on Aβ-induced alterations in the behavioral, neurochemicals and molecular observations in the animals. Ang(1-7) may exhibit nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in these rodents. Hence, Ang(1-7) could be a potential therapeutic option in the pharmacotherapy of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhav Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pietrowski MJ, Gabr AA, Kozlov S, Blum D, Halle A, Carvalho K. Glial Purinergic Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654850. [PMID: 34054698 PMCID: PMC8160300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates neuronal and glial cell functions in the healthy CNS. In neurodegenerative diseases, purinergic signaling becomes dysregulated and can affect disease-associated phenotypes of glial cells. In this review, we discuss how cell-specific expression patterns of purinergic signaling components change in neurodegeneration and how dysregulated glial purinergic signaling and crosstalk may contribute to disease pathophysiology, thus bearing promising potential for the development of new therapeutical options for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pietrowski
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stanislav Kozlov
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Annett Halle
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Territo PR, Zarrinmayeh H. P2X 7 Receptors in Neurodegeneration: Potential Therapeutic Applications From Basic to Clinical Approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:617036. [PMID: 33889073 PMCID: PMC8055960 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.617036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS), where the bulk of these receptors are implicated in neuroinflammatory responses and regulation of cellular function of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Within the P2X receptor family, P2X7 receptor is generally known for its inactivity in normal conditions and activation by moderately high concentrations (>100 μM) of extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) released from injured cells as a result of brain injury or pathological conditions. Activation of P2X7R contributes to the activation and proliferation of microglia and directly contribute to neurodegeneration by provoking microglia-mediated neuronal death, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation that results in initiation, maturity and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These components of the inflammatory response play important roles in many neural pathologies and neurodegeneration disorders. In CNS, expression of P2X7R on microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are upregulated under neuroinflammatory conditions. Several in vivo studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of the P2X7 receptor antagonists in animal model systems of neurodegenerative diseases. A number of specific and selective P2X7 receptor antagonists have been developed, but only few of them have shown efficient brain permeability. Finding potent and selective P2X7 receptor inhibitors which are also CNS penetrable and display acceptable pharmacokinetics (PK) has presented challenges for both academic researchers and pharmaceutical companies. In this review, we discuss the role of P2X7 receptor function in neurodegenerative diseases, the pharmacological inhibition of the receptor, and PET radiopharmaceuticals which permit non-invasive monitoring of the P2X7 receptor contribution to neuroinflammation associated with neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Territo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Hamideh Zarrinmayeh
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Varshney V, Garabadu D. Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor-axis activation promotes amyloid beta-induced altered mitochondrial bioenergetics in discrete brain regions of Alzheimer's disease-like rats. Neuropeptides 2021; 86:102122. [PMID: 33508525 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renin Angiotensin System plays significant role in the memory acquisition and consolidation apart from its hemodynamic function in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been reported that Ang (1-7) ameliorates the cognitive impairment in experimental animals. However, the effect of Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor signaling is yet to be explored in Aβ42-induced memory impairment. Aβ42 was intracerebroventricularly injected into the male rats on day-1 (D-1) of the experimental schedule of 14 days. All the drugs were administered from D-1 to D-14 in the study design. Aβ42 significantly increased the escape latency during Morris water maze (MWM) test on D-10 to13 in the animals. Further, Aβ42 significantly decreased the time spent and percentage of total distance travelled in the target quadrant of the rats on D-14 in the MWM test. Aβ42 also significantly decreased the spontaneous alteration behavior on D-14 during Y-maze test. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the level of Aβ42, decrease in the cholinergic function (in terms of decreased acetylcholine and activity of cholinesterase, and increased activity of acetylcholinesterase), mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics, and apoptosis in all the rat brain regions. Further, Aβ42 significantly decreased the level of expression of heme oxygenase-1 in all the rat brain regions. Ang (1-7) attenuated Aβ42-induced changes in the behavioral, biochemical and molecular observations in all the selected rat brain regions. However, A779, Mas receptor blocker, significantly abolished the beneficial effects of Ang (1-7) in Aβ42-induced cognitive deficit animals. These observations clearly indicate that the Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor activation could be a potential alternative option in the management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhav Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281 406, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281 406, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen YH, Lin RR, Tao QQ. The role of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2021; 271:119187. [PMID: 33577858 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is set to rise in prevalence as the global trends in population aging. The extracellular deposition of amyloid protein (Aβ) and the intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain have been recognized as the two core pathologies of AD. Over the past decades, the presence of neuroinflammation in the brain has been documented as the third core pathology of AD. In recent years, emerging evidence demonstrated that the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) serves a critical role in microglia responses and neuroinflammation. Besides, targeting P2X7R by genetic or pharmacological strategies attenuates the symptoms and pathological changes of AD models, and P2X7R has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for AD. In this review, we summarized the recent evidence concerning the roles of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Naringin Exhibits Mas Receptor-Mediated Neuroprotection Against Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1023-1043. [PMID: 33534126 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with clinical manifestation of loss in cognitive functions in an individual. Though several drug candidates have been developed in the management of AD, an alternative option is still required due to serious adverse effects of the former. Recently, naringin exerts therapeutic benefits through rennin angiotensin system in experimental animals. However, its report on Mas receptor-mediated action against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in AD-like animals is lacking. The experimental dementia was induced in the male rats by intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ(1-42) on day 1 (D-1) of the experimental schedule of 14 days. Naringin treatment for 14 days attenuated Aβ-induced cognitive impairments of the animals in Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests. Further, naringin ameliorated the Aβ-induced cholinergic dysfunction in terms of decrease in the activity of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and level of acetylcholine (ACh) and increase in the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Furthermore, naringin attenuated Aβ-induced decrease in mitochondrial function, integrity, and bioenergetics in all the brain regions. Naringin also attenuated Aβ-induced increase in mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium level in all the brain regions. Moreover, naringin reversed Aβ-induced increase in apoptosis and level of mitochondrial calcium uniporter and decrease in the level of hemeoxygenase-1 in all the brain regions. On the contrary, A779 significantly abolished the therapeutic potential of naringin on Aβ-induced alteration in behavioral, biochemical, and molecular observations in these experimental animals. Thus, these observations indicate that naringin could be potential alternative in the management of AD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in amyloid β (1-42)-induced Alzheimer’s like neuropathological process in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
32
|
P2X7 Receptors Amplify CNS Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175996. [PMID: 32825423 PMCID: PMC7504621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a (co)transmitter and signaling molecule in the CNS. It acts at a multitude of ligand-gated cationic channels termed P2X to induce rapid depolarization of the cell membrane. Within this receptor-channel family, the P2X7 receptor (R) allows the transmembrane fluxes of Na+, Ca2+, and K+, but also allows the slow permeation of larger organic molecules. This is supposed to cause necrosis by excessive Ca2+ influx, as well as depletion of intracellular ions and metabolites. Cell death may also occur by apoptosis due to the activation of the caspase enzymatic cascade. Because P2X7Rs are localized in the CNS preferentially on microglia, but also at a lower density on neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) the stimulation of this receptor leads to the release of neurodegeneration-inducing bioactive molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and the excitotoxic glutamate/ATP. Various neurodegenerative reactions of the brain/spinal cord following acute harmful events (mechanical CNS damage, ischemia, status epilepticus) or chronic neurodegenerative diseases (neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) lead to a massive release of ATP via the leaky plasma membrane of neural tissue. This causes cellular damage superimposed on the original consequences of neurodegeneration. Hence, blood-brain-barrier permeable pharmacological antagonists of P2X7Rs with excellent bioavailability are possible therapeutic agents for these diseases. The aim of this review article is to summarize our present state of knowledge on the involvement of P2X7R-mediated events in neurodegenerative illnesses endangering especially the life quality and duration of the aged human population.
Collapse
|
33
|
Pannangrong W, Welbat JU, Chaichun A, Sripanidkulchai B. Effect of combined extracts of aged garlic, ginger, and chili peppers on cognitive performance and brain antioxidant markers in Aβ-induced rats. Exp Anim 2020; 69:269-278. [PMID: 32051390 PMCID: PMC7445057 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of aged garlic, ginger, and chili peppers extracts (AGC) was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and ferric-reducing antioxidant assays, and oxidative stress markers were analyzed in Aβ1-42-induced rats. The AGC was orally administered to Wistar rats at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (AGC125, AGC250, AGC500, respectively) for 64 days. At day 56, Aβ1-42 was injected via both sides of the lateral ventricles. The effects of the AGC on spatial and recognition memory were examined using a Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks. Rats induced with Aβ1-42 exhibited obvious cognitive deficits, as demonstrated by their increased escape latency time (ET) and decreased retention time (RT) and percentage of discriminative index (DI). When compared with the control group, all AGC-treated rats showed significantly shorter ETs and higher DIs during the 5-min delay testing phase. Rats treated with AGC250 also had significantly longer RTs. Administration of Aβ1-42 significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in the rat brain homogenate. Pretreatment with the AGC caused significant increases in SOD, GPx, and CAT activities, as well as a significant decrease in MDA in the rat brain homogenates after Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Our results suggested that an AGC may ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in Aβ-treated rats due to its role in the upregulation of SOD, GPx, and CAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Neuroscience Research and Development Group, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Amnard Chaichun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bungorn Sripanidkulchai
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Road, Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
da Silva Ferreira NC, Alves LA, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Potential Therapeutic Applications of P2 Receptor Antagonists: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:919-937. [PMID: 30760187 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190213095923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely expressed in the plasma membrane in various cell types. P2 receptors act as important therapeutic targets and are associated with several disorders, such as pain, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, the use of antagonists for P2 receptors in clinical therapy, with the exception of P2Y12, is a great challenge. Currently, many research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of specific antagonist molecules for each receptor subtype that could be used as new medicines to treat their respective disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review compiles some interesting findings on the application of P2 receptor antagonists in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models as well as the progress of advanced clinical trials with these compounds. CONCLUSION Despite all of the exciting results obtained on the bench, few antagonists of P2 receptors advanced to the clinical trials, and once they reach this stage, the effectiveness of the therapy is not guaranteed, as in the example of P2X7 antagonists. Despite this, P2Y12 receptor antagonists have a history of success and have been used in therapy for at least two decades to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk for myocardial infarctions. This breakthrough is the motivation for scientists to develop new drugs with antagonistic activity for the other P2 receptors; thus, in a matter of years, we will have an evolution in the field of purinergic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natiele C da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Andrejew R, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro DE, Glaser T, Arnaud-Sampaio VF, Lameu C, Ulrich H. The P2X7 Receptor: Central Hub of Brain Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:124. [PMID: 32848594 PMCID: PMC7413029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a cation channel activated by high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Upon long-term activation, it complexes with membrane proteins forming a wide pore that leads to cell death and increased release of ATP into the extracellular milieu. The P2X7 receptor is widely expressed in the CNS, such as frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and striatum, regions involved in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Despite P2X7 receptor functions in glial cells have been extensively studied, the existence and roles of this receptor in neurons are still controversially discussed. Regardless, P2X7 receptors mediate several processes observed in neuropsychiatric disorders and brain tumors, such as activation of neuroinflammatory response, stimulation of glutamate release and neuroplasticity impairment. Moreover, P2X7 receptor gene polymorphisms have been associated to depression, and isoforms of P2X7 receptors are implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases. In view of that, the P2X7 receptor has been proposed to be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in brain diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, and brain tumors. In addition, it highlights the recent advances in the development of P2X7 receptor antagonists that are able of penetrating the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Calzaferri F, Ruiz-Ruiz C, de Diego AMG, de Pascual R, Méndez-López I, Cano-Abad MF, Maneu V, de Los Ríos C, Gandía L, García AG. The purinergic P2X7 receptor as a potential drug target to combat neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2427-2465. [PMID: 32677086 DOI: 10.1002/med.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a huge social burden, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which all proposed treatments investigated in murine models have failed during clinical trials (CTs). Thus, novel therapeutic strategies remain crucial. Neuroinflammation is a common pathogenic feature of NDDs. As purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are gatekeepers of inflammation, they could be developed as drug targets for NDDs. Herein, we review this challenging hypothesis and comment on the numerous studies that have investigated P2X7Rs, emphasizing their molecular structure and functions, as well as their role in inflammation. Then, we elaborate on research undertaken in the field of medicinal chemistry to determine potential P2X7R antagonists. Subsequently, we review the state of neuroinflammation and P2X7R expression in the brain, in animal models and patients suffering from AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and retinal degeneration. Next, we summarize the in vivo studies testing the hypothesis that by mitigating neuroinflammation, P2X7R blockers afford neuroprotection, increasing neuroplasticity and neuronal repair in animal models of NDDs. Finally, we reviewed previous and ongoing CTs investigating compounds directed toward targets associated with NDDs; we propose that CTs with P2X7R antagonists should be initiated. Despite the high expectations for putative P2X7Rs antagonists in various central nervous system diseases, the field is moving forward at a relatively slow pace, presumably due to the complexity of P2X7Rs. A better pharmacological approach to combat NDDs would be a dual strategy, combining P2X7R antagonism with drugs targeting a selective pathway in a given NDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calzaferri
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Méndez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F Cano-Abad
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Semwal BC, Garabadu D. Amyloid beta (1-42) downregulates adenosine-2b receptors in addition to mitochondrial impairment and cholinergic dysfunction in memory-sensitive mouse brain regions. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:531-540. [PMID: 32496898 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1767136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment. Adenosinergic receptors are considered as a potential alternative in the management of several neurodegenerative disorders. However, there is no information available on the role of A2b receptor in the pathophysiology of AD. Therefore, the effect of Aβ on the level of expression of A2b receptor was investigated in discrete memory-sensitive mouse brain regions. Aβ (1-42) was injected intracerebroventricularly to healthy male mouse to induce AD-like behavioral manifestations on Day-1 (D-1) of the experimental protocol. The animals were subjected to the Morris water maze (MWM) test on D-14 to D-18. On D-18, the animals were subjected to the Y-maze test after 30 min lag to the MWM paradigm. Aβ significantly attenuated the spatial working memory in MWM and Y-maze tests. In addition, Aβ significantly increased cholinergic dysfunction in terms of decrease in the activity of ChAT and ACh level and increase in the AChE activity in the hippocampus, pre-frontal cortex and amygdala of AD-like animals. Further, there was a significant increase in the extent of apoptosis in the selected mouse brain regions. Moreover, Aβ caused a substantial reduction in the mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics in all the mouse brain regions. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the level of expression of A2b receptors in the selected brain regions of the rodents. Hence, it can be assumed that A2b receptor downregulation could be another therapeutic target in the management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Chandra Semwal
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Francistiová L, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Díaz-Hernández M. The Role of P2X7 Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32581707 PMCID: PMC7283947 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with global brain damage. Initially, intracellular paired helical filaments composed by hyperphosphorylated tau and extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) were postulated as the causing factors of the synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, detected in AD patients. Therefore, the vast majority of clinical trials were focused on targeting Aβ and tau directly, but no effective treatment has been reported so far. Consequently, only palliative treatments are currently available for AD patients. Over recent years, several studies have suggested the involvement of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ionotropic ATP-gated receptor, in the AD brain pathology. In this line, altered expression levels and function of P2X7R were found both in AD patients and AD mouse models. Consequently, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of P2X7R ameliorated the hallmarks and symptoms of different AD mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the P2X7R in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Francistiová
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Andrejew R, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro D, Godoy M, Granato A, Ulrich H. Targeting Purinergic Signaling and Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1201:275-353. [PMID: 31898792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular purines exert several functions in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. ATP acts through P2 receptors as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and modulates heart contractility, while adenosine participates in neurotransmission, blood pressure, and many other mechanisms. Because of their capability to differentiate into mature cell types, they provide a unique therapeutic strategy for regenerating damaged tissue, such as in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Purinergic signaling is pivotal for controlling stem cell differentiation and phenotype determination. Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of stem cells of various origins are regulated by purinergic receptors. In this chapter, we selected neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases with clinical trials using cell therapy and purinergic receptor targeting. We discuss these approaches as therapeutic alternatives to neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. For instance, promising results were demonstrated in the utilization of mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells in vascular regeneration. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in general, P2X7 and A2A receptors mostly worsen the degenerative state. Stem cell-based therapy, mainly through mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, showed promising results in improving symptoms caused by neurodegeneration. We propose that purinergic receptor activity regulation combined with stem cells could enhance proliferative and differentiation rates as well as cell engraftment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Andrejew
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Ribeiro
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Godoy
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Granato
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang LH, Roger S. Targeting the P2X7 receptor in microglial cells to prevent brain inflammation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1245-1246. [PMID: 31960804 PMCID: PMC7047787 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China; EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van Weehaeghe D, Koole M, Schmidt ME, Deman S, Jacobs AH, Souche E, Serdons K, Sunaert S, Bormans G, Vandenberghe W, Van Laere K. [ 11C]JNJ54173717, a novel P2X7 receptor radioligand as marker for neuroinflammation: human biodistribution, dosimetry, brain kinetic modelling and quantification of brain P2X7 receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy volunteers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2051-2064. [PMID: 31243495 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel predominantly expressed on activated microglia and is important in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this first-in-human study, we investigated [11C]JNJ54173717 ([11C]JNJ717), a selective P2X7R tracer, in healthy volunteers (HV) and PD patients. Biodistribution, dosimetry, kinetic modelling and short-term test-retest variation (TRV), as well as possible genotype effects, were investigated. METHODS Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry studies were performed in three HV (mean age 30 ± 2 years, two women) using whole-body PET/CT. The most appropriate kinetic model was determined in 11 HV (mean age 62 ± 10 years, six women) and 10 PD patients (mean age 64 ± 8 years, three women; mean UPDRS motor score 21 ± 8) using 90-min dynamic simultaneous PET/MR scans. The total volume of distribution (VT) was calculated using a one-tissue and a two-tissue compartment model (1TCM, 2TCM) and Logan graphical analysis, and its time stability was assessed. Seven subjects underwent retest scans (mean age 60 ± 13 years, four HV, one woman). A group analysis was performed to compare PD patients and HV. Finally, 13 exons of P2X7R were genotyped in all subjects included in the second part of the study. RESULTS The mean effective dose was 4.47 ± 0.32 μSv/MBq, with the highest absorbed doses to the gallbladder, liver and small intestine. A reversible 2TCM was the most appropriate kinetic model with relatively homogeneous VT values in the grey and white matter. Average VT values were 3.4 ± 0.8 in HV and 3.3 ± 0.7 in PD patients, with no significant difference between the groups, but a possible genotype effect (rs3751143) was identified which can affect VT. Average TRV was 10-15%. The stability of VT over time allowed a reduction in scan time to 70 min. CONCLUSION [11C]JNJ717 is safe and suitable for quantifying P2X7R expression in human brain. In this pilot study, no significant differences in P2X7R binding were found between HV and PD patients. The results also suggest that genotype effects need to be incorporated in future P2X7R PET analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatienne Van Weehaeghe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michel Koole
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Janssen Research and Development: Beerse, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Deman
- Genomics Core, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfalian Wilhelms University (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Johanniter Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erika Souche
- Genomics Core, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Serdons
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Gasthuisberg, UZ, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Biber K, Bhattacharya A, Campbell BM, Piro JR, Rohe M, Staal RGW, Talanian RV, Möller T. Microglial Drug Targets in AD: Opportunities and Challenges in Drug Discovery and Development. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31507408 PMCID: PMC6716448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a large and increasing unmet medical need with no disease-modifying treatment currently available. Genetic evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and gene network analysis has clearly revealed a key role of the innate immune system in the brain, of which microglia are the most important element. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes predominantly expressed in microglia have been associated with altered risk of developing AD. Furthermore, microglia-specific pathways are affected on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level in post-mortem AD tissue and in mouse models of AD. Together these findings have increased the interest in microglia biology, and numerous scientific reports have proposed microglial molecules and pathways as drug targets for AD. Target identification and validation are generally the first steps in drug discovery. Both target validation and drug lead identification for central nervous system (CNS) targets and diseases entail additional significant obstacles compared to peripheral targets and diseases. This makes CNS drug discovery, even with well-validated targets, challenging. In this article, we will illustrate the special challenges of AD drug discovery by discussing the viability/practicality of possible microglia drug targets including cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33), KCa3.1, kynurenines, ionotropic P2 receptor 7 (P2X7), programmed death-1 (PD-1), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Biber
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Justin R Piro
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Rohe
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert V Talanian
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The triphenylmethane dye brilliant blue G is only moderately effective at inhibiting amyloid formation by human amylin or at disaggregating amylin amyloid fibrils, but interferes with amyloid assays; Implications for inhibitor design. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219130. [PMID: 31404073 PMCID: PMC6690547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of inhibitors of islet amyloid formation is important as pancreatic amyloid deposition contributes to type-2 diabetes and islet transplant failure. The Alzheimer's Aβ peptide and human amylin (h-amylin), the polypeptide responsible for amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes, share common physio-chemical features and some inhibitors of Aβ also inhibit amyloid formation by h-amylin and vice versa. Thus, a popular and potentially useful strategy to find lead compounds for anti-amylin amyloid agents is to examine compounds that have effects on Aβ amyloid formation. The triphenylmethane dye, brilliant blue G (BBG, Sodium;3-[[4-[(E)-[4-(4-ethoxyanilino)phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]-2-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]-N-ethyl-3-methylanilino]methyl]benzenesulfonate) has been shown to modulate Aβ amyloid formation and inhibit Aβ induced toxicity. However, the effects of BBG on h-amylin have not been examined, although other triphenylmethane derivatives inhibit h-amylin amyloid formation. The compound has only a modest impact on h-amylin amyloid formation unless it is added in significant excess. BBG also remodels preformed h-amylin amyloid fibrils if added in excess, however BBG has no significant effect on h-amylin induced toxicity towards cultured β-cells or cultured CHO-T cells except at high concentrations. BBG is shown to interfere with standard thioflavin-T assays of h-amylin amyloid formation and disaggregation, highlighting the difficulty of interpreting such experiments in the absence of other measurements. BBG also interferes with ANS based assays of h-amylin amyloid formation. The work highlights the differences between inhibition of Aβ and h-amylin amyloid formation, illustrates the limitation of using Aβ inhibitors as leads for h-amylin amyloid inhibitors, and reinforces the difficulties in interpreting dye binding assays of amyloid formation.
Collapse
|
44
|
How SC, Hsin A, Chen GY, Hsu WT, Yang SM, Chou WL, Chou SH, Wang SSS. Exploring the influence of brilliant blue G on amyloid fibril formation of lysozyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:37-48. [PMID: 31295491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that amyloid fibril mitigation/inhibition is considered a promising approach toward treating amyloid diseases. In this work, we first examined how amyloid fibrillogenesis of lysozyme was affected by BBG, a safe triphenylmethane compound with nice blood-brain-barrier-permeability, and found that shorter fibrillar species were formed in the lysozyme samples treated with BBG. Next, alterations in the features including the secondary as well as tertiary structure, extent of aggregation, and molecular distribution of lysozyme triggered by the addition of BBG were examined by various spectroscopic techniques, right-angle light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and SDS-PAGE. In addition, we have investigated how BBG affected the lysozyme fibril-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that a large quantity of shorter fibrillar species and more lysozyme monomers were present in the samples treated with BBG. Also, the addition of BBG rescued SH-SY5Y cells from cell death induced by amyloid fibrils of lysozyme. Finally, information about the binding sites and interacting forces involved in the BBG-lysozyme interaction was further explored using synchronous fluorescence and molecular docking approaches. Molecular docking results revealed that, apart from the hydrophobic interaction(s), hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waal forces may also be involved in the binding interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chun How
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ai Hsin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tse Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ming Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Chou
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Sha Lu, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
| | - Shiu-Huey Chou
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Garabadu D, Verma J. Exendin-4 attenuates brain mitochondrial toxicity through PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in amyloid beta (1-42)-induced cognitive deficit rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:39-49. [PMID: 31004737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, disorientation and gradual deterioration of intellectual ability. In the pharmacotherapy of AD, the mitochondrial protective activity of Exendin-4 in experimental studies is yet to be established though its effectiveness is demonstrated in these patients. Therefore, the mitochondria protective activity of Exendin-4 (5 μg/kg, i.p.) was investigated in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) of AD-like animals. The amyloid beta (Aβ) was injected through bilateral intracerebroventricular route into lateral ventricles to induce AD-like manifestations in the male rats. Exendin-4 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced memory-deficits in the Morris water maze and Y-maze test protocols. Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the level of Aβ in both brain regions. Exendin-4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in acetylcholine level and activity of cholineacetyl transferase in all brain regions. Moreover, Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the activity of acetylcholinestrase in both the brain regions. E4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in mitochondrial function, integrity, respiratory control rate and ADP/O in all brain regions. Further, Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the mitochondrial complex enzyme-I, IV and V activities in all brain regions. Furthermore, Exendin-4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in the level of phosphorylated Akt and the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to Akt in both brain regions. However, LY294002 diminished the therapeutic effects of Exendin-4 on behavioral, biochemical and molecular observations in AD-like animals. Pearson's analysis showed that the attributes of mitochondrial dysfunction (MMP and RCR) exhibited significant correlation to the loss in memory formation, level of Aβ and cholinergic dysfunction in these animals. Thus, it can be speculated that Exendin-4 may mitigate AD-like manifestations including mitochondrial toxicity perhaps through PI3K/Akt-mediated pathway in the experimental animals. Hence, Exendin-4 could be a potential therapeutic alternative candidate in the management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India.
| | - Jaya Verma
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Illes P, Rubini P, Huang L, Tang Y. The P2X7 receptor: a new therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:165-176. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1575811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Lumei Huang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, di Lauro C, Bianchi C, Díaz-Hernández M. Nucleotides regulate the common molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases; Therapeutic implications. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:84-91. [PMID: 30721769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal function which results in neuronal death. Although a specific toxic factor has been identified for each ND, all of them share common pathological molecular mechanisms favouring the disease development. In the final stages of ND, patients become unable to take care of themselves and decline to a total functional incapacitation that leads to their death. Some of the main factors which contribute to the disease progression include proteasomal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic alterations, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Over recent years, evidence has been accumulated to suggest that purinergic signaling plays a key role in the aforementioned molecular pathways. In this review, we revise the implications of the purinergic signaling in the common molecular mechanism underlying the ND. In particular, we focus on the role of the purinergic receptors P2X7, P2Y2 and the ectoenzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Inhibitors of NF-κB and P2X7/NLRP3/Caspase 1 pathway in microglia: Novel therapeutic opportunities in neuroinflammation induced early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 326:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
49
|
Martínez-Frailes C, Di Lauro C, Bianchi C, de Diego-García L, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Boscá L, Díaz-Hernández M. Amyloid Peptide Induced Neuroinflammation Increases the P2X7 Receptor Expression in Microglial Cells, Impacting on Its Functionality. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:143. [PMID: 31031598 PMCID: PMC6474397 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Previous works have revealed that extracellular ATP, through its selective receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), is essential to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. P2X7R is upregulated on microglial cells around the senile plaques. This upregulation progressively rises with age and is parallel with an accumulation of senile plaques and also correlates with the synaptic toxicity detected both in animal models reproducing AD and human patients of AD. Furthermore, the late onset of the first AD-associated symptoms suggests that aging associated-changes may be relevant to the disease progression. Thus, microglia motility and its capacity to respond to exogenous ATP stimulus decrease with aging. To evaluate whether the P2X7R age related-changes on microglia cells may be relevant to the AD progression, we generated a new transgenic mouse model crossing an Aβ peptide mouse model, J20 mice and the P2X7R reporter mice P2X7REGFP. Our results indicate that neuroinflammation induced by Aβ peptide causes changes in the P2X7R distribution pattern, increasing it s expression in microglial cells at advanced and late stages, when microgliosis occurs, but not in the early stages, in the absence of microgliosis. In addition, we found that P2X7R activation promotes microglial cells migration to senile plaques but decreases their phagocytic capacity. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of P2X7R transcription on neuronal cells at the early and advanced stages, but not at the late stages. Since previous studies have reported that either pharmacological inhibition or selective downregulation of P2X7R significantly improve behavioral alterations and reduce the incidence and size of senile plaques in the early and advanced stages of AD, the results presented here provide new evidence, indicating that this therapeutic approach could be also efficient in the late stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Frailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Díaz-Hernández,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Regulation of P2X7 receptor expression and function in the brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:153-163. [PMID: 30593878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of its prominent role in driving inflammatory processes, the ATP-gated purinergic P2X7 receptor has attracted much attention over the past decade as a potential therapeutic target for numerous human conditions, particularly diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease), psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and depression) and the neurological disease, epilepsy. Evidence stems from studies using experimental models and patient tissue showing changes in P2X7 expression and function under pathological conditions and beneficial effects provided by P2X7 antagonism. Apart from promoting neuroinflammation, P2X7, however, also impacts on other pathological processes in the brain, including cell death, hyperexcitability, changes in neurotransmitter release and neurogenesis. Reports also suggest a role for P2X7 in the maintenance of blood-brain-barrier integrity. It therefore comes as no surprise that the regulation of P2X7 expression and function is complex, providing tight control on P2X7 activation. Much progress has been made in understanding how P2X7 is regulated during physiological and pathological conditions and what the consequences are of pathological P2X7 expression and function. Regulatory mechanisms altering P2X7 expression include transcriptional and post-translational regulation including nucleotide polymorphisms, promoter regulation via DNA methylation, transcription factors (e.g. Sp1 and HIF-1α), the generation of different splice variants and receptor phosphorylation, glycosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, more recently, reports have also shown P2X7-targeting by microRNAs, blocking P2X7 translation into functional proteins. The present review provides a broad overview of what is known to-date about the complex regulation of P2X7 expression with a particular emphasis on the brain and how each of these regulatory mechanisms impacts on receptor function and pathology.
Collapse
|