1
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Germeys C, Vandoorne T, Davie K, Poovathingal S, Heeren K, Vermeire W, Nami F, Moisse M, Quaegebeur A, Sierksma A, Rué L, Sicart A, Eykens C, De Cock L, De Strooper B, Carmeliet P, Van Damme P, De Bock K, Van Den Bosch L. Targeting EGLN2/PHD1 protects motor neurons and normalizes the astrocytic interferon response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114719. [PMID: 39255062 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and dysregulated energy metabolism are linked to motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor (EGLN) enzymes, also known as prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes, are metabolic sensors regulating cellular inflammation and metabolism. Using an oligonucleotide-based and a genetic approach, we showed that the downregulation of Egln2 protected motor neurons and mitigated the ALS phenotype in two zebrafish models and a mouse model of ALS. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the murine spinal cord revealed that the loss of EGLN2 induced an astrocyte-specific downregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, mediated via the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein. In addition, we found that the genetic deletion of EGLN2 restored this interferon response in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes, confirming the link between EGLN2 and astrocytic interferon signaling. In conclusion, we identified EGLN2 as a motor neuron protective target normalizing the astrocytic interferon-dependent inflammatory axis in vivo, as well as in patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Germeys
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tijs Vandoorne
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristofer Davie
- VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research Technologies, Single Cell Bioinformatics Unit, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research Technologies, Single Cell Microfluidics & Analytics Unit, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for AI & Computational Biology (VIB.AI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kara Heeren
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wendy Vermeire
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - FatemehArefeh Nami
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Quaegebeur
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CB2 2PY Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Department of Histopathology, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Annerieke Sierksma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Molecular Neurobiology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Rué
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrià Sicart
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Eykens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lenja De Cock
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Molecular Neurobiology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Center for Biotechnology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Philip Van Damme
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Wang MY, Zhou Y, Li WL, Zhu LQ, Liu D. Friend or foe: Lactate in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102452. [PMID: 39127445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, was considered as a metabolic waste until identified by studies on the Warburg effect. Increasing evidence elucidates that lactate functions as energy fuel, signaling molecule, and donor for protein lactylation. Altered lactate utilization is a common metabolic feature of the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. This review offers an overview of lactate metabolism from the perspective of production, transportation and clearance, and the role of lactate in neurodegenerative progression, as well as a summary of protein lactylation and the signaling function of lactate in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, this review delves into the dual roles of changed lactate metabolism during neurodegeneration and explores prospective therapeutic methods targeting lactate. We propose that elucidating the correlation between lactate and neurodegeneration is pivotal for exploring innovative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wen-Lian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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3
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Çelik MH, Gagneur J, Lim RG, Wu J, Thompson LM, Xie X. Identifying dysregulated regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through chromatin accessibility outliers. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100318. [PMID: 38872308 PMCID: PMC11260578 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The high heritability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) contrasts with its low molecular diagnosis rate post-genetic testing, pointing to potential undiscovered genetic factors. To aid the exploration of these factors, we introduced EpiOut, an algorithm to identify chromatin accessibility outliers that are regions exhibiting divergent accessibility from the population baseline in a single or few samples. Annotation of accessible regions with histone chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and Hi-C indicates that outliers are concentrated in functional loci, especially among promoters interacting with active enhancers. Across different omics levels, outliers are robustly replicated, and chromatin accessibility outliers are reliable predictors of gene expression outliers and aberrant protein levels. When promoter accessibility does not align with gene expression, our results indicate that molecular aberrations are more likely to be linked to post-transcriptional regulation rather than transcriptional regulation. Our findings demonstrate that the outlier detection paradigm can uncover dysregulated regions in rare diseases. EpiOut is available at github.com/uci-cbcl/EpiOut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Hasan Çelik
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Julien Gagneur
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Helmholtz Association - Munich School for Data Science (MUDS), Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan G Lim
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; UCI MIND, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xie
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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4
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Min JH, Sarlus H, Harris RA. Copper toxicity and deficiency: the vicious cycle at the core of protein aggregation in ALS. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1408159. [PMID: 39050823 PMCID: PMC11267976 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1408159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of ALS involves many signs of a disruption in copper homeostasis, with both excess free levels and functional deficiency likely occurring simultaneously. This is crucial, as many important physiological functions are performed by cuproenzymes. While it is unsurprising that many ALS symptoms are related to signs of copper deficiency, resulting in vascular, antioxidant system and mitochondrial oxidative respiration deficiencies, there are also signs of copper toxicity such as ROS generation and enhanced protein aggregation. We discuss how copper also plays a key role in proteostasis and interacts either directly or indirectly with many of the key aggregate-prone proteins implicated in ALS, such as TDP-43, C9ORF72, SOD1 and FUS as well as the effect of their aggregation on copper homeostasis. We suggest that loss of cuproprotein function is at the core of ALS pathology, a condition that is driven by a combination of unbound copper and ROS that can either initiate and/or accelerate protein aggregation. This could trigger a positive feedback cycle whereby protein aggregates trigger the aggregation of other proteins in a chain reaction that eventually captures elements of the proteostatic mechanisms in place to counteract them. The end result is an abundance of aggregated non-functional cuproproteins and chaperones alongside depleted intracellular copper stores, resulting in a general lack of cuproenzyme function. We then discuss the possible aetiology of ALS and illustrate how strong risk factors including environmental toxins such as BMAA and heavy metals can functionally behave to promote protein aggregation and disturb copper metabolism that likely drives this vicious cycle in sporadic ALS. From this synthesis, we propose restoration of copper balance using copper delivery agents in combination with chaperones/chaperone mimetics, perhaps in conjunction with the neuroprotective amino acid serine, as a promising strategy in the treatment of this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Moreno-Jiménez L, Benito-Martín MS, Sanclemente-Alamán I, Matías-Guiu JA, Sancho-Bielsa F, Canales-Aguirre A, Mateos-Díaz JC, Matías-Guiu J, Aguilar J, Gómez-Pinedo U. Murine experimental models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an update. Neurologia 2024; 39:282-291. [PMID: 37116688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease whose aetiology is unknown. It is characterised by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. Approximately 90% of cases of ALS are sporadic, whereas the other 10% are familial. Regardless of whether the case is familial o sporadic, patients will develop progressive weakness, muscle atrophy with spasticity, and muscle contractures. Life expectancy of these patients is generally 2 to 5 years after diagnosis. DEVELOPMENT In vivo models have helped to clarify the aetiology and pathogenesis of ALS, as well as the mechanisms of the disease. However, as these mechanisms are not yet fully understood, experimental models are essential to the continued study of the pathogenesis of ALS, as well as in the search for possible therapeutic targets. Although 90% of cases are sporadic, most of the models used to study ALS pathogenesis are based on genetic mutations associated with the familial form of the disease; the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS remains unknown. Therefore, it would be critical to establish models based on the sporadic form. CONCLUSIONS This article reviews the main genetic and sporadic experimental models used in the study of this disease, focusing on those that have been developed using rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M S Benito-Martín
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sanclemente-Alamán
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Matías-Guiu
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Sancho-Bielsa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - J C Mateos-Díaz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ-CONACyT, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - J Matías-Guiu
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental y Circuitos Neuronales del Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - U Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Sun XG, Chu XH, Godje Godje IS, Liu SY, Hu HY, Zhang YB, Zhu LJ, Wang H, Sui C, Huang J, Shen YJ. Aerobic Glycolysis Induced by mTOR/HIF-1α Promotes Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Activating M1 Microglia. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:1-15. [PMID: 36385451 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
M1 microglial activation is crucial for the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and there is growing evidence that glucose metabolism is frequently involved in microglial activation. However, the molecular mechanism of glycolysis and its role in M1 microglial activation in the context of EBI are not yet fully understood. In this study, firstly, the relationship between aerobic glycolysis and M1 microglial activation as well as SAH-induced EBI was researched in vivo. Then, intervention on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was performed to investigate the effects on glycolysis-dependent M1 microglial activation and EBI and its relationship with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in vivo. Next, Hif-1α was inhibited to analyze its role in aerobic glycolysis, M1 microglial activation, and EBI in vivo. Lastly, both in vivo and in vitro, mTOR inhibition and Hif-1α enhancement were administered simultaneously, and the combined effects were further confirmed again. The results showed that aerobic glycolysis and M1 microglial polarization were increased after SAH, and glycolytic inhibition could attenuate M1 microglial activation and EBI. Inhibition of mTOR reduced glycolysis-dependent M1 microglial polarization and EBI severity by down-regulating HIF-1α expression, while enhancement had the opposite effects. Blockading HIF-1α had the similar effects as suppressing mTOR, while HIF-1α agonist worked against mTOR antagonist when administered simultaneously. In conclusion, the present study showed new evidence that aerobic glycolysis induced by mTOR/HIF-1α might promote EBI after SAH by activating M1 microglia. This finding provided new insights for the treatment of EBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xue-Hong Chu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Shao-Yu Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui-Yu Hu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi-Bo Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Chen Sui
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying-Jie Shen
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
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Sivagurunathan N, Calivarathan L. SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Premature Neuronal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is there any Connection with Hypoxia? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:431-448. [PMID: 37073650 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230418114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global concern as it leads to a spectrum of mild to severe symptoms and increases death tolls around the world. Severe COVID-19 results in acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxia, and multi- organ dysfunction. However, the long-term effects of post-COVID-19 infection are still unknown. Based on the emerging evidence, there is a high possibility that COVID-19 infection accelerates premature neuronal aging and increases the risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases in mild to severely infected patients during the post-COVID period. Several studies correlate COVID-19 infection with neuronal effects, though the mechanism through which they contribute to the aggravation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration is still under investigation. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly targets pulmonary tissues and interferes with gas exchange, leading to systemic hypoxia. The neurons in the brain require a constant supply of oxygen for their proper functioning, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to any alteration in oxygen saturation level that results in neuronal injury with or without neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that hypoxia is one of the major clinical manifestations of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection; it directly or indirectly contributes to premature neuronal aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration by altering the expression of various genes responsible for the survival of the cells. This review focuses on the interplay between COVID-19 infection, hypoxia, premature neuronal aging, and neurodegenerative diseases and provides a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gautam S, Latif S, Kang YS. Effect of Various Pathological Conditions on Nitric Oxide Level and L-Citrulline Uptake in Motor Neuron-Like (NSC-34) Cell Lines. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:154-161. [PMID: 38148559 PMCID: PMC10762273 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder that causes progressive paralysis. L-Citrulline is a non-essential neutral amino acid produced by L-arginine via nitric oxide synthase (NOS). According to previous studies, the pathogenesis of ALS entails glutamate toxicity, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and neurofilament disruption. In addition, L-citrulline prevents neuronal cell death in brain ischemia; therefore, we investigated the change in the transport of L-citrulline under various pathological conditions in a cell line model of ALS. We examined the uptake of [14C]L-citrulline in wild-type (hSOD1wt/WT) and mutant NSC-34/ SOD1G93A (MT) cell lines. The cell viability was determined via MTT assay. A transport study was performed to determine the uptake of [14C]L-citrulline. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of rat large neutral amino acid transported 1 (rLAT1) in ALS cell lines. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed using Griess reagent. L-Citrulline had a restorative effect on glutamate induced cell death, and increased [14C]L-citrulline uptake and mRNA levels of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in the glutamate-treated ALS disease model (MT). NO levels increased significantly when MT cells were pretreated with glutamate for 24 h and restored by co-treatment with L-citrulline. Co-treatment of MT cells with L-arginine, an NO donor, increased NO levels. NSC-34 cells exposed to high glucose conditions showed a significant increase in [14C]L-citrulline uptake and LAT1 mRNA expression levels, which were restored to normal levels upon co-treatment with unlabeled L-citrulline. In contrast, exposure of the MT cell line to tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharides, and hypertonic condition decreased the uptake significantly which was restored to the normal level by co-treating with unlabeled L-citrulline. L-Citrulline can restore NO levels and cellular uptake in ALS-affected cells with glutamate cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, or other pathological states, suggesting that L-citrulline supplementation in ALS may play a key role in providing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gautam
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sana Latif
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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9
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Soares P, Silva C, Chavarria D, Silva FSG, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Drug discovery and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Emerging challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101790. [PMID: 36402404 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) leading to paralysis and, ultimately, death by respiratory failure 3-5 years after diagnosis. Edaravone and Riluzole, the only drugs currently approved for ALS treatment, only provide mild symptomatic relief to patients. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provided new grounds for drug discovery. Over the last two decades, mitochondria and oxidative stress (OS), iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and the major regulators of hypoxia and inflammation - HIF and NF-κB - emerged as promising targets for ALS therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focused our attention on these targets to outline and discuss current advances in ALS drug development. Based on the challenges and the roadblocks, we believe that the rational design of multi-target ligands able to modulate the complex network of events behind the disease can provide effective therapies in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catia Silva
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena S G Silva
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Zhang Q, Zhao H, Luo M, Cheng X, Li Y, Li Q, Wang Z, Niu Q. The Classification and Prediction of Ferroptosis-Related Genes in ALS: A Pilot Study. Front Genet 2022; 13:919188. [PMID: 35873477 PMCID: PMC9305067 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.919188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle paralysis, which is followed by degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex of the brainstem and spinal cord. The etiology of sporadic ALS (sALS) is still unknown, limiting the exploration of potential treatments. Ferroptosis is a new form of cell death and is reported to be closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ALS. In this study, we used datasets (autopsy data and blood data) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to explore the role of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) alterations in ALS. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) found that the activated ferroptosis pathway displayed a higher enrichment score, and the expression of 26 ferroptosis genes showed obvious group differences between ALS and controls. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), we identified FRGs associated with ALS, of which the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis displayed that the biological process of oxidative stress was the most to be involved in. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the FRGs were enriched not only in ferroptosis pathways but also in autophagy, FoxO, and mTOR signaling pathways. Twenty-one FRGs (NR4A1, CYBB, DRD4, SETD1B, LAMP2, ACSL4, MYB, PROM2, CHMP5, ULK1, AKR1C2, TGFBR1, TMBIM4, MLLT1, PSAT1, HIF1A, LINC00336, AMN, SLC38A1, CISD1, and GABARAPL2) in the autopsy data and 16 FRGs (NR4A1, DRD4, SETD1B, MYB, PROM2, CHMP5, ULK1, AKR1C2, TGFBR1, TMBIM4, MLLT1, HIF1A, LINC00336, IL33, SLC38A1, and CISD1) in the blood data were identified as target genes by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis (LASSO), in which gene signature could differentiate ALS patients from controls. Finally, the higher the expression of CHMP5 and SLC38A1 in whole blood, the shorter the lifespan of ALS patients will be. In summary, our study presents potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Niu
- *Correspondence: Qi Niu, ; Zheng Wang,
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11
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Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:218. [PMID: 35798726 PMCID: PMC9261907 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is linked to several biological processes, including pathogenic microbe infection, metabolic adaptation, cancer, acute and chronic diseases, and other stress responses. The mechanism underlying cells respond to oxygen changes to mediate subsequent signal response is the central question during hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) sense hypoxia to regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes expression, which participate in multiple processes including cell metabolism, cell growth/death, cell proliferation, glycolysis, immune response, microbe infection, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Importantly, hypoxia signaling also interacts with other cellular pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of hypoxia signaling activation, the control of HIF signaling, and the function of HIF signaling in human health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic targets involved in HIF signaling to balance health and diseases are summarized and highlighted, which would provide novel strategies for the design and development of therapeutic drugs.
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12
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Yoshikawa M, Aizawa S, Oppenheim RW, Milligan C. Neurovascular unit pathology is observed very early in disease progression in the mutant SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Ohta Y, Nomura E, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Abe K. In Vivo Imaging of Oxidative and Hypoxic Stresses in Mice Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:289-294. [PMID: 35836077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and hypoxic stresses are associated with the degeneration of both motor neurons and skeletal muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In vivo bioluminescent imaging is used to monitor cellular responses to oxidative and hypoxic stresses in living ALS model mice bearing G93A-human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) longitudinally using the IVIS spectrum imaging system. Double transgenic mice bearing both Keap1-dependent oxidative stress detector No-48 (OKD48) and G93A-SOD1 are useful for in vivo imaging of oxidative stress in ALS. We developed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) probe that is regulated by HIF-1α-specific ubiquitin-proteasome system. G93A-SOD1 mice injected with the BRET probe are useful to investigate the spatiotemporal responses to hypoxic stress in ALS. In this chapter, we introduce a practical protocol of in vivo imaging of both oxidative and hypoxic stress in ALS model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ohta
- Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Emi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinae Kizaka-Kondoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira city, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Fiskum V, Sandvig A, Sandvig I. Silencing of Activity During Hypoxia Improves Functional Outcomes in Motor Neuron Networks in vitro. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:792863. [PMID: 34975426 PMCID: PMC8716921 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.792863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hypoxia, or reduced oxygen supply, to brain tissue can be disastrous, leading to extensive loss of function. Deoxygenated tissue becomes unable to maintain healthy metabolism, which leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of calcium homoeostasis, with damaging downstream effects. Neurons are a highly energy demanding cell type, and as such they are highly sensitive to reductions in oxygenation and some types of neurons such as motor neurons are even more susceptible to hypoxic damage. In addition to the immediate deleterious effects hypoxia can have on neurons, there can be delayed effects which lead to increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), even if no immediate consequences are apparent. Furthermore, impairment of the function of various hypoxia-responsive factors has been shown to increase the risk of developing several neurodegenerative disorders. Longitudinal assessment of electrophysiological network activity is underutilised in assessing the effects of hypoxia on neurons and how their activity and communication change over time following a hypoxic challenge. This study utilised multielectrode arrays and motor neuron networks to study the response to hypoxia and the subsequent development of the neuronal activity over time, as well as the effect of silencing network activity during the hypoxic challenge. We found that motor neuron networks exposed to hypoxic challenge exhibited a delayed fluctuation in multiple network activity parameters compared to normoxic networks. Silencing of activity during the hypoxic challenge leads to maintained bursting activity, suggesting that functional outcomes are better maintained in these networks and that there are activity-dependent mechanisms involved in the network damage following hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Fiskum
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neuro, Head, and Neck, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Moreno-Jiménez L, Benito-Martín M, Sanclemente-Alamán I, Matías-Guiu J, Sancho-Bielsa F, Canales-Aguirre A, Mateos-Díaz J, Matías-Guiu J, Aguilar J, Gómez-Pinedo U. Modelos experimentales murinos en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Puesta al día. Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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16
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Mitroshina EV, Savyuk MO, Ponimaskin E, Vedunova MV. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Ischemic Stroke and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703084. [PMID: 34395432 PMCID: PMC8355741 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common pathological conditions, which can be induced by multiple events, including ischemic injury, trauma, inflammation, tumors, etc. The body's adaptation to hypoxia is a highly important phenomenon in both health and disease. Most cellular responses to hypoxia are associated with a family of transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induce the expression of a wide range of genes that help cells adapt to a hypoxic environment. Basic mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia, and particularly HIF functions, have being extensively studied over recent decades, leading to the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Based on their pivotal physiological importance, HIFs are attracting increasing attention as a new potential target for treating a large number of hypoxia-associated diseases. Most of the experimental work related to HIFs has focused on roles in the liver and kidney. However, increasing evidence clearly demonstrates that HIF-based responses represent an universal adaptation mechanism in all tissue types, including the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, HIFs are critically involved in the regulation of neurogenesis, nerve cell differentiation, and neuronal apoptosis. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the complex role of HIF-1 in the adaptation of neurons and glia cells to hypoxia, with a focus on its potential involvement into various neuronal pathologies and on its possible role as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Mitroshina
- Department of Neurotechnologe, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maria O. Savyuk
- Department of Neurotechnologe, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Department of Neurotechnologe, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Department of Neurotechnologe, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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17
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Tadokoro K, Yamashita T, Shang J, Ohta Y, Nomura E, Morihara R, Omote Y, Takemoto M, Abe K. Switching the Proteolytic System from the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System to Autophagy in the Spinal Cord of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Model. Neuroscience 2021; 466:47-57. [PMID: 33974963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of damaged proteins takes place via two major proteolytic pathways: the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. However, since it is unclear how these two proteolytic pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we investigated the switching mechanism from UPS to autophagy by pharmacologically modifying these pathways by treating the spinal cords of female ALS mouse model bearing G93A human SOD1 (G93A mice) with MG132 or 3-methyladenine (3MA). G93A mice exhibited a progressive increase in the amount of ubiquitin and p62 aggregates, BAG3 expression, and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in both astroglia and motor neurons. Treatment with MG132 or 3MA significantly increased the clinical hanging wire score and exacerbated α-motor neuron loss at 18 weeks in G93A mice, and increased the amount of ubiquitin, p62 aggregates, and BAG3 expression. This study's results demonstrate that the molecular switch from UPS to autophagy occurred not only in motor neurons but also in astroglia at the end stage (18 weeks) when the autophagic flux was impaired in G93A mice. This finding suggests that the defense system was disrupted against aggregate-prone protein production in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jingwei Shang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Emi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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18
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Yamashita T, Hatakeyama T, Sato K, Fukui Y, Hishikawa N, Takemoto M, Ohta Y, Nishiyama Y, Kawai N, Tamiya T, Abe K. Hypoxic stress visualized in the cervical spinal cord of ALS patients. Neurol Res 2020; 43:429-433. [PMID: 33377424 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1866383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal motor neuron disease. Hypoxic stress is suspected as the pathogenesis of ALS, however, no positron emission tomography (PET) study for hypoxic stress has been conducted in the spinal cord of ALS patients.Methods: In the present study, we examined cervical spinal hypoxic stress of nineALS patients with upper extremity (U/E) atrophy by18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET.Results: On the ipsilateral side of C1 and C5 levels, 18F-FMISO uptake increased significantly compared with the contralateral side (*p < 0.05) and the control subject (**p < 0.01). In addition, a strong correlation was found between 18F-FMISO uptake of the C5 level and the rate of progression of the ALS FRS-R score (R = 0.781, *p = 0.013).Conclusion: These results indicate that hypoxic stress increased in the spinal cord of ALS patients with a close link to ALS progression. Both hypoxic stress and a compromised response to hypoxia, which may lead to subsequent motor neuron death, could be a potential therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Hatakeyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishiyama
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, KagawaGeneralRehabilitationHospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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19
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Astrocytes In Vitro Reveals Hypoxia-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Modulation of Metabolism, and Dysregulation of the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218028. [PMID: 33126586 PMCID: PMC7672558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and can both directly and indirectly impact on neuronal function through modulation of glial function. Astrocytes play a key role in regulating homeostasis within the central nervous system, and mediate hypoxia-induced changes in response to reduced oxygen availability. The current study performed a detailed characterization of hypoxia-induced changes in the transcriptomic profile of astrocytes in vitro. Human astrocytes were cultured under normoxic (5% CO2, 95% air) or hypoxic conditions (1% O2, 5% CO2, 94% N2) for 24 h, and the gene expression profile assessed by microarray analysis. In response to hypoxia 4904 genes were significantly differentially expressed (1306 upregulated and 3598 downregulated, FC ≥ 2 and p ≤ 0.05). Analysis of the significant differentially expressed transcripts identified an increase in immune response pathways, and dysregulation of signalling pathways, including HIF-1 (p = 0.002), and metabolism, including glycolysis (p = 0.006). To assess whether the hypoxia-induced metabolic gene changes observed affected metabolism at a functional level, both the glycolytic and mitochondrial flux were measured using an XF bioanalyser. In support of the transcriptomic data, under physiological conditions hypoxia significantly reduced mitochondrial respiratory flux (p = 0.0001) but increased basal glycolytic flux (p = 0.0313). However, when metabolically stressed, hypoxia reduced mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity (p = 0.0485) and both glycolytic capacity (p = 0.0001) and glycolytic reserve (p < 0.0001). In summary, the current findings detail hypoxia-induced changes in the astrocyte transcriptome in vitro, identifying potential targets for modifying the astrocyte response to reduced oxygen availability in pathological conditions associated with ischaemia/hypoxia, including manipulation of mitochondrial function, metabolism, and the immune response.
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McCombe PA, Lee JD, Woodruff TM, Henderson RD. The Peripheral Immune System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32373052 PMCID: PMC7186478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease that is defined by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, associated with accumulation of protein aggregates in cells. There is also pathology in extra-motor areas of the brain, Possible causes of cell death include failure to deal with the aggregated proteins, glutamate toxicity and mitochondrial failure. ALS also involves abnormalities of metabolism and the immune system, including neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Strikingly, there are also abnormalities of the peripheral immune system, with alterations of T lymphocytes, monocytes, complement and cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with ALS. The precise contribution of the peripheral immune system in ALS pathogenesis is an active area of research. Although some trials of immunomodulatory agents have been negative, there is strong preclinical evidence of benefit from immune modulation and further trials are currently underway. Here, we review the emerging evidence implicating peripheral immune alterations contributing to ALS, and their potential as future therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Hernandez-Gerez E, Fleming IN, Parson SH. A role for spinal cord hypoxia in neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31723121 PMCID: PMC6853899 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of the spinal cord is particularly complex and vulnerable. Damage to the main vessels or alterations to the regulation of blood flow will result in a reduction or temporary cessation of blood supply. The resulting tissue hypoxia may be brief: acute, or long lasting: chronic. Damage to the vascular system of the spinal cord will develop after a traumatic event or as a result of pathology. Traumatic events such as road traffic accidents, serious falls and surgical procedures, including aortic cross-clamping, will lead to an immediate cessation of perfusion, the result of which may not be evident for several days, but may have long-term consequences including neurodegeneration. Pathological events such as arterial sclerosis, venous occlusion and spinal cord compression will result in a progressive reduction of blood flow, leading to chronic hypoxia. While in some situations the initial pathology is exclusively vascular, recent research in neurodegenerative disease has drawn attention to concomitant vascular anomalies in disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and muscular sclerosis. Understanding the role of, and tissue response to, chronic hypoxia is particularly important in these cases, where inherent neural damage exacerbates the vulnerability of the nervous system to stressors including hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hernandez-Gerez
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian N Fleming
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon H Parson
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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