1
|
Abbas Z, Tong Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Wei X, Si D, Zhang R. Potential Role and Mechanism of Mulberry Extract in Immune Modulation: Focus on Chemical Compositions, Mechanistic Insights, and Extraction Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5333. [PMID: 38791372 PMCID: PMC11121110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mulberry is a rapidly growing plant that thrives in diverse climatic, topographical, and soil types, spanning temperature and temperate countries. Mulberry plants are valued as functional foods for their abundant chemical composition, serving as a significant reservoir of bioactive compounds like proteins, polysaccharides, phenolics, and flavonoids. Moreover, these compounds displayed potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation, and restoring elevated nitric oxide production induced by LPS stimulation through the downregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. Active components like oxyresveratrol found in Morus demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting leukocyte migration through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Gallic and chlorogenic acids in mulberry leaves (ML) powder-modulated TNF, IL-6, and IRS1 proteins, improving various inflammatory conditions by immune system modulation. As we delve deeper into understanding its anti-inflammatory potential and how it works therapeutically, it is crucial to refine the extraction process to enhance the effectiveness of its bioactive elements. Recent advancements in extraction techniques, such as solid-liquid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, superficial fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, are being explored. Among the extraction methods tested, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), UAE demonstrated superior efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from mulberry leaves. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the potential of mulberry as a natural immunomodulatory agent and provides insights into its mechanisms of action for future research and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.A.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (X.W.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang YC, Yu MH, Huang HP, Chen DH, Yang MY, Wang CJ. Mulberry leaf extract inhibits obesity and protects against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:266-275. [PMID: 38707917 PMCID: PMC11068992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaf has been recognized as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, which was distributed throughout the Asia. The aqueous extract of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) has various biologically active components such as polyphenols and flavonoids. However, the inhibitory effect of MLE in hepatocarcinogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we determined the role of MLE supplementation in preventing hepatocarcinogenesis in a carcinogen-initiated high-fat diet (HFD)-promoted Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. The rats were fed an HFD to induce obesity and spontaneous hepatomas by administering 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in their drinking water for 12 weeks (HD group), and also to fed MLE through oral ingestion at daily doses of 0.5%, 1%, or 2%. At the end of the 12-week experimental period, the liver tumors were analyzed to identify markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities, and their serum was analyzed to determine their nutritional status and liver function. Histopathological analysis revealed that MLE supplementation significantly suppressed the severity and incidence of hepatic tumors. Furthermore, compared with the HFD + DEN groups, the expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-α and Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1) was lower in the MLE groups. These findings suggest that MLE prevents obesity-enhanced, carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma development, potentially through the protein kinase C (PKC)α/Rac1 signaling pathway. MLE might be an effective chemoprevention modality for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ching Chang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Pei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hui Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Yuan Yang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou J, Ji X, Chu X, Wang B, Sun K, Wei H, Zhang Y, Song Z, Wen F. Mulberry Leaf Dietary Supplementation Can Improve the Lipo-Nutritional Quality of Pork and Regulate Gut Microbiota in Pigs: A Comprehensive Multi-Omics Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1233. [PMID: 38672381 PMCID: PMC11047539 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves, a common traditional Chinese medicine, represent a potential nutritional strategy to improve the fat profile, also known as the lipo-nutrition, of pork. However, the effects of mulberry leaves on pork lipo-nutrition and the microorganisms and metabolites in the porcine gut remain unclear. In this study, multi-omics analysis was employed in a Yuxi black pig animal model to explore the possible regulatory mechanism of mulberry leaves on pork quality. Sixty Yuxi black pigs were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 15) was fed a standard diet, and the experimental group (n = 45) was fed a diet supplemented with 8% mulberry leaves. Experiments were performed in three replicates (n = 15 per replicate); the two diets were ensured to be nutritionally balanced, and the feeding period was 120 days. The results showed that pigs receiving the diet supplemented with mulberry leaves had significantly reduced backfat thickness (p < 0.05) and increased intramuscular fat (IMF) content (p < 0.05) compared with pigs receiving the standard diet. Lipidomics analysis showed that mulberry leaves improved the lipid profile composition and increased the proportion of triglycerides (TGs). Interestingly, the IMF content was positively correlated with acyl C18:2 and negatively correlated with C18:1 of differential TGs. In addition, the cecal microbiological analysis showed that mulberry leaves could increase the abundance of bacteria such as UCG-005, Muribaculaceae_norank, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Limosilactobacillus. Simultaneously, the relative levels of L-tyrosine-ethyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, 21-deoxycortisol, N-acetyldihydrosphingosine, and mulberrin were increased. Furthermore, we found that mulberry leaf supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid-binding protein 4, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ in muscle (p < 0.01). Mulberry leaf supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (p < 0.05) while significantly decreasing the expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase in backfat (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mulberry leaf supplementation significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (p < 0.05) in backfat. In addition, mulberry leaf supplementation led to increased serum leptin and adiponectin (p < 0.01). Collectively, this omic profile is consistent with an increased ratio of IMF to backfat in the pig model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hou
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Xiaoran Chu
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Binjie Wang
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Kangle Sun
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Haibo Wei
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Scienceand Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (J.H.)
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang C, Bao T, Zhang Q, Qi H, Huang Y, Zhang B, Zhao L, Tong X. Clinical potential and mechanistic insights of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus: Focusing on gut microbiota, inflammation, and metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116143. [PMID: 36632855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Natural herbs are gradually gaining recognition for their efficacy and safety in preventing diabetes and improving quality of life. Morus alba L. is a plant widely grown in Asia and is a traditional Chinese herb with a long history of use. Furthermore, several parts of Morus alba L. have been found to have significant health benefits. In particular, mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (ML) have been shown in human and animal studies to be promising hypoglycemic agents that can reduce or prevent glucolipid metabolism disorders caused by imbalances in the gut microbiota, inflammation, and oxidative stress and have demonstrated significant improvements in glucose metabolism-related markers, effectively lowering blood glucose, and reducing hyperglycemia-induced target organ damage. AIM OF THE STUDY This review briefly summarizes the methods for obtaining ML's bioactive components, elaborates on the clinical potential of the relevant components in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and focuses on the therapeutic mechanisms of gut microbiota, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolism, to provide more inspiration and directions for future research in the field of traditional natural plants for the management of T2DM and its complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research on ML and its bioactive components was mainly performed using electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceNet, to ensure the review's quality. In addition, master's and doctoral theses and ancient documents were consulted. RESULTS In clinical studies, we found that ML could effectively reduce blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in T2DM patients. Furthermore, many in vitro and in vivo experiments have found that ML is involved in various pathways that regulate glucolipid metabolism and resist diabetes while alleviating liver and kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS As a potential natural anti-diabetic phytomedicine, an in-depth study of ML can provide new ideas and valuable references for applying traditional Chinese medicine to treat T2DM. While continuously exploring its clinical efficacy and therapeutic mechanism, the extraction method should be optimized to improve the efficacy of the bioactive components. in addition, further research on the dose-response relationship of drugs to determine the effective dose range is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang' Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Changchun, China; Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yishan Huang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang' Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang' Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang' Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang' Anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui W, Luo K, Xiao Q, Sun Z, Wang Y, Cui C, Chen F, Xu B, Shen W, Wan F, Cheng A. Effect of mulberry leaf or mulberry leaf extract on glycemic traits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2023; 14:1277-1289. [PMID: 36644880 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf (ML) and mulberry leaf extract (MLE) have numerous biological properties, such as regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, reducing blood glucose, and increasing insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to examine the effect of ML/MLE supplementation on glycemic traits in adults, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma insulin (FPI). Twelve clinical trials (615 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria for the present meta-analysis, which included sensitivity analysis and GRADE (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation) certainty. Based on the heterogeneity between included studies, a random effects model was applied in the meta-analysis, and the results are expressed as WMD (weighted mean differences) with 95% CI (confidence intervals). Meta-analysis showed that ML/MLE supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in FBG by -0.47 mmol L-1, HbA1c by -2.92 mmol mol-1, and FPI by -0.58 μIU mL-1. In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that long-term supplementation of ML/MLE (≥8 weeks) was more effective for regulation of the glycemic traits in the non-healthy and baseline FPG >6.1 mmol L-1 subgroups. Glycemic regulation by ML/MLE may be attributed to the phytochemicals they contain, which are mainly 1-deoxynojirimycin, flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Kaiyun Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Qian Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yunfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Caifang Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Fuchun Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Ben Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Anwei Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang B, Liu K, Sun J, Li Q, Zhao L. Herbal tea, a novel adjuvant therapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982387. [PMID: 36249806 PMCID: PMC9561533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic, endocrine disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Several studies have shown that herbal tea improves glucose metabolism disorders in patients with T2DM. This study summarizes the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on herbal tea as a adjuvant therapy for treating T2DM and found that herbal teas have potential add-on effects in lowering blood glucose levels. In addition, we discussed the polyphenol contents in common herbal teas and their possible adverse effects. To better guide the application of herbal teas, we further summarized the hypoglycemic mechanisms of common herbal teas, which mainly involve: 1) improving insulin resistance, 2) protecting islet β-cells, 3) anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation, 4) inhibition of glucose absorption, and 5) suppression of gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, herbal tea, as a novel adjuvant therapy for treating T2DM, has the potential for further in-depth research and product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Graduate College, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingwei Li, ; Linhua Zhao,
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingwei Li, ; Linhua Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang B, Wang Z, Huang C, Wang D, Chang D, Shi X, Chen Y, Chen H. Positive effects of Mulberry leaf extract on egg quality, lipid metabolism, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant indices of laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1005643. [PMID: 36187805 PMCID: PMC9523877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1005643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are becoming a hot topic of research by animal husbandry practitioners following the implementation of a global policy to restrict antibiotic use in animal production. Mulberry leaf extract has received considerable attention as a new plant extract. Mulberry leaf polysaccharides and flavonoids are its main constituents, and these substances possess immunoregulatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. It is however less common to use them in poultry production. Therefore, we investigated the effects of adding MLE to the diet of laying hens on egg quality, lipid metabolism, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant indices in this study. A total of 288 Lohmann Silber layers, aged 38 weeks, were randomly assigned to four groups (six replicates of 12 hens each). Hens were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control diet), 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2% MLE for 56 d. Results showed that the addition of 0.4–1.2% MLE to the diet improved aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in the serum of laying hens, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) content in the serum, and significantly decreased yolk triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) contents (P < 0.05). No adverse effects were observed on production performance (P > 0.10). MLE (0.4 and 1.2%) significantly reduced the TG and TC levels in the liver (P < 0.05). MLE (0.8 and 1.2%) significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the serum, decreased alanine transaminase (ALT) activity, TG and TC content in the serum, and improved egg yolk color (P < 0.05). MLE (1.2%) significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the serum and enhanced eggshell strength (P < 0.05). The liver-related lipid metabolism gene assay revealed that the relative mRNA expression of PPARα and SIRT1 in the liver was significantly upregulated and that of FASN and PPARγ was significantly decreased after the addition of MLE. In contrast, the relative mRNA expression of SREBP-1c in the liver dramatically decreased after the addition of 0.8 and 1.2% MLE (P < 0.05). The addition of MLE to the diet improved egg quality and the economic value of hens by increasing antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism. The most appropriate amount of MLE to be added to the diet of laying hens was 0.8%. Our study provides a theoretical reference for the application of MLE in egg production and to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the livestock and poultry industry under the background of antibiotic prohibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station in Tong Town, Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Zeben Wang
- College of Management Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dehe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongmei Chang
- Zhengding County Mulberry Industry Application Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Zhengding County Mulberry Industry Application Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Chen
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hui Chen
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Liao S, Pang D, Li E, Liu T, Liu F, Zou Y. The transported active mulberry leaf phenolics inhibited adipogenesis through PPAR-γ and Leptin signaling pathway. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14270. [PMID: 35702955 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effective components of mulberry leaf polyphenols (MLPs) should be absorbed and transported by the intestinal cells before regulating lipid metabolism. The Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were coupled to screen the effective components of MLPs that are being absorbed and transported by intestinal cells. The regulation and molecular mechanism by which the effective components affect adipogenesis were analyzed in this study. Among the 12 main components identified, five main compounds were well absorbed with Papp in the order of benzoic acid > chlorogenic acid > astragaloside > hyperoside > rutin. Chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid were mainly absorbed through passive diffusion, while rutin, astragaloside, and hyperoside were mainly by active transport, of which chlorogenic and rutin absorption were mediated by the efflux protein, P-glycoprotein (P-pg). Based on the transport volume of 2 mg/ml MLPs within 2 h, 25% of the maximum transported MLPs (TMLPs) was a safe concentration for 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes. Except for astragaloside, the other four components showed a significant inhibitory effect on lipid droplets, TG and TC, and chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid had the strongest effect. Additionally, we observed a synergistic effect as TMLPs were the most effective. We hypothesized that TMLPs, chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid suppressed adipogenesis and regulated lipid metabolism by inhibiting PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and FAS mRNA while promoting ADIPO and Leptin mRNA expression. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The absorption and adipogenesis inhibition effect of mulberry leaf phenolics were evaluated in this study. The results provided guideline for the development of functional foods in regulating lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daorui Pang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erna Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Guangxi Rongshui Furongbei Jiangyuan Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Liuzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Du Y, Li DX, Lu DY, Zhang R, Zhong QQ, Zhao YL, Zheng XX, Ji S, Wang L, Tang DQ. Amelioration of lipid accumulations and metabolism disorders in differentiation and development of 3T3-L1 adipocytes through mulberry leaf water extract. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153959. [PMID: 35134622 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide problem that resulted from the excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, leading to the impairment of individual health. Mulberry leaf is an important traditional Chinese medicine and has been used to alleviate obesity for a long term. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibition effects of mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE) on lipid accumulation during the process of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and development of mature adipocytes through the combination of molecular biology assays and metabolomic analysis. METHODS The quality consistency and main chemical ingredients of MLWE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. Oil red O staining was used to mirror lipid accumulation. Lipogenesis-, lipolysis- and inflammation-related genes were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics were performed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Prepared method and quality of MLWE were stable and reliable. A total of 34 compounds were identified and 14 of them were undoubtedly confirmed. MLWE supplementation could dose-dependently inhibit the aggregation of lipid droplets, and the expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, and increase the expressions of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and IL-10 in the differentiation of preadipocytes. Furthermore, MLWE treatment could dose-dependently decrease the level of triglycerides and the expressions of ACC, FAS, TNF-α, and IL-6, and up-regulate the level of glycerol and the expressions of PPARα, adiponectin (ADPN), adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) 1, AdipoR2, AMPK, HSL, and IL-10 in the development of mature adipocytes. Untargeted metabolomics showed that a total of 5 and 18 differential metabolites were reversed by MLWE intervention in the differentiation of preadipocytes and the development of mature adipocytes, respectively, which involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipids metabolism. CONCLUSION Taken together, this study firstly verified that MLWE could effectively alleviate lipid accumulation and inflammation by regulating ADPN/AMPK-mediated signaling pathways and relevant metabolic disturbances including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipids metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dong-Yu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining 221202, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining 221202, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221204, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 2212004, China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining 221202, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221204, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhu S, Liu B, Liu F, Xu Y. Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.): A review of its potential influences in mechanisms of action on metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106029. [PMID: 34896248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Morus alba L. (called Sangye in Chinese, ML), which belong to the genus Morus., are highly valuable edible plants in nutrients and nutraceuticals. In Asian countries including China, Japan and Korea, ML are widely used as functional foods including beverages, noodles and herbal tea because of its biological and nutritional value. Meanwhile, ML-derived products in the form of powders, extracts and capsules are widely consumed as dietary supplements for controlling blood glucose and sugar. Clinical studies showed that ML play an important role in the treatment of metabolic diseases including the diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. People broadly use ML due to their nutritiousness, deliciousness, safety, and abundant active benefits. However, the systematic pharmacological mechanisms of ML on metabolic diseases have not been fully revealed. Therefore, in order to fully utilize and scale relevant products about ML, this review summarizes the up-to-date information about the ML and its constituents effecting on metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) seed extracts attenuate adipogenesis by down-regulating PPARγ/ SREBP-1c and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 cells. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
12
|
Lee HG, Lu YA, Li X, Hyun JM, Kim HS, Lee JJ, Kim TH, Kim HM, Kang MC, Jeon YJ. Anti-Obesity Effects of Grateloupia elliptica, a Red Seaweed, in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Suppression of Adipogenic Factors in White Adipose Tissue and Increased Thermogenic Factors in Brown Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020308. [PMID: 31991562 PMCID: PMC7071330 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious metabolic syndrome characterized by high levels of cholesterol, lipids in the blood, and intracellular fat accumulation in adipose tissues. It is known that the suppression of adipogenic protein expression is an effective approach for the treatment of obesity, and regulates fatty acid storage and transportation in adipose tissues. The 60% ethanol extract of Grateloupia elliptica (GEE), a red seaweed from Jeju Island in Korea, was shown to exert anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells and in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. GEE inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, and significantly reduced expression of adipogenic proteins. In vivo experiments indicated a significant reduction in body weight, as well as white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, including fatty liver, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin contents. The expression of the adipogenic proteins, SREBP-1 and PPAR-γ, was significantly decreased by GEE, and the expression of the metabolic regulator protein was increased in WAT. The potential of GEE was shown in WAT, with the downregulation of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α mRNA; in contrast, in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the thermogenic proteins were increased. Collectively, these research findings suggest the potential of GEE as an effective candidate for the treatment of obesity-related issues via functional foods or pharmaceutical agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Geun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (H.-G.L.); (Y.A.L.); (X.L.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Yu An Lu
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (H.-G.L.); (Y.A.L.); (X.L.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Xining Li
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (H.-G.L.); (Y.A.L.); (X.L.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Ji-Min Hyun
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (H.-G.L.); (Y.A.L.); (X.L.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jangsan-ro 101-gil, Janghang-eup, Seocheon 33362, Korea;
| | - Jeong Jun Lee
- Naturetech Co., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon 27858, Korea; (J.J.L.); (T.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Tae Hee Kim
- Naturetech Co., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon 27858, Korea; (J.J.L.); (T.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Naturetech Co., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon 27858, Korea; (J.J.L.); (T.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-C.K.); (Y.-J.J.); Tel.: +82-10-3358-6290 (M.-C.K.); +82-10-4572-3624 (Y.-J.J.); Fax: +82-64-756-3493 (Y.-J.J.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (H.-G.L.); (Y.A.L.); (X.L.); (J.-M.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.K.); (Y.-J.J.); Tel.: +82-10-3358-6290 (M.-C.K.); +82-10-4572-3624 (Y.-J.J.); Fax: +82-64-756-3493 (Y.-J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muñoz-Talavera A, Gómez-Lim MÁ, Salazar-Olivo LA, Reinders J, Lim K, Escobedo-Moratilla A, López-Calleja AC, Islas-Carbajal MC, Rincón-Sánchez AR. Expression of the Biologically Active Insulin Analog SCI-57 in Nicotiana Benthamiana. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1335. [PMID: 31798448 PMCID: PMC6868099 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem worldwide; however, only 23% of low-income countries have access to insulin, and ironically it costs higher in such countries than high-income ones. Therefore, new strategies for insulin and insulin analogs production are urgently required to improve low-cost access to therapeutic products, so as to contain the diabetes epidemic. SCI-57 is an insulin analog with a greater affinity for the insulin receptor and lower thermal degradation than native insulin. It also shows native mitogenicity and insulin-like biological activity. In this work, SCI-57 was transiently expressed in the Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) plant, and we also evaluated some of its relevant biological effects. An expression plasmid was engineered to translate an N-terminal ubiquitin and C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal KDEL, in order to increase protein expression and stability. Likewise, the effect of co-expression of influenza M2 ion channel (M2) on the expression of insulin analog SCI-57 (SCI-57/M2) was evaluated. Although using M2 increases yield, it tends to alter the SCI-57 amino acid sequence, possibly promoting the formation of oligomers. Purification of SCI-57 was achieved by FPLC cation exchange and ultrafiltration of N. benthamiana leaf extract (NLE). SCI-57 exerts its anti-diabetic properties by stimulating glucose uptake in adipocytes, without affecting the lipid accumulation process. Expression of the insulin analog in agroinfiltrated plants was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and MS. Proteome changes related to the expression of heterologous proteins on N. benthamiana were not observed; up-regulated proteins were related to the agroinfiltration process. Our results demonstrate the potential for producing a biologically active insulin analog, SCI-57, by transient expression in Nb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Muñoz-Talavera
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez-Lim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Salazar-Olivo
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Scientific Support Unit Analytical Chemistry, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Lim
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abraham Escobedo-Moratilla
- CONACYT-Consortium for Research, Innovation, and Development of the Drylands (CIIDZA), IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Alberto Cristian López-Calleja
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Islas-Carbajal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomic, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Choi EM, Suh KS, Park SY, Chin SO, Rhee SY, Chon S. Biochanin A prevents 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced adipocyte dysfunction in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:865-873. [PMID: 31007129 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1603746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant. TCDD accumulates in the food chain, mainly in the fatty tissues of the human body where it causes various toxic effects. Biochanin A is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as flavonoids. We investigated whether biochanin A suppresses TCDD-induced loss of adipogenic action using 3T3-L1 adipocytes as a cell culture model of wasting syndrome. In the present study, biochanin A suppressed TCDD-induced loss of lipid accumulation. Pretreating the cells with biochanin A increased the levels of the adipogenesis-associated factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adiponectin, which were inhibited by TCDD. TCDD decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, which was effectively restored by pretreatment with biochanin A. Biochanin A also inhibited the TCDD-driven decrease in production of insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter 4. These results suggest a preventive effect of biochanin A against TCDD in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. TCDD increased production of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), prostaglandin E2, cytosolic phospholipase A2, and cyclooxygenase-1, while reducing the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha. However, biochanin A inhibited these TCDD-induced effects. We conclude that biochanin A is an attractive compound for preventing TCDD-induced wasting syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Choi
- a Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Suh
- a Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- b Department of Medicine, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- c Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Kyung Hee University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Chin
- a Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- c Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Kyung Hee University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- a Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- c Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Kyung Hee University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- a Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- c Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Kyung Hee University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Effects of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. Extracts on Adipogenesis and Lipase Activity In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5370473. [PMID: 31057650 PMCID: PMC6463657 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5370473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE) and Gymnema inodorum extract (GIE), used alone and combined, on antiadipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was used to examine the effects of these extracts on inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on lipid droplet morphology. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to examine biomolecular changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The pancreatic lipase assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of CSE and GIE on pancreatic lipase activity. Taken together, the results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination suppressed lipid accumulation. The FTIR microspectroscopy results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in the adipocytes. Compared with the untreated adipocytes, the signal intensity and integrated areas of glycogen and other carbohydrates, the acyl chain of phospholipids, and the lipid/protein ratios of the CSE, GIE, alone, and combined treated adipocytes were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Combination treatment resulted in a synergistic effect on lipid accumulation reduction in the adipocytes. Principal component analysis of the biomolecular changes revealed six distinct clusters in the FTIR spectra of the sample cells. The pancreatic lipase assay results indicated that CSE and GIE inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner (mean ± standard error of the mean IC50 values, 2312.44 ± 176.55 μg mL−1 and 982.24 ± 44.40 μg mL−1, resp.). Our findings indicated that FTIR microspectroscopy has potential application for evaluation of the effectiveness of medicinal plants and for the development of infrared biochemical obesity markers useful for treating patients with obesity. These results suggested that use of CSE and GIE alone and in combination may be efficacious as a complementary therapy for hyperlipidemia and obesity management. However, clinical trials in animals and humans must first be completed.
Collapse
|
16
|
R-Limonene Enhances Differentiation and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Activating the Akt Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4573254. [PMID: 30250490 PMCID: PMC6140011 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4573254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte is an important place for lipid storage. Defects in lipid storage in adipocytes can lead to lipodystrophy and lipid accumulation in muscle, liver, and other organs. It is the condition of mixed dyslipidemia which may favor the development of insulin resistance via lipotoxic mechanisms. Our objective of the study was to investigate the potential role of R-limonene (LM) on differentiation, lipid storage, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Genes and proteins associated with differentiation, lipid accumulation, 2DG uptake and its signaling pathways in the adipocytes were analyzed using qPCR and western blot methods. LM treatment increased differentiation, lipid accumulation, and the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic markers such as C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β, PPARγ, SREBP-1, RXR, FAS, and adiponectin. However, the LM concentration at 10μM decreased (p < 0.05) adipogenesis and lipogenesis via regulating key transcriptional factors. LM treatment increased activation of Akt by increasing its phosphorylation, but p44/42 activation was not altered. MK-2206, an Akt specific inhibitor, reduced the activation of Akt phosphorylation whereas LM treatment aborted the MK-2206 mediated inhibition of Akt activation. LM enhanced glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes. Overall data suggested that LM treatment favored lipid storage and glucose uptake in adipocytes via activation of key transcriptional factors through activation of Akt phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bae UJ, Jung ES, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH. Mulberry leaf extract displays antidiabetic activity in db/db mice via Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1473. [PMID: 30150922 PMCID: PMC6109265 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Augmenting glucose utilization in skeletal muscle via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 kinase)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway or the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway is necessary to regulate hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective We investigated the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and explored its in vivo antidiabetic potential. Design Male db/db mice were treated with either MLE (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg) or metformin (100 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Results MLE treatment stimulated glucose uptake, driven by enhanced translocation of glucose transporter 4 to cell membranes in L6 myotubes. These effects of MLE were synergistic with those of insulin and were abolished in the presence of PI3K inhibitor or AMPK inhibitor. In db/db mice, supplementation with MLE decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity, with increases of p-Akt and p-AMPK in skeletal muscle. Moreover, MLE improved blood lipid parameters and attenuated hepatic steatosis in diabetic db/db mice. Discussion These findings suggest that MLE exerts antidiabetic activity through stimulating glucose disposal in skeletal muscle cells via the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. Conclusions MLE can potentially improve hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jin Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Jung
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Q, Dai Y, Zou Y, Liao S, Shen W, Hu T, Liu F. Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.
) leaf polyphenols inhibits adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Yanli Dai
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Weizhi Shen
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Tenggen Hu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| | - Fan Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Functional Food; Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Lowe GM, Thumanu K, Eumkeb G. The Effect of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Lipase Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4108787. [PMID: 30108654 PMCID: PMC6077602 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and hyperlipidemia are a major problem in the world. Pluchea indica (L.) Less. tea (PIT) is a beverage that has various indications. This study focused on the effect of the PIT on inhibiting adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and pancreatic lipase enzyme activity. The viability of 3T3-L1 cells was not significantly decreased after exposure to 200 to 1000 μg mL-1 PIT compared to controls (p > 0.05). The PIT at 750 to 1000 μg mL-1 exhibited a significantly reduced lipid accumulation compared to the control (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effects of the PIT at 250 to 1000 μg mL-1 on lipase activity were significantly increased compared to control (p < 0.05). The FTIR results showed that the integrated areas of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen, and carbohydrates of the PIT-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were significantly lower than the untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (p < 0.05). These findings may indicate that the PIT is not only capable of inhibiting lipids and carbohydrate accumulation in adipocytes but also has a potential to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity. So, the PIT may be further developed to the novel lipid-lowering herbal supplement for the management of overweight or obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipot Sirichaiwetchakoon
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhonratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Gordon Matthew Lowe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores Univerisity, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Griangsak Eumkeb
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhonratchasima 30000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kadooka K, Sato M, Matsumoto T, Kuhara S, Katakura Y, Fujimura T. Pig testis extract augments adiponectin expression and secretion through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:983-992. [PMID: 29582200 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is a key molecule whose upregulation may ameliorate symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and disorders of lipid metabolism. Several plant-derived components have been shown to enhance adiponectin secretion; however, there have been no reports on the effects of animal-derived products. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated whether hot-water extracts of specific livestock by-products induce the expression of adiponectin in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Out of the 11 extracts tested, pig testis extract (PTE) was found to enhance adiponectin expression and secretion by 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, simultaneous treatment with PTE and daidzein, a soy phytoestrogen, synergistically enhanced adiponectin secretion. Moreover, pretreatment with an estrogen receptor β antagonist (PHTPP) diminished adiponectin secretion from daidzein-treated cells but not from PTE-treated cells. Transcriptome analyses revealed that both daidzein and PTE regulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, although differences in the regulation of gene expression were observed between PTE- and daidzein-treated cells. These results suggest that PTE ameliorates lipid metabolic dysfunction by promoting adipocyte differentiation and enhancing adiponectin secretion via a mechanism different from that of daidzein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kadooka
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mikako Sato
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujimura
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hwang S, Kim JK, Kim IH, Lim YH. Inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Ramulus mori
on adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and their antioxidant activity. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonwook Hwang
- Department of Public Health Science (BK21 PLUS Program), Graduate School; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Keun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Korea Polytechnic University; Shihung-si Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research; Korea Food Research Institute; Seongnam-si Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Public Health Science (BK21 PLUS Program), Graduate School; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Korea University Guro Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun C, Wu W, Yin Z, Fan L, Ma Y, Lai F, Wu H. Effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the physicochemical properties, erythrocyte haemolysis inhibitory ability and chemical antioxidant activity of mulberry leaf protein and its hydrolysates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Zhina Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Liuhui Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Furao Lai
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lamichhane R, Kim SG, Kang S, Lee KH, Pandeya PR, Jung HJ. Exploration of Underlying Mechanism of Anti-adipogenic Activity of Sulfuretin. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1366-1373. [PMID: 28579594 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfuretin is a natural flavonoid found in the plant Rhus verniciflua STOKES. The plant has been traditionally used as medicinal agent for antiviral, cathartic, diaphoretic, anti-rheumatic and sedative activities in East Asia. In this study we isolated and identified sulfuretin from R. verniciflua and investigated its anti-adipogenic activity against 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells. We evaluated the effects of sulfuretin on the adipogenic transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), Fabp4, adiponectin and zinc fingerprint protein (Zfp) 521 by gene expression (real-time QPCR) and Western blot analysis. Sulfuretin treatment at Day 0 and 2 showed significant reduction of lipid production in 3T3-L1 cells in concentration dependent manner. Gene expression analysis (real-time PCR) revealed that sulfuretin inhibited the both major adipogenic factors (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ) and minor adipogenic factors (sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1c), adiponectin, FAS, Fabp4, Zfp423, and Ebf1). Western blot analysis showed the increased expression of β-catenin and suppression of PPARγ after sulfuretin treatment. Overall, sulfuretin is a natural flavonoid having potent anti-adipogenic activity through the suppression of major adipogenic factors C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ, which initiate adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Se-Gun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration
| | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Kyung-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Oriental Pharmacy, Wonkwang University
| | | | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Wonkwang University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Oriental Pharmacy, and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin SO, Seo HJ, Park H, Song HJ. Effects of mulberry leaf extract on blood glucose and serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Park MJ, Song JH, Shon MS, Kim HO, Kwon OJ, Roh SS, Kim CY, Kim GN. Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Ethanol Extracts Prepared from Selected Medicinal Herbs in 3T3-L1 Cells. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:227-235. [PMID: 27752499 PMCID: PMC5063208 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for various metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we prepared ethanol extracts from Agastache rugosa (ARE), Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZE), Mentha arvensis (MAE), Perilla frutescens (PFE), Leonurus sibiricus (LSE), Gardenia jasminoides (GJE), and Lycopus coreanus (LCE). The anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effects were evaluated. The IC50 values for ascorbic acid and LCE against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 246.2 μg/mL and 166.2 μg/mL, respectively, followed by ARE (186.6 μg/mL), CZE (198.6 μg/mL), MAE (337.1 μg/mL), PFE (415.3 μg/mL), LSE (548.2 μg/mL), and GJE (626.3 μg/mL). In non-toxic concentration ranges, CZE had a strong inhibitory effect against 3T3-L1 adipogenes (84.5%) than those of the other extracts. Furthermore, the anti-adipogenic effect of CZE is largely limited in the early stage of adipogenesis, and we revealed that the inhibitory role of CZE in adipogenesis is required for the activation of Wnt signaling. Our results provide scientific evidence that the anti-adipogenic effect of CZE can be applied as an ingredient for the development of functional foods and nutri-cosmetics for obesity prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Park
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Shon
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767, Korea
| | - Hae Ok Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767, Korea
| | - O Jun Kwon
- Gyeongbuk Regional Industry Evaluation, Daegyeong Institute for Regional Program Evaluation, Daegu 38542, Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Gyo-Nam Kim
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ilavenil S, Kim DH, Vijayakumar M, Srigopalram S, Roh SG, Arasu MV, Lee JS, Choi KC. Potential role of marine algae extract on 3T3-L1 cell proliferation and differentiation: an in vitro approach. Biol Res 2016; 49:38. [PMID: 27604997 PMCID: PMC5013630 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background From ancient times, marine algae have emerged as alternative medicine and foods, contains the rich source of natural products like proteins, vitamins, and secondary metabolites, especially Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) contains numerous anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and wound healing substances. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with adipogenesis and their factors. Hence, we aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and adipogenic modulatory properties of C. vulgaris in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Results We analysed chemical constituents in ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris (EECV) by LC–MS. Results revealed that the EECV contains few triterpenoids and saponin compounds. Further, the effect of EECV on lipid accumulation along with genes and proteins expressions which are associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis were evaluated using oil red O staining, qPCR and western blot techniques. The data indicated that that EECV treatment increased differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, which indicates positive regulation of adipogenic and lipogenic activity. These increases were associated with up-regulation of PPAR-γ2, C/EBP-α, adiponectin, FAS, and leptin mRNA and protein expressions. Also, EECV treatments increased the concentration of glycerol releases as compared with control cells. Troglitazone is a PPAR-γ agonist that stimulates the PPAR-γ2, adiponectin, and GLUT-4 expressions. Similarly, EECV treatments significantly upregulated PPAR-γ2, adiponectin, GLUT-4 expressions and glucose utilization. Further, EECV treatment decreased AMPK-α expression as compared with control and metformin treated cells. Conclusion The present research findings confirmed that the EECV effectively modulates the lipid accumulation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells through AMPK-α mediated signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundharrajan Ilavenil
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Srisesharam Srigopalram
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Bio-center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Q, Lu Y, Ma Z, Li Y, Guo J, Meng Q, Bian H. A novel formula from mulberry leaf ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats via inhibiting the TGF-β1 pathway. Food Funct 2016; 6:3307-15. [PMID: 26242486 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia of mulberry leaf and its extracts, we investigated the effect of a novel formula, Sang Tong Jian (STJ), from mulberry leaf on rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS The DN rats were induced by a long-term high-fat diet and a single streptozotocin injection. STJ was introduced for 12 weeks from the presence of hyperglycemia. The fasting blood glucose of DN rats was determined at weeks 5, 7, 9, and 11 respectively. The serum GSP, GHb and lipid profiles were analyzed by using a colorimetric method and ELISA kits. The kidney function of DN rats was demonstrated through the analysis of urine creatinine, urine albumin, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and the creatinine clearance rate. The H-E (haematoxylin and eosin) and PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) staining were adopted to exhibit the morphology of the kidney. The TGF-β1 and p-smad2/3, smad2/3, collagen IV, connexin 43 and E-cadherin were assayed via immunohistochemistry and western blot. RESULTS STJ significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose (p < 0.01) and the glycation end product (p < 0.05), and regulated dyslipidemia. Inhibition of the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and amelioration of the kidney function were shown in STJ-treated DN rats. Moreover, STJ decreased the levels of TGF-β1, collagen IV, connexin 43 and activation of smad2/3 (p < 0.01), and enhanced E-cadherin (p < 0.01) in the kidney of DN rats. CONCLUSION 12 week administration of STJ improved the metabolic parameters associated with blood glucose and lipid and inhibited the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which positively contributed to the amelioration of chronic diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ilavenil S, Kim DH, Srigopalram S, Arasu MV, Lee KD, Lee JC, Lee JS, Renganathan S, Choi KC. Potential Application of p-Coumaric Acid on Differentiation of C2C12 Skeletal Muscle and 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes-An in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080997. [PMID: 27490527 PMCID: PMC6274435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumaric acid (CA) is a phenolic acid of the hydroxycinnamic acid family, and it has many biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-platelet, anti-cancer activities, etc. In the present study, we planned to analyse the potential molecular function of CA on skeletal muscle and preadipocytes differentiation using PCR and Western blot techniques. First, we analysed the impact of CA on C2C12 skeletal muscle differentiation. It revealed that CA treatment inhibited horse serum-induced skeletal muscle differentiation as evidenced by the decreased expression of early myogenic differentiation markers such as Myogenin and myoD via the AMP activated protein kinase- alpha AMPK-α mediated pathway. Furthermore, the level of lipid accumulation and changes in genes and protein expressions that are associated with lipogenesis and lipolysis were analyzed in 3T3-L1 cells. The Oil Red O staining evidenced that CA treatment inhibited lipid accumulation at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mM. Furthermore, coumaric acid treatment decreased the expression of main transcriptional factors such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPAR-γ2). Subsequently, CA treatment decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and adiponectin. Finally, we identified conformational changes induced by CA in PPAR-γ2 using computational biology tools. It revealed that CA might downregulate the PPAR-γ2 expression by directly binding with amino acids of PPAR-γ2 by hydrogen at 3.26 distance and hydrophobic interactions at 3.90 contact distances. These data indicated that CA suppressed skeletal muscle and preadipocytes differentiation through downregulation of the main transcriptional factors and their downstream targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundharrajan Ilavenil
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Korea.
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Srisesharam Srigopalram
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kyung Dong Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongsin University, Naju 520-714, Korea.
| | - Jeong Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Korea.
| | - Senthil Renganathan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Marudupandiyar College, Tamilnadu 613-403, India.
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Processed Panax ginseng, sun ginseng, inhibits the differentiation and proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:257-267. [PMID: 28701865 PMCID: PMC5489751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat-processed ginseng, sun ginseng (SG), has been reported to have improved therapeutic properties compared with raw forms, such as increased antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity effects of SG through the suppression of cell differentiation and proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and the lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods To investigate the effect of SG on adipocyte differentiation, levels of stained intracellular lipid droplets were quantified by measuring the oil red O signal in the lipid extracts of cells on differentiation Day 7. To study the effect of SG on fat accumulation in C. elegans, L4 stage worms were cultured on an Escherichia coli OP50 diet supplemented with 10 μg/mL of SG, followed by Nile red staining. To determine the effect of SG on gene expression of lipid and glucose metabolism-regulation molecules, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the phosphorylation of Akt was examined by Western blotting. Results SG suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells stimulated by a mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI), and inhibited the proliferation of adipocytes during differentiation. Treatment of C. elegans with SG showed reductions in lipid accumulation by Nile red staining, thus directly demonstrating an antiobesity effect for SG. Furthermore, SG treatment downregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPα) and decreased the mRNA level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in MDI-treated adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-regulating factors, such as amplifying mouse fatty acid-binding protein 2, leptin, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transporter protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, were increased, whereas that of the lipolytic enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was decreased. Our data demonstrate that SG inversely regulated the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG induced increases in the mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes such as glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and a decrease in the mRNA level of the glycogenic enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase. In addition, mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT4, and insulin receptor substrate-1 were elevated by MDI stimulation, whereas SG dose-dependently inhibited the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) at an early phase of MDI stimulation. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels were markedly decreased by MDI stimulation and recovered by SG treatment of adipocytes. Conclusion Our results suggest that SG effectively inhibits adipocyte proliferation and differentiation through the downregulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα, by suppressing Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and enhancing NO production. These results provide strong evidence to support the development of SG for antiobesity treatment.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang L, Yang M, Gao J, Jin S, Wu Z, Wu L, Zhang X. Seasonal variation and gender pattern of phenolic and flavonoid contents in Pistacia chinensis Bunge inflorescences and leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 191:36-44. [PMID: 26717010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pistacia chinensis Bunge (P. chinensis) is a deciduous and dioecious perennial arbor of the family Anacardiaceae that flowers from March to April and bears fruit from September to October. There are three rapidly growing stages in the annual growth process of P. chinensis. However, the knowledge of the secondary metabolites related to P. chinensis gender and growth season remains scant. In this study, HPLC was used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the content of the catechin hydrate, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol contents in male and female tree inflorescences and leaves. Total phenolics and flavonoids were also detected using a spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the contents of these compounds fluctuated with seasons and they reached the highest levels in nascent leaves. The fluctuations of these compounds followed different pathways of evolution, by increasing or decreasing in male and female trees throughout the whole growth process because they had their own biological functions. Moreover, the extracts exhibited DPPH radical scavenging bioactivity and showed no significant cytotoxicity towards 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Together, these results demonstrated that P. chinensis has great potential as an antioxidant medicine, and the best harvest time is in the spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Current anti-diabetes mechanisms and clinical trials using Morus alba L. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
32
|
Ilavenil S, Kim DH, Valan Arasu M, Srigopalram S, Sivanesan R, Choi KC. Phenyllactic Acid from Lactobacillus plantarum PromotesAdipogenic Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte via Up-Regulationof PPAR-γ2. Molecules 2015; 20:15359-73. [PMID: 26305241 PMCID: PMC6332376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic drugs are commonly used to cure various human ailments at present. However, the uses of synthetic drugs are strictly regulated because of their adverse effects. Thus, naturally occurring molecules may be more suitable for curing disease without unfavorable effects. Therefore, we investigated phenyllactic acid (PLA) from Lactobacillus plantarum with respect to its effects on adipogenic genes and their protein expression in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by qPCR and western blot techniques. PLA enhanced differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μM. Maximum differentiation and lipid accumulation were observed at a concentration of 100 μM of PLA, as compared with control adipocytes (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ2, C/EBP-α, adiponectin, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and SREBP-1 were increased by PLA treatment as compared with control adipocytes (p < 0.05). PLA stimulates PPAR-γ mRNA expression in a concentration dependent manner, but this expression was lesser than agonist (2.83 ± 0.014 fold) of PPAR-γ2. Moreover, PLA supplementation enhances glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes (11.81 ± 0.17 mM) compared to control adipocytes, but this glucose uptake was lesser than that induced by troglitazone (13.75 ± 0.95 mM) and insulin treatment (15.49 ± 0.20 mM). Hence, we conclude that PLA treatment enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake via activation of PPAR-γ2, and PLA may thus be the potential candidate for preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundharrajan Ilavenil
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330801, Korea.
| | - Da Hye Kim
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi 6808553, Japan.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Srisesharam Srigopalram
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330801, Korea.
| | | | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330801, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Y, Jin L, Chen Q, Wu Z, Dong Y, Han L, Wang T. Hypoglycemic activity evaluation and chemical study on hollyhock flowers. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Yang SJ, Park NY, Lim Y. Anti-adipogenic effect of mulberry leaf ethanol extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:613-7. [PMID: 25489399 PMCID: PMC4252519 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Adipogenesis is part of the cell differentiation process in which undifferentiated fibroblasts (pre-adipocytes) become mature adipocytes with the accumulation of lipid droplets and subsequent cell morphological changes. Several transcription factors and food components have been suggested to be involved in adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether mulberry leaf ethanol extract (MLEE) affects adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS The 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of MLEE for 8 days starting 2 days post-confluence. Cell viability, fat accumulation, and adipogenesis-related factors including CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adiponectin were analyzed. RESULTS Results showed that MLEE treatments at 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evident toxicity, all MLEE treated cells had lower fat accumulation compared with control as shown by lower absorbances of Oil Red O stain. MLEE at 50 and 100 µg/ml significantly reduced protein levels of PPARγ, PGC-1α, FAS, and adiponectin in differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, protein level of C/EBPα was significantly decreased by the treatment of 100 µg/ml MLEE. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that MLEE treatment has an anti-adipogenic effect in differentiated adipocytes without toxicity, suggesting its potential as an anti-obesity therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Jeonnam 500-757, Korea
| | - Na-Young Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Anusree SS, Priyanka A, Nisha VM, Das AA, Raghu KG. An in vitro study reveals the nutraceutical potential of punicic acid relevant to diabetes via enhanced GLUT4 expression and adiponectin secretion. Food Funct 2014; 5:2590-601. [PMID: 25143251 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes and heart diseases is increasing in the world. Nutraceuticals of natural origin are gaining importance as an alternative to modern drugs for the management of metabolic syndrome. In the present study, punicic acid (PA), a major bioactive found in pomegranate seed, was subjected for biological characterization with respect to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist property in an in vitro system (3T3-L1 adipocytes). We evaluated the adipogenic potential of various concentrations (5, 10 and 30 μM) of PA by studying triglyceride accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in adipocytes, which were found to be increased moderately compared with the positive control, i.e. rosiglitazone (RG). Glucose uptake activity (↑225.93% ± 2.55% for 30 μM of PA), and the prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (↓57 ± 1.83% for 30 μM of PA) in adipocytes with PA were also evaluated. We also found that PA increased adiponectin secretion and upregulated GLUT4 expression and translocation in adipocytes. Molecular modelling studies revealed a high binding affinity of PA to the PPARγ ligand binding domain. An in vitro ligand binding assay based on time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) also proved PA as a PPARγ agonist. Finally, we conclude that PA is a potential nutraceutical and should be encouraged for use both as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Anusree
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ilavenil S, Arasu MV, Lee JC, Kim DH, Vijayakumar M, Lee KD, Choi KC. Positive regulations of adipogenesis by Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum] in 3T3-L1 cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:54. [PMID: 24917384 PMCID: PMC4057822 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACK GROUND Intramuscular fat deposition in the meat animal is relatively new strategy for developing the meat quality. Fat deposition is largely depending on the adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chloroform extract of L. multiflorum [CELM] on cell proliferation, lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and body weight of mouse. RESULTS We identified 6,9-Octadecatrienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, butane-2,3-diol and hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol in CELM. L. multiflorum extract increased the cell viability, lipid accumulation, cell cycle progression and key transcriptional and secretory factors like PPRAγ2, C/CEBP-α, adiponectin, aP2, GLUT-4, FAS and SREBP-1 mRNA expression as compared with control cells. For in-vivo, mice administered with CELM significantly increased body weight throughout the experiment periods. Further, the identified fatty acids like 3, 6, 9-Octadecatrienoic acid and Hexadecanoic acid was docked with target protein [PPRAγ2] using HEX 6.12. The least binding energy considered as high affinity with target protein. The maximum affinity with the target protein was observed in the Hexadecanoic acid followed by 3, 6, 9-Octadecatrienoic acid. The binding efficacy of Hexadecanoic acid and 3, 6, 9-Octadecatrienoic acid to the active site of PPAR-γ2 may be enhanced the adipocyte differentiations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CELM stimulates adipogenesis via activating the PPARγ-mediated signaling pathway in adipocyte which could be useful for the development of meat quality in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundarrajan Ilavenil
- Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Korea
- Department of Botany and microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Korea
| | - Kyung Dong Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongsin University, Naju 520-714, Korea
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ilavenil S, Arasu MV, Lee JC, Kim DH, Roh SG, Park HS, Choi GJ, Mayakrishnan V, Choi KC. Trigonelline attenuates the adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:758-765. [PMID: 24369814 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Trigonelline is a natural alkaloid mainly found in Trigonella Foenum Graecum (fenugreek) Fabaceae and other edible plants with a variety of medicinal applications. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of trigonelline (TG) on the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Trigonelline suppressed lipid droplet accumulation in a concentration (75 and 100 μM) dependent manner. Treatment of adipocyte with of TG down regulates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and CCAAT element binding protein (C/EBP-α) mRNA expression, which leads to further down regulation of other gene such as adiponectin, adipogenin, leptin, resistin and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) as compared with respective control cells on 5th and 10th day of differentiation. Further, addition of triognelline along with troglitazone to the adipocyte attenuated the troglitazone effects on PPARγ mediated differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Trigonelline might compete against troglitazone for its binding to the PPARγ. In addition, adipocyte treated with trigonelline and isoproterenol separately. Isoproterenol, a lipolytic agent which inhibits the fatty acid synthase and GLUT-4 transporter expression via cAMP mediated pathway, we found that similar magnitude response of fatty acid synthase and GLUT-4 transporter expression in trigonelline treated adipocyte. These results suggest that the trigonelline inhibits the adipogenesis by its influences on the expression PPARγ, which leads to subsequent down regulation of PPAR-γ mediated pathway during adipogenesis. Our findings provide key approach to the mechanism underlying the anti-adipogenic activity of trigonelline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundharrajan Ilavenil
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi 680-8553, Japan
| | - Sang Gun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hyung Su Park
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jun Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jeon Y, You Y, Jun W. Anti-obesity Effects of Extracts from Young Akebia quinata D. Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
39
|
In vitro and in vivo enhancement of adipogenesis by Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in 3T3-L1 cells and mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85297. [PMID: 24454838 PMCID: PMC3890303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is very much important in improving the quality of meat in animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo adipogenesis regulation properties of Lolium multiflorum on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mice. Chemical composition of petroleum ether extract of L. multiflorum (PET-LM) confirmed the presence of fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, and caprylic acid, as the major compounds. PET-LM treatment increased viability, lipid accumulation, lipolysis, cell cycle progression, and DNA synthesis in the cells. PET-LM treatment also augmented peroxysome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, adiponectin, adipocyte binding protein, glucose transporter-4, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels in differentiated adipocytes. In addition, mice administered with 200 mg/kg body weight PET-LM for 8 weeks showed greater body weight than control mice. These findings suggest that PET-LM facilitates adipogenesis by stimulating PPARγ-mediated signaling cascades in adipocytes which could be useful for quality meat development in animals.
Collapse
|
40
|
Park HS, Shim SM, Kim GH. Inhibitory Effects of Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Fraction from Morus alba on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits of mulberry ( Morus alba) have been widely used for therapeutic purposes in Asian countries for centuries. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with ethanolic extracts of M. alba decreased adipocyte differentiation at 100 μg/mL by 18.6%. Treatment suppressed mRNA levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression in 3T3-L1 cells. However, the extract did not change free glycerol release from mature adipocytes. Thus, M. alba inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without a lipolytic effect. Among the soluble- fractions, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction had the highest anti-adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 cells. This fraction decreasing intracellular lipid accumulation by 38.5% in response to treatment with 100 μg/mL. In addition, HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of M. alba contained 167.7 μM of protocatechulic acid in 1 mg/mL of fraction, which inhibited lipid accumulation by 44.8% in response to treatment with 100 μM. From these results, M. alba is a possible candidate for regulating lipid accumulation in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sook Park
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lin RJ, Yen CM, Chou TH, Chiang FY, Wang GH, Tseng YP, Wang L, Huang TW, Wang HC, Chan LP, Ding HY, Liang CH. Antioxidant, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity and anthelmintic activities against Anisakis simplex and Hymenolepis nana of yakuchinone A from Alpinia oxyphylla. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:237. [PMID: 24070160 PMCID: PMC3879407 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Alpinia oxyphylla is a common remedy in traditional Chinese medicine.
Yakuchinone A is a major constituent of A. oxyphylla and
exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and gastric protective
activities. Methods Antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of yakuchinone A in skin cancer cells as
well as novel mechanisms for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation,
cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana adults, and nematocidal
activities against Anisakis simplex larvae are investigated. Results Yakuchinone A presents the ability of the removal of DPPH·and
ABTS+ free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
Yakuchinone A suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte
differentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells and the expressions of leptin and
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
(PPARγ). Yakuchinone A induces apoptosis and inhibits cell
proliferation in skin cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth by yakuchinone A
is more significant for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells than for melanoma
(A375 and B16) and noncancerous (HaCaT and BNLCL2) cells. Treatment BCC cells with
yakuchinone A shows down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and an
increase in cleavage poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This suggests that
yakuchinone A induces BCC cells apoptosis through the Bcl-2-mediated signaling
pathway. The anthelmintic activities of yakuchinone A for A. simplex are
better than for H. nana. Conclusions In this work, yakuchinone A exhibits antioxidative properties, anti-adipocyte
differentiation, antitumor activity, and anthelmintic activities against A.
simplex and H. nana.
Collapse
|
42
|
Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with traditional chinese and Indian medicinal herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:343594. [PMID: 23737828 PMCID: PMC3662109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/343594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a fast-growing epidemic affecting people globally. Furthermore, multiple complications and comorbidities are associated with T2DM. Lifestyle modifications along with pharmacotherapy and patient education are the mainstay of therapy for patients afflicted with T2DM. Western medications are frequently associated with severe adverse drug reactions and high costs of treatment. Herbal medications have long been used in the treatment and prevention of T2DM in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Indian medicine (TIM). This review examines in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence supporting the use of various herbs used in TCM and TIM. The problems, challenges, and opportunities for the incorporation of herbal frequently used in TCM and TIM into Western therapy are presented and discussed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Brazilein from Caesalpinia sappan L. Antioxidant Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation and Induces Apoptosis through Caspase-3 Activity and Anthelmintic Activities against Hymenolepis nana and Anisakis simplex. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:864892. [PMID: 23554834 PMCID: PMC3608347 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brazilein, a natural, biologically active compound from Caesalpinia sappan L., has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells. This study verifies the antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of brazilein in skin cancer cells and is the first time to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana, and reduction of spontaneous movement in Anisakis simplex. Brazilein exhibits an antioxidant capacity as well as the ability to scavenge DPPH• and ABTS•+ free radicals and to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Brazilein inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and suppressed the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis, suggesting that brazilein presents the antiobesity effects. The toxic effects of brazilein were evaluated in terms of cell viability, induction of apoptosis, and the activity of caspase-3 in BCC cells. The inhibition of the growth of skin cancer cells (A431, BCC, and SCC25) by brazilein is greater than that of human skin malignant melanoma (A375) cells, mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage (RAW 264.7 cells), and noncancerous cells (HaCaT and BNLCL2 cells). The anthelmintic activities of brazilein against Hymenolepis nana are better than those of Anisakis simplex.
Collapse
|