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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:105-119. [PMID: 37438201 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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2
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023:S1089-8603(23)00047-2. [PMID: 37244391 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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Ageing modifies acute resting blood pressure responses to incremental consumption of dietary nitrate: a randomised, cross-over clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:442-453. [PMID: 35508923 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Beetroot (BR) is a rich source of nitrate (NO3-) that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). Yet, no studies have examined the vascular benefits of BR in whole-food form and whether the effects are modified by age. This study was a four-arm, randomised, open-label, cross-over design in twenty-four healthy adults (young n 12, age 27 ± 4 years, old n 12, age 64 ± 5 years). Participants consumed whole-cooked BR at portions of (NO3- content in brackets) 100 g (272 mg), 200 g (544 mg) and 300 g (816 mg) and a 200-ml solution containing 1000 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on four separate occasions over a 4-week period (≥7-d washout period). BP, plasma NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) concentrations, and post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia via laser Doppler, were measured pre- and up to 5-h post-intervention. Data were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Plasma NO2- concentrations were higher in the young v. old at baseline and post-intervention (P < 0·05). All NO3- interventions decreased systolic and diastolic BP in young participants (P < 0·05), whereas only KNO3 (at 240-300 min post-intake) significantly decreased systolic (-4·8 mmHg, -3·5 %, P = 0·024) and diastolic (-5·4 mmHg, -6·5 %, P = 0·007) BP in older participants. In conclusion, incremental doses of dietary NO3- reduced systolic and diastolic BP in healthy young adults whereas in the older group a significant decrease was only observed with the highest dose. The lower plasma NO2- concentrations in older participants suggest that there may be mechanistic differences in the production of NO from dietary NO3- in young and older populations.
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Tan R, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Effects of dietary nitrate on the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise: Accounting for "noise" in pulmonary gas exchange measurements. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1149-1157. [PMID: 35301929 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2052471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can reduce the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise, but this has not been reported consistently. We hypothesised that the number of step transitions to moderate-intensity exercise, and corresponding effects on the signal-to-noise ratio for pulmonary V˙ O2, may be important in this regard. Twelve recreationally active participants were assigned in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in three conditions: 1) control (CON; water); 2); PL (NO3--depleted beetroot juice); and 3) BR (NO3--rich beetroot juice). On days 3 and 4, participants completed two 6-min step transitions to moderate-intensity cycle exercise. Breath-by-breath V˙ O2 data were collected and V˙ O2 kinetic responses were determined for a single transition and when the responses to 2, 3 and 4 transitions were ensemble-averaged. Steady-state V˙ O2 was not different between PL and BR when the V˙ O2 response to one-, two- or three-step transition was compared but was significantly lower in BR compared to PL when four-step transitions was considered (PL: 1.33 ± 0.34 vs. BR: 1.31 ± 0.34 L·min-1, P < 0.05). There were no differences in pulmonary V˙ O2 responses between CON and PL (P > 0.05). Multiple step transitions may be required to detect the influence of NO3- supplementation on steady-state V˙ O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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5
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d'Unienville NMA, Blake HT, Coates AM, Hill AM, Nelson MJ, Buckley JD. Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:76. [PMID: 34965876 PMCID: PMC8715640 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability. METHODS Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration). RESULTS One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively, p<0.001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O2max ≥65 ml.kg.min-1) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption. CONCLUSION Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or sample size limitations. OTHER The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/u7nsj ) and no funding was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M A d'Unienville
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
| | - Henry T Blake
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Hill
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maximillian J Nelson
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Khosravi S, Ahmadizad S, Yekaninejad M, Karami M, Djafarian K. The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on muscle performance during isokinetic knee extensions in male Taekwondo athletes. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Capper TE, Siervo M, Clifford T, Taylor G, Iqbal W, West D, Stevenson EJ. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Incremental Oral Doses of Dietary Nitrate in Young and Older Adults: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2021; 152:130-139. [PMID: 34718635 PMCID: PMC8754575 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate consumption can increase concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in blood, saliva, and urine. Whether the change in concentrations is influenced by age is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure changes in nitrate and nitrite concentrations in plasma, urine, and saliva and exhaled NO concentrations after single incremental doses of dietary nitrate in young and older healthy adults. METHODS Twelve young (18-35 y old) and 12 older (60-75 y old) healthy, nonsmoking participants consumed single doses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g whole beetroot (BR) and 1000 mg potassium nitrate (positive control) ≥7 d apart in a crossover, randomized clinical trial. Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and exhaled NO concentrations were measured over a 5-h period. Salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured over a 12-h period and urinary nitrate over a 24-h period. Time, intervention, age, and interaction effects were measured with repeated-measures ANOVAs. RESULTS Dose-dependent increases were seen in plasma, salivary, and urinary nitrate after BR ingestion (all P ≤ 0.002) but there were no differences between age groups at baseline (all P ≥ 0.56) or postintervention (all P ≥ 0.12). Plasma nitrite concentrations were higher in young than older participants at baseline (P = 0.04) and after consumption of 200 g (P = 0.04; +25.7 nmol/L; 95% CI: 0.97, 50.3 nmol/L) and 300 g BR (P = 0.02; +50.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: 8.57, 92.1 nmol/L). Baseline fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) concentrations were higher in the younger group [P = 0.03; +8.60 parts per billion (ppb); 95% CI: 0.80, 16.3 ppb], and rose significantly over the 5-h period, peaking 5 h after KNO3 consumption (39.4 ± 4.5 ppb; P < 0.001); however, changes in FeNO were not influenced by age (P = 0.276). CONCLUSIONS BR is a source of bioavailable dietary nitrate in both young and older adults and can effectively raise nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Lower plasma nitrite and FeNO concentrations were found in older subjects, confirming the impact of ageing on NO bioavailability across different systems.This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN86706442.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Clifford
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Taylor
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wasim Iqbal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel West
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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8
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Kobayashi J. Lifestyle-mediated nitric oxide boost to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection: A perspective. Nitric Oxide 2021; 115:55-61. [PMID: 34364972 PMCID: PMC8340570 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide and has seriously threatened public health by causing significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with preexisting endothelial dysfunction caused by aging, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are at high risk for life-threatening thromboembolic complications. This suggests a possibility that reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and NO bioavailability could be a common underlying pathology for the progression of COVID-19. Increasingly, evidence from experimental and clinical studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection shows that NO inhibits the pathogenesis of COVID-19, including virus entry into host cells, viral replication, host immune response, and subsequent thromboembolic complications. Restoring NO bioavailability may have the potential to be a preventive or early-treatment option for COVID-19. This review aims to provide in-depth discussion of NO bioavailability to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly by focusing on lifestyle factors such as nitrate-rich diets, physical exercise, and nasal breathing, which could be easily performed on a daily basis to boost NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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9
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Bath PM, Coleman CM, Gordon AL, Lim WS, Webb AJ. Nitric oxide for the prevention and treatment of viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections. F1000Res 2021; 10:536. [PMID: 35685687 PMCID: PMC9171293 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51270.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antimicrobial potential of nitric oxide (NO) is widely published, it is little used clinically. NO is a key signalling molecule modulating vascular, neuronal, inflammatory and immune responses. Endogenous antimicrobial activity is largely mediated by high local NO concentrations produced by cellular inducible nitric oxide synthase, and by derivative reactive nitrogen oxide species including peroxynitrite and S-nitrosothiols. NO may be taken as dietary substrate (inorganic nitrate, L-arginine), and therapeutically as gaseous NO, and transdermal, sublingual, oral, intranasal and intravenous nitrite or nitrate. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that NO has generic static and cidal activities against viruses (including β-coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, protozoa and fungi/yeasts in vitro. Therapeutic effects have been seen in animal models in vivo, and phase II trials have demonstrated that NO donors can reduce microbial infection. Nevertheless, excess NO, as occurs in septic shock, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In view of the dose-dependent positive and negative effects of NO, safety and efficacy trials of NO and its donors are needed for assessing their role in the prevention and treatment of infections. Trials should test dietary inorganic nitrate for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis and gaseous NO or oral, topical or intravenous nitrite and nitrate for treatment of mild-to-severe infections, including due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This review summarises the evidence base from in vitro, in vivo and early phase clinical studies of NO activity in viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher M Coleman
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Adam L Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, DE22 3NE, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Wei Shen Lim
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew J Webb
- Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Kings College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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10
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Bath PM, Coleman CM, Gordon AL, Lim WS, Webb AJ. Nitric oxide for the prevention and treatment of viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections. F1000Res 2021; 10:536. [PMID: 35685687 PMCID: PMC9171293 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51270.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the antimicrobial potential of nitric oxide (NO) is widely published, it is little used clinically. NO is a key signalling molecule modulating vascular, neuronal, inflammatory and immune responses. Endogenous antimicrobial activity is largely mediated by high local NO concentrations produced by cellular inducible nitric oxide synthase, and by derivative reactive nitrogen oxide species including peroxynitrite and S-nitrosothiols. NO may be taken as dietary substrate (inorganic nitrate, L-arginine), and therapeutically as gaseous NO, and transdermal, sublingual, oral, intranasal and intravenous nitrite or nitrate. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that NO has generic static and cidal activities against viruses (including β-coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, protozoa and fungi/yeasts in vitro. Therapeutic effects have been seen in animal models in vivo, and phase II trials have demonstrated that NO donors can reduce microbial infection. Nevertheless, excess NO, as occurs in septic shock, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In view of the dose-dependent positive and negative effects of NO, safety and efficacy trials of NO and its donors are needed for assessing their role in the prevention and treatment of infections. Trials should test dietary inorganic nitrate for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis and gaseous NO or oral, topical or intravenous nitrite and nitrate for treatment of mild-to-severe infections, including due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This review summarises the evidence base from in vitro, in vivo and early phase clinical studies of NO activity in viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
- Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher M. Coleman
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Notts, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, DE22 3NE, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Wei Shen Lim
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew J. Webb
- Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Kings College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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11
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Pekas EJ, Wooden TK, Yadav SK, Park SY. Body mass-normalized moderate dose of dietary nitrate intake improves endothelial function and walking capacity in patients with peripheral artery disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R162-R173. [PMID: 34161745 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00121.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in the lower extremity conduit arteries, which impairs blood flow and walking capacity. Dietary nitrate has been used to reduce blood pressure (BP) and improve walking capacity in PAD. However, a standardized dose for PAD has not been determined. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of a body mass-normalized moderate dose of nitrate (0.11 mmol nitrate/kg) as beetroot juice on serum nitrate/nitrite, vascular function, walking capacity, and tissue oxygen utilization capacity in patients with PAD. A total of 11 patients with PAD received either nitrate supplement or placebo in a randomized crossover design. Total serum nitrate/nitrite, resting BP, brachial and popliteal artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD), arterial stiffness (pulse-wave velocity, PWV), augmentation index (AIx), maximal walking distance and time, claudication onset time, and skeletal muscle oxygen utilization were measured pre- and postnitrate and placebo intake. There were significant group × time interactions (P < 0.05) for serum nitrate/nitrite, FMD, BP, walking distance and time, and skeletal muscle oxygen utilization. The nitrate group showed significantly increased serum nitrate/nitrite (Δ1.32 μM), increased brachial and popliteal FMD (Δ1.3% and Δ1.7%, respectively), reduced peripheral and central systolic BP (Δ-4.7 mmHg and Δ-8.2 mmHg, respectively), increased maximal walking distance (Δ92.7 m) and time (Δ56.3 s), and reduced deoxygenated hemoglobin during walking. There were no changes in PWV, AIx, or claudication (P > 0.05). These results indicate that a body-mass normalized moderate dose of nitrate may be effective and safe for reducing BP, improving endothelial function, and improving walking capacity in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health & Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - TeSean K Wooden
- School of Health & Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health & Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
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12
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Abu-Alghayth M, Vanhatalo A, Wylie LJ, McDonagh ST, Thompson C, Kadach S, Kerr P, Smallwood MJ, Jones AM, Winyard PG. S-nitrosothiols, and other products of nitrate metabolism, are increased in multiple human blood compartments following ingestion of beetroot juice. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101974. [PMID: 33940546 PMCID: PMC8111767 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingested inorganic nitrate (NO3⁻) has multiple effects in the human body including vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and improved skeletal muscle function. The functional effects of oral NO3⁻ involve the in vivo reduction of NO3⁻ to nitrite (NO2⁻) and thence to nitric oxide (NO). However, the potential involvement of S-nitrosothiol (RSNO) formation is unclear. We hypothesised that the RSNO concentration ([RSNO]) in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma is increased by NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice ingestion. In healthy human volunteers, we tested the effect of dietary supplementation with NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice (BR) or NO3⁻-depleted beetroot juice (placebo; PL) on [RSNO], [NO3⁻] and [NO2⁻] in RBCs, whole blood and plasma, as measured by ozone-based chemiluminescence. The median basal [RSNO] in plasma samples (n = 22) was 10 (5–13) nM (interquartile range in brackets). In comparison, the median values for basal [RSNO] in the corresponding RBC preparations (n = 19) and whole blood samples (n = 19) were higher (p < 0.001) than in plasma, being 40 (30–60) nM and 35 (25–80) nM, respectively. The median RBC [RSNO] in a separate cohort of healthy subjects (n = 5) was increased to 110 (93–125) nM after ingesting BR (12.8 mmol NO3⁻) compared to a corresponding baseline value of 25 (21–31) nM (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.01). The median plasma [RSNO] in another cohort of healthy subjects (n = 14) was increased almost ten-fold to 104 (58–151) nM after BR supplementation (7 × 6.4 mmol of NO3⁻ over two days, p < 0.01) compared to PL. In conclusion, RBC and plasma [RSNO] are increased by BR ingestion. In addition to NO2⁻, RSNO may be involved in dietary NO3⁻ metabolism/actions. Human ingestion of NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice caused increased plasma S-nitrosothiol levels compared with baseline. Beetroot juice ingestion also caused increased S-nitrosothiol and NO2⁻ levels in red blood cells compared with baseline. RSNO formation may contribute to the physiological effects of dietary NO3⁻.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abu-Alghayth
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sinead Tj McDonagh
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stefan Kadach
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul Kerr
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX1 2PD, UK
| | - Miranda J Smallwood
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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13
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Jakubcik EM, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Chabert M, Wong M, Ali A. Pharmacokinetics of Nitrate and Nitrite Following Beetroot Juice Drink Consumption. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020281. [PMID: 33498220 PMCID: PMC7908977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrate (NO3
-)-rich beetroot (BR) juice supplementation has been shown to improve cardiovascular function via reduction to nitrite (NO2
-) and then to the bioactive molecule nitric oxide (NO). However, limited research exists for the role of inorganic NO2
- that is contained naturally within BR. OBJECTIVE As BR juice can naturally contain both NO3
- and NO2
- the objective of this study was to evaluate the individual effects of NO3
- and NO2
- consumed from BR on plasma [NO3
-]/[NO2
-] and their subsequent effects on various cardiovascular measures. DESIGN In four separate treatments, 11 healthy adults consumed 250 mL of BR containing one of the following: (i) high NO3
-, low NO2
- (HL; 572 mg NO3
-, 32 mg NO2
-); (ii) medium NO3
-, medium NO2
- (MM; 280 mg NO3
-, 237 mg NO2
-); (iii) low NO3
-, medium NO2
- (LM; 43 mg NO3
-, 262 mg NO2
-); (iv) placebo (PL; low NO3
-, low NO2
-: 8 mg NO3
-, 5.8 mg NO2
-). Plasma [NO3
-]/[NO2
-], blood pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output and stroke volume were measured at baseline and every hour or second hour for 6 h post-BR consumption. OUTCOMES Ingestion of the HL and MM BR increased plasma [NO2
-] and [NO3
-] after 2 h, with both remaining elevated after 6 h (p < 0.05). LM increased plasma [NO3
-] (p < 0.05) but did not increase plasma [NO2
-] compared to PL (p = 0.177). MAP was lower following the consumption of HL at 4 h and LM at 6 h (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Inorganic NO3
- consumption is the critical factor in elevating plasma [NO3
-] and [NO2
-]; however, both NO2
- and NO3
- show potential to reduce MAP. The known reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) following NO3
- supplementation was not observed, making it unclear if NO2
- contributes to a reduction in SBP/DBP alongside NO3
-.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand;
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | | | - Marie Wong
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand;
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand;
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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14
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Burleigh MC, Sculthorpe N, Henriquez FL, Easton C. Nitrate-rich beetroot juice offsets salivary acidity following carbohydrate ingestion before and after endurance exercise in healthy male runners. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243755. [PMID: 33320868 PMCID: PMC7737958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been recent calls for strategies to improve oral health in athletes. High carbohydrate diets, exercise induced dehydration and transient perturbations to immune function combine to increase oral disease risk in this group. We tested whether a single dose of nitrate (NO3-) would offset the reduction in salivary pH following carbohydrate ingestion before and after an exercise bout designed to cause mild dehydration. Eleven trained male runners ( V˙O2max 53 ± 9 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, age 30 ± 7 years) completed a randomised placebo-controlled study comprising four experimental trials. Participants ingested the following fluids one hour before each trial: (a) 140 ml of water (negative-control), (b) 140 ml of water (positive-control), (c) 140 ml of NO3- rich beetroot juice (~12.4 mmol NO3-) (NO3- trial) or (d) 140 ml NO3- depleted beetroot juice (placebo-trial). During the negative-control trial, participants ingested 795 ml of water in three equal aliquots: before, during, and after 90 min of submaximal running. In the other trials they received 795 ml of carbohydrate supplements in the same fashion. Venous blood was collected before and after the exercise bout and saliva was sampled before and repeatedly over the 20 min following carbohydrate or water ingestion. As expected, nitrite (NO2-) and NO3- were higher in plasma and saliva during the NO3- trial than all other trials (all P<0.001). Compared to the negative-control, salivary-pH was significantly reduced following the ingestion of carbohydrate in the positive-control and placebo trials (both P <0.05). Salivary-pH was similar between the negative-control and NO3- trials before and after exercise despite ingestion of carbohydrate in the NO3- trial (both P≥0.221). Ingesting NO3- attenuates the expected reduction in salivary-pH following carbohydrate supplements and exercise-induced dehydration. NO3- should be considered by athletes as a novel nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of developing acidity related oral health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C. Burleigh
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Fiona L. Henriquez
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Fernández-Elías V, Courel-Ibáñez J, Pérez-López A, Jodra P, Moreno-Pérez V, Coso JD, López-Samanes Á. Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Match-Play Activity in Professional Tennis Players. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:30-37. [PMID: 33180007 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1835585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beetroot juice is a source of dietary nitrate (NO3-) recognized as a potential ergogenic aid to enhance tolerance during endurance exercise of submaximal-to-maximal intensity. However, little is known about the effects of beetroot juice on exercise performance in intermittent sports such as tennis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on movement patterns during a competitive tennis match in professional players. METHODS In a double-blind and randomized experiment, nine professional tennis players performed two experimental trials 3 h after ingesting either 70 mL of a commercially-available concentrated beetroot juice (6.4 mmol NO3-) or placebo (0.005 mmol NO3-). In each experimental trial, players completed a 3-set tennis match and two performance tests (i.e., serve speed and isometric handgrip strength) before and after the match. Match-play running performance was recorded using wearable GPS and accelerometer units. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo trial, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not modify any match-play running performance (p = 0.178 to 0.997, d = 0.01 to 0.42). Furthermore, beetroot juice supplementation did not alter the pre-to-post match change in serve speed (p = 0.663, ηp2 = 0.03) or isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.219, ηp2 = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that acute ingestion of a commercialized shot of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (70 mL containing 6.4 mmol of NO3-) did not produce any performance benefit on tennis matchplay. Thus, acute beetroot juice supplementation seems an ergogenic aid with little value to enhance physical performance in professional tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Jodra
- Department of Education Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Liddle L, Burleigh MC, Monaghan C, Muggeridge DJ, Easton C. Venous occlusion during blood collection decreases plasma nitrite but not nitrate concentration in humans. Nitric Oxide 2020; 102:21-27. [PMID: 32535185 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain vascular tone and blood flow when tissue oxygenation is reduced, nitrite anions are reduced to nitric oxide (NO). From a practical perspective, it is unclear how the application of a tourniquet during blood collection might influence measurement of NO metabolites. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effect of venous occlusion on plasma nitrite and nitrate during venous blood collection. METHODS Fifteen healthy participants completed two trials that were preceded by the ingestion of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ; total of ~8.4 mmol nitrate) or no supplementation (control). In both trials, blood was collected using a venepuncture needle while a tourniquet was applied to the upper arm and using an indwelling intravenous cannula, from the opposing arm. The venepuncture samples were collected at 35 s post occlusion. Changes in the oxygenation of forearm flexor muscles were assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Plasma nitrite and nitrate were analysed using gas-phase chemiluminescence. RESULTS In the control trial, plasma nitrite was significantly elevated when collected via the cannula (179 ± 67 nM) compared to venepuncture (112 ± 51 nM, P = 0.03). The ingestion of BRJ increased plasma nitrite and values remained higher when sampled from the cannula (473 ± 164 nM) compared to venepuncture (387 ± 136 nM, P < 0.001). Plasma nitrate did not differ between collection methods in either trial (all P > 0.05). The delta changes in total-, deoxy-, and oxy-haemoglobin were all significantly greater during venepuncture sample compared to the cannula sample at the point of blood collection (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Venous occlusion during venepuncture blood collection lowers plasma nitrite concentration, potentially due to localised changes in haemoglobin concentration and/or a suppression of endogenous NO synthesis. Accordingly, the method of blood collection to enable measurements of NO metabolites should be carefully considered and consistently reported by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Liddle
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Mia C Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Chris Monaghan
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - David J Muggeridge
- Institute of Health Research & Innovation, Division of Biomedical Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
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17
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Mirmiran P, Houshialsadat Z, Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional properties of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris) in management of cardio-metabolic diseases. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 31921325 PMCID: PMC6947971 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris), as a naturally occurring root vegetable and a rich source of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds, is known for its beneficial roles in the improvement of several clinical and pathologic outcome. Chronic and acute beetroot juice supplementation, as a cost-effective strategy, is proposed to hold promises in controlling diabetes and insulin hemostasis, blood pressure and vascular function, renal health and the possible effect on microbiome abundance. The secondary outcome and physiological response of microbiome abundance modulation included the non- significant fluctuation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Also, some studies have suggested a reno-protective property of beetroot juice that is associated with the reduction of mortality rate and favorable changes in kidney’s functional parameters among patients with renal disorders. Similarly, it is shown that the persistent consumption of beetroot juice effectively postpones the postprandial glycemic response and decreases the blood glucose peak. The significant blood pressure lowering effect has been seen among normotensive subjects, which tend to be more considerable among hypertensive individuals and progressive among overweight adults. Within this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the therapeutic applications of beetroot juice in metabolic disorders and theirs underlying mechanisms. Despite the inconsistencies in the set of results from the reviewed studies, there is no doubt that further contributing factors must be investigated more deeply in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Houshialsadat
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Gaeini
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- 2Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Vitale K, Getzin A. Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1289. [PMID: 31181616 PMCID: PMC6628334 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance events have experienced a significant increase in growth in the new millennium and are popular activities for participation globally. Sports nutrition recommendations for endurance exercise however remains a complex issue with often opposing views and advice by various health care professionals. METHODS A PubMed/Medline search on the topics of endurance, athletes, nutrition, and performance was undertaken and a review performed summarizing the current evidence concerning macronutrients, hydration, and supplements as it pertains to endurance athletes. RESULTS Carbohydrate and hydration recommendations have not drastically changed in years, while protein and fat intake have been traditionally underemphasized in endurance athletes. Several supplements are commercially available to athletes, of which, few may be of benefit for endurance activities, including nitrates, antioxidants, caffeine, and probiotics, and are reviewed here. The topic of "train low," training in a low carbohydrate state is also discussed, and the post-exercise nutritional "recovery window" remains an important point to emphasize to endurance competitors. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the key recommendations for macronutrients, hydration, and supplements for endurance athletes, and helps clinicians treating endurance athletes clear up misconceptions in sports nutrition research when counseling the endurance athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Vitale
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew Getzin
- Sports Medicine, Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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19
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Liddle L, Burleigh MC, Monaghan C, Muggeridge DJ, Sculthorpe N, Pedlar CR, Butcher J, Henriquez FL, Easton C. Variability in nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and nitric oxide metabolites in biological fluids following dietary nitrate administration: An assessment of the critical difference. Nitric Oxide 2019; 83:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Lower limb ischemic preconditioning combined with dietary nitrate supplementation does not influence time-trial performance in well-trained cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:852-857. [PMID: 30745097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can independently improve exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to explore whether NO3- supplementation, ingested prior to an IPC protocol, could synergistically enhance parameters of exercise. DESIGN Double-blind randomized crossover trial. METHODS Ten competitive male cyclists (age 34±6years, body mass 78.9±4.9kg, V⋅O2peak 55±4 mLkgmin-1) completed an incremental exercise test followed by three cycling trials comprising a square-wave submaximal component and a 16.1km time-trial. Oxygen uptake (V⋅O2) and muscle oxygenation kinetics were measured throughout. The baseline (BASE) trial was conducted without any dietary intervention or IPC. In the remaining two trials, participants received 3×5min bouts of lower limb bilateral IPC prior to exercise. Participants ingested NO3--rich gel (NIT+IPC) 90min prior to testing in one trial and a low NO3- placebo in the other (PLA+IPC). Plasma NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) were measured immediately before and after application of IPC. RESULTS Plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-] were higher before and after IPC in NIT+IPC compared to BASE (P<0.001) but did not differ between BASE and PLA+IPC. There were no differences in V⋅O2 kinetics or muscle oxygenation parameters between trials (all P>0.4). Performance in the time-trial was similar between trials (BASE 1343±72s, PLA+IPC 1350±75s, NIT+IPC 1346±83s, P=0.98). CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise IPC did not improve sub-maximal exercise or performance measures, either alone or in combination with dietary NO3- supplementation.
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21
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Ross MD. Endothelial Regenerative Capacity and Aging: Influence of Diet, Exercise and Obesity. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:233-244. [PMID: 30047332 PMCID: PMC6300798 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180726112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The endothelium plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation, from blood flow to platelet aggregation, immune cell infiltration and demargination. A dysfunctional endo-thelium leads to the onset and progression of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). The aging endothelium displays significant alterations in function, such as reduced vasomotor functions and reduced angio-genic capabilities. This could be partly due to elevated levels of oxidative stress and reduced endothe-lial cell turnover. Circulating angiogenic cells, such as Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) play a significant role in maintaining endothelial health and function, by supporting endothelial cell prolifera-tion, or via incorporation into the vasculature and differentiation into mature endothelial cells. Howev-er, these cells are reduced in number and function with age, which may contribute to the elevated CVD risk in this population. However, lifestyle factors, such as exercise, physical activity obesity, and dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, nitrates, and antioxidants, significantly af-fect the number and function of these circulating angiogenic cells. Conclusion: This review will discuss the effects of advancing age on endothelial health and vascular regenerative capacity, as well as the influence of diet, exercise, and obesity on these cells, the mecha-nistic links and the subsequent impact on cardiovascular health
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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22
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The effects of two different doses of ultraviolet-A light exposure on nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory outcomes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29516257 PMCID: PMC5959980 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated different doses of ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light on plasma nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory variables. Methods Ten healthy male participants completed three experimental conditions, 7 days apart. Participants were exposed to no light (CON); 10 J cm2 (15 min) of UV-A light (UVA10) and 20 J cm2 (30 min) of UV-A light (UVA20) in a randomized order. Plasma nitrite [NO2−] and nitrate [NO3−] concentrations, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before, immediately after exposure and 30 min post-exposure. Whole body oxygen utilization (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skin temperature were recorded continuously. Results None of the measured parameters changed significantly during CON (all P > 0.05). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR were significantly reduced immediately after UVA10 (P < 0.05) despite no change in plasma [NO2−] (P > 0.05). Immediately after exposure to UVA20, plasma [NO2−] was higher (P = 0.014) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR tended to be lower compared to baseline (P = 0.06). There were no differences in [NO2−] or \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 at the 30 min time point in any condition. UV-A exposure did not alter systolic BP, diastolic BP or MAP (all P > 0.05). UV-A light did not alter plasma [NO3−] at any time point (all P > 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates that a UV-A dose of 20 J cm2 is necessary to increase plasma [NO2−] although a smaller dose is capable of reducing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR at rest. Exposure to UV-A did not significantly reduce BP in this cohort of healthy adults. These data suggest that exposure to sunlight has a meaningful acute impact on metabolic function.
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23
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Woessner MN, McIlvenna LC, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Neil CJ, Allen JD. Dietary nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular health: an ergogenic aid or exercise therapeutic? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H195-H212. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral consumption of inorganic nitrate, which is abundant in green leafy vegetables and roots, has been shown to increase circulating plasma nitrite concentration, which can be converted to nitric oxide in low oxygen conditions. The associated beneficial physiological effects include a reduction in blood pressure, modification of platelet aggregation, and increases in limb blood flow. There have been numerous studies of nitrate supplementation in healthy recreational and competitive athletes; however, the ergogenic benefits are currently unclear due to a variety of factors including small sample sizes, different dosing regimens, variable nitrate conversion rates, the heterogeneity of participants’ initial fitness levels, and the types of exercise tests used. In clinical populations, the study results seem more promising, particularly in patients with cardiovascular diseases who typically present with disruptions in the ability to transport oxygen from the atmosphere to working tissues and reduced exercise tolerance. Many of these disease-related, physiological maladaptations, including endothelial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species, reduced tissue perfusion, and muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, have been previously identified as potential targets for nitric oxide restorative effects. This review is the first of its kind to outline the current evidence for inorganic nitrate supplementation as a therapeutic intervention to restore exercise tolerance and improve quality of life in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We summarize the factors that appear to limit or maximize its effectiveness and present a case for why it may be more effective in patients with cardiovascular disease than as ergogenic aid in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N. Woessner
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke C. McIlvenna
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christopher J. Neil
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason D. Allen
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Influence of dietary nitrate food forms on nitrate metabolism and blood pressure in healthy normotensive adults. Nitric Oxide 2018; 72:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Changes in body posture alter plasma nitrite but not nitrate concentration in humans. Nitric Oxide 2018; 72:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2017; 70:9-24. [PMID: 28804022 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and type 2 diabetes to date is the most devastating complication of obesity. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability is a feature of obesity and diabetes that links these two pathologies. Nitric oxide is synthesized both by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from l-arginine and nitric oxide synthase-independent from nitrate/nitrite. Nitric oxide production from nitrate/nitrite could potentially be used for nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide deficiency also contributes to pathogeneses of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, which are associated with obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes pathways for nitric oxide production and focuses on the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. In addition to increasing nitric oxide production, nitrate and nitrite reduce oxidative stress, increase adipose tissue browning, have favorable effects on nitric oxide synthase expression, and increase insulin secretion, all effects that are potentially promising for management of obesity and diabetes. Based on current data, it could be suggested that amplifying the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is a diet-based strategy for increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and the management of these two interlinked conditions. Adding nitrate/nitrite to drugs that are currently used for managing diabetes (e.g. metformin) and possibly anti-obesity drugs may also enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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