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Lapusan R, Borlan R, Focsan M. Advancing MRI with magnetic nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of translational research and clinical trials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2234-2259. [PMID: 38694462 PMCID: PMC11059564 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The nexus of advanced technology and medical therapeutics has ushered in a transformative epoch in contemporary medicine. Within this arena, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) emerges as a paramount tool, intertwining the advancements of technology with the art of healing. MRI's pivotal role is evident in its broad applicability, spanning from neurological diseases, soft-tissue and tumour characterization, to many more applications. Though already foundational, aspirations remain to further enhance MRI's capabilities. A significant avenue under exploration is the incorporation of innovative nanotechnological contrast agents. Forefront among these are Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), recognized for their adaptability and safety profile. SPION's intrinsic malleability allows them to be tailored for improved biocompatibility, while their functionality is further broadened when equipped with specific targeting molecules. Yet, the path to optimization is not devoid of challenges, from renal clearance concerns to potential side effects stemming from iron overload. This review endeavors to map the intricate journey of SPIONs as MRI contrast agents, offering a chronological perspective of their evolution and deployment. We provide an in-depth current outline of the most representative and impactful pre-clinical and clinical studies centered on the integration of SPIONs in MRI, tracing their trajectory from foundational research to contemporary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Lapusan
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Raluca Borlan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Monica Focsan
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
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2
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Goodman GW, Do TH, Tan C, Ritzel RM. Drivers of Chronic Pathology Following Ischemic Stroke: A Descriptive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:7. [PMID: 38112809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and long-term disability in the world. Considered largely a disease of aging, its global economic and healthcare burden is expected to rise as more people survive into advanced age. With recent advances in acute stroke management, including the expansion of time windows for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, we are likely to see an increase in survival rates. It is therefore critically important to understand the complete pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, both in the acute and subacute stages and during the chronic phase in the months and years following an ischemic event. One of the most clinically relevant aspects of the chronic sequelae of stroke is its extended negative effect on cognition. Cognitive impairment may be related to the deterioration and dysfunctional reorganization of white matter seen at later timepoints after stroke, as well as ongoing progressive neurodegeneration. The vasculature of the brain also undergoes significant insult and remodeling following stroke, undergoing changes which may further contribute to chronic stroke pathology. While inflammation and the immune response are well established drivers of acute stroke pathology, the chronicity and functional role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the post-ischemic brain and in the peripheral environment remain largely uncharacterized. In this review, we summarize the current literature on post-stroke injury progression, its chronic pathological features, and the putative secondary injury mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. We present findings from clinical and experimental studies and discuss the long-term effects of ischemic stroke on both brain anatomy and functional outcome. Identifying mechanisms that occur months to years after injury could lead to treatment strategies in the chronic phase of stroke to help mitigate stroke-associated cognitive decline in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Goodman
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trang H Do
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Myers SJ, Agapova V, Patel SV, Hayes SH, Sposato LA, Allman BL, Whitehead SN. Acute minocycline treatment inhibits microglia activation, reduces infarct volume, and has domain-specific effects on post-ischemic stroke cognition in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 455:114680. [PMID: 37742808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke affects millions of individuals worldwide and a high prevalence of survivors experience cognitive deficits. At present, the underlying mechanisms that drive post-stroke cognitive decline are not well understood. Microglia play a critical role in the post-stroke inflammatory response, but experimental studies show that an accumulation of chronically activated microglia can be harmful and associates with cognitive impairment. This study assessed the effect of acute post-stroke minocycline treatment on chronic microglia and astrocyte expression within the infarct and remote white matter regions, as well as its effect on various domains of cognitive function post-stroke. Nine-month-old male rats received an injection of endothelin-1 into the right dorsal striatum to induce transient focal ischemia, and then were treated with minocycline or saline for 4 days post-stroke. Rats were tested using a series of lever-pressing tasks and the Morris water maze to assess striatal-based learning, cognitive flexibility, and spatial learning and reference memory. We found that minocycline-treated rats had smaller stroke-induced infarcts and less microglia activation in the infarct area and remote white matter regions compared to saline-treated rats at 28 days post-stroke. The behavioural testing results differed according to the cognitive domain; whereas minocycline-treated rats trended towards improved striatal-based learning in a lever-pressing task, but cognitive flexibility was unaffected during the subsequent set-shifting task. Furthermore, minocycline treatment unexpectedly impaired spatial learning, yet it did not alter reference memory. Collectively, we show that post-stroke minocycline treatment can reduce chronic microglia activation even in remote brain regions, with domain-specific effects on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Myers
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - V Agapova
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S V Patel
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S H Hayes
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - L A Sposato
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - B L Allman
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - S N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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4
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Cheng HLM. A primer on in vivo cell tracking using MRI. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1193459. [PMID: 37324153 PMCID: PMC10264782 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a collection of multiple advantages over other imaging modalities, including high spatial resolution, unlimited depth penetration, 3D visualization, lack of ionizing radiation, and the potential for long-term cell monitoring. Three decades of innovation in both contrast agent chemistry and imaging physics have built an expansive array of probes and methods to track cells non-invasively across a diverse range of applications. In this review, we describe both established and emerging MRI cell tracking approaches and the variety of mechanisms available for contrast generation. Emphasis is given to the advantages, practical limitations, and persistent challenges of each approach, incorporating quantitative comparisons where possible. Toward the end of this review, we take a deeper dive into three key application areas - tracking cancer metastasis, immunotherapy for cancer, and stem cell regeneration - and discuss the cell tracking techniques most suitable to each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Wang Z, Song Y, Bai S, Xiang W, Zhou X, Han L, Zhu D, Guan Y. Imaging of microglia in post-stroke inflammation. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 118-119:108336. [PMID: 37028196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia constantly survey the central nervous system microenvironment and maintain brain homeostasis. Microglia activation, polarization and inflammatory response are of great importance in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. For exploring biochemical processes in vivo, positron emission tomography (PET) is a superior imaging tool. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is a validated neuroinflammatory biomarker which is widely used to evaluate various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies in both preclinical and clinical studies. TSPO level can be elevated due to peripheral inflammatory cells infiltration and glial cells activation. Therefore, a clear understanding of the dynamic changes between microglia and TSPO is critical for interpreting PET studies and understanding the pathophysiology after ischemic stroke. Our review discusses alternative biological targets that have attracted considerable interest for the imaging of microglia activation in recent years, and the potential value of imaging of microglia in the assessment of stroke therapies.
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Roseborough AD, Myers SJ, Khazaee R, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Iorio E, Elahi FM, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN. Plasma derived extracellular vesicle biomarkers of microglia activation in an experimental stroke model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:20. [PMID: 36721258 PMCID: PMC9890769 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglia activation post-stroke is associated with worse neurological and cognitive outcomes. However, measurement of microglia activation in vivo is currently limited. Plasma derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-specific indicators that may allow for non-invasive measurement of microglia phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify activation-state specific microglia EVs (MEVs) in vitro followed by validation in an experimental stroke model. Following pro-inflammatory activation, MEVs contain the microglia protein TMEM119 alongside increased expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 co-receptor CD14. Immunoprecipitation followed by fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis (ONI Nanoimager) was used to confirm the isolation of TMEM119+/CD14+ EVs from rat plasma. Electron microscopy confirmed that TMEM119 and CD14 localize to the MEV membrane. To model ischemia, plasma was collected from 3-month wildtype Fischer344 rats prior to, 7 and 28 days after endothelin-1 or saline injection into the dorsal right striatum. Fluorescently labelled MEVs were directly measured in the plasma using nanoflow cytometry (Apogee A60 Microplus). We report a significant increase in circulating TMEM119+/CD14+ EVs 28-days post-stroke in comparison to baseline levels and saline-injected rats, which correlated weakly with stroke volume. TMEM119+/MHC-II+ EVs were also increased post-stroke in comparison to baseline and saline-injected animals. This study is the first to describe an EV biomarker of activated microglia detected directly in plasma following stroke and represents a future tool for the measurement of microglia activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Roseborough
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - S. J. Myers
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - R. Khazaee
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Biotron Integrated Microscopy Facility, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Deparment of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Y. Zhu
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - L. Zhao
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - E. Iorio
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - F. M. Elahi
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada
| | - S. H. Pasternak
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada
| | - S. N. Whitehead
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
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Walter HL, Pikhovych A, Endepols H, Rotthues S, Bärmann J, Backes H, Hoehn M, Wiedermann D, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Rüger MA, Schroeter M. Transcranial-Direct-Current-Stimulation Accelerates Motor Recovery After Cortical Infarction in Mice: The Interplay of Structural Cellular Responses and Functional Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:701-714. [PMID: 36124996 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promotes recovery after stroke in humans. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated. Animal models suggest tDCS effects on neuroinflammation, stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we employed tDCS in the subacute and chronic phase after experimental focal cerebral ischemia in mice to explore the relationship between functional recovery and cellular processes. METHODS Mice received photothrombosis in the right motor cortex, verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A composite neuroscore quantified subsequent functional deficits. Mice received tDCS daily: either 5 sessions from day 5 to 9, or 10 sessions with days 12 to 16 in addition. TDCS with anodal or cathodal polarity was compared to sham stimulation. Further imaging to assess proliferation and neuroinflammation was performed by immunohistochemistry at different time points and Positron Emission Tomography at the end of the observation time of 3 weeks. RESULTS Cathodal tDCS at 198 kC/m2 (220 A/m2) between days 5 and 9 accelerated functional recovery, increased neurogenesis, decreased microglial activation, and mitigated CD16/32-expression associated with M1-phenotype. Anodal tDCS exerted similar effects on neurogenesis and microglial polarization but not on recovery of function or microglial activation. TDCS on days 12 to 16 after stroke did not induce any further effects, suggesting that the therapeutic time window was closed by then. CONCLUSION Overall, data suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation by tDCS impacts neurogenesis and microglial activation as critical cellular processes influencing functional recovery during the early phase of regeneration from focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Rotthues
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Bärmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rüger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Van Camp N, Lavisse S, Roost P, Gubinelli F, Hillmer A, Boutin H. TSPO imaging in animal models of brain diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:77-109. [PMID: 34245328 PMCID: PMC8712305 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the 18-kDa TSPO protein has been considered as the PET imaging biomarker of reference to measure increased neuroinflammation. Generally assumed to image activated microglia, TSPO has also been detected in endothelial cells and activated astrocytes. Here, we provide an exhaustive overview of the recent literature on the TSPO-PET imaging (i) in the search and development of new TSPO tracers and (ii) in the understanding of acute and chronic neuroinflammation in animal models of neurological disorders. Generally, studies testing new TSPO radiotracers against the prototypic [11C]-R-PK11195 or more recent competitors use models of acute focal neuroinflammation (e.g. stroke or lipopolysaccharide injection). These studies have led to the development of over 60 new tracers during the last 15 years. These studies highlighted that interpretation of TSPO-PET is easier in acute models of focal lesions, whereas in chronic models with lower or diffuse microglial activation, such as models of Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, TSPO quantification for detection of neuroinflammation is more challenging, mirroring what is observed in clinic. Moreover, technical limitations of preclinical scanners provide a drawback when studying modest neuroinflammation in small brains (e.g. in mice). Overall, this review underlines the value of TSPO imaging to study the time course or response to treatment of neuroinflammation in acute or chronic models of diseases. As such, TSPO remains the gold standard biomarker reference for neuroinflammation, waiting for new radioligands for other, more specific targets for neuroinflammatory processes and/or immune cells to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Van Camp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sonia Lavisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Roost
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ansel Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, M20 3LJ, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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A pilot [ 11C]PBR28 PET/MRI study of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in chronic stroke patients. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 17:100336. [PMID: 34589819 PMCID: PMC8474408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs in response to acute ischemic stroke, and has been speculated to underlie secondary poststroke pathologies, such as depression, that often develop over time poststroke. However, no study has examined whether neuroinflammation is present in chronic stroke patients (e.g., ≥ 1 year poststroke). This study tested whether neuroinflammation is present in chronic stroke patients, and is associated with neurodegeneration, using [11C]PBR28 PET and diffusion MRI. Eight patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke incurred 1–3 years prior and 16 healthy controls underwent [11C]PBR28 PET to measure glial activation and diffusion MRI to measure microstructural integrity by mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) using an integrated PET/MRI scanner. Group differences in [11C]PBR28 binding, MD and FA were analyzed voxelwise across the whole brain excluding the infarct zone defined as voxels containing the infarct in any patient. Compared to controls, patients showed elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding in several brain regions outside the infarct zone, including regions with presumed direct neuroanatomical connections to the infarct (e.g., ipsilesional internal capsule and thalamus) and those without known direct connections (e.g., contralesional thalamus and cingulate gyrus). Patients also showed widespread elevations in MD, with a subset of these regions having reduced FA. In patients, MD was more elevated in regions with co-localized elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding than in contralateral regions without elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding. This pilot study supports the presence of extensive glial activation along with widespread loss in microstructural integrity in non-infarcted tissue in a cohort of patients with chronic MCA stroke. The loss in microstructural integrity was greater in regions with co-localized glial activation. It is possible that stroke risk factors (e.g., hypertension) contributed to these tissue changes in patients. Chronic neuroinflammation speculated to underlie secondary poststroke pathologies such as depression. Measured neuroinflammation in chronic stroke patients using [11C]PBR28 PET. First study showing extensive neuroinflammation in non-infarcted tissue in chronic stroke patients.
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Guan Y, Yao W, Yi K, Zheng C, Lv S, Tao Y, Hei Z, Li M. Nanotheranostics for the Management of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007727. [PMID: 33852769 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), in which an insufficient oxygen supply followed by reperfusion leads to an inflammatory network and oxidative stress in disease tissue to cause cell death, always occurs after liver transplantations and sections. Although pharmacological treatments favorably prevent or protect the liver against experimental IRI, there have been few successes in clinical applications for patient benefits because of the incomprehension of complicated IRI-induced signaling events as well as short blood circulation time, poor solubility, and severe side reactions of most antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. Nanomaterials can achieve targeted delivery and controllable release of contrast agents and therapeutic drugs in desired hepatic IRI regions for enhanced imaging sensitivity and improved therapeutic effects, emerging as novel alternative approaches for hepatic IRI diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the application of nanotechnology is summarized in the management of hepatic IRI, including nanomaterial-assisted hepatic IRI diagnosis, nanoparticulate systems-mediated remission of reactive oxygen species-induced tissue injury, and nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems for the alleviation of IRI-related inflammation. The current challenges and future perspectives of these nanoenabled strategies for hepatic IRI treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chunxiong Zheng
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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Ding KQ, Lai ZH, Zhang Y, Yang GY, He JR, Zeng LL. Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio is Associated with Depression 3 Months After Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:835-845. [PMID: 33776439 PMCID: PMC7989958 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s299462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the relationship between the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and depression three months after acute ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS From May 2013 to September 2014, 203 patients with acute ischemic stroke were recruited within 7 days post-stroke from Shanghai Ruijin Hospital and blood samples were collected after admission. The Hamilton Depression Scale and Clinical Review were evaluated at 3 months after stroke. Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV diagnostic criteria, we divided patients into post-stroke depression (PSD) and non-PSD groups. We analyzed the intergroup difference in MLR and the contributing factors. Moreover, dynamic changes in monocytes, lymphocytes and MLR at four different time intervals for all the stroke patients and their relationship with PSD patients were also studied. RESULTS The NIHSS scores and MLR in the PSD group were significantly higher than in the non-PSD group (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed MLR was an independent risk factor for PSD (odds ratio: 18.020, 95% confidence interval: 1.127‒288.195, p=0.041). MLR correlated negatively with cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.160 and -0.165, respectively, p<0.05). Within 7 days post-acute ischemic stroke, monocytes gradually increased while lymphocytes remained unchanged for all the stroke patients. The MLR value was significantly higher in the PSD group than in the non-PSD group within 24 h post-stroke (p<0.05), but there was no difference in the other three time-intervals between the two groups. CONCLUSION The admission MLR, particularly within 24 h post-stroke, was associated with PSD at 3 months, implying that the MLR might be involved in the PSD inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qi Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Rong He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital/Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Blaschke SJ, Demir S, König A, Abraham JA, Vay SU, Rabenstein M, Olschewski DN, Hoffmann C, Hoffmann M, Hersch N, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Substrate Elasticity Exerts Functional Effects on Primary Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590500. [PMID: 33250714 PMCID: PMC7674555 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-the brain's primary immune cells-exert a tightly regulated cascade of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects upon brain pathology, either promoting regeneration or neurodegeneration. Therefore, harnessing microglia emerges as a potential therapeutic concept in neurological research. Recent studies suggest that-besides being affected by chemokines and cytokines-various cell entities in the brain relevantly respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. For example, we lately reported considerable effects of elasticity on neural stem cells, regarding quiescence and differentiation potential. However, the effects of elasticity on microglia remain to be explored.Under the hypothesis that the elasticity of the microenvironment affects key characteristics and functions of microglia, we established an in vitro model of primary rat microglia grown in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer-based cell culture system. This way, we simulated the brain's physiological elasticity range and compared it to supraphysiological stiffer PDMS controls. We assessed functional parameters of microglia under "resting" conditions, as well as when polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) by interleukin-4 (IL-4). Microglia viability was unimpaired on soft substrates, but we found various significant effects with a more than two-fold increase in microglia proliferation on soft substrate elasticities mimicking the brain (relative to PDMS controls). Furthermore, soft substrates promoted the expression of the activation marker vimentin in microglia. Moreover, the M2-marker CD206 was upregulated in parallel to an increase in the secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). The upregulation of CD206 was abolished by blockage of stretch-dependent chloride channels. Our data suggest that the cultivation of microglia on substrates of brain-like elasticity promotes a basic anti-inflammatory activation state via stretch-dependent chloride channels. The results highlight the significance of the omnipresent but mostly overlooked mechanobiological effects exerted on microglia and contribute to a better understanding of the complex spatial and temporal interactions between microglia, neural stem cells, and glia, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Seda Demir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna König
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel N Olschewski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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13
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Schreiber R, Hollands R, Blokland A. A Mechanistic Rationale for PDE-4 Inhibitors to Treat Residual Cognitive Deficits in Acquired Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:188-201. [PMID: 31660837 PMCID: PMC7327948 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191010103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) suffer from cognitive deficits that interfere significantly with their daily lives. These deficits are long-lasting and no treatment options are available. A better understanding of the mechanistic basis for these cognitive deficits is needed to develop novel treatments. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels are decreased in ABI. Herein, we focus on augmentation of cAMP by PDE4 inhibitors and the potentially synergistic mechanisms in traumatic brain injury. A major acute pathophysiological event in ABI is the breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Intracellular cAMP pathways are involved in the subsequent emergence of edema, inflammation and hyperexcitability. We propose that PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast can improve cognition by modulation of the activity in the cAMP-Phosphokinase A-Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) inflammation pathway. In addition, PDE4 inhibitors can also directly enhance network plasticity and attenuate degenerative processes and cognitive dysfunction by increasing activity of the canonical cAMP/phosphokinase-A/cAMP Responsive Element Binding protein (cAMP/PKA/CREB) plasticity pathway. Doublecourtin and microtubule-associated protein 2 are generated following activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and are decreased or even absent after injury. Both proteins are involved in neuronal plasticity and may consist of viable markers to track these processes. It is concluded that PDE4 inhibitors may consist of a novel class of drugs for the treatment of residual symptoms in ABI attenuating the pathophysiological consequences of a BBB breakdown by their anti-inflammatory actions via the cAMP/PKA/RAC1 pathway and by increasing synaptic plasticity via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Roflumilast improves cognition in young and elderly humans and would be an excellent candidate for a proof of concept study in ABI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Schreiber
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Romain Hollands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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14
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Mazibuko N, Tuura RO, Sztriha L, O’Daly O, Barker GJ, Williams SCR, O’Sullivan M, Kalra L. Subacute Changes in N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) Following Ischemic Stroke: A Serial MR Spectroscopy Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070482. [PMID: 32708540 PMCID: PMC7399797 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Preservation of neuronal tissue is crucial for recovery after stroke, but studies suggest that prolonged neuronal loss occurs following acute ischaemia. This study assessed the temporal pattern of neuronal loss in subacute ischemic stroke patients using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in parallel with functional recovery at 2, 6 and 12 weeks after stroke. Specifically, we measured N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, myoinositol, creatine and lactate concentrations in the ipsilesional and contralesional thalamus of 15 first-ever acute ischaemic stroke patients and 15 control participants and correlated MRS concentrations with motor recovery, measured at 12 weeks using the Fugl-Meyer scale. NAA in the ipsilesional thalamus fell significantly between 2 and 12 weeks (10.0 to 7.97 mmol/L, p = 0.003), while choline, myoinositol and lactate concentrations increased (p = 0.025, p = 0.031, p = 0.001, respectively). Higher NAA concentrations in the ipsilesional thalamus at 2 and 12 weeks correlated with higher Fugl Meyer scores at 12 weeks (p = 0.004 and p = 0.006, respectively). While these results should be considered preliminary given the modest sample size, the progressive fall in NAA and late increases in choline, myoinositol and lactate may indicate progressive non-ischaemic neuronal loss, metabolically depressed neurons and/or diaschisis effects, which have a detrimental effect on motor recovery. Interventions that can potentially limit this ongoing subacute tissue damage may improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndaba Mazibuko
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (N.M.); (L.S.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Ruth O’Gorman Tuura
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
- Center for MR Research, Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesenstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Laszlo Sztriha
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (N.M.); (L.S.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Owen O’Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Michael O’Sullivan
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK (G.J.B.); (S.C.R.W.); (M.O.)
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Lalit Kalra
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (N.M.); (L.S.); (L.K.)
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15
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Vay SU, Flitsch LJ, Rabenstein M, Monière H, Jakovcevski I, Andjus P, Bijelic D, Blaschke S, Walter HL, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The impact of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and voltage-gated potassium KCNQ/Kv7 channels on primary microglia function. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:100. [PMID: 32248813 PMCID: PMC7132998 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are essential to maintain cell homeostasis in the healthy brain and are activated after brain injury. Upon activation, microglia polarize towards different phenotypes. The course of microglia activation is complex and depends on signals in the surrounding milieu. Recently, it has been suggested that microglia respond to ion currents, as a way of regulating their activity and function. Methods and results Under the hypothesis that HCN and KCNQ/Kv7 channels impact on microglia, we studied primary rat microglia in the presence or absence of specific pharmacological blockade or RNA silencing. Primary microglia expressed the subunits HCN1-4, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5. The expression of HCN2, as well as Kv7.2 and Kv7.3, varied among different microglia phenotypes. The pharmacological blockade of HCN channels by ZD7288 resulted in cell depolarization with slowly rising intracellular calcium levels, leading to enhanced survival and reduced proliferation rates of resting microglia. Furthermore, ZD7288 treatment, as well as knockdown of HCN2 RNA by small interfering RNA, resulted in an attenuation of later microglia activation—both towards the anti- and pro-inflammatory phenotype. However, HCN channel inhibition enhanced the phagocytic capacity of IL4-stimulated microglia. Blockade of Kv7/KCNQ channel by XE-991 exclusively inhibited the migratory capacity of resting microglia. Conclusion These observations suggest that the HCN current contributes to various microglia functions and impacts on the course of microglia activation, while the Kv7/KCNQ channels affect microglia migration. Characterizing the role of HCN channels in microglial functioning may offer new therapeutic approaches for targeted modulation of neuroinflammation as a hallmark of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helena Monière
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institute for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy-CLM, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Bijelic
- Center for Laser Microscopy-CLM, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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16
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A Reproducible New Model of Focal Ischemic Injury in the Marmoset Monkey: MRI and Behavioural Follow-Up. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:98-111. [PMID: 32249405 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke mostly affects the primary motor cortex and descending motor fibres, with consequent motor impairment. Pre-clinical models of stroke with reproducible and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits in higher-order animals are lacking. We describe a new method to induce focal brain damage targeting the motor cortex to study damage to the descending motor tracts in the non-human primate. Stereotaxic injection of malonate into the primary motor cortex produced a focal lesion in middle-aged marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Assessment of sensorimotor function using a neurological scale and testing of forelimb dexterity and strength lasted a minimum of 12 weeks. Lesion evolution was followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 h, 1 week, 4 and 12 weeks post-injury and before sacrifice for immunohistochemistry. Our model produced consistent lesions of the motor cortex, subcortical white matter and caudate nucleus. All animals displayed partial spontaneous recovery with long lasting motor deficits of force (54% loss) and dexterity (≈ 70% loss). Clearly visible T2 hypointensity in the white matter was observed with MRI and corresponded to areas of chronic gliosis in the internal capsule and lenticular fasciculus. We describe a straightforward procedure to reproducibly injure the motor cortex in the marmoset monkey, causing long-lasting motor deficits. The MRI signature reflects Wallerian degeneration and remote injury of corticospinal and corticopontine tracts, as well as subcortical motor loops. Our model may be suitable for the testing of therapies for post-stroke recovery, particularly in the chronic phase.
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17
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Yamagishi S, Iga Y, Nakamura M, Takizawa C, Fukumoto D, Kakiuchi T, Nishiyama S, Ohba H, Tsukada H, Sato K, Ouchi Y. Upregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 2, but not TSPO, in senescence-accelerated neuroinflammation in mice: a positron emission tomography study. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:208. [PMID: 31707986 PMCID: PMC6842455 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial cells are activated in response to changes in brain homeostasis during aging, dementia, and stroke. Type 2 endocannabinoid receptors (CB2) and translocator protein 18 kD (TSPO) are considered to reflect distinct aspects of microglia-related neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. CB2 activation is considered to relate to the neuroprotective responses that may occur predominantly in the early stage of brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, while an increase in TSPO expression tends to occur later during neuroinflammation, in a proinflammatory fashion. However, this information was deduced from studies with different animal samples under different experimental settings. In this study, we aimed to examine the early microglial status in the inflammation occurring in the brains of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 10 (SAMP10) mice, using positron emission tomography (PET) with CB2 and TSPO tracers, together with immunohistochemistry. METHODS Five- and 15-week-old SAMP10 mice that undergo neurodegeneration after 7 months of age were used. The binding levels of the TSPO tracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 and CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 were measured using PET in combination with immunohistochemistry for CB2 and TSPO. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report PET data for CB2 and TSPO at the early stage of cognitive impairment in an animal model. RESULTS The standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) of [11C]NE40 binding were significantly higher than those of (R)-[11C]PK11195 binding in the cerebral cortical region at 15 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, the [11C]NE40 SUVR tended to be higher than the (R)-[11C]PK11195 SUVR. The (R)-[11C]PK11195 SUVR did not significantly differ between 5- and 15-week-old mice. Consistently, immunostaining analysis confirmed the upregulation of CB2, but not TSPO. CONCLUSIONS The use of the CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 and/or an immunohistochemical approach allows evaluation of the role of microglia in acute neuroinflammatory processes in the early stage of neurodegeneration. The present results provide in vivo evidence of different responses of two types of microglia to senescence-accelerated neuroinflammation, implying the perturbation of microglial balance by aging. Specific treatment for CB2-positive microglia might help ameliorate senescence-related neuroinflammation and the following neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamagishi
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yurika Iga
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Chika Takizawa
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Dai Fukumoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
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18
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Shi K, Tian DC, Li ZG, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi FD. Global brain inflammation in stroke. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:1058-1066. [PMID: 31296369 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, including acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage, results in neuronal cell death and the release of factors such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that elicit localised inflammation in the injured brain region. Such focal brain inflammation aggravates secondary brain injury by exacerbating blood-brain barrier damage, microvascular failure, brain oedema, oxidative stress, and by directly inducing neuronal cell death. In addition to inflammation localised to the injured brain region, a growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory responses after a stroke occur and persist throughout the entire brain. Global brain inflammation might continuously shape the evolving pathology after a stroke and affect the patients' long-term neurological outcome. Future efforts towards understanding the mechanisms governing the emergence of so-called global brain inflammation would facilitate modulation of this inflammation as a potential therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibin Shi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - De-Cai Tian
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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19
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Ghadery C, Best LA, Pavese N, Tai YF, Strafella AP. PET Evaluation of Microglial Activation in Non-neurodegenerative Brain Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:38. [PMID: 31139952 PMCID: PMC6538572 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Microglial cell activation is an important component of neuroinflammation, and it is generally well accepted that chronic microglial activation is indicative of accumulating tissue damage in neurodegenerative conditions, particularly in the earlier stages of disease. Until recently, there has been less focus on the role of neuroinflammation in other forms of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Through this review, we hope to demonstrate the important role TSPO PET imaging has played in illuminating the pivotal role of neuroinflammation and microglial activation underpinning these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS TSPO is an 18 kDa protein found on the outer membrane of mitochondria and can act as a marker of microglial activation using nuclear imaging. Through the development of radiopharmaceuticals targeting TSPO, researchers have been able to better characterise the spatial-temporal evolution of chronic neurological conditions, ranging from the focal autoimmune reactions seen in multiple sclerosis to the Wallerian degeneration at remote parts of the brain months following acute cerebral infarction. Development of novel techniques to investigate neuroinflammation within the central nervous system, for the purposes of diagnosis and therapeutics, has flourished over the past few decades. TSPO has proven itself a robust and sensitive biomarker of microglial activation and neuroimaging affords a minimally invasive technique to characterise neuroinflammatory processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ghadery
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorder Unit, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A Best
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- PET centre, University of Aarhus Denmark, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yen Foung Tai
- Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorder Unit, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Vay SU, Flitsch LJ, Rabenstein M, Rogall R, Blaschke S, Kleinhaus J, Reinert N, Bach A, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The plasticity of primary microglia and their multifaceted effects on endogenous neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:226. [PMID: 30103769 PMCID: PMC6090672 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia—the resident immune cells of the brain—are activated after brain lesions, e.g., cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic “M1” pro-inflammatory or an alternative “M2” anti-inflammatory phenotype following characteristic temporo-spatial patterns, contributing either to secondary tissue damage or to regenerative responses. They closely interact with endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in distinct niches of the adult brain. The current study aimed at elucidating the dynamics of microglia polarization and their differential effects on NSC function. Results Primary rat microglia in vitro were polarized towards a M1 phenotype by LPS, or to a M2 phenotype by IL4, while simultaneous exposure to LPS plus IL4 resulted in a hybrid phenotype expressing both M1- and M2-characteristic markers. M2 microglia migrated less but exhibit higher phagocytic activity than M1 microglia. Defined mediators switched microglia from one polarization state to the other, a process more effective when transforming M2 microglia towards M1 than vice versa. Polarized microglia had differential effects on the differentiation potential of NSCs in vitro and in vivo, with M1 microglia promoting astrocytogenesis, while M2 microglia supported neurogenesis. Regardless of their polarization, microglia inhibited NSC proliferation, increased NSC migration, and accelerated NSC differentiation. Conclusion Overall, this study shed light on the complex conditions governing microglia polarization and the effects of differentially polarized microglia on critical functions of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. Refining the understanding of microglia activation and their modulatory effects on NSCs is likely to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic concepts supporting the innate regenerative capacity of the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Judith Kleinhaus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Noémie Reinert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Bach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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21
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Chaney A, Cropper HC, Johnson EM, Lechtenberg KJ, Peterson TC, Stevens MY, Buckwalter MS, James ML. 11C-DPA-713 Versus 18F-GE-180: A Preclinical Comparison of Translocator Protein 18 kDa PET Tracers to Visualize Acute and Chronic Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:122-128. [PMID: 29976695 PMCID: PMC6354224 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.209155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in neuronal injury after ischemic stroke. PET imaging of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) permits longitudinal, noninvasive visualization of neuroinflammation in both preclinical and clinical settings. Many TSPO tracers have been developed, however, it is unclear which tracer is the most sensitive and accurate for monitoring the in vivo spatiotemporal dynamics of neuroinflammation across applications. Hence, there is a need for head-to-head comparisons of promising TSPO PET tracers across different disease states. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to directly compare 2 promising second-generation TSPO tracers, 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180, for the first time at acute and chronic time points after ischemic stroke. Methods: After distal middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery, mice underwent consecutive PET/CT imaging with 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180 at 2, 6, and 28 d after stroke. T2-weighted MR images were acquired to enable delineation of ipsilateral (infarct) and contralateral brain regions of interest (ROIs). PET/CT images were analyzed by calculating percentage injected dose per gram in MR-guided ROIs. SUV ratios were determined using the contralateral thalamus (SUVTh) as a pseudoreference region. Ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify in vivo findings. Results: Significantly increased tracer uptake was observed in the ipsilateral compared with contralateral ROI (SUVTh, 50-60 min summed data) at acute and chronic time points using 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180. Ex vivo autoradiography confirmed in vivo findings demonstrating increased TSPO tracer uptake in infarcted versus contralateral brain tissue. Importantly, a significant correlation was identified between microglial/macrophage activation (cluster of differentiation 68 immunostaining) and 11C-DPA-713- PET signal, which was not evident with 18F-GE-180. No significant correlations were observed between TSPO PET and activated astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining). Conclusion: 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180 PET enable detection of neuroinflammation at acute and chronic time points after cerebral ischemia in mice. 11C-DPA-713 PET reflects the extent of microglial activation in infarcted distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse brain tissue more accurately than 18F-GE-180 and appears to be slightly more sensitive. These results highlight the potential of 11C-DPA-713 for tracking microglial activation in vivo after stroke and warrant further investigation in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Haley C Cropper
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Emily M Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Kendra J Lechtenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
| | - Marc Y Stevens
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
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Nih LR, Gojgini S, Carmichael ST, Segura T. Dual-function injectable angiogenic biomaterial for the repair of brain tissue following stroke. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:642-651. [PMID: 29784996 PMCID: PMC6019573 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the primary cause of disability due to the brain's limited ability to regenerate damaged tissue. After stroke, an increased inflammatory and immune response coupled with severely limited angiogenesis and neuronal growth results in a stroke cavity devoid of normal brain tissue. In the adult, therapeutic angiogenic materials have been used to repair ischaemic tissues through the formation of vascular networks. However, whether a therapeutic angiogenic material can regenerate brain tissue and promote neural repair is poorly understood. Here we show that the delivery of an engineered immune-modulating angiogenic biomaterial directly to the stroke cavity promotes tissue formation de novo, and results in axonal networks along thee generated blood vessels. This regenerated tissue produces functional recovery through the established axonal networks. Thus, this biomaterials approach generates a vascularized network of regenerated functional neuronal connections within previously dead tissue and lays the groundwork for the use of angiogenic materials to repair other neurologically diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina R Nih
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, CA
| | - Shiva Gojgini
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, CA.
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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23
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Chaney AM, Johnson EM, Cropper HC, James ML. PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation Using [11C]DPA-713 in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985311 PMCID: PMC6101726 DOI: 10.3791/57243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is central to the pathological cascade following ischemic stroke. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to provide critical insights into the temporal dynamics and role of certain neuroimmune interactions in stroke. Specifically, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of activated microglia and peripheral myeloid-lineage cells, provides a means to detect and track neuroinflammation in vivo. Here, we present a method to accurately quantify neuroinflammation using [11C]N,N-Diethyl-2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]acetamide ([11C]DPA-713), a promising second generation TSPO-PET radiotracer, in distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) compared to sham-operated mice. MRI was performed 2 days post-dMCAO surgery to confirm stroke and define the infarct location and volume. PET/Computed Tomography (CT) imaging was carried out 6 days post-dMCAO to capture the peak increase in TSPO levels following stroke. Quantitation of PET images was conducted to assess the uptake of [11C]DPA-713 in the brain and spleen of dMCAO and sham mice to assess central and peripheral levels of inflammation. In vivo [11C]DPA-713 brain uptake was confirmed using ex vivo autoradiography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University;
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24
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Abstract
Accumulating research substantiates the statement that inflammation plays an important role in the development of stroke. Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, an imbalance of which leads to inflammation. Anti-inflammation is a kind of hopeful strategy for the prevention and treatment of stroke. Substantial studies have demonstrated that minocycline, a second-generation semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, can inhibit neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and microglia activation, and improve neurological outcome. Experimental and clinical data have found the preclinical and clinical potential of minocycline in the treatment of stroke due to its anti-inflammation properties and anti-inflammation-induced pathogeneses, including antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, inhibiting leukocyte migration and microglial activation, and decreasing matrix metalloproteinases activity. Hence, it suggests a great future for minocycline in the therapeutics of stroke that diminish the inflammatory progress of stroke.
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25
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Amani H, Habibey R, Hajmiresmail SJ, Latifi S, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Akhavan O. Antioxidant nanomaterials in advanced diagnoses and treatments of ischemia reperfusion injuries. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9452-9476. [PMID: 32264560 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ ischemia with inadequate oxygen supply followed by reperfusion (which initiates a complex of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress) occurs in different clinical conditions and surgical procedures including stroke, myocardial infarction, limb ischemia, renal failure, organ transplantation, free-tissue-transfer, cardiopulmonary bypass, and vascular surgery. Even though pharmacological treatments protect against experimental ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, there has not been enough success in their application for patient benefits. The main hurdles in the treatment of I/R injury are the lack of diagnosis tools for understanding the complicated chains of I/R-induced signaling events, especially in the acute phase after ischemia, determining the affected regions of the tissue over time, and then, targeting and safe delivery of antioxidants, drugs, peptides, genes and cells to the areas requiring treatment. Besides the innate antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, some nanoparticles also show higher flexibility in drug delivery and imaging. This review highlights three main approaches in nanoparticle-mediated targeting of I/R injury: nanoparticles (1) as antioxidants for reducing tissue oxidative stress, (2) for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the ischemic regions or cells, and (3) for imaging I/R injury at the molecular, cellular or tissue level and monitoring its evolution using contrasts induced by nanoparticles. These approaches can also be combined to realize so called theranostics for providing simultaneous diagnosis of ischemic regions and treatments by targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Cheon SY, Kim EJ, Kim JM, Kam EH, Ko BW, Koo BN. Regulation of Microglia and Macrophage Polarization via Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Silencing after Ischemic/Hypoxic Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:261. [PMID: 28855861 PMCID: PMC5557792 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in ischemic stroke and is involved in abnormal homeostasis. Activation of the immune system leads to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and, thereby, infiltration of immune cells into the brain. Upon cerebral ischemia, infiltrated macrophages and microglia (resident CNS immune cell) are activated, change their phenotype to M1 or M2 based on the microenvironment, migrate toward damaged tissue, and are involved in repair or damage. Those of M1 phenotype release pro-inflammatory mediators, which are associated with tissue damage, while those of M2 phenotype release anti-inflammatory mediators, which are related to tissue recovery. Moreover, late inflammation continually stimulates immune cell infiltration and leads to brain infarction. Therefore, regulation of M1/M2 phenotypes under persistent inflammatory conditions after cerebral ischemia is important for brain repair. Herein, we focus on apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), which is involved in apoptotic cell death, brain infarction, and production of inflammatory mediators after cerebral ischemia. We hypothesized that ASK1 is involved in the polarization of M1/M2 phenotype and the function of microglia and macrophage during the late stage of ischemia/hypoxia. We investigated the effects of ASK1 in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and on BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Our results showed that ASK1 silencing effectively reduced Iba-1 or CD11b-positive cells in ischemic areas, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased anti-inflammatory mediator levels at 7 days after cerebral ischemia. In cultured microglia and macrophages, ASK1 inhibition, induced by NQDI-1 drug, decreased the expression and release of M1-associated factors and increased those of M2-associated factors after hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R). At the gene level, ASK1 inhibition suppressed M1-associated genes and augmented M2-associated genes. In gap closure assay, ASK1 inhibition reduced the migration rate of microglia and macrophages after H/R. Taken together, our results provide new information that suggests ASK1 controls the polarization of M1/M2 and the function of microglia and macrophage under sustained-inflammatory conditions. Regulation of persistent inflammation via M1/M2 polarization by ASK1 is a novel strategy for repair after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Min Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Woong Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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27
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Inflammation-induced brain endothelial activation leads to uptake of electrostatically stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles via sulfated glycosaminoglycans. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1411-1421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of genetic and environmental risk factors that together generate arterial wall and cardiac pathologies. Blood vessels connect multiple systems throughout the entire body and allow organs to interact via circulating messengers. These same interactions facilitate nervous and metabolic system's influence on cardiovascular health. Multiparametric imaging offers the opportunity to study these interfacing systems' distinct processes, to quantify their interactions, and to explore how these contribute to cardiovascular disease. Noninvasive multiparametric imaging techniques are emerging tools that can further our understanding of this complex and dynamic interplay. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and multichannel optical imaging are particularly promising because they can simultaneously sample multiple biomarkers. Preclinical multiparametric diagnostics could help discover clinically relevant biomarker combinations pivotal for understanding cardiovascular disease. Interfacing systems important to cardiovascular disease include the immune, nervous, and hematopoietic systems. These systems connect with classical cardiovascular organs, such as the heart and vasculature, and with the brain. The dynamic interplay between these systems and organs enables processes, such as hemostasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, metabolism, and fibrosis. As the opportunities provided by imaging expand, mapping interconnected systems will help us decipher the complexity of cardiovascular disease and monitor novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandoorne
- From the Center for Systems Biology (K.V., M.N.) and Department of Imaging (K.V., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (K.V., M.N.) and Department of Imaging (K.V., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.).
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Yankam Njiwa J, Costes N, Bouillot C, Bouvard S, Fieux S, Becker G, Levigoureux E, Kocevar G, Stamile C, Langlois JB, Bolbos R, Bonnet C, Bezin L, Zimmer L, Hammers A. Quantitative longitudinal imaging of activated microglia as a marker of inflammation in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy using [ 11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET and MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1251-1263. [PMID: 27381824 PMCID: PMC5414902 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16653615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the development of epilepsy after brain insults. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binds to TSPO, expressed by activated microglia. We quantified [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binding during epileptogenesis after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Nine male rats were studied thrice (D0-1, D0 + 6, D0 + 35, D0 = SE induction). In the same session, 7T T2-weighted images and DTI for mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were acquired, followed by dynamic PET/CT. On D0 + 35, femoral arterial blood was sampled for rat-specific metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input functions (AIFs). In multiple MR-derived ROIs, we assessed four kinetic models (two with AIFs; two using a reference region), standard uptake values (SUVs), and a model with a mean AIF. All models showed large (up to two-fold) and significant TSPO binding increases in regions expected to be affected, and comparatively little change in the brainstem, at D0 + 6. Some individuals showed increases at D0 + 35. AIF models yielded more consistent increases at D0 + 6. FA values were decreased at D0 + 6 and had recovered by D0 + 35. MD was increased at D0 + 6 and more so at D0 + 35. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET binding and MR biomarker changes could be detected with only nine rats, highlighting the potential of longitudinal imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Costes
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - C Bouillot
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - S Bouvard
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - S Fieux
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - G Becker
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - E Levigoureux
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - R Bolbos
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - C Bonnet
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Bezin
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Zimmer
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - A Hammers
- 1 Neurodis Foundation, Lyon, France.,6 Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Makela AV, Murrell DH, Parkins KM, Kara J, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Cellular Imaging With MRI. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:177-186. [PMID: 27748707 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an evolving field of imaging with strong translational and research potential. The ability to detect, track, and quantify cells in vivo and over time allows for studying cellular events related to disease processes and may be used as a biomarker for decisions about treatments and for monitoring responses to treatments. In this review, we discuss methods for labeling cells, various applications for cellular MRI, the existing limitations, strategies to address these shortcomings, and clinical cellular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- *Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute †Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Albrecht DS, Granziera C, Hooker JM, Loggia ML. In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:470-83. [PMID: 26985861 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of a growing number of human disorders, including multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a result, interest in the development of novel methods to investigate neuroinflammatory processes, for the purpose of diagnosis, development of new therapies, and treatment monitoring, has surged over the past 15 years. Neuroimaging offers a wide array of non- or minimally invasive techniques to characterize neuroinflammatory processes. The intent of this Review is to provide brief descriptions of currently available neuroimaging methods to image neuroinflammation in the human central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. Specifically, because of the relatively widespread accessibility of equipment for nuclear imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we will focus on strategies utilizing these technologies. We first provide a working definition of "neuroinflammation" and then discuss available neuroimaging methods to study human neuroinflammatory processes. Specifically, we will focus on neuroimaging methods that target (1) the activation of CNS immunocompetent cells (e.g. imaging of glial activation with TSPO tracer [(11)C]PBR28), (2) compromised BBB (e.g. identification of MS lesions with gadolinium-enhanced MRI), (3) CNS-infiltration of circulating immune cells (e.g. tracking monocyte infiltration into brain parenchyma with iron oxide nanoparticles and MRI), and (4) pathological consequences of neuroinflammation (e.g. imaging apoptosis with [(99m)Tc]Annexin V or iron accumulation with T2* relaxometry). This Review provides an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for imaging human neuroinflammation which have potential to impact patient care in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neuro-Immunology,
Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier
Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- LTS5, Ecole
Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Janssen B, Vugts DJ, Funke U, Molenaar GT, Kruijer PS, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD. Imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke: Recent developments in positron emission tomography. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:425-41. [PMID: 26643549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in many diseases affecting the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. Neuroinflammation is characterised predominantly by microglial activation, which can be visualised using positron emission tomography (PET). Traditionally, translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is the target for imaging of neuroinflammation using PET. In this review, recent preclinical and clinical research using PET in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke is summarised. In addition, new molecular targets for imaging of neuroinflammation, such as monoamine oxidases, adenosine receptors and cannabinoid receptor type 2, are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger T Molenaar
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Korchinski DJ, Taha M, Yang R, Nathoo N, Dunn JF. Iron Oxide as an MRI Contrast Agent for Cell Tracking. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2015; 8:15-29. [PMID: 26483609 PMCID: PMC4597836 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide contrast agents have been combined with magnetic resonance imaging for cell tracking. In this review, we discuss coating properties and provide an overview of ex vivo and in vivo labeling of different cell types, including stem cells, red blood cells, and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, we provide examples of applications of cell tracking with iron contrast agents in stroke, multiple sclerosis, cancer, arteriovenous malformations, and aortic and cerebral aneurysms. Attempts at quantifying iron oxide concentrations and other vascular properties are examined. We advise on designing studies using iron contrast agents including methods for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Korchinski
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Taha
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Runze Yang
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nabeela Nathoo
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F. Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,CORRESPONDENCE:
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34
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Bok S, Wang T, Lee CJ, Jeon SU, Kim YE, Kim J, Hong BJ, Yoon CJ, Kim S, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Kim IH, Kim KH, Ahn GO. In vivo imaging of activated microglia in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia by two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3303-12. [PMID: 26417502 PMCID: PMC4574658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages rapidly responding to various stimuli to exert appropriate inflammatory responses. Although they have recently been exploited as an attractive candidate for imaging neuroinflammation, it is still difficult to visualize them at the cellular and molecular levels. Here we imaged activated microglia by establishing intracranial window chamber (ICW) in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia by using two-photon microscopy (TPM), in vivo. Intravenous injection of fluorescent antibodies allowed us to detect significantly elevated levels of Iba-1 and CD68 positive activated microglia in the ipsilateral compared to the contralateral side of the infarct. We further observed that indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug significantly attenuated CD68-positive microglial activation in ICW, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR biochemical analyses. In conclusion, we believe that in vivo TPM imaging of ICW would be a useful tool to screen for therapeutic interventions lowering microglial activation hence neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seong-Uk Jeon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Calvin Jinse Yoon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Il Han Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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