1
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Mathews R, Chu Y. An encompassing review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the effect of oats on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular risk, diabetes risk, body weight/adiposity and gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39137936 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2382352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The ability of oats to reduce blood cholesterol is well established but there is increasing evidence that its health benefits extend well beyond that. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the state of the science of oats in relation to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and diabetes risk and the effects of oats on blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, weight management and gut health from meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Limited epidemiological data indicated a possible beneficial effect of oats on all-cause mortality and incident diabetes when high versus low oat consumers were compared, but its effect on cardiovascular events was not adequately discerned. Observational data also showed an inverse association between oat intake and blood cholesterol, blood pressure, body weight and obesity variables in different populations. Randomized controlled oat intervention studies demonstrated a significant reduction in postprandial blood glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, fasting blood glucose in diabetic subjects, blood pressure in prehypertensive individuals, and body weight and adiposity in overweight individuals. Increased fecal bulk was observed but clinical data for a potential gut barrier effect is lacking. The mechanism of action of each health effect was reviewed. While beta-glucan viscosity was once considered the only mode of action, it is evident that the fermentation products of beta-glucan and the associated gut microbial changes, as well as other components in oats (i.e., avenanthramides etc.) also play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - YiFang Chu
- Nutrition Sciences, PepsiCo Global R&D, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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McCarthy C, Papada E, Kalea AZ. The effects of cereal β-glucans on cardiovascular risk factors and the role of the gut microbiome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38826110 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2345159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has emerged as a key influencer of human health and disease, particularly through interactions with dietary fiber. However, national dietary guidelines worldwide are only beginning to capitalize on the potential of microbiome research, which has established the vital role of host-microbe interactions in mediating the physiological effects of diet on overall health and disease. β-glucans have been demonstrated to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to improved outcomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Raised serum cholesterol and blood pressure are important modifiable risk factors in the development of CVD and emerging evidence highlights the role of the gut microbiota in ameliorating such biomarkers and clinical characteristics of the disease. The proposed mechanism of action of β-glucans on the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease have yet to be elucidated. Validating gaps in the literature may substantiate β-glucans as a potential novel dietary therapy against modifiable risk factors for CVD and would further support the public health significance of including a habitual fiber-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anastasia Z Kalea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Bouchard J, Raj P, Yu L, Sobhi B, Malalgoda M, Malunga L, Netticadan T, Joseph Thandapilly S. Oat protein modulates cholesterol metabolism and improves cardiac systolic function in high fat, high sucrose fed rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:738-750. [PMID: 38477294 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Oats are recognized to provide many health benefits that are mainly associated with its dietary fibre, β-glucan. However, the protein derived from oats is largely understudied with respect to its ability to maintain health and attenuate risk factors of chronic diseases. The goal of the current study was to investigate the metabolic effects of oat protein consumption in lieu of casein as the protein source in high fat, high sucrose (HF/HS) fed Wistar rats. Four-week-old rats were divided into three groups and were fed three different experimental diets: a control diet with casein as the protein source, an HF/HS diet with casein, or an HF/HS diet with oat protein for 16 weeks. Heart structure and function were determined by echocardiography. Blood pressure measurements, an oral glucose tolerance test, and markers of cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver and kidney damage were also performed. Our study results show that incorporation of oat protein in the diet was effective in preserving systolic heart function in HF/HS fed rats. Oat protein significantly reduced serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Furthermore, oat protein normalized liver HMG-CoAR activity, which, to our knowledge, is the first time this has been reported in the literature. Therefore, our research suggests that oat protein can provide hypocholesterolemic and cardioprotective benefits in a diet-induced model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bouchard
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Pema Raj
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Liping Yu
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Babak Sobhi
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Maneka Malalgoda
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Lovemore Malunga
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Sijo Joseph Thandapilly
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Richardson Center for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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4
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Li A, Gao J, Li Y, Qi S, Meng T, Yu S, Zhang Y, He Q. Efficacy of oats in dyslipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2024; 15:3232-3245. [PMID: 38441173 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background: In recent years, oats' effect on lowering serum cholesterol has been recognized. However, no systematic reviews summarized the effect of daily consumption of oat-based products on serum lipids in patients with dyslipidemia. Methods: We searched eight databases and two clinical trial registries from inception to July 31, 2023. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of oat-based products (≥4 weeks) on lipid levels or cardiovascular events in patients with dyslipidemia. Two authors independently screened articles, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies with Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2.0. We used STATA 17.0 to conduct meta-analysis and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to assess the certainty of evidence. Results: We finally included 17 eligible trials with 1731 subjects. The oat intervention varied from oat β-glucan-based products to oat bran-based products and wholegrain oat. Overall, the risk of bias of included trials was high or some concerns were noted because of the inadequate randomization, allocation concealment, and inappropriate data analysis method. Compared to the placebo or usual diet, one study indicated that oat-based products have no significant difference in major cardiovascular events. Pooled estimates showed that oat-based products may result in a large reduction in LDL-C (WMD, -0.24 mmol L-1; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.15) (moderate certainty) and TC (WMD, -0.32 mmol L-1; 95% CI: -0.48, -0.17) (moderate certainty). Compared to other diets (mainly other cereals), oat-based products probably reduce the level of LDL-C (WMD, -0.17 mmol L-1; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.08) (moderate certainty) and TC (WMD, -0.21 mmol L-1; 95% CI: -0.30, -0.12) (moderate certainty). Both groups showed that oat-based products had little effect on HDL-C and TG (moderate certainty). Oat-related adverse events were mostly gastrointestinal such as diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence being the most prevalent. Conclusions: Oat-based products may reduce TC and LDL-C, but have little effect on TG, HDL-C, and major cardiovascular events in patients with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Bixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100051, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Bixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100051, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingcai Li
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan, China
| | - Shihao Qi
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Bixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100051, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Graduate School of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (formerly the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics), McMaster University, HSC 2C, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada.
- CEBIM (Center for Evidence Based Integrative Medicine)-Clarity Collaboration, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyong He
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Bixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100051, China.
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5
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Yao H, Yin J, Nie S. Structural characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from barley: a review. Food Funct 2024; 15:3246-3258. [PMID: 38446134 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05793c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is rich in starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), especially β-glucan and arabinoxylan. Genotypes and isolation methods may affect their structural characteristics, properties and biological activities. The structure-activity relationships of NSPs in barley have not been paid much attention. This review summarizes the extraction methods, structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of barley polysaccharides. Moreover, the roles of barley β-glucan and arabinoxylan in the immune system, glucose metabolism, regulation of lipid metabolism and absorption of mineral elements are summarized. This review may help in the development of functional products in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyingye Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Junyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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6
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Fan S, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Daglia M, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Bai J, Zhu L, Xiao X. Metabolomics reveals the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dy-1 fermentation on the lipid-lowering capacity of barley β-glucans in an in vitro model of gut-liver axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126861. [PMID: 37714241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive polysaccharides known as the biological response modifiers, can directly interact with intestinal epithelium cells (IEC) and regulate key metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism. Here, the coculture of Caco-2/HT29 monolayer (>400 Ω × cm2) and HepG2 cells was developed to mimic the gut-liver interactions. This system was used to investigate the effects of raw and fermented barley β-glucans (RBG and FBG) on lipid metabolism by directly interacting with IEC. Both RBG and FBG significantly and consistently reduced the lipid droplets and triacylglycerol levels in monoculture and coculture of HepG2 overloaded with oleic acid. Notably, FBG significantly and distinctly elevated PPARα (p < 0.05) and PPARα-responsive ACOX-1 (p < 0.01) gene expressions, promoting lipid degradation in cocultured HepG2. Moreover, the metabolomics analyses revealed that FBG had a unique impact on extracellular metabolites, among them, the differential metabolite thiomorpholine 3-carboxylate was significantly and strongly correlated with PPARα (r = -0.68, p < 0.01) and ACOX-1 (r = -0.76, p < 0.01) expression levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that FBG-mediated gut-liver interactions play a key role in its lipid-lowering effects that are superior to those of RBG. These results support the application of Lactiplantibacillus fermentation for improving hypolipidemic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yansheng Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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7
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Korčok M, Calle J, Veverka M, Vietoris V. Understanding the health benefits and technological properties of β-glucan for the development of easy-to-swallow gels to guarantee food security among seniors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11504-11521. [PMID: 35766942 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2093325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is growing rapidly and the number of elderly people with undernutrition and malnutrition is increasing. Common health problems among seniors are cardiovascular, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, and cognitive disorders, cancer, diabetes, psychological and dental problems. The food industry is trying to meet the demands of an aging society, but these efforts are not sufficient. New strategies are needed, and they demand foods development with modified textures that are easy to swallow, such as gels suitable for seniors. Depending on the specific needs of the elderly, bioactive compounds with health benefits should be included in food systems. Novel foods may play an important role in the prevention, maintenance, and treatment of age-related diseases. One of the most studied bioactive compound is β-glucan, a polysaccharide with approved health claims confirmed by clinical trials, such as "β-glucan contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels" and "the consumption of β-glucan from oats or barley contributes to the reduction of postprandial glucose spikes." In this review, the health benefits, and technological properties of β-glucan for the development of senior-friendly ready-to-swallow gels were described. In addition, some patents and studies conducted in connection with the development of the gel systems were collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Korčok
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jehannara Calle
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
- Food Research Institute for the Food Industry (IIIA), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Vladimir Vietoris
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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8
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Fabiano GA, Shinn LM, Antunes AEC. Relationship between Oat Consumption, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis: An Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37630725 PMCID: PMC10459712 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a set of microorganisms that colonizes the intestine and ferment fibers, among other nutrients, from the host's diet. A healthy gut microbiota, colonized mainly by beneficial microorganisms, has a positive effect on digestion and plays a role in disease prevention. However, dysregulation of the gut microbiota can contribute to various diseases. The nutrition of the host plays an important role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. A healthy diet, rich in fiber, can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota. In this sense, oats are a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Oats are considered a functional ingredient with prebiotic potential and contain plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and antioxidant compounds. The impact of oat consumption on the gut microbiota is still emerging. Associations between oat consumption and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have already been observed. Therefore, this integrative review summarizes the findings from studies on the relationship between oat consumption, the gut microbiota, and the metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids, it produces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Alexandre Fabiano
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St., Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil;
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9
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Jenko Pražnikar Z, Mohorko N, Gmajner D, Kenig S, Petelin A. Effects of Four Different Dietary Fibre Supplements on Weight Loss and Lipid and Glucose Serum Profiles during Energy Restriction in Patients with Traits of Metabolic Syndrome: A Comparative, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112122. [PMID: 37297364 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications require various lifestyle changes and treatment options. Dietary supplements are considered an attractive alternative to traditional therapy, mainly because they are accessible to the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the additive effects of a combination of energy restriction (ER) and four dietary supplements on changes in the anthropometric and biochemical parameters in 100 overweight or obese participants who were randomly assigned one of the dietary fibre supplements containing different dietary fibres or a placebo for 8 weeks. The results confirmed that fibre supplements plus ER significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and visceral fat and ameliorated the lipid profile and inflammation at 4 and 8 weeks after the start of the study, while in the placebo group, significant differences in some parameters were observed only after 8 weeks of ER. A fibre supplement containing glucomannan, inulin, psyllium, and apple fibre was the most effective at reducing the BMI, body weight, and CRP (p = 0.018 for BMI and body weight and p = 0.034 for CRP compared to placebo at the end of the intervention). Overall, the results suggest that dietary fibre supplements in combination with ER may have additional effects on weight loss and the metabolic profile. Therefore, taking dietary fibre supplements may be a feasible approach to improve weight and metabolic health in obese and overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Mohorko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | | | - Saša Kenig
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Ana Petelin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
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10
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Ito M, Yoshimoto J, Maeda T, Ishii S, Wada Y, Kishi M, Koikeda T. Effects of high-fiber food product consumption and personal health record use on body mass index and bowel movement. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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11
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Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Talebi S, Barghchi H, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Moradi S, Rahbarinejad P, Mohammadi H, Ghasemi-Tehrani H, Marx W, Askari G. Soluble Fiber Supplementation and Serum Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:465-474. [PMID: 36796439 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To present a comprehensive synthesis of the effect of soluble fiber supplementation on blood lipid parameters in adults, a systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science of relevant articles published before November 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of soluble fibers on blood lipids in adults were included. We estimated the change in blood lipids for each 5 g/d increment in soluble fiber supplementation in each trial and then calculated the mean difference (MD) and 95% CI using a random-effects model. We estimated dose-dependent effects using a dose-response meta-analysis of differences in means. The risk of bias and certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology, respectively. A total of 181 RCTs with 220 treatment arms (14,505 participants: 7348 cases and 7157 controls) were included. There was a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol (MD: -8.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.38, -5.18), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: -10.82 mg/dL, 95% CI: -12.98, -8.67), TGs (MD: -5.55 mg/dL, 95% CI: -10.31, -0.79), and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) (MD: -44.99 mg/L, 95% CI: -62.87, -27.12) after soluble fiber supplementation in the overall analysis. Each 5 g/d increase in soluble fiber supplementation had a significant reduction in TC (MD: -6.11 mg/dL, 95% CI: -7.61, -4.61) and LDL cholesterol (MD: -5.57 mg/dl, 95% CI: -7.44, -3.69). In a large meta-analysis of RCTs, results suggest that soluble fiber supplementation could contribute to the management of dyslipidemia and the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Ghavami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Nutrition, Food Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pegah Rahbarinejad
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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12
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High-Molecular-Weight Dextran-Type Exopolysaccharide Produced by the Novel Apilactobacillus waqarii Improves Metabolic Syndrome: In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012692. [PMID: 36293544 PMCID: PMC9603972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a leading medical concern that affects one billion people worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is defined by a clustering of risk factors that predispose an individual to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. In recent years, the apparent role of the gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome has drawn attention to microbiome-engineered therapeutics. Specifically, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) harbors beneficial metabolic characteristics, including the production of exopolysaccharides and other microbial byproducts. We recently isolated a novel fructophilic lactic acid bacterium (FLAB), Apilactobacillus waqarii strain HBW1, from honeybee gut and found it produces a dextran-type exopolysaccharide (EPS). The objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of the new dextran in relation to metabolic syndrome. Findings revealed the dextran's ability to improve the viability of damaged HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells and exhibit antioxidant properties. In vivo analyses demonstrated reductions in body weight gain and serum cholesterol levels in mice supplemented with the dextran, compared to control (5% and 17.2%, respectively). Additionally, blood glucose levels decreased by 16.26% following dextran supplementation, while increasing by 15.2% in non-treated mice. Overall, this study displays biotherapeutic potential of a novel EPS to improve metabolic syndrome and its individual components, warranting further investigation.
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13
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Fu L, Zhang G, Qian S, Zhang Q, Tan M. Associations between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular risk factors: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:972399. [PMID: 36172520 PMCID: PMC9511151 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.972399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several meta-analyses have revealed the beneficial effects of dietary fiber intake on human health, some have reported inconsistent findings. The purpose of this work was to perform an umbrella meta-analysis to evaluate the relevant evidence and elucidate the effect of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, lipid profiles, systematic inflammation, and blood pressure. Eligible studies were searched in several electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, up to March 2022. A total of 52 meta-analyses involving 47,197 subjects were identified to assess the pooled effect size. Overall, higher dietary fiber intake was significantly associated with reductions in parameters involving glycemic control, including fasting plasma glucose (ES = -0.55, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.38, P < 0.001), fasting plasma insulin (ES = -1.22, 95% CI: -1.63, -0.82, P < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (ES = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.60, -0.27, P < 0.001), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (ES = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.26, P < 0.001). In terms of lipid profiles, higher dietary fiber intake was associated with significant reductions in the serum level of total cholesterol (ES = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.39, -0.16, P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ES = -0.25, 95% CI: -0.34, -0.16, P < 0.001), but not triglycerides (ES = -0.001, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.004, P = 0.759) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ES = -0.002, 95% CI: -0.004, 0.000, P = 0.087). Higher dietary fiber intake was also significantly associated with improved tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels (ES = -0.78, 95% CI: -1.39, -0.16, P = 0.013), while no significant effect was observed for C-reactive protein (ES = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.33, 0.05, P = 0.156). Finally, blood pressure was also significantly improved following higher dietary fiber intake (systolic blood pressure: ES = -1.72, 95% CI: -2.13, -1.30, P < 0.001; diastolic blood pressure: ES = -0.67, 95% CI: -0.96, -0.37, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the study population and type of dietary fiber could be partial sources of heterogeneity. In conclusion, the present umbrella meta-analysis provides evidence for the role of dietary fiber supplementation in the improvement of established cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingming Tan
- Department of Quality Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Quiñones-Muñoz TA, Villanueva-Rodríguez SJ, Torruco-Uco JG. Nutraceutical Properties of Medicago sativa L., Agave Spp., Zea mays L. and Avena sativa L.: A Review of Metabolites and Mechanisms. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090806. [PMID: 36144213 PMCID: PMC9503698 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are the main sources of bioactive compounds (nutraceuticals) that function under different mechanisms of action for the benefit of human health. Mexico ranks fifth in the world in biodiversity, offering opportunities for healthy food. An important variety of crops are produced in the state of Hidalgo, e.g., based on the 2021 production, alfalfa, oats, maguey, and corn. The present review presents the latest findings of these crops, regarding the benefits they provide to health (bioactivity, nutraceuticals), and presents the compounds and mechanisms identified by which the benefit is provided. The knowledge compiled here is for the benefit of the recovery of the crops, the recognition of their bioactivities, in search of identifying the best routes of action for prevention, treatment and possible cure of chronic degenerative diseases (thereby promoting crop valorization). Exhaustive bibliographic research was carried out by means of engines and scientific databases. Articles published between 2001 and 2022 that included specific keywords (Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar). Outstanding activities have been identified for the compounds in the crops, such as antiinflammatory, anticholesterolemic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and chelating. The compounds that provide these properties are total phenols, phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, iso-flavones, phytosterols, saponins, fructans, glycosides, glucans, avenanthramides, and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannia A. Quiñones-Muñoz
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)—Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Socorro J. Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Mexico
| | - Juan G. Torruco-Uco
- Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec, Calzada Dr. Víctor Bravo Ahuja, 561, Col. Predio el Paraíso, San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec C.P. 68350, Mexico
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15
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Cai X, Dang Q, Liu L, Ma Z, Zhao X, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Yijiati A, Ren L, Yu H. Oat nutritious meal has beneficial effect on lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 3-month randomized controlled trial. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Zang Y, Gong Q, Xu Y, Liu H, Bai H, Li N, Du L, Ye X, Lan C, Wang K. Production of Conjoined Transgenic and Edited Barley and Wheat Plants for Nud Genes Using the CRISPR/SpCas9 System. Front Genet 2022; 13:873850. [PMID: 35601488 PMCID: PMC9117629 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.873850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nudum (Nud) gene controls the caryopsis type of cereal crops by regulating lipid biosynthetic pathways. Based on the HvNud sequence and its homologous gene sequences in wheat, a conserved sgRNA was designed to obtain the mutants from the barley variety “Vlamingh” and the wheat variety “Fielder” via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 19 and 118 transgenic plants were obtained, and 11 and 61 mutant plants were identified in T0 transgenic plants in barley and wheat after PCR-RE detection, and the editing efficiencies of the targeted gene were 57.9 and 51.7% in barley and wheat, respectively. The grain shape of the barley mutants was naked. Five different combinations of mutations for wheat TaNud genes were identified in the T0 generation, and their homozygous-edited plants were obtained in the T1 generation. Interestingly, the conjoined plants in which one plant has different genotypes were first identified. The different tillers in an individual T0 plant showed independent transgenic or mutant events in both barley and wheat, and the different genotypes can stably inherit into T1 generation, indicating that the T0 transgenic plants were the conjoined type. In addition, we did not find any off-target mutations in both barley and wheat. A candidate method for detecting putative-edited wheat plants was suggested to avoid losing mutations in this investigation. This study provides not only materials for studying the function of the Nud gene in barley and wheat but also a system for detecting the mutants in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiyun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lipu Du
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Lan
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Caixia Lan, ; Ke Wang,
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Caixia Lan, ; Ke Wang,
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Telle-Hansen VH, Gaundal L, Høgvard B, Ulven SM, Holven KB, Byfuglien MG, Måge I, Knutsen SH, Ballance S, Rieder A, Rud I, Myhrstad MCW. A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:796362. [PMID: 35578615 PMCID: PMC9106798 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of soluble fibers including beta-glucan, is known to improve post-prandial glycemic response. The mechanisms have been attributed to the viscous gel forming in the stomach and small intestine, giving a longer absorption time. However, recent evidence suggests a link between intake of beta-glucan and improved glycemic regulation at subsequent meals through the gut microbiota. We investigated the short-term effect of granola with different amounts of cereal beta-glucan on glycemic response and gut microbiota. After a two-week run-in period (baseline), fourteen healthy, normal weight adults completed a dose-response dietary crossover study. Different amounts of cereal beta-glucan (low: 0.8 g, medium: 3.2 g and high: 6.6 g) were provided in granola and eaten with 200 ml low-fat milk as an evening meal for three consecutive days. Blood glucose and insulin were measured fasted and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) the following day, in addition to peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), fasting short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in blood, breath H2, and gut microbiota in feces. Only the intervention with medium amounts of beta-glucan decreased blood glucose and insulin during OGTT compared to baseline. Fasting PYY increased with both medium and high beta-glucan meal compared to the low beta-glucan meal. The microbiota and SCFAs changed after all three interventions compared to baseline, where acetate and butyrate increased, while propionate was unchanged. Highest positive effect size after intake of beta-glucan was found with Haemophilus, followed by Veillonella and Sutterella. Furthermore, we found several correlations between different bacterial taxa and markers of glycemic response. In summary, intake of granola containing 3.2 g cereal beta-glucan as an evening meal for three consecutive days reduced the glycemic response after an OGTT 0-180 min and changed gut microbiota composition. Since we cannot rule out that other fiber types have contributed to the effect, more studies are needed to further explore the effect of cereal beta-glucan on glycemic regulation. Clinical Trial Registration [www.clinicaltrials.gov], identifier [NCT03293693].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Gaundal
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Høgvard
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M. Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B. Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Måge
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Halvor Knutsen
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Ida Rud
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Mari C. W. Myhrstad
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Zhang X, Gérard P. Diet-gut microbiota interactions on cardiovascular disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1528-1540. [PMID: 35422966 PMCID: PMC8983311 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past decades, accumulating studies indicated that the gut microbiota, an indispensable "invisible organ", plays a vital role in human metabolism and disease states including CVD. Among many endogenous and exogenous factors that can impact gut microbial communities, the dietary nutrients emerge as an essential component of host-microbiota relationships that can be involved in CVD susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the major concepts of dietary modulation of the gut microbiota and the chief principles of the involvement of this microbiota in CVD development. We also discuss the mechanisms of diet-microbiota crosstalk that regulate CVD progression, including endotoxemia, inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction and lipid metabolism dysfunction. In addition, we describe how metabolites produced by the microbiota, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as aromatic amino acids (AAAs) derived metabolites play a role in CVD pathogenesis. Finally, we present the potential dietary interventions which interacted with gut microbiota as novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for CVD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Caseiro C, Dias JNR, de Andrade Fontes CMG, Bule P. From Cancer Therapy to Winemaking: The Molecular Structure and Applications of β-Glucans and β-1, 3-Glucanases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3156. [PMID: 35328577 PMCID: PMC8949617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1,3 or β-(1,3-1,4) linked glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria, where they carry out structural, protective and energy storage roles. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, they have important applications in several industrial, biomedical and biotechnological processes. β-glucans are also major bioactive molecules with marked immunomodulatory and metabolic properties. As such, they have been the focus of many studies attesting to their ability to, among other roles, fight cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and control diabetes. The physicochemical and functional profiles of β-glucans are deeply influenced by their molecular structure. This structure governs β-glucan interaction with multiple β-glucan binding proteins, triggering myriad biological responses. It is then imperative to understand the structural properties of β-glucans to fully reveal their biological roles and potential applications. The deconstruction of β-glucans is a result of β-glucanase activity. In addition to being invaluable tools for the study of β-glucans, these enzymes have applications in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes, both alone and in conjunction with their natural substrates. Here, we review potential applications for β-glucans and β-glucanases, and explore how their functionalities are dictated by their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caseiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes Ribeiro Dias
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Deng G, Nagy C, Yu P. Combined molecular spectroscopic techniques (SR-FTIR, XRF, ATR-FTIR) to study physiochemical and nutrient profiles of Avena sativa grain and nutrition and structure interactive association properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7225-7237. [PMID: 35236186 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2045470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based on Fourier transform infrared radiation (SR-FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and attenuated total reflection based on Fourier transform infrared radiation (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are both fast determining and minimal sample preparing techniques. They are capable of detecting the internal molecular structures. However, these techniques are still not well understood by nutrition researchers for the analysis of feed. The purpose of this review is to introduce advanced SR-FTIR, XRF, and ATR-FTIR molecular techniques, use these techniques to study chemical and nutrient profiles of Avena sativa grain, and lastly to study the nutrition and structure interactive association properties. The review mainly focuses on the following aspects: 1) the background information of Avena sativa grain; its history, chemical composition, nutrient profile, inherent structure, and production; 2) molecular spectroscopic techniques; principles and spectral analysis methodology of SR-FTIR, XRF and ATR-FTIR; 3) the application of SR-FTIR, XRF, and ATR-FTIR as a novel approach. This review provides an insight on how molecular spectroscopic techniques could be used for the study of nutrition and structure interactive association properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganqi Deng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carlene Nagy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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21
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Taniguchi A, Miura M, Ikeda TM, Kaneko S, Kobayashi R. Factors affecting rheological properties of barley flour-derived batter and dough examined from particle properties. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Pogue R, Simonassi-Paiva B, Abidin IIZ, Fehrenbach GW, O'Neil E, Major I, Laffey JG, Rowan N. Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucan polysaccharides isolated from different species of mushroom - A potential treatment for inflammatory lung conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152177. [PMID: 34875322 PMCID: PMC9752827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common form of acute severe hypoxemic respiratory failure in the critically ill with a hospital mortality of 40%. Alveolar inflammation is one of the hallmarks for this disease. β-Glucans are polysaccharides isolated from a variety of natural sources including mushrooms, with documented immune modulating properties. To investigate the immunomodulatory activity of β-glucans and their potential as a treatment for ARDS, we isolated and measured glucan-rich polysaccharides from seven species of mushrooms. We used three models of in-vitro injury in THP-1 macrophages, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD14+) (PMBCs) isolated from healthy volunteers and lung epithelial cell lines. We observed variance between β-glucan content in extracts isolated from seven mushroom species. The extracts with the highest β-glucan content found was Lentinus edodes which contained 70% w/w and Hypsizygus tessellatus which contained 80% w/w with low levels of α-glucan. The extracts had the ability to induce secretion of up to 4000 pg/mL of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and up to 5000 pg/mL and 500 pg/mL of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-22 and IL-10, respectively, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in THP-1 macrophages. In the presence of cytokine injury, IL-8 was reduced from 15,000 pg/mL to as low as 10,000 pg/mL in THP-1 macrophages. After insult with LPS, phagocytosis dropped from 70-90% to as low 10% in CD14+ PBMCs. After LPS insult CCL8 relative gene expression was reduced, and IL-10 relative gene expression increased from 50 to 250-fold in THP-1 macrophages. In lung epithelial cells, both A549 and BEAS-2B after IL-1β insult, IL-8 levels dropped from 10,000 pg/mL to as low as 6000 pg/mL. TNF-α levels dropped 10-fold from 100 pg/mL to just below 10 pg/mL. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of β-glucans in inflammatory lung conditions. Findings also advance bio-based research that connects green innovation with One Health applications for the betterment of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland; Department of Graduate Studies, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Robert Pogue
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland; Post-Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emer O'Neil
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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23
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Wang X, Ji Y, Jin D, Qi J, Hou X, Zhao W, Zhou S, Zhang C, Luo Y, An P, Luo J. Natural Polysaccharide β-Glucan Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2022; 14:906. [PMID: 35215555 PMCID: PMC8878312 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) can be used to treat a variety of human tumors, but its clinical application is limited due to severe cardiotoxic side effect. Here, we explore the role of β-glucan in DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and study its underlying mechanism. When co-administered with DOXO, β-glucan was observed to prevent left ventricular dilation and fibrosis. In fact, DOXO reduces the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and enhances oxidative stress, which in turn impairs heart function. DOXO decreases the ATP production capacity of the heart and increases the ROS content, while β-glucan can restore the heart capacity and reduce oxidative stress. β-glucan also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes GSH-PX and SOD, and reduces the level of MDA in the serum. In addition, the mRNAs of cardiac dysfunction marker genes ANP, BNP and Myh7 were significantly increased after DOXO induction, however, they did not increase when combined with β-glucan administration. In conclusion, our results indicate that β-glucan can improve the antioxidant capacity of the heart, thereby serving as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yuting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Dekui Jin
- Department of General Practice, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China;
| | - Jingyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xuening Hou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wenting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuaishuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chengying Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China;
| | - Yongting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Peng An
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Junjie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.J.); (J.Q.); (X.H.); (W.Z.); (S.Z.)
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Xu D, Feng M, Chu Y, Wang S, Shete V, Tuohy KM, Liu F, Zhou X, Kamil A, Pan D, Liu H, Yang X, Yang C, Zhu B, Lv N, Xiong Q, Wang X, Sun J, Sun G, Yang Y. The Prebiotic Effects of Oats on Blood Lipids, Gut Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Subjects Compared With Rice: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:787797. [PMID: 34956218 PMCID: PMC8697019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals derived from oats are reported to possess a beneficial effect on modulating dyslipidemia, specifically on lowering total and LDL cholesterol. However, deeper insights into its mechanism remain unclear. In this randomized controlled study, we assigned 210 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects from three study centers across China (Beijing, Nanjing, and Shanghai) to consume 80 g of oats or rice daily for 45 days. Plasma lipid profiles, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and fecal microbiota were measured. The results showed that total cholesterol (TC) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) decreased significantly with both oats and rice intake after 30 and 45 days. The reduction in TC and non-HDL-C was greater in the participants consuming oats compared with rice at day 45 (p = 0.011 and 0.049, respectively). Oat consumption significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Roseburia, and the relative abundance of Dialister, Butyrivibrio, and Paraprevotella, and decreased unclassified f-Sutterellaceae. In the oat group, Bifidobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with LDL-C (p = 0.01, r = −0.31) and, TC and LDL-C were negatively correlated to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p = 0.02, r = −0.29; p = 0.03, r = −0.27, respectively). Enterobacteriaceae, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were positively correlated with plasma butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations and negatively correlated to isobutyric acid. HDL-C was negatively correlated with valeric acid (p = 0.02, r = −0.25) and total triglyceride (TG) was positively correlated to isovaleric acid (p = 0.03, r = 0.23). Taken together, oats consumption significantly reduced TC and LDL-C, and also mediated a prebiotic effect on gut microbiome. Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and plasma SCFA correlated with oat-induced changes in plasma lipids, suggesting prebiotic activity of oats to modulate gut microbiome could contribute towards its cholesterol-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiyuan Feng
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - YiFang Chu
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Varsha Shete
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xirui Zhou
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Alison Kamil
- Department of R&D Life Science, PepsiCo, Inc., Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hechun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Functional Food Research, Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Oat and Barley in the Food Supply and Use of Beta Glucan Health Claims. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082556. [PMID: 34444720 PMCID: PMC8401220 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta glucan is a type of soluble dietary fibre found in oats and barley with known cholesterol-lowering benefits. Many countries globally have an approved beta glucan health claim related to lowering blood cholesterol, an important biomarker for cardiovascular disease. However, the use of these claims has not been examined. The aim of this study was to explore the range and variety of oat and barley products in the Australian and global market within a defined range of grain food and beverage categories and examine the frequency of beta glucan health claims. Australian data were collected via a recognised nutrition audit process from the four major Australian supermarkets in metropolitan Sydney (January 2018 and September 2020) and Mintel Global New Product Database was used for global markets where a claim is permitted. Categories included breakfast cereals, bread, savoury biscuits, grain-based muesli bars, flour, noodles/pasta and plant-based milk alternatives and information collected included ingredients lists and nutrition and health claims. Products from Australia (n = 2462) and globally (n = 44,894) were examined. In Australia, 37 products (1.5%) made use of the beta glucan claim (84% related to oat beta glucan and 16% related to barley beta glucan, specifically BARLEYmax®). Of products launched globally, 0.9% (n = 403) displayed beta glucan cholesterol-lowering claims. Despite the number of products potentially eligible to make beta glucan claims, their use in Australia and globally is limited. The value of dietary modification in cardiovascular disease treatment and disease progression deserves greater focus, and health claims are an opportunity to assist in communicating the role of food in the management of health and disease. Further assessment of consumer understanding of the available claims would be of value.
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26
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Loskutov IG, Gnutikov AA, Blinova EV, Rodionov AV. The Origin and Resource Potential of Wild and Cultivated Species of the Genus of Oats (Avena L.). RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421060065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cronin P, Joyce SA, O’Toole PW, O’Connor EM. Dietary Fibre Modulates the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051655. [PMID: 34068353 PMCID: PMC8153313 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food ingredient. Modern dietary practices have seen a significant reduction in fibre consumption compared with ancestral habits. This is related to the emergence of low-fibre “Western diets” associated with industrialised nations, and is linked to an increased prevalence of gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The characteristic metabolic parameters of these individuals include insulin resistance, high fasting and postprandial glucose, as well as high plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Gut microbial signatures are also altered significantly in these cohorts, suggesting a causative link between diet, microbes and disease. Dietary fibre consumption has been hypothesised to reverse these changes through microbial fermentation and the subsequent production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which improves glucose and lipid parameters in individuals who harbour diseases associated with dysfunctional metabolism. This review article examines how different types of dietary fibre can differentially alter glucose and lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M. O’Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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28
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In vitro-in vivo Validation of Stimulatory Effect of Oat Ingredients on Lactobacilli. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020235. [PMID: 33669689 PMCID: PMC7922649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic activity of a commercially available oat product and a novel oat ingredient, at similar β-glucan loads, was tested using a validated in vitro gut model (M-SHIME®). The novel oat ingredient was tested further at lower β-glucan loads in vitro, while the commercially available oat product was assessed in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, and cross-over human study. Both approaches focused on healthy individuals with mild hypercholesterolemia. In vitro analysis revealed that both oat products strongly stimulated Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae in the intestinal lumen and the simulated mucus layer, and corresponded with enhanced levels of acetate and lactate with cross-feeding interactions leading to an associated increase in propionate and butyrate production. The in vitro prebiotic activity of the novel oat ingredient remained at lower β-glucan levels, indicating the prebiotic potential of the novel oat product. Finally, the stimulation of Lactobacillus spp. was confirmed during the in vivo trial, where lactobacilli abundance significantly increased in the overall population at the end of the intervention period with the commercially available oat product relative to the control product, indicating the power of in vitro gut models in predicting in vivo response of the microbial community to dietary modulation.
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29
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Tosh SM, Bordenave N. Emerging science on benefits of whole grain oat and barley and their soluble dietary fibers for heart health, glycemic response, and gut microbiota. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:13-20. [PMID: 32728756 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review the major mechanisms by which consumption of whole grain oats and barley, and β-glucans, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other noncommunicable chronic conditions. These effects have been predominantly explained by the role of soluble dietary fibers and smaller bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, in oats and barley. These help to reduce the level of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing postprandial blood glucose and modulating gut microbiota. In the present review, the role of viscosity development of the intestinal content by β-glucans in these mechanisms is discussed, as well as the impact of processing conditions altering the composition or the physicochemical characteristics of β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Tosh
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bordenave
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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30
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Loskutov IG, Khlestkina EK. Wheat, Barley, and Oat Breeding for Health Benefit Components in Grain. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:E86. [PMID: 33401643 PMCID: PMC7823506 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains provide half of the calories consumed by humans. In addition, they contain important compounds beneficial for health. During the last years, a broad spectrum of new cereal grain-derived products for dietary purposes emerged on the global food market. Special breeding programs aimed at cultivars utilizable for these new products have been launched for both the main sources of staple foods (such as rice, wheat, and maize) and other cereal crops (oat, barley, sorghum, millet, etc.). The breeding paradigm has been switched from traditional grain quality indicators (for example, high breadmaking quality and protein content for common wheat or content of protein, lysine, and starch for barley and oat) to more specialized ones (high content of bioactive compounds, vitamins, dietary fibers, and oils, etc.). To enrich cereal grain with functional components while growing plants in contrast to the post-harvesting improvement of staple foods with natural and synthetic additives, the new breeding programs need a source of genes for the improvement of the content of health benefit components in grain. The current review aims to consider current trends and achievements in wheat, barley, and oat breeding for health-benefiting components. The sources of these valuable genes are plant genetic resources deposited in genebanks: landraces, rare crop species, or even wild relatives of cultivated plants. Traditional plant breeding approaches supplemented with marker-assisted selection and genetic editing, as well as high-throughput chemotyping techniques, are exploited to speed up the breeding for the desired genotуpes. Biochemical and genetic bases for the enrichment of the grain of modern cereal crop cultivars with micronutrients, oils, phenolics, and other compounds are discussed, and certain cases of contributions to special health-improving diets are summarized. Correlations between the content of certain bioactive compounds and the resistance to diseases or tolerance to certain abiotic stressors suggest that breeding programs aimed at raising the levels of health-benefiting components in cereal grain might at the same time match the task of developing cultivars adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G. Loskutov
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg 190000, Russia;
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31
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Jen CI, Su CH, Lai MN, Ng LT. Comparative anti-inflammatory characterization of selected fungal and plant water soluble polysaccharides. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Jen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | - Chun-Han Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | | | - Lean-Teik Ng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University
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32
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Major I, Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E356. [PMID: 33322069 PMCID: PMC7770584 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. β-glucans have metabolic and gastro-intestinal effects, modulating the gut microbiome, altering lipid and glucose metabolism, reducing cholesterol, leading to their investigation as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diet regulation, gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel, and to reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risk. β-glucans also have immune-modulating effects, leading to their investigation as adjuvant agents for cancers (solid and haematological malignancies), for immune-mediated conditions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections), and to enhance wound healing. The therapeutic potential of β-glucans is evidenced by the fact that two glucan isolates were licensed as drugs in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980. Significant challenges exist to further clinical testing and translation of β-glucans. The diverse range of conditions for which β-glucans are in clinical testing underlines the incomplete understanding of the diverse mechanisms of action of β-glucans, a key knowledge gap. Furthermore, important differences appear to exist in the effects of apparently similar β-glucan preparations, which may be due to differences in sources and extraction procedures, another poorly understood issue. This review will describe the biology, potential mechanisms of action and key therapeutic targets being investigated in clinical trials of β-glucans and identify and discuss the key challenges to successful translation of this intriguing potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - John G. Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
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33
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Steimbach L, Borgmann AV, Gomar GG, Hoffmann LV, Rutckeviski R, de Andrade DP, Smiderle FR. Fungal beta-glucans as adjuvants for treating cancer patients - A systematic review of clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3104-3113. [PMID: 33309412 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fungal β-glucans have been considered as biological response modifiers (BRMs) promoting stimulation of immune system according to numerous scientific publications performed in vitro and in vivo. Some clinical trials involving such compounds started to be published since 1980's. This systematic review aimed to compile and compare clinical studies using these β-glucans as adjuvants on patients undergoing cancer treatment. Healthy subjects and β-glucans from other sources were excluded. METHODS It was developed according to PRISMA-P guidelines (PROSPERO registered n. CRD42020151539), using PICO criteria and the following databases: PubMed, Scielo and LILACS. RESULTS We found 1018 articles and after removing duplicated records, select by title/abstract and full-text, only 9 studies remained and 7 more were manually added, totalizing 16 trials involving 1650 patients, with arm sizes varying from 9 until 200 patients. The selected studies (published since 1992-2018) included subjects with diagnosis of 9 types of cancer. The studies used different sources of β-glucans, such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mushrooms (Lentinula edodes and Schizophyllum commune) and non-described fungal sources. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that the administration of β-glucan is safe and well-tolerated. Most of the trials pointed that concomitant administration of β-glucan with chemo or radiotherapy reduced the immune depression caused by such treatments and/or accelerated the recovery of white blood cells counts. However, some articles also commented that no statistical difference was encountered between β-glucan treated vs. control groups, which gives a controversial conclusion about the β-glucan effects. The great diversity among the methodology studies and insufficient information was an impeditive for achieving profound statistical analysis, therefore a narrative report of the included studies was performed indicating that further evidences are required to determine the efficacy of this adjuvant in the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiza Steimbach
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, CEP 80230-020, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renata Rutckeviski
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, CEP 80230-020, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, CEP 80240-020, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, CEP 80230-020, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, CEP 80240-020, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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34
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Gerasimova SV, Hertig C, Korotkova AM, Kolosovskaya EV, Otto I, Hiekel S, Kochetov AV, Khlestkina EK, Kumlehn J. Conversion of hulled into naked barley by Cas endonuclease-mediated knockout of the NUD gene. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 33050877 PMCID: PMC7556925 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The naked caryopsis character in barley is a domestication-associated trait defined by loss-of-function of the NUD gene. The functional NUD gene encodes an Apetala 2/Ethylene-Response Factor (AP2/ERF) controlling the formation of a cementing layer between pericarp and both lemma and palea. The downstream genes regulated by the NUD transcription factor and molecular mechanism of a cementing layer formation are still not sufficiently described. A naturally occurring 17-kb deletion in the nud locus is associated with the emergence of naked barley. Naked barley has been traditionally used for food and nowadays is considered as a dietary component for functional nutrition. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrate that targeted knockout of the NUD gene using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease leads to the phenotype conversion from hulled to naked barley. Using in vivo pre-testing systems, highly effective guide RNAs targeting the first exon of the NUD gene were selected. Expression cassettes harboring the cas9 and guide RNA genes were used to transform barley cv. Golden Promise via Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. The recessive naked grain phenotype was observed in 57% of primary transformants, which indicates a frequent occurrence of homozygous or biallelic mutations. T-DNA-free homozygous lines with independently generated mutations in the NUD gene were obtained in the T1 generation. At homozygous state, all obtained mutations including one- and two-amino acid losses with the translational reading frame being retained invariably caused the naked grain phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The hulled and naked barley isogenic lines generated are a perfect experimental model for further studies on pleiotropic consequences of nud mutations on overall plant performance under particular consideration of yield-determining traits. Due to the high β-glucan content of its grains, naked barley is considered as being of particular dietary value. The possibility to convert hulled into naked barley cultivars by targeted mutagenesis allows breeders to extend the potential utilization of barley by the provision of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V. Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Christian Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anna M. Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | | | - Ingrid Otto
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Alex V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Saint Petersburg, 190000 Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Bader Ul Ain H, Saeed F, Sultan MT, Afzaal M, Imran A, DeFeo V, Cobelschi C. Effect of thermally treated barley dietary fiber against hypercholesterolemia. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5259-5266. [PMID: 33133528 PMCID: PMC7590300 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a nondigestible constituent of vegetal foods, formed by insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. The intake of dietary fiber, especially soluble dietary fiber, is limited and demands researcher's attention. The modification of cereal's dietary fiber, predominantly insoluble fiber, could be one possible solution. The current study evaluated the comparative effects of several thermal treatments on the modification of insoluble dietary fiber in barley and explored their therapeutic potential in vivo against hypercholesterolemia. The two cultivars of barley, Haider-93 and Jau-87, were thermally treated using different techniques, and dietary fiber was extracted. Successively, the intake of these dietary fibers was evaluated for its antilipidemic activity in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. In the first phase, thermal treatments especially cooking without soaking increased the soluble fiber (68.08%). The roasting all increased the soluble fiber contents, however, at relatively lower rate (53.91%). The results of efficacy study revealed that biochemical parameters in control animals were within the normal clinical ranges, thus appraising the safe status of the experimental diets. The thermally treated barley fiber decreased total cholesterol (12.14%-12.63%), low-density lipoprotein (14.12%-14.85%), and triglycerides (2.25%-4.32%). The study recorded increasing trends for high-density lipoprotein in both normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. In the nutshell, thermal modification of dietary fiber increased the ratio of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber that improved its hypocholesterolemic potential. The thermally treated barley dietary fiber is effective in reducing the lipid profile in Sprague-dawley rats than untreated dietary fiber and, therefore, can be considered as a functional food and ingredient to cope different lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Bader Ul Ain
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health SciencesRiphah International University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Vincenzo DeFeo
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoFiscianoItaly
| | - Calin Cobelschi
- Faculty of MedicineTransilvania University of BrasovBrasovRomania
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Effects of different delivering matrices of β-glucan on lipids in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:294-307. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstractβ-Glucan has been reported for its health benefits on blood lipids in hypercholesterolaemic individuals for years. However, people have paid little attention to the effects of β-glucan in populations with mild hypercholesterolaemia as well as the various delivering matrices. Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis to analyse the effects of β-glucan with different delivering matrices in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals. After conducting a comprehensive search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library, a total of twenty-one randomised controlled trials involving 1120 participants were identified to measure the pooled effect. The overall results indicated that consuming a dose of ≥3 g/d of β-glucan for at least 3 weeks could significantly reduce total cholesterol (TC) (−0·27 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·33, −0·21, P < 0·001) and LDL-cholesterol (−0·26 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·32, −0·20, P < 0·001) compared with the control group in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals, while no significant difference was observed in TAG (−0·03 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·11, 0·06, P = 0·521) and HDL-cholesterol (0·01 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·03, 0·04, P = 0·777). There was evidence for modest unexplained heterogeneity in the meta-analysis. In conclusion, β-glucan can significantly reduce risk factors like TC and LDL-cholesterol for CVD in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals; furthermore, it appears that the effects of food matrices with both ‘solid products’ and ‘liquid products’ where β-glucan was incorporated into were ranked as the best way to exert its beneficial properties, while ‘liquid’ and ‘solid’ products were ranked as the second and third positions, respectively.
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Karp S, Wyrwisz J, Kurek MA. The impact of different levels of oat β-glucan and water on gluten-free cake rheology and physicochemical characterisation. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:3628-3638. [PMID: 32884157 PMCID: PMC7447740 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The demand for new gluten-free (GF) products is still very crucial issue in food industry. There is also a need for bioactive compounds and natural alternatives for food additives. For now, not only providing structure without gluten is major challenge, but also high sensory acceptance and nutritional value are on the top. This study is focused on the effect of high-purity oat β-glucan as a structure-making agent on physicochemical and sensory properties of gluten-free yeast leavened cake. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to set the design of the experiment. Water and oat β-glucan were chosen as independent variables. Enzymatic extraction was conducted in order to obtain pure oat β-glucan (approx. 85%). Physicochemical and microstructure analyses, and a consumer hedonic test were carried out to check the quality of the final product. As a last step, verification was undertaken to compare the predicted and experimental values of the results. The results showed that the optimisation process was crucial in obtaining high-quality, gluten-free yeast leavened cake. The optimised amounts of water and oat β-glucan were 66.12% and 2.63% respectively. This proves that the application of oat β-glucan to gluten-free products is possible and gives positive results in terms of texture, volume and sensory acceptance. Due to oat β-glucan’s pro-health benefits, the final product can be seen as a functional alternative for common gluten-free products in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Karp
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 159C Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wyrwisz
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 159C Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzej Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 159C Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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38
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Enhancing Activity of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing β-1,3-Glucanoligosaccharide ( Ps-GOS) on Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of MC3T3-E1 Cells through the Involvement of BMP-2/Runx2/MAPK/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020190. [PMID: 32012654 PMCID: PMC7072289 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a leading world health problem that results from an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. β-glucans has been extensively reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antiosteoporosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for β-glucan-mediated bone formation in osteoblasts have not yet been investigated. The oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju produces abundant amounts of an insoluble β-glucan, which is rendered soluble by enzymatic degradation using Hevea glucanase to generate low-molecular-weight glucanoligosaccharide (Ps-GOS). This study aimed to investigate the osteogenic enhancing activity and underlining molecular mechanism of Ps-GOS on osteoblastogenesis of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, it was demonstrated for the first time that low concentrations of Ps-GOS could promote cell proliferation and division after 48 h of treatment. In addition, Ps-GOS upregulated the mRNA and protein expression level of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), which are both involved in BMP signaling pathway, accompanied by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization. Ps-GOS also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis related genes including ALP, collagen type 1 (COL1), and osteocalcin (OCN). Moreover, our novel findings suggest that Ps-GOS may exert its effects through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Liu Y, Tang T, Duan S, Li C, Lin Q, Wu H, Liu A, Hu B, Wu D, Li S, Shen L, Wu W. The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii. Food Funct 2020; 11:3730-3740. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00860h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Anoectochilus roxburghii, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used for treating numerous chronic diseases.
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40
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Joyce SA, Kamil A, Fleige L, Gahan CGM. The Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Oats and Oat Beta Glucan: Modes of Action and Potential Role of Bile Acids and the Microbiome. Front Nutr 2019; 6:171. [PMID: 31828074 PMCID: PMC6892284 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of sufficient quantities of oat products has been shown to reduce host cholesterol and thereby modulate cardiovascular disease risk. The effects are proposed to be mediated by the gel-forming properties of oat β-glucan which modulates host bile acid and cholesterol metabolism and potentially removes intestinal cholesterol for excretion. However, the gut microbiota has emerged as a major factor regulating cholesterol metabolism in the host. Oat β-glucan has been shown to modulate the gut microbiota, particularly those bacterial species that influence host bile acid metabolism and production of short chain fatty acids, factors which are regulators of host cholesterol homeostasis. Given a significant role for the gut microbiota in cholesterol metabolism it is likely that the effects of oat β-glucan on the host are multifaceted and involve regulation of microbe-host interactions at the gut interface. Here we consider the potential for oat β-glucan to influence microbial populations in the gut with potential consequences for bile acid metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, bacterial metabolism of cholesterol and microbe-host signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alison Kamil
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Lisa Fleige
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Hydrophobically Modified Glucan as an Amphiphilic Carbohydrate Polymer for Micellar Delivery of Myricetin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24203747. [PMID: 31627423 PMCID: PMC6833000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myricetin (Myr) is a phytochemical with many functional properties. However, its hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, and stability limit its application. In this study, octadecanoate oat β-glucan (OGE) was synthesized and gained recognition as a self-assembled micelle forming a polymer with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 59.4 μg/mL. The Myr-loaded OGE micelle was then prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. The water solubility of Myr was greatly enhanced by forming the Myr/OGE inclusion complex. Consequently, compared to free Myr, the retention of Myr in Myr-loaded OGE micelle was effectively increased during the intestinal digestion phase, and its antioxidant activity was also improved. Overall, our findings demonstrated the potential applications of OGE polymer for the development of prospective micelle in health food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical fields because they can aid in the delivery of hydrophobic functional compounds like Myr.
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Barthow C, Hood F, McKinlay E, Hilder J, Cleghorn C, Huthwaite M, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Pullon S, Gray B, Wickens K, Crane J, Krebs J. Food 4 Health - He Oranga Kai: Assessing the efficacy, acceptability and economic implications of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and β-glucan to improve glycated haemoglobin, metabolic health, and general well-being in adults with pre-diabetes: study protocol for a 2 × 2 factorial design, parallel group, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial, with embedded qualitative study and economic analysis. Trials 2019; 20:464. [PMID: 31358022 PMCID: PMC6664750 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing worldwide, producing significant burdens for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. In New Zealand, type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes disproportionally affect Māori, Pacific, and South Asian peoples. This research evaluates the efficacy, acceptability, and economic impact of a probiotic capsule and a prebiotic cereal intervention in adults with pre-diabetes on metabolic and mental health and well-being outcomes. METHODS Eligible adults (n = 152) aged 18-80 years with pre-diabetes (glycated haemoglobin 41-49 mmol/mol) will be enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial design, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Computer-generated block randomization will be performed independently. Interventions are capsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (6 × 109 colony-forming units/day) (A) and cereal containing 4 g β-glucan (B), placebo capsules (O1), and calorie-matched control cereal (O2). Eligible participants will receive 6 months intervention in the following groups: AB, AO1, BO2, and O1O2. The primary outcome is glycated haemoglobin after 6 months. Follow-up at 9 months will assess the durability of response. Secondary outcomes are glycated haemoglobin after 3 and 9 months, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, blood pressure, body weight, body mass index, and blood lipid levels. General well-being and quality of life will be measured by the Short-Form Health Survey 36 and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 at 6 and 9 months. Outcome assessors will be blind to capsule allocation. An accompanying qualitative study will include 24 face-to-face semistructured interviews with an ethnically balanced sample from the β-glucan arms at 2 months, participant focus groups at 6 months, and three health professional focus groups. These will explore how interventions are adopted, their acceptability, and elicit factors that may support the uptake of interventions. A simulation model of the pre-diabetic New Zealand population will be used to estimate the likely impact in quality-adjusted life years and health system costs of the interventions if rolled out in New Zealand. DISCUSSION This study will examine the efficacy of interventions in a population with pre-diabetes. Qualitative components provide rich description of views on the interventions. When combined with the economic analysis, the study will provide insights into how to translate the interventions into practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000990325. Prospectively registered on 10 July 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Barthow
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Fiona Hood
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Eileen McKinlay
- Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Jo Hilder
- Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Christine Cleghorn
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Mark Huthwaite
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Mark Weatherall
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Amber Parry-Strong
- Centre for Endocrine, Diabetes and Obesity Research (CEDOR), PO Box 7902, Wellington South, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sue Pullon
- Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Ben Gray
- Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Kristin Wickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
| | - Jeremy Krebs
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242 New Zealand
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Abstract
Some food bioactives potentially exert anti-obesity effects. Anthocyanins (ACN), catechins, β-glucan (BG) and n-3 long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) are among the most promising candidates and have been considered as a strategy for the development of functional foods counteracting body weight gain. At present, clinical trials, reviews and meta-analyses addressing anti-obesity effects of various bioactives or bioactive-rich foods show contradictory results. Abdominal obesity is an important criterion for metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis along with glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Food bioactives are supposed to exert beneficial effects on these parameters, therefore representing alternative therapy approaches for the treatment of MetS. This review summarises outcomes on MetS biomarkers in recent clinical trials supplementing ACN, catechins, BG and n-3 LCPUFA, focusing mainly on anti-obesity effects. Overall, it is clear that the level of evidence for the effectiveness varies not only among the different bioactives but also among the different putative health benefits suggested for the same bioactive. Limited evidence may be due to the low number of controlled intervention trials or to inconsistencies in trial design, i.e. duration, dose and/or the method of bioactive supplementation (extracts, supplements, rich or enriched food). At present, the question 'Are bioactives effective in weight management and prevention of metabolic syndrome?' remains inconclusive. Thus, a common effort to harmonise the study design of intervention trials focusing on the most promising bioactive molecules is urgently needed to strengthen the evidence of their potential in the treatment of obesity, MetS and related diseases.
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Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods 2019; 8:E92. [PMID: 30857316 PMCID: PMC6463098 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are a group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota. Their relationship with human overall health has been an area of increasing interest in recent years. They can feed the intestinal microbiota, and their degradation products are short-chain fatty acids that are released into blood circulation, consequently, affecting not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides are the two important groups of prebiotics with beneficial effects on human health. Since low quantities of fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides naturally exist in foods, scientists are attempting to produce prebiotics on an industrial scale. Considering the health benefits of prebiotics and their safety, as well as their production and storage advantages compared to probiotics, they seem to be fascinating candidates for promoting human health condition as a replacement or in association with probiotics. This review discusses different aspects of prebiotics, including their crucial role in human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Davani-Davari
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Milad Mohkam
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Seyed Jalil Masoumi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
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Yang R, Wang C, Ye H, Gao F, Cheng J, Zhang T, Guo M. Effects of feeding hyperlipidemia rats with symbiotic oat-based frozen yogurt on serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1096-1103. [PMID: 30918652 PMCID: PMC6418695 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice cream is one of the most popular dairy foods in the world. But it has long been recognized as a high-calorie food and may not be suitable for certain segments of the population. Oat-based food products are considered as functional foods due to its rich β-glucan. A symbiotic oat-based frozen yogurt (SOFY) containing fermented oat, probiotics, and inulin (prebiotic) was developed, and its effects on serum lipids in rats were evaluated. The new product had 4.10% protein, 8.50% fat, and 2.10% fiber, respectively. Bifidobacterium remained 106 CFU/ml up to 8 weeks. Triglycerides levels of the rats fed with 30% or 35% SOFY were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels of experimental rat groups decreased with increased SOFY, and the difference was very significant between group with 35% SOFY and control groups (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in high-density lipoprotein between each two groups (p > 0.05). Hepatic cell cords of rats after administration of SOFY showed orderly manner and normal hepatocyte morphology compared with those of rats in control group. Results indicated that consumption of oat-based frozen yogurt could lower serum lipids levels in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishu Yang
- College of Food ScienceNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Cuina Wang
- Department of Food ScienceCollege of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haiqing Ye
- Department of Food ScienceCollege of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Food ScienceCollege of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food ScienceNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- Department of Food ScienceCollege of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mingruo Guo
- College of Food ScienceNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
- Department of Nutrition and Food SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesThe University of VermontBurlingtonVermont
- Key Lab of Dairy ScienceMinistry of EducationHarbinChina
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Liao MY, Shen YC, Chiu HF, Ten SM, Lu YY, Han YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Yang SF, Wang CK. Down-regulation of partial substitution for staple food by oat noodles on blood lipid levels: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:93-100. [PMID: 30648598 PMCID: PMC9298646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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48
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Combest S, Warren C. Perceptions of college students in consuming whole grain foods made with Brewers' Spent Grain. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:225-237. [PMID: 30680176 PMCID: PMC6341135 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of all food produced for human consumption is wasted producing landfill accumulation and greenhouse gas emissions. Brewers' Spent Grains (BSGs) are the leftover grains from beer production, and each year approximately 30 million tons of BSG is generated globally by the brewing industry. Reclaiming BSG as a potential human food source is an opportunity for reducing food waste in the food supply chain. Six focus groups were conducted using 37 college students to determine their consumption of whole grains, perceptions of whole grains versus refined grains, and interest in or barriers related to consuming and purchasing foods made with BSG. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using constant comparative analysis to identify themes and discover relationships among the study aims. Thirteen themes emerged from focus group discussions with Concept of Health, Sensory, and Experience with BSG representing the top three discussed. Participants believed whole grains are healthier and contain more nutrients than refined grains. Most participants enjoyed the BSG foods provided; however, some noted a darker appearance and lingering fiber particles or aftertaste. Findings indicate participants who are hereditary whole grain consumers are acculturated to whole grain sensory attributes and nutritional benefits and would be more receptive to consuming BSG foods in future studies. We concluded most focus group participants were open to tasting BSG foods, but hereditary whole grain consumers should be the target consumer audience, and educating consumers on sensory attributes, potential health benefits, and environmental benefits is necessary to overcome the barriers associated with BSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Combest
- Department of Nutrition and Food SciencesTexas Woman's UniversityDentonTexas
| | - Cynthia Warren
- Department of Nutrition and Food SciencesTexas Woman's UniversityDentonTexas
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49
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Bozbulut R, Sanlier N. Promising effects of β-glucans on glyceamic control in diabetes. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Van den Abbeele P, Kamil A, Fleige L, Chung Y, De Chavez P, Marzorati M. Different Oat Ingredients Stimulate Specific Microbial Metabolites in the Gut Microbiome of Three Human Individuals in Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12446-12456. [PMID: 30411009 PMCID: PMC6217528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We used a standardized in vitro simulation of the intestinal environment of three human donors to investigate the effect of six oat ingredients, which were produced by the application of different processing techniques, on the gut microbial community. Fructooligosaccharide was used as the positive control. Consistent changes in pH and gas production, on average -0.4 pH units and +32 kPa, indicated the high fermentability of the oat ingredients, and the resulting increased production of metabolites that are considered as beneficial for human health. These metabolites included acetate and lactate, but mostly propionate (+13.6 mM on average). All oat ingredients resulted in increased bifidobacteria levels with an average increase of 0.73 log. Moreover, a decreased production of proteolytic markers was observed, including branched short-chain fatty acids and ammonium. The results were donor-specific and product-specific. The results suggested an association between the total amounts of dietary fiber and the prebiotic potentials of different ingredients. Furthermore, as mechanical processing of oat products has previously been linked to increased extractability of dietary fibers, the obtained results suggest that different processing techniques might have impacted the potential functional properties of the final ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Kamil
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Lisa Fleige
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Yongsoo Chung
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Peter De Chavez
- PepsiCo,
Inc. R&D Nutrition Sciences, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, United
States
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest
bvba, Technologiepark
3, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center
of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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