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Paola N, Lauriane U, François R, Hélène H. Limited contribution of the of P2X4 receptor to LPS-induced microglial reaction in mice. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:521-532. [PMID: 38159160 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening condition that can trigger long-term neurological sequelae, including cognitive impairment in survivors. The pathogenesis of the so-called sickness behavior is poorly understood, but sepsis-driven neuroinflammation is thought to play a key role. Microglia are the central nervous system resident immune cells and play major roles in the induction and the control of neuroinflammatory processes. Accordingly, we recently demonstrated important microglia reaction, characterized by dramatic microglia transcriptome remodeling, in an experimental model of sepsis. Interfering with microglia pathways thus represents an interesting opportunity to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes. Purinergic signaling is central to microglia biology and controls key microglia functions. In particular, P2X4 receptors, which are highly permeable to calcium and de novo expressed in reactive microglia, seem to be an interesting target to modulate microglia reaction. Here, we investigated the impact of P2X4 receptors on the LPS-driven microglia transcriptome remodeling. Although we used complementary and sensitive biostatistical approaches, we did not measure significant impact of P2X4 deficiency onto microglia transcriptome either in homeostatic nor reactive condition. Overall, our results revealed that microglia reaction elicited by LPS-mediated sepsis is P2X4 independent and highlights the functional diversity of microglia reaction. These results also promote for the search of disease-specific targets to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobili Paola
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Ulmann Lauriane
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Rassendren François
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Hirbec Hélène
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Xu S, Jia M, Guo J, He J, Chen X, Xu Y, Hu W, Wu D, Wu C, Ji X. Ticking Brain: Circadian Rhythm as a New Target for Cerebroprotection. Stroke 2024; 55:2385-2396. [PMID: 39011642 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.046684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a master process observed in nearly every type of cell throughout the body, and it macroscopically regulates daily physiology. Recent clinical trials have revealed the effects of circadian variation on the incidence, pathophysiological processes, and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke. Furthermore, core clock genes, the cell-autonomous pacemakers of the circadian rhythm, affect the neurovascular unit-composing cells in a nonparallel manner after the same pathophysiological processes of ischemia/reperfusion. In this review, we discuss the influence of circadian rhythms and clock genes on each type of neurovascular unit cell in the pathophysiological processes of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaili Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders (S.X., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Milan Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen He
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanjie Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders (S.X., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital (M.J., X.C., Y.X., W.H., C.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital (S.X., J.G., J.H., X.C., Y.X., W.H., D.W., X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Brockie S, Zhou C, Fehlings MG. Resident immune responses to spinal cord injury: role of astrocytes and microglia. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1678-1685. [PMID: 38103231 PMCID: PMC10960308 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or non-traumatic in origin, with the latter rising in incidence and prevalence with the aging demographics of our society. Moreover, as the global population ages, individuals with co-existent degenerative spinal pathology comprise a growing number of traumatic spinal cord injury cases, especially involving the cervical spinal cord. This makes recovery and treatment approaches particularly challenging as age and comorbidities may limit regenerative capacity. For these reasons, it is critical to better understand the complex milieu of spinal cord injury lesion pathobiology and the ensuing inflammatory response. This review discusses microglia-specific purinergic and cytokine signaling pathways, as well as microglial modulation of synaptic stability and plasticity after injury. Further, we evaluate the role of astrocytes in neurotransmission and calcium signaling, as well as their border-forming response to neural lesions. Both the inflammatory and reparative roles of these cells have eluded our complete understanding and remain key therapeutic targets due to their extensive structural and functional roles in the nervous system. Recent advances have shed light on the roles of glia in neurotransmission and reparative injury responses that will change how interventions are directed. Understanding key processes and existing knowledge gaps will allow future research to effectively target these cells and harness their regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Brockie
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindy Zhou
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Sierra A, Miron VE, Paolicelli RC, Ransohoff RM. Microglia in Health and Diseases: Integrative Hubs of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041366. [PMID: 38438189 PMCID: PMC11293550 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are usually referred to as "the innate immune cells of the brain," "the resident macrophages of the central nervous system" (CNS), or "CNS parenchymal macrophages." These labels allude to their inherent immune function, related to their macrophage lineage. However, beyond their classic innate immune responses, microglia also play physiological roles crucial for proper brain development and maintenance of adult brain homeostasis. Microglia sense both external and local stimuli through a variety of surface receptors. Thus, they might serve as integrative hubs at the interface between the external environment and the CNS, able to decode, filter, and buffer cues from outside, with the aim of preserving and maintaining brain homeostasis. In this perspective, we will cast a critical look at how these multiple microglial functions are acquired and coordinated, and we will speculate on their impact on human brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Science Park of UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Veronique E Miron
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Mei SY, Zhang N, Wang MJ, Lv PR, Liu Q. Microglial purinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8. [PMID: 38910192 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The prevalent features of AD pathogenesis are the appearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which cause microglial activation, synaptic deficiency, and neuronal loss. Microglia accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Purinergic signaling has been shown to play a complex and tight interplay with the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia, which is an important mechanism for regulating microglia activation. Here, we review recent evidence for interactions between AD, microglia, and purinergic signaling and find that the purinergic P2 receptors pertinently expressed on microglia are the ionotropic receptors P2X4 and P2X7, and the subtypes of P2YRs expressed by microglia are metabotropic receptors P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13. The adenosine P1 receptors expressed in microglia include A1R, A2AR, and A2BR. Among them, the activation of P2X4, P2X7, and adenosine A1, A2A receptors expressed in microglia can aggravate the pathological process of AD, whereas P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors expressed by microglia can induce neuroprotective effects. However, A1R activation also has a strong neuroprotective effect and has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in chronic neuroinflammation. These receptors regulate a variety of pathophysiological processes in AD, including APP processing, Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review also provides key pharmacological advances in purinergic signaling receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Mei
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jing Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ran Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV-TAT and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9. [PMID: 38884890 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1). The ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. Itaconate then facilitates cytokine production and activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. However, the immunometabolic function of itaconate was unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable ester form of itaconate known for its anti-inflammatory properties. When primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine were treated with 4OI, microglial cell number increased and the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine were reversed. Microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. 4OI treatment inhibited secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling determined that Nrf2 target genes were significantly activated in Tat and 4OI treated cultures relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development to treat HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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7
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Granzotto A, McQuade A, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Sensi SL, Parker I, Blurton-Jones M, Smith IF. ER and SOCE Ca 2+ signals are not required for directed cell migration in human iPSC-derived microglia. Cell Calcium 2024; 123:102923. [PMID: 38970922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is constantly surveilled by microglia, highly motile and dynamic cells deputed to act as the first line of immune defense in the brain and spinal cord. Alterations in the homeostasis of the CNS are detected by microglia that respond by extending their processes or - following major injuries - by migrating toward the affected area. Understanding the mechanisms controlling directed cell migration of microglia is crucial to dissect their responses to neuroinflammation and injury. We used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to explore the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in the directed migration of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia challenged with a purinergic stimulus. This approach mimics cues originating from injury of the CNS. Unexpectedly, simultaneous imaging of microglia migration and intracellular Ca2+ changes revealed that this phenomenon does not require Ca2+ signals generated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) pathways. Instead, we find evidence that human microglial chemotaxis to purinergic signals is mediated by cyclic AMP in a Ca2+-independent manner. These results challenge prevailing notions, with important implications in neurological conditions characterized by perturbation in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Amanda McQuade
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ian F Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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Wyss MT, Heuer C, Herwerth M. The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1206-1211. [PMID: 37905866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors (P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Heuer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Herwerth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lingampelly SS, Naviaux JC, Heuer LS, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Haapanen L, Kelland CA, Van de Water J, Naviaux RK. Metabolic network analysis of pre-ASD newborns and 5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Commun Biol 2024; 7:536. [PMID: 38729981 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical metabolomic and new metabolic network methods were used to study the developmental features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in newborns (n = 205) and 5-year-old children (n = 53). Eighty percent of the metabolic impact in ASD was caused by 14 shared biochemical pathways that led to decreased anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defenses, and to increased physiologic stress molecules like lactate, glycerol, cholesterol, and ceramides. CIRCOS plots and a new metabolic network parameter,V ° net, revealed differences in both the kind and degree of network connectivity. Of 50 biochemical pathways and 450 polar and lipid metabolites examined, the developmental regulation of the purine network was most changed. Purine network hub analysis revealed a 17-fold reversal in typically developing children. This purine network reversal did not occur in ASD. These results revealed previously unknown metabolic phenotypes, identified new developmental states of the metabolic correlation network, and underscored the role of mitochondrial functional changes, purine metabolism, and purinergic signaling in autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sachin Lingampelly
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Luke S Heuer
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Lori Haapanen
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chelsea A Kelland
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
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10
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Li S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Xin C, Wang Y, Rong P. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates depression-like phenotype induced by high-fat diet via P2X7R/NLRP3/IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14755. [PMID: 38752512 PMCID: PMC11097256 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common psychiatric disorder in diabetic patients. Depressive mood associated with obesity/metabolic disorders is related to the inflammatory response caused by long-term consumption of high-fat diets, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the antidepressant effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in high-fat diet rats works through the P2X7R/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway. METHODS We first used 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and LC-MS metabolomics assays in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with long-term high-fat diet (Purina #5008) induced significant depression-like behaviors. Next, the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT) were measured to evaluate the antidepressive effect of taVNS. Immunofluorescence and western blotting (WB) were used to measure the microglia state and the expression of P2X7R, NLRP3, and IL-1β in PFC. RESULTS Purina#5008 diet induced significant depression-like behaviors in ZDF rats and was closely related to purine and inflammatory metabolites. Consecutive taVNS increased plasma insulin concentration, reduced glycated hemoglobin and glucagon content in ZDF rats, significantly improved the depressive-like phenotype in ZDF rats through reducing the microglia activity, and increased the expression of P2X7R, NLRP3, and IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). CONCLUSION The P2X7R/NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway may play an important role in the antidepressant-like behavior of taVNS, which provides a promising mechanism for taVNS clinical treatment of diabetes combined with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyuan Li
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuzhengheng Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chen Xin
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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11
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Wallis GJ, Bell LA, Wagner JN, Buxton L, Balachandar L, Wilcox KS. Reactive microglia fail to respond to environmental damage signals in a viral-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583768. [PMID: 38558969 PMCID: PMC10979929 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are highly adaptable innate immune cells that rapidly respond to damage signals in the brain through adoption of a reactive phenotype and production of defensive inflammatory cytokines. Microglia express a distinct transcriptome, encoding receptors that allow them to dynamically respond to pathogens, damage signals, and cellular debris. Expression of one such receptor, the microglia-specific purinergic receptor P2ry12, is known to be downregulated in reactive microglia. Here, we explore the microglial response to purinergic damage signals in reactive microglia in the TMEV mouse model of viral brain infection and temporal lobe epilepsy. Using two-photon calcium imaging in acute hippocampal brain slices, we found that the ability of microglia to detect damage signals, engage calcium signaling pathways, and chemoattract towards laser-induced tissue damage was dramatically reduced during the peak period of seizures, cytokine production, and infection. Using combined RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that during this same stage of heightened infection and seizures, microglial P2ry12 expression was reduced, while the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a expression was upregulated in microglia, suggesting that the depressed ability of microglia to respond to new damage signals via P2ry12 occurs during the time when local elevated cytokine production contributes to seizure generation following infection. Therefore, changes in microglial purinergic receptors during infection likely limit the ability of reactive microglia to respond to new threats in the CNS and locally contain the scale of the innate immune response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna J Wallis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Laura A Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
| | - John N Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lauren Buxton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lakshmini Balachandar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
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12
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Zhao S, Umpierre AD, Wu LJ. Tuning neural circuits and behaviors by microglia in the adult brain. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:181-194. [PMID: 38245380 PMCID: PMC10939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, contributing to both inflammatory damage and tissue repair in neurological disorder. In addition, emerging evidence highlights the role of homeostatic microglia in regulating neuronal activity, interacting with synapses, tuning neural circuits, and modulating behaviors. Herein, we review how microglia sense and regulate neuronal activity through synaptic interactions, thereby directly engaging with neural networks and behaviors. We discuss current studies utilizing microglial optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to modulate adult neural circuits. These manipulations of microglia across different CNS regions lead to diverse behavioral consequences. We propose that spatial heterogeneity of microglia-neuron interaction lays the groundwork for understanding diverse functions of microglia in neural circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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13
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Granzotto A, McQuade A, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Sensi SL, Parker I, Blurton-Jones M, Smith I. ER and SOCE Ca 2+ signals are not required for directed cell migration in human microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576126. [PMID: 38293075 PMCID: PMC10827168 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is constantly surveilled by microglia, highly motile and dynamic cells deputed to act as the first line of immune defense in the brain and spinal cord. Alterations in the homeostasis of the CNS are detected by microglia that respond by migrating toward the affected area. Understanding the mechanisms controlling directed cell migration of microglia is crucial to dissect their responses to neuroinflammation and injury. We used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to explore the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in the directed migration of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia challenged with a purinergic stimulus. This approach mimics cues originating from injury of the CNS. Unexpectedly, simultaneous imaging of microglia migration and intracellular Ca2+ changes revealed that this phenomenon does not require Ca2+ signals generated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) pathways. Instead, we find evidence that human microglial chemotaxis to purinergic signals is mediated by cyclic AMP in a Ca2+-independent manner. These results challenge prevailing notions, with important implications in neurological conditions characterized by perturbation in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Amanda McQuade
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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14
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Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
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15
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Wang MJ, Jing XY, Wang YZ, Yang BR, Lu Q, Hu H, Kang L. Exercise, Spinal Microglia and Neuropathic Pain: Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:29-37. [PMID: 37725293 PMCID: PMC10776684 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common neuropathic disorders, neuropathic pain often has a negative impact on patients with persistent pain, mood disorders and sleep disturbances. Currently, neuropathic pain is not treated with any specific drug, instead, drugs for other diseases are used as replacements in clinics, but most have adverse effects. In recent years, the role of spinal cord microglia in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain has been widely recognized, and they are being explored as potential therapeutic targets. Spinal microglia are known to be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of neuropathic pain through purine signaling, fractalkine signaling, and p38 MAPK signaling. Exercise is a safe and effective treatment, and numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving neurological symptoms. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what the exact molecular mechanism is. This review summarized the specific molecular mechanisms of exercise in alleviating neuropathic pain by mediating the activity of spinal microglia and maintaining the phenotypic homeostasis of spinal microglia through purine signaling, fractalkine signaling and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, it has been proposed that different intensities and types of exercise affect the regulation of the above-mentioned signaling pathways differently, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of neuropathic pain through exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jia Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin-Yu Jing
- Department of Postpartum Rehabilitation, Sichuan Jinxin Women and Children Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yao-Zheng Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bi-Ru Yang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qu Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Zhou M, Pang F, Liao D, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, He X, Tang C. Electroacupuncture improves allodynia and central sensitization via modulation of microglial activation associated P2X4R and inflammation in a rat model of migraine. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241258113. [PMID: 38744426 PMCID: PMC11143845 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241258113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that activated microglia were involved in the pathogenesis of central sensitization characterized by cutaneous allodynia in migraine. Activation of microglia is accompanied by increased expression of its receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. Acupuncture and its developed electroacupuncture (EA) have been recommended as an alternative therapy for migraine and are widely used for relieving migraine-associated pain. However, it remains rare studies that show whether EA exerts anti-migraine effects via inhibiting microglial activation related to a release of microglial receptors and the inflammatory pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate EA' ability to ameliorate central sensitization via modulation of microglial activation, microglial receptor, and inflammatory response using a rat model of migraine induced by repeated epidural chemical stimulation. Methods: In the present study, a rat model of migraine was established by epidural repeated inflammatory soup (IS) stimulation and treated with EA at Fengchi (GB20) and Yanglingquan (GB34) and acupuncture at sham-acupoints. Pain hypersensitivity was further determined by measuring the mechanical withdrawal threshold using the von-Frey filament. The changes in c-Fos and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Ibal-1) labeled microglia in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) were examined by immunflurescence to assess the central sensitization and whether accompanied with microglia activation. In addition, the expression of Ibal-1, microglial purinoceptor P2X4, and its associated inflammatory signaling pathway mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and Caspase-1 in the TNC were investigated by western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Allodynia increased of c-Fos, and activated microglia were observed after repeated IS stimulation. EA alleviated the decrease in mechanical withdrawal thresholds, reduced the activation of c-Fos and microglia labeled with Ibal-1, downregulated the level of microglial purinoceptor P2X4, and limited the inflammatory response (NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway) in the TNC of migraine rat model. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the anti-hyperalgesia effects of EA ameliorate central sensitization in IS-induced migraine by regulating microglial activation related to P2X4R and NLRP3/IL-1β inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Pang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhao Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuxin Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinlu He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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17
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Shaik SM, Cao Y, Gogola JV, Dodiya HB, Zhang X, Boutej H, Han W, Kriz J, Sisodia SS. Translational profiling identifies sex-specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of cortical microglia/macrophages in APPPS1-21 mice with an antibiotic-perturbed-microbiome. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:95. [PMID: 38104136 PMCID: PMC10725591 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages perform immune surveillance and engage with pathological processes resulting in phenotype changes necessary for maintaining homeostasis. In preceding studies, we showed that antibiotic-induced perturbations of the gut microbiome of APPPS1-21 mice resulted in significant attenuation in Aβ amyloidosis and altered microglial phenotypes that are specific to male mice. The molecular events underlying microglial phenotypic transitions remain unclear. Here, by generating 'APPPS1-21-CD11br' reporter mice, we investigated the translational state of microglial/macrophage ribosomes during their phenotypic transition and in a sex-specific manner. METHODS Six groups of mice that included WT-CD11br, antibiotic (ABX) or vehicle-treated APPPS1-21-CD11br males and females were sacrificed at 7-weeks of age (n = 15/group) and used for immunoprecipitation of microglial/macrophage polysomes from cortical homogenates using anti-FLAG antibody. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and label-free quantification was used to identify newly synthesized peptides isolated from polysomes. RESULTS We show that ABX-treatment leads to decreased Aβ levels in male APPPS1-21-CD11br mice with no significant changes in females. We identified microglial/macrophage polypeptides involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and altered calcium signaling that are associated with Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Notably, female mice also showed downregulation of newly-synthesized ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, male mice showed an increase in newly-synthesized polypeptides involved in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, while females showed an increase in newly-synthesized polypeptides responsible for actin organization associated with microglial activation. Next, we show that ABX-treatment resulted in substantial remodeling of the epigenetic landscape, leading to a metabolic shift that accommodates the increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands associated with microglial polarization in a sex-specific manner. While microglia in ABX-treated male mice exhibited a metabolic shift towards a neuroprotective phenotype that promotes Aβ clearance, microglia in ABX-treated female mice exhibited loss of energy homeostasis due to persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired lysosomal clearance that was associated with inflammatory phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide the first snapshot of the translational state of microglial/macrophage cells in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis that was subject to ABX treatment. ABX-mediated changes resulted in metabolic reprogramming of microglial phenotypes to modulate immune responses and amyloid clearance in a sex-specific manner. This microglial plasticity to support neuro-energetic homeostasis for its function based on sex paves the path for therapeutic modulation of immunometabolism for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana M Shaik
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yajun Cao
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph V Gogola
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hemraj B Dodiya
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xulun Zhang
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hejer Boutej
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Weinong Han
- Dept. of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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18
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Snijders GJLJ, de Paiva Lopes K, Sneeboer MAM, Muller BZ, Gigase FAJ, Vialle RA, Missall R, Kubler R, Raj T, Humphrey J, de Witte LD. The human microglia responsome: a resource to better understand microglia states in health and disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562067. [PMID: 37873223 PMCID: PMC10592813 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders through genetic studies. However, how genetic risk factors for these diseases are related to microglial gene expression, microglial function, and ultimately disease, is still largely unknown. Microglia change rapidly in response to alterations in their cellular environment, which is regulated through changes in transcriptional programs, which are as yet poorly understood. Here, we compared the effects of a set of inflammatory and restorative stimuli (lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma, resiquimod, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, adenosine triphosphate, dexamethasone, and interleukin-4) on human microglial cells from 67 different donors (N = 398 samples) at the gene and transcript level. We show that microglia from different anatomical brain regions show distinct responses to inflammatory stimuli. We observed a greater overlap between human stimulated microglia and human monocytes than with mouse microglia. We define specific microglial signatures across conditions which are highly relevant for a wide range of biological functions and complex human diseases. Finally, we used our stimulation signatures to interpret associations from Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic studies and microglia by integrating our inflammatory gene expression profiles with common genetic variants to map cis -expression QTLs (eQTLs). Together, we provide the most comprehensive transcriptomic database of the human microglia responsome. Highlights RNA-sequencing of 398 human microglial samples exposed to six different triggers.Microglia from different anatomical regions show distinct stimulation responses.Responses in human microglia show a greater overlap with human monocytes than murine microglia.Mapping of response Quantitative Trait Loci identifies interactions between genotype and effect of stimulation on gene expression.Our atlas provides a reference map for interpreting microglia signatures in health and disease.
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19
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559154. [PMID: 37808776 PMCID: PMC10557618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection, marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of the HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed a significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene, aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), caused by the combined insults of HIV and cocaine. ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. The itaconate produced facilitates cytokine production and subsequently activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. While the role of itaconate' in limiting inflammation has been studied in peripheral macrophages, its immunometabolic function remains unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed in this model system the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable esterified form of itaconate known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties and potential therapeutic applications. We administered 4OI to primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine. 4OI treatment increased the number of microglial cells in both untreated and Tat±Cocaine-treated cultures and also reversed the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine. In the presence of 4OI, microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. Consistent with these results, 4OI treatment inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling further determined that Nrf2 target genes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), Glutathione S-transferase Pi (Gstp1), and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (Gclc), were most significantly activated in Tat-4OI treated cultures, relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development aimed at addressing HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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20
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Charlton T, Prowse N, McFee A, Heiratifar N, Fortin T, Paquette C, Hayley S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has direct anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1188672. [PMID: 37404293 PMCID: PMC10315457 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1188672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells that protect the brain from environmental stressors, but can also be driven to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce a cytotoxic environment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is important for the regulation of plasticity, synapse formation, and general neuronal health. Yet, little is known about how BDNF impacts microglial activity. We hypothesized that BDNF would have a direct modulatory effect on primary cortical (Postnatal Day 1-3: P1-3) microglia and (Embryonic Day 16: E16) neuronal cultures in the context of a bacterial endotoxin. To this end, we found that a BDNF treatment following LPS-induced inflammation had a marked anti-inflammatory effect, reversing the release of both IL-6 and TNF-α in cortical primary microglia. This modulatory effect was transferrable to cortical primary neurons, such that LPS-activated microglial media was able produce an inflammatory effect when added to a separate neuronal culture, and again, BDNF priming attenuated this effect. BDNF also reversed the overall cytotoxic impact of LPS exposure in microglia. We speculate that BDNF can directly play a role in regulating microglia state and hence, influence microglia-neuron interactions.
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21
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Escobar AP, Bonansco C, Cruz G, Dagnino-Subiabre A, Fuenzalida M, Negrón I, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Martínez-Pinto J, Jorquera G. Central and Peripheral Inflammation: A Common Factor Causing Addictive and Neurological Disorders and Aging-Related Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10083. [PMID: 37373230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diseases and degenerative processes affecting the nervous system and peripheral organs trigger the activation of inflammatory cascades. Inflammation can be triggered by different environmental conditions or risk factors, including drug and food addiction, stress, and aging, among others. Several pieces of evidence show that the modern lifestyle and, more recently, the confinement associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to increasing the incidence of addictive and neuropsychiatric disorders, plus cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we gather evidence on how some of these risk factors are implicated in activating central and peripheral inflammation contributing to some neuropathologies and behaviors associated with poor health. We discuss the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of inflammation and how these processes occur in different cells and tissues to promote ill health and diseases. Concomitantly, we discuss how some pathology-associated and addictive behaviors contribute to worsening these inflammation mechanisms, leading to a vicious cycle that promotes disease progression. Finally, we list some drugs targeting inflammation-related pathways that may have beneficial effects on the pathological processes associated with addictive, mental, and cardiometabolic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica P Escobar
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Christian Bonansco
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Marco Fuenzalida
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Ignacio Negrón
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gonzalo Jorquera
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
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22
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Li K, Zhou P, Li J, Cheng Y, Li S, Wang Y, Jiang W, Bai Y, Cao H, Wang D. Upregulation of P2Y14 receptor in neutrophils promotes inflammation after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2023:121805. [PMID: 37236604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2Y14 receptor is expressed in neutrophils and is involved in activation of inflammatory signaling. However, the expression and function of P2Y14 receptor in neutrophils after myocardial infarction/reperfusion (MIR) injury remain to be elucidated. METHODS In this research, rodent and cellular models of MIR were used to detect the involvement and function of P2Y14 receptor, as well as the regulation of inflammatory signaling via P2Y14 receptor in neutrophils post-MIR. RESULTS In the early stage post MIR, the expression of P2Y14 receptor was upregulated in CD4+Ly-6G+ neutrophils. Additionally, the expression of P2Y14 receptor was highly induced in neutrophils subjected to uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDP-Glu), which is proven to be secreted by cardiomyocytes during ischemia and reperfusion. Our results also showed the beneficial role of P2Y14 receptor antagonist PPTN in counteracting inflammation via promoting polarization of neutrophils to N2 phenotype in the infarct area of the heart tissue after MIR. CONCLUSION These findings prove that the P2Y14 receptor is involved in the regulation of inflammation in the infarct area after MIR, and establish a novel signaling pathway concerning the interplay between cardiomyocytes and neutrophils in the heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunsheng Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Pengyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou 515000, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yongqing Cheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weipeng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Longgang District, Shenzhen 518111, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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23
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Sun Y, Che J, Zhang J. Emerging non-proinflammatory roles of microglia in healthy and diseased brains. Brain Res Bull 2023; 199:110664. [PMID: 37192719 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, are the first line of defense against foreign pathogens, thereby confining the extent of brain injury. However, the role of microglia is not limited to macrophage-like functions. In addition to proinflammatory response mediation, microglia are involved in neurodevelopmental remodeling and homeostatic maintenance in the absence of disease. An increasing number of studies have also elucidated microglia-mediated regulation of tumor growth and neural repair in diseased brains. Here, we review the non-proinflammatory roles of microglia, with the aim of promoting a deeper understanding of the functions of microglia in healthy and diseased brains and contributing to the development of novel therapeutics that target microglia in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China.
| | - Ji Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai China.
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24
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Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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25
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Beccari S, Sierra-Torre V, Valero J, Pereira-Iglesias M, García-Zaballa M, Soria FN, De Las Heras-Garcia L, Carretero-Guillen A, Capetillo-Zarate E, Domercq M, Huguet PR, Ramonet D, Osman A, Han W, Dominguez C, Faust TE, Touzani O, Pampliega O, Boya P, Schafer D, Mariño G, Canet-Soulas E, Blomgren K, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2023:1-30. [PMID: 36622892 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2165313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic debris prevents buildup damage of neighbor neurons and inflammatory responses. Whereas microglia are very competent phagocytes under physiological conditions, we report their dysfunction in mouse and preclinical monkey models of stroke (macaques and marmosets) by transient occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (tMCAo). By analyzing recently published bulk and single cell RNA sequencing databases, we show that the phagocytosis dysfunction was not explained by transcriptional changes. In contrast, we demonstrate that the impairment of both engulfment and degradation was related to energy depletion triggered by oxygen and nutrient deprivation (OND), which led to reduced process motility, lysosomal exhaustion, and the induction of a protective macroautophagy/autophagy response in microglia. Basal autophagy, in charge of removing and recycling intracellular elements, was critical to maintain microglial physiology, including survival and phagocytosis, as we determined both in vivo and in vitro using pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Notably, the autophagy inducer rapamycin partially prevented the phagocytosis impairment induced by tMCAo in vivo but not by OND in vitro, where it even had a detrimental effect on microglia, suggesting that modulating microglial autophagy to optimal levels may be a hard to achieve goal. Nonetheless, our results show that pharmacological interventions, acting directly on microglia or indirectly on the brain environment, have the potential to recover phagocytosis efficiency in the diseased brain. We propose that phagocytosis is a therapeutic target yet to be explored in stroke and other brain disorders and provide evidence that it can be modulated in vivo using rapamycin.Abbreviations: AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMBRA1: autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASP3: caspase 3; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CCA: common carotid artery; CCR2: chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2; CIR: cranial irradiation; Csf1r/v-fms: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; CX3CR1: chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DG: dentate gyrus; GO: Gene Ontology; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HI: hypoxia-ischemia; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCA: medial cerebral artery; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OND: oxygen and nutrient deprivation; Ph/A coupling: phagocytosis-apoptosis coupling; Ph capacity: phagocytic capacity; Ph index: phagocytic index; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tMCAo: transient medial cerebral artery occlusion; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Sierra-Torre
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair Group, Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Pereira-Iglesias
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Zaballa
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura De Las Heras-Garcia
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carretero-Guillen
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma R Huguet
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Ramonet
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dominguez
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Laboratory of Autophagy, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid 28040, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Dorothy Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33003, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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26
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Maurya SK, Gupta S, Mishra R. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in maintenance of brain homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1072046. [PMID: 36698776 PMCID: PMC9870594 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of microglia in brain homeostasis, neurodegeneration, and neurodevelopmental disorders has attracted considerable interest. In addition, recent developments in microglial functions and associated pathways have shed new light on their fundamental role in the immunological surveillance of the brain. Understanding the interconnections between microglia, neurons, and non-neuronal cells have opened up additional avenues for research in this evolving field. Furthermore, the study of microglia at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels has enhanced our knowledge of these native brain immune cells. Moreover, exploring various facets of microglia biology will facilitate the early detection, treatment, and management of neurological disorders. Consequently, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive insight on microglia biology and its influence on brain development, homeostasis, management of disease, and highlights microglia as potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Shashank Kumar Maurya, ;
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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27
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Suwara J, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Chworos A, Pawlowska R. The ATP-dependent Pathways and Human Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1232-1255. [PMID: 35319356 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220322104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important molecules of life, present both inside the cells and extracellularly. It is an essential building block for nucleic acids biosynthesis and crucial intracellular energy storage. However, one of the most interesting functions of ATP is the role of a signaling molecule. Numerous studies indicate the involvement of ATP-dependent pathways in maintaining the proper functioning of individual tissues and organs. Herein, the latest data indicating the ATP function in the network of intra- and extracellular signaling pathways including purinergic signaling, MAP kinase pathway, mTOR and calcium signaling are collected. The main ATP-dependent processes maintaining the proper functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems, as well as skin and bones, are summarized. The disturbances in the ATP amount, its cellular localization, or interaction with target elements may induce pathological changes in signaling pathways leading to the development of serious diseases. The impact of an ATP imbalance on the development of dangerous health dysfunctions such as neurodegeneration diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers and immune pathogenesis are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Suwara
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Roza Pawlowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
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28
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Var SR, Strell P, Johnson ST, Roman A, Vasilakos Z, Low WC. Transplanting Microglia for Treating CNS Injuries and Neurological Diseases and Disorders, and Prospects for Generating Exogenic Microglia. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231171001. [PMID: 37254858 PMCID: PMC10236244 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231171001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are associated with a wide range of both neuroprotective and neuroinflammatory functions in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and throughout lifespan. Chronically activated and dysfunctional microglia are found in many diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and CNS-related injuries, and can accelerate or worsen the condition. Transplantation studies designed to replace and supplement dysfunctional microglia with healthy microglia offer a promising strategy for addressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and pathologies. This review will cover microglial involvement in neurological diseases and disorders and CNS-related injuries, current microglial transplantation strategies, and different approaches and considerations for generating exogenic microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phoebe Strell
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sether T. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alex Roman
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zoey Vasilakos
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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29
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Zhu X, Hao W, Liu Z, Song Y, Hao C, Wu S, Lu X, Yang J, Jin C. Aluminum induces neuroinflammation via P2X7 receptor activating NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114373. [PMID: 36508838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aluminum is everywhere in nature and is a recognized neurotoxicant closely associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation occurs in the early stage of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanism by which aluminum induces neuroinflammation remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 3-month subchronic aluminum exposure mouse model was established by drinking water containing aluminum chloride (AlCl3). Microglia BV2 cells and hippocampal neuron HT22 cells were treated with AlCl3 in vitro. BBG and YC-1 were used as intervention agents. RESULTS Aluminum could activate microglia and increase the level of extracellular ATP, stimulate P2X7 receptor, HIF-1α, activate NLRP3 inflammasome and CASP-1, release more cytokine IL-1β, and induce an inflammatory response in nerve cells. There was a mutual regulatory relationship between P2X7 and HIF-1α at mRNA and protein levels. The co-culture system of BV2-HT22 cells observed that conditioned medium from microglia treated with aluminum could aggravate neuronal morphological damage, inflammatory response and death. While BBG and YC-1 intervention could rescue these injuries to some extent. CONCLUSION The P2X7-NLRP3 pathway was involved in aluminum-induced neuroinflammation and injury. P2X7 and HIF-1α might mutually regulate and promote the progression of neuroinflammation, both BBG and YC-1 could relieve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Wudi Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yushuai Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Chenyu Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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30
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Chisari M, Barraco M, Bucolo C, Ciranna L, Sortino MA. Purinergic ionotropic P2X7 and metabotropic glutamate mGlu 5 receptors crosstalk influences pro-inflammatory conditions in microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175389. [PMID: 36435235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia represent the resident immune system in the brain. They mediate neuroinflammatory processes and have been described as important regulators of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Among several players and mechanisms contributing to microglial function in inflammation, ATP and glutamate have been shown to be involved in microgliosis. In this study, we focused on receptor subtypes that respond to these neurotransmitters, purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor and metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor. We found that both receptors are functionally expressed in a murine microglia cell line, BV2 cells, and we performed patch-clamp experiments to measure purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor ion flux in control condition and after metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor activation. The selective purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor agonist, 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP, 100 μM), elicited a robust current that was prevented by the selective purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079 (10 μM). When BV2 cells were acutely stimulated with the selective metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 agonist, (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG, 200 μM), purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor current was increased. This positive modulation was prevented by the selective metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonist 3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP, 1 μM). Moreover, nitric oxide synthesis elicited by purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor activation was enhanced by metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor co-stimulation. Taken together, our results suggest an important crosstalk between ATP and glutamate in inflammation. Pro-inflammatory effects mediated by purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor might be exacerbated by simultaneous exposure of microglia to ATP and glutamate, suggesting new pharmacological targets to modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Chisari
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Michele Barraco
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciranna
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy
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31
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Zhang J, Si J, Liang R, Lu Y, Shang H, Li X, Sun S, Wu LA. Ligand-gated ion channel P2X7 regulates hypoxia-induced factor-1α mediated pain induced by dental pulpitis in the medullary dorsal horn. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1015751. [PMID: 36385758 PMCID: PMC9644926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1015751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulpitis often induces severe pain, and the molecular immune response is remarkable in both peripheral and central nervous system. Accumulating evidence indicates that activated microglia in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) contribute to dental pulpitis induced pain. The P2X7 receptor plays an important role in driving pain and inflammatory processes, and its downstream target hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) has a crucial role in maintaining inflammation. However, the relationship between P2X7 and HIF-1α in dental inflammatory pain remains unclear. This study demonstrated that the degree of inflammation in the dental pulp tissue became more severe in a time-dependent manner by establishing a rat dental pulpitis model via pulp exposure. Meanwhile, the expression of P2X7, HIF-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the MDH increased most on the seventh day when the pain threshold was the lowest in the dental pulpitis model. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increased P2X7-mediated HIF-1α expression in microglia. Notably, the suppression of P2X7 caused less IL-1β and IL-18 release and lower HIF-1α expression, and P2X7 antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) could alleviate pain behaviors of the dental pulpitis rats. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence that P2X7 is a key molecule, which regulates HIF-1α expression and inflammation in dental pulpitis-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongwei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shukai Sun,
| | - Li-an Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Li-an Wu,
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32
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Zhang WJ, Hu DX, Lin SJ, Fang XQ, Ye ZF. Contribution of P2X purinergic receptor in cerebral ischemia injury. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:42-49. [PMID: 36113681 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of cerebral ischemia involves brain damage and abnormal changes in brain function, which can cause neurosensory and motor dysfunction, and bring serious consequences to patients. P2X purinergic receptors are expressed in nerve cells and immune cells, and are mainly expressed in microglia. The P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in the P2X purinergic receptors play a significant role in regulating the activity of microglia. Moreover, ATP-P2X purine information transmission is involved in the progression of neurological diseases, including the release of pro-inflammatory factors, driving factors and cytokines after cerebral ischemia injury, inducing inflammation, and aggravating cerebral ischemia injury. P2X receptors activation can mediate the information exchange between microglia and neurons, induce neuronal apoptosis, and aggravate neurological dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. However, inhibiting the activation of P2X receptors, reducing their expression, inhibiting the activation of microglia, and has the effect of protecting nerve function. In this paper, we discussed the relationship between P2X receptors and nervous system function and the role of microglia activation inducing cerebral ischemia injury. Additionally, we explored the potential role of P2X receptors in the progression of cerebral ischemic injury and their potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Si-Jian Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China.
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33
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Chemogenetic and Optogenetic Manipulations of Microglia in Chronic Pain. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:368-378. [PMID: 35976535 PMCID: PMC10043090 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain relief remains an unmet medical need. Current research points to a substantial contribution of glia-neuron interaction in its pathogenesis. Particularly, microglia play a crucial role in the development of chronic pain. To better understand the microglial contribution to chronic pain, specific regional and temporal manipulations of microglia are necessary. Recently, two new approaches have emerged that meet these demands. Chemogenetic tools allow the expression of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically in microglia. Similarly, optogenetic tools allow for microglial manipulation via the activation of artificially expressed, light-sensitive proteins. Chemo- and optogenetic manipulations of microglia in vivo are powerful in interrogating microglial function in chronic pain. This review summarizes these emerging tools in studying the role of microglia in chronic pain and highlights their potential applications in microglia-related neurological disorders.
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34
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Lipid accumulation induced by APOE4 impairs microglial surveillance of neuronal-network activity. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1197-1212.e8. [PMID: 35931030 PMCID: PMC9623845 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the greatest known genetic risk factor for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease. How the interaction of APOE4 microglia with neurons differs from microglia expressing the disease-neutral APOE3 allele remains unknown. Here, we employ CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to dissect the impact of APOE4 in neuron-microglia communication. Our results reveal that APOE4 induces a lipid-accumulated state that renders microglia weakly responsive to neuronal activity. By examining the transcriptional signatures of APOE3 versus APOE4 microglia in response to neuronal conditioned media, we established that neuronal cues differentially induce a lipogenic program in APOE4 microglia that exacerbates pro-inflammatory signals. Through decreased uptake of extracellular fatty acids and lipoproteins, we identified that APOE4 microglia disrupts the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles. These findings suggest that abnormal neuronal network-level disturbances observed in Alzheimer's disease patients harboring APOE4 may in part be triggered by impairment in lipid homeostasis in non-neuronal cells.
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35
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Henn RE, Noureldein MH, Elzinga SE, Kim B, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL. Glial-neuron crosstalk in health and disease: A focus on metabolism, obesity, and cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105766. [PMID: 35584728 PMCID: PMC10071699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a complex set of disorders affecting normal cognitive function. Recently, several clinical studies have shown that diabetes, obesity, and components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with cognitive impairment, including dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Maintaining normal cognitive function is an intricate process involving coordination of neuron function with multiple brain glia. Well-orchestrated bioenergetics is a central requirement of neurons, which need large amounts of energy but lack significant energy storage capacity. Thus, one of the most important glial functions is to provide metabolic support and ensure an adequate energy supply for neurons. Obesity and metabolic disease dysregulate glial function, leading to a failure to respond to neuron energy demands, which results in neuronal damage. In this review, we outline evidence for links between diabetes, obesity, and MetS components to cognitive impairment. Next, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk between the three major glial cell types, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, with neurons under physiological conditions. Finally, we outline how diabetes, obesity, and MetS components can disrupt glial function, and how this disruption might impair glia-neuron metabolic crosstalk and ultimately promote cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E Henn
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Mohamed H Noureldein
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Sarah E Elzinga
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Bhumsoo Kim
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Eva L Feldman
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
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36
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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37
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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38
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Mahmood A, Iqbal J. Purinergic receptors modulators: An emerging pharmacological tool for disease management. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1661-1703. [PMID: 35561109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is mediated through extracellular nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate, uridine-5'-triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine-5'-diphosphate, and adenosine) that serve as signaling molecules. In the early 1990s, purines and pyrimidine receptors were cloned and characterized drawing the attention of scientists toward this aspect of cellular signaling. This signaling pathway is comprised of four subtypes of adenosine receptors (P1), eight subtypes of G-coupled protein receptors (P2YRs), and seven subtypes of ligand-gated ionotropic receptors (P2XRs). In current studies, the pathophysiology and therapeutic potentials of these receptors have been focused on. Various ligands, modulating the functions of purinergic receptors, are in current clinical practices for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, several purinergic receptors ligands are in advanced phases of clinical trials as a remedy for depression, epilepsy, autism, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancers. In the present study, agonists and antagonists of purinergic receptors have been summarized that may serve as pharmacological tools for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mahmood
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Losenkova K, Takeda A, Ragauskas S, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Vähätupa M, Kaja S, Paul ML, Schmies CC, Rolshoven G, Müller CE, Sandholm J, Jalkanen S, Kalesnykas G, Yegutkin GG. CD73 controls ocular adenosine levels and protects retina from light-induced phototoxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:152. [PMID: 35212809 PMCID: PMC8881442 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP and adenosine have emerged as important signaling molecules involved in vascular remodeling, retinal functioning and neurovascular coupling in the mammalian eye. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of purinergic signaling in the eye. Here, we used three-dimensional multiplexed imaging, in situ enzyme histochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, and single cell transcriptomics to characterize the whole pattern of purine metabolism in mouse and human eyes. This study identified ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39), NTPDase2, and ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 as major ocular ecto-nucleotidases, which are selectively expressed in the photoreceptor layer (CD73), optic nerve head, retinal vasculature and microglia (CD39), as well as in neuronal processes and cornea (CD39, NTPDase2). Specifically, microglial cells can create a spatially arranged network in the retinal parenchyma by extending and retracting their branched CD39high/CD73low processes and forming local “purinergic junctions” with CD39low/CD73− neuronal cell bodies and CD39high/CD73− retinal blood vessels. The relevance of the CD73–adenosine pathway was confirmed by flash electroretinography showing that pharmacological inhibition of adenosine production by injection of highly selective CD73 inhibitor PSB-12489 in the vitreous cavity of dark-adapted mouse eyes rendered the animals hypersensitive to prolonged bright light, manifested as decreased a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. The impaired electrical responses of retinal cells in PSB-12489-treated mice were not accompanied by decrease in total thickness of the retina or death of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Our study thus defines ocular adenosine metabolism as a complex and spatially integrated network and further characterizes the critical role of CD73 in maintaining the functional activity of retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Losenkova
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Simon Kaja
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Marius L Paul
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze C Schmies
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Rolshoven
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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40
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Wang M, Kang L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Lu Y, Kang L. Microglia in motor neuron disease: Signaling evidence from last 10 years. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:625-638. [PMID: 36309345 PMCID: PMC9828749 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND), including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and others, involved the upper or lower motor neurons selective loss, is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, in conjunction with microglia. We summarized that pathways and key mediators are associated with microglia, such as fractalkine signaling, purinergic signaling, NF-κB signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, TREM2-APOE signaling, ROCK signaling, C1q signaling, and Ion channel, which are involved in the activation, proliferation, and inflammation of microglia. This review aims to identify the microglia-related molecular target and explore potential treatment strategies for MND based on that target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Jia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Kang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yao‐Zheng Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bi‐Ru Yang
- Department of Postpartum RehabilitationSichuan Jinxin Women & Children HospitalChengduChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
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41
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Defaye M, Abdullah NS, Iftinca M, Hassan A, Agosti F, Zhang Z, Cumenal M, Zamponi GW, Altier C. Gut-innervating TRPV1+ Neurons Drive Chronic Visceral Pain via Microglial P2Y12 Receptor. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:977-999. [PMID: 34954381 PMCID: PMC8867057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic abdominal pain is a common symptom of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain during active disease and clinical remission. Lower mechanical threshold and hyperexcitability of visceral afferents induce gliosis in central pain circuits, leading to persistent visceral hypersensitivity (VHS). In the spinal cord, microglia, the immune sentinels of the central nervous system, undergo activation in multiple models of VHS. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of microglia activation to identify centrally acting analgesics for chronic IBD pain. METHODS Using Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) expressed in transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1-expressing visceral neurons that sense colonic inflammation, we tested whether neuronal activity was indispensable to control microglia activation and VHS. We then investigated the neuron-microglia signaling system involved in visceral pain chronification. RESULTS We found that chemogenetic inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1+ visceral afferents prevents microglial activation in the spinal cord and subsequent VHS in colitis mice. In contrast, chemogenetic activation, in the absence of colitis, enhanced microglial activation associated with VHS. We identified a purinergic signaling mechanism mediated by neuronal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and microglial P2Y12 receptor, triggering VHS in colitis. Inhibition of P2RY12 prevented microglial reactivity and chronic VHS post-colitis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data provide novel insights into the central mechanisms of chronic visceral pain and suggest that targeting microglial P2RY12 signaling could be harnessed to relieve pain in patients with IBD who are in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Defaye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nasser S. Abdullah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francina Agosti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa Cumenal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald W. Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Christophe Altier, PhD, Associate Professor, Canada Research Chair in Inflammatory Pain, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, HS 1665, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1 Canada. tel: (403) 220-7549.
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42
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de Melo ASLF, Lima JLD, Malta MCS, Marroquim NF, Moreira ÁR, de Almeida Ladeia I, dos Santos Cardoso F, Gonçalves DB, Dutra BG, dos Santos JCC. The role of microglia in prion diseases and possible therapeutic targets: a literature review. Prion 2021; 15:191-206. [PMID: 34751640 PMCID: PMC8583147 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1991771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal condition that leads to progressive neurodegeneration due to gliosis, vacuolation of central nervous system tissue, and loss of neurons. Microglia play a crucial role in maintaining Central Nervous System (CNS) homoeostasis, both in health and disease, through phagocytosis and cytokine production. In the context of CJD, the immunomodulatory function of microglia turns it into a cell of particular interest. Microglia would be activated by infectious prion proteins, initially acquiring a phagocytic and anti-inflammatory profile (M2), and producing cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. Therefore, microglia are seen as a key target for the development of new treatment approaches, with many emerging strategies to guide it towards a beneficial role upon neuroinflammation, by manipulating its metabolic pathways. In such a setting, many cellular targets in microglia that can be involved in phenotype modulation, such as membrane receptors, have been identified and pointed out as possible targets for further experiments and therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review the major findings about the role of microglia in CJD, including its relationship to some risk factors associated with the development of the disease. Furthermore, considering its central role in neural immunity, we explore microglial connection with other elements of the immune system and cell signalling, such as inflammasomes, the complement and purinergic systems, and the latest finding strategies to guide these cells from harmful to beneficial roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Álvaro Rivelli Moreira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Universitário Governador Ozanam Coelho, UniFacog, Ubá, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrizio dos Santos Cardoso
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade De Mogi Das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas (Ut), Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Júlio César Claudino dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Departamento De Neurologia E Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Sp, Brazil
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43
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Dias ML, O'Connor KM, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. Targeting the Toll-like receptor pathway as a therapeutic strategy for neonatal infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R879-R902. [PMID: 34612068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial transmembrane receptors that form part of the innate immune response. They play a role in the recognition of various microorganisms and their elimination from the host. TLRs have been proposed as vital immunomodulators in the regulation of multiple neonatal stressors that extend beyond infection such as oxidative stress and pain. The immune system is immature at birth and takes some time to become fully established. As such, babies are especially vulnerable to sepsis at this early stage of life. Findings suggest a gestational age-dependent increase in TLR expression. TLRs engage with accessory and adaptor proteins to facilitate recognition of pathogens and their activation of the receptor. TLRs are generally upregulated during infection and promote the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies report that TLRs are epigenetically modulated by chromatin changes and promoter methylation upon bacterial infection that have long-term influences on immune responses. TLR activation is reported to modulate cardiorespiratory responses during infection and may play a key role in driving homeostatic instability observed during sepsis. Although complex, TLR signaling and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neonatal diseases. By reviewing the expression and function of key Toll-like receptors, we aim to provide an important framework to understand the functional role of these receptors in response to stress and infection in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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44
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Delage CI, Tremblay MÈ, Crespo-Lopez ME, Verkhratsky A. Plasticity of microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:217-250. [PMID: 34549510 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic metamorphosis of foetal macrophages into idiosyncratic surveilling microglia, which are generally characterised by a small cell body and highly ramified motile processes that constantly scan the nervous tissue for signs of changes in homeostasis and allow microglia to perform crucial homeostatic functions. The surveilling microglial phenotype is evolutionarily conserved from early invertebrates to humans. Despite this evolutionary conservation, microglia show substantial heterogeneity in their gene and protein expression, as well as morphological appearance. These differences are age, region and context specific and reflect a high degree of plasticity underlying the life-long adaptation of microglia, supporting the exceptional adaptive capacity of the central nervous system. Microgliocytes are essential elements of cellular network formation and refinement in the developing nervous tissue. Several distinct patrolling modes of microglial processes contribute to the formation, modification, and pruning of synapses; to the support and protection of neurones through microglial-somatic junctions; and to the control of neuronal and axonal excitability by specific microglia-axonal contacts. In pathology, microglia undergo proliferation and reactive remodelling known as microgliosis, which is context dependent, yet represents an evolutionarily conserved defence response. Microgliosis results in the emergence of multiple disease and context-specific reactive states; in addition, neuropathology is associated with the appearance of specific protective or recovery microglial forms. In summary, the plasticity of microglia supports the development and functional activity of healthy nervous tissue and provides highly sophisticated defences against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Isabelle Delage
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Bureau 4835, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
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45
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Zhu P, Dong X, Xu H, Wan Q, Guo Q, Wang J, Xiao H, Yan L. Microglial P2Y14 receptor contributes to central sensitization following repeated inflammatory dural stimulation. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:119-128. [PMID: 34543689 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that P2Y receptors in spinal microglia play a role in the development of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, it remains unclear whether P2Y receptors in microglia are involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of microglial P2Y14 receptor in trigeminal cervical complex (TCC) in migraine. METHODS We used a rat model of migraine induced by repeated inflammatory stimulation of the dura and examined the expression of P2Y14 receptor in the TCC in migraine rats by Western Blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Then, we determined the effect of P2Y14 antagonist PPTN on inflammatory soup (IS)-induced mechanical allodynia, microglial activation and ERK expression in TCC. RESULTS The expression level of P2Y14 receptor increased significantly in microglia in TCC after 4 or 7 days of repeated IS stimulation of the dura. Application of PPTN significantly attenuated the decrease of periorbital pain threshold in migraine model rats. In addition, repeated IS stimulation of the dura induced the activation of microglia and the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 in microglia in TCC, which were abolished by the application of PPTN. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the increased P2Y14 receptor in microglia in TCC play a crucial role in the generation of mechanical allodynia in migraine rat model. Furthermore, the activation of the P2Y14 receptor is involved in microglial activation and ERK phosphorylation as well. The P2Y14 receptor in microglia might be used as a potential target for migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Huan Xu
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qiqi Guo
- Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, 552 Geguan Road, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Lanyun Yan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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46
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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47
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Salcman B, Affleck K, Bulfone-Paus S. P2X Receptor-Dependent Modulation of Mast Cell and Glial Cell Activities in Neuroinflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092282. [PMID: 34571930 PMCID: PMC8471135 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Localisation of mast cells (MCs) at the abluminal side of blood vessels in the brain favours their interaction with glial cells, neurons, and endothelial cells, resulting in the activation of these cells and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. In turn, stimulation of glial cells, such as microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes may result in the modulation of MC activities. MCs, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes all express P2X receptors (P2XRs) family members that are selectively engaged by ATP. As increased concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) are present in the brain in neuropathological conditions, P2XR activation in MCs and glial cells contributes to the control of their communication and amplification of the inflammatory response. In this review we discuss P2XR-mediated MC activation, its bi-directional effect on microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and role in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Salcman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Karen Affleck
- GlaxoSmithKline, Immunology Research Unit, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK;
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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48
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Gölöncsér F, Baranyi M, Iring A, Hricisák L, Otrokocsi L, Benyó Z, Sperlágh B. Involvement of P2Y 12 receptors in an NTG-induced model of migraine in male mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4626-4645. [PMID: 34363208 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12 Rs) are known to regulate different forms of pain and inflammation. In this study we investigated the participation of P2Y12 Rs in an animal model of migraine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the effect of the centrally administered selective P2Y12 R antagonist PSB-0739, and P2Y12 R gene deficiency in acute nitroglycerin (NTG)-treated mice. Additionally, platelet depletion was used to investigate the role of platelet P2Y12 Rs during migraine-like pain. KEY RESULTS NTG induced sensory hypersensitivity of C57BL/6 wild-type (P2ry12+/+ ) mice, accompanied by an increase in c-fos and CGRP expression in the upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Similar changes were also observed in P2Y12 R gene-deficient (P2ry12-/- ) mice. Prophylactic intrathecal application of PSB-0739 reversed thermal hyperalgesia and head grooming time in wild-type mice but had no effect in P2ry12-/- mice; furthermore, it was also effective when applied as a post-treatment. PSB-0739 administration suppressed the expression of c-fos in C1-C2 and TNC, and decrease C1-C2 levels of dopamine and serotonin in wild-type mice. NTG treatment itself did not change adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation measured by CD62P upregulation in wild-type mice. Platelet depletion by anti-mouse CD41 antibody and clopidogrel attenuated NTG-induced thermal hypersensitivity and head grooming time in mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our findings show that acute inhibition of P2Y12 Rs alleviates migraine-like pain in mice, by modulating the expression of c-fos, and platelet P2Y12 Rs might contribute to this effect. Hence, it is suggested that the blockade of P2Y12 Rs may have therapeutic potential against migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra Gölöncsér
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Lenert ME, Avona A, Garner KM, Barron LR, Burton MD. Sensory Neurons, Neuroimmunity, and Pain Modulation by Sex Hormones. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab109. [PMID: 34049389 PMCID: PMC8237991 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of women in preclinical pain studies has become more commonplace in the last decade as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its "Sex as a Biological Variable" mandate. Presumably, basic researchers have not had a comprehensive understanding about neuroimmune interactions in half of the population and how hormones play a role in this. To date, we have learned that sex hormones contribute to sexual differentiation of the nervous system and sex differences in behavior throughout the lifespan; however, the cycling of sex hormones does not always explain these differences. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of sex differences and how hormones and immune interactions influence sensory neuron activity to contribute to physiology and pain. Neuroimmune mechanisms may be mediated by different cell types in each sex, as the actions of immune cells are sexually dimorphic. Unfortunately, the majority of studies assessing neuronal contributions to immune function have been limited to males, so it is unclear if the mechanisms are similar in females. Finally, pathways that control cellular metabolism, like nuclear receptors, have been shown to play a regulatory role both in pain and inflammation. Overall, communication between the neuroimmune and endocrine systems modulate pain signaling in a sex-dependent manner, but more research is needed to reveal nuances of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Lenert
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Amanda Avona
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Katherine M Garner
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Luz R Barron
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Advanced Pain Studies (CAPS), Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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50
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Merighi S, Poloni TE, Terrazzan A, Moretti E, Gessi S, Ferrari D. Alzheimer and Purinergic Signaling: Just a Matter of Inflammation? Cells 2021; 10:cells10051267. [PMID: 34065393 PMCID: PMC8161210 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative pathology responsible for about 70% of all cases of dementia. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that affects neurodegeneration by activating four membrane G protein-coupled receptor subtypes, namely P1 receptors. One of them, the A2A subtype, is particularly expressed in the brain at the striatal and hippocampal levels and appears as the most promising target to counteract neurological damage and adenosine-dependent neuroinflammation. Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, etc.) are also released from the cell or are synthesized extracellularly. They activate P2X and P2Y membrane receptors, eliciting a variety of physiological but also pathological responses. Among the latter, the chronic inflammation underlying AD is mainly caused by the P2X7 receptor subtype. In this review we offer an overview of the scientific evidence linking P1 and P2 mediated purinergic signaling to AD development. We will also discuss potential strategies to exploit this knowledge for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (A.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Tino Emanuele Poloni
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology, Golgi-Cenci Foundation & ASP Golgi-Redaelli, Abbiategrasso, 20081 Milan, Italy;
| | - Anna Terrazzan
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (A.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Moretti
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (A.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (A.T.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.F.)
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