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Migliorini F, Cocconi F, Schäfer L, Simeone F, Jeyaraman M, Maffulli N. Pharmacological management of secondary chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2024:ldae009. [PMID: 39222962 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) may bring lifelong consequences for affected patients and a high financial burden to the health care system. SOURCE OF DATA Published peer-reviewed scientific articles identified from EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Surgery and blood pressure management are the main targets in acute SCI to avoid secondary damage. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The management of secondary chronic SCI is challenging, with unpredictable outcomes. GROWING POINTS Given the lack of consensus on pharmacological therapy for acute and secondary chronic SCI, the present study analyses the currently available drugs and treatment options to manage secondary chronic SCI. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Different approaches exist for the pharmacological management of secondary chronic SCI. One of the most investigated drugs, 4-aminopyridine, improves central motor conduction and shows improvement in neurological signs. Positive results in different areas have been observed in patients receiving the anti-spastic drugs tizanidine and baclofen or Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Growth hormone showed only minimal or no significant effects, and the therapy of secondary chronic SCI with riluzole has been poorly researched to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Federico Cocconi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luise Schäfer
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Simeone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Poonamallee High Rd, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Hornbeam Building, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, E1 4DG London, UK
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Sribnick EA, Warner T, Hall MW. Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Reverses Immunosuppression Acutely Following a Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhage Polytrauma in a Juvenile Male Rat Model. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:e1708-e1718. [PMID: 38623766 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We have previously shown that TBI with a concurrent extracranial injury reliably leads to post-injury suppression of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In patients with post-injury immune suppression, if immune function could be preserved, this might represent a therapeutic opportunity. As such, we examined, in an animal injury model, whether systemic administration of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could reverse post-injury immune suppression and whether treatment was associated with neuroinflammation or functional deficit. Prepubescent male rats were injured using a controlled cortical impact model and then subjected to removal of 25% blood volume (TBI/H). Sham animals underwent surgery without injury induction, and the treatment groups were sham and injured animals treated with either saline vehicle or 50 μg/kg GM-CSF. GM-CSF was administered following injury and then daily until sacrifice at post-injury day (PID) 7. Immune function was measured by assessing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in whole blood and spleen following ex vivo stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Brain samples were assessed by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine levels and by immunohistochemistry for microglia and astrocyte proliferation. Neuronal cell count was examined using cresyl violet staining. Motor coordination was evaluated using the Rotarod performance test. Treatment with GM-CSF was associated with a significantly increased response to PWM in both whole blood and spleen. GM-CSF in injured animals did not lead to increases in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain samples but was associated with significant increases in counted astrocytes. Finally, while injured animals treated with saline showed a significant impairment on behavioral testing, injured animals treated with GM-CSF performed similarly to uninjured animals. GM-CSF treatment in animals with combined injury led to increased systemic immune cell response in whole blood and spleen in the acute phase following injury. Improved immune response was not associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain or functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Sribnick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy Warner
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Center for Clinical and Translation Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Seblani M, Ertlen C, Coyle T, Decherchi P, Brezun JM. Combined effect of trifluoperazine and sodium cromoglycate on reducing acute edema and limiting lasting functional impairments after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114612. [PMID: 37993080 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Edema formation is one of the very first events to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) leading to an increase of the intrathecal pressure and consequently to serious spinal tissue and functional impairments. Current edema treatments are still symptomatic and/or non-specific. Since edema formation mechanisms are mainly described as vasogenic and cytotoxic, it becomes crucial to understand the interplay between these two subtypes. Acting on key targets to inhibit edema formation may reduce secondary damage and related functional impairments. In this study, we characterize the edema kinetic after T9-10 spinal contusion. We use trifluoperazine (TFP) to block the expression and the functional subcellular localization of aquaporin-4 supposed to be implicated in the cytotoxic edema formation. We also use sodium cromoglycate (SCG) to deactivate mast cell degranulation known to be implicated in the vasogenic edema formation. Our results show a significant reduction of edema after TFP treatment and after TFP-SCG combined treatment compared to control. This reduction is correlated with limited onset of initial sensorimotor impairments particularly after combined treatment. Our results highlight the importance of potential synergetic targets in early edema therapy after SCI as part of tissue sparing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Céline Ertlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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Tao JW, Fan X, Zhou JY, Huo LY, Mo YJ, Bai HZ, Zhao Y, Ren JP, Mu XH, Xu L. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effects on neurological and motor function in animals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1168764. [PMID: 37449274 PMCID: PMC10338098 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1168764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury for which no effective treatment exists. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used to treat autologous bone marrow transplantation, chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), etc. Recent research has revealed the potential application of G-CSF on neuroprotective effectiveness. In central nervous system diseases, G-CSF can be used to alleviate neuronal injury. Objective To investigate the effects of G-CSF on Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale score, inclined plane test, electrophysiologic exam, quantitative analysis of TUNEL-positive cells, and quantitative analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining images in animal models of SCI. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for all articles on G-CSF intervention with animal models of SCI reported before November 2022. A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results Results revealed that G-CSF intervention could improve the BBB scale score in both groups at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 35 days [at 35 days, weighted mean differences (WMD) = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.92-2.87, p < 0.00001, I2 = 69%]; inclined plane test score; electrophysiologic exam; quantitative analysis of TUNEL-positive cell numbers; quantitative analysis of GFAP immunostaining images in animal models of SCI. Subgroup analysis revealed that treatment with normal saline, phosphate-buffered saline, and no treatment resulted in significantly different neurological function effectiveness compared to the G-CSF therapy. SD rats and Wistar rats with SCI resulted in significant neurological function effectiveness. C57BL/6 mice showed no difference in the final effect. The T9-T10 or T10 segment injury model and the T8-T9 or T9 segment injury model resulted in significant neurological function effectiveness. The BBB score data showed no clear funnel plot asymmetry. We found no bias in the analysis result (Egger's test, p = 0.42). In our network meta-analysis, the SUCRA ranking showed that 15 mg/kg-20 mg/kg was an optimal dose for long-term efficacy. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that G-CSF therapy may enhance the recovery of motor activity and have a specific neuroprotective effect in SCI animal models.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42023388315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Tao
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhou
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yao Huo
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Mo
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Bai
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pei Ren
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Mu
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lazarus HM, Pitts K, Wang T, Lee E, Buchbinder E, Dougan M, Armstrong DG, Paine R, Ragsdale CE, Boyd T, Rock EP, Gale RP. Recombinant GM-CSF for diseases of GM-CSF insufficiency: Correcting dysfunctional mononuclear phagocyte disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1069444. [PMID: 36685591 PMCID: PMC9850113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), identified by its ability to support differentiation of hematopoietic cells into several types of myeloid cells, is now known to support maturation and maintain the metabolic capacity of mononuclear phagocytes including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These cells sense and attack potential pathogens, present antigens to adaptive immune cells, and recruit other immune cells. Recombinant human (rhu) GM-CSF (e.g., sargramostim [glycosylated, yeast-derived rhu GM-CSF]) has immune modulating properties and can restore the normal function of mononuclear phagocytes rendered dysfunctional by deficient or insufficient endogenous GM-CSF. Methods We reviewed the emerging biologic and cellular effects of GM-CSF. Experts in clinical disease areas caused by deficient or insufficient endogenous GM-CSF examined the role of GM-CSF in mononuclear phagocyte disorders including autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP), diverse infections (including COVID-19), wound healing, and anti-cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Results We discuss emerging data for GM-CSF biology including the positive effects on mitochondrial function and cell metabolism, augmentation of phagocytosis and efferocytosis, and immune cell modulation. We further address how giving exogenous rhu GM-CSF may control or treat mononuclear phagocyte dysfunction disorders caused or exacerbated by GM-CSF deficiency or insufficiency. We discuss how rhu GM-CSF may augment the anti-cancer effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy as well as ameliorate immune-related adverse events. Discussion We identify research gaps, opportunities, and the concept that rhu GM-CSF, by supporting and restoring the metabolic capacity and function of mononuclear phagocytes, can have significant therapeutic effects. rhu GM-CSF (e.g., sargramostim) might ameliorate multiple diseases of GM-CSF deficiency or insufficiency and address a high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillard M. Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Katherine Pitts
- Medical Affairs, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Tisha Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elinor Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Buchbinder
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Dougan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David G. Armstrong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Timothy Boyd
- Clinical Development, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Edwin P. Rock
- Clinical Development, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Hematology Centre, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Tingart M, Migliorini F. Pharmacological management of secondary spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1793-1800. [PMID: 33899630 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1918674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Secondary spinal cord injury (SCI) sets on immediately after trauma and, despite prompt treatment, may become chronic. SCI is a complex condition and presents numerous challenges to patients and physicians alike, also considering the lack of an approved pharmacological therapy.Areas covered: This review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to secondary SCI to highlight possible targets for pharmacological therapy. Furthermore, an extensive search of the literature on different databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Embase, and Scopus) and of the current clinical trials (clinicaltrials.gov) was performed to investigate the current outlook for the pharmacological management of SCI. Only drugs with performed or ongoing clinical trials were considered.Expert opinion: Pharmacological therapy aims to improve motor and sensory function in patients. Overall, drugs are divided into neuroprotective compounds, which aim to limit the damage induced by the pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic milieu of SCI, and neuroregenerative drugs, which induce neuronal and axonal regrowth. While many compounds have been trialed with promising results, none has yet completed a stage III trial and has been approved for the pharmacological management of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baroncini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK.,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Jörg Eschweiler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Tingart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
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Klimczak A, Kozłowska U, Sanford J, Walczak P, Małysz-Cymborska I, Kurpisz M. Immunological Characteristics and Properties of Glial Restricted Progenitors of Mice, Canine Primary Culture Suspensions, and Human QSV40 Immortalized Cell Lines for Prospective Therapies of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1140-1154. [PMID: 31124369 PMCID: PMC6767900 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719848355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration can be defined as a process in which neuronal structures and functions undergo changes leading to reduced neuronal survival and increased cell death in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal degeneration in specific regions of the CNS is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, and there is reliable proof that neural stem cells bring therapeutic benefits in treatment of neurological lesions. However, effective therapy with neural stem cells is associated with their biological properties. The assessment of immunological properties and comprehensive studies on the biology of glial restricted progenitors (GRP) are necessary prior to the application of these cells in humans. This study provides an in vitro characterization of the QSV40 glial human cell line, as well as murine and canine primary culture suspensions of GRPs and their mature, astrocytic forms using flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. Cytokines and chemokines released by GRPs were assessed by Multiplex ELISA. Some immunological differences observed among species suggest the necessity of reconsidering the pre-clinical model, and that careful testing of immunomodulatory strategies is required before cell transplantation into the CNS can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimczak
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Kozłowska
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sanford
- VetRegen Laboratory and Bank of Stem Cells, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kiyota T, Machhi J, Lu Y, Dyavarshetty B, Nemati M, Yokoyama I, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neuroprotective activities in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:80-92. [PMID: 29573847 PMCID: PMC5916331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on behavioral and pathological outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-transgenic mice. GM-CSF treatment in AD mice reduced brain amyloidosis, increased plasma Aβ, and rescued cognitive impairment with increased hippocampal expression of calbindin and synaptophysin and increased levels of doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. These data extend GM-CSF pleiotropic neuroprotection mechanisms in AD and include regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation of microglial function, Aβ clearance, maintenance of synaptic integrity, and induction of neurogenesis. Together these data support further development of GM-CSF as a neuroprotective agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Izumi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R L Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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