1
|
Goto A, Moriya Y, Nakayama M, Iwasaki S, Yamamoto S. DMPK perspective on quantitative model analysis for chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy: Advances and challenges. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 56:101003. [PMID: 38843652 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells are genetically engineered immune cells that specifically target tumor-associated antigens and have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies, with ongoing investigations into their potential applications in solid tumors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and challenges in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) for CAR cell therapy, specifically emphasizing on quantitative modeling and simulation (M&S). Furthermore, the recent advances in quantitative model analysis have been reviewed, ranging from clinical data characterization to mechanism-based modeling that connects in vitro and in vivo nonclinical and clinical study data. Additionally, the future perspectives and areas for improvement in CAR cell therapy translation have been reviewed. This includes using formulation quality considerations, characterization of appropriate animal models, refinement of in vitro models for bottom-up approaches, and enhancement of quantitative bioanalytical methodology. Addressing these challenges within a DMPK framework is pivotal in facilitating the translation of CAR cell therapy, ultimately enhancing the patients' lives through efficient CAR cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Goto
- Center of Excellence for Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Modeling, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuu Moriya
- Center of Excellence for Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Modeling, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Center of Excellence for Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Modeling, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Center of Excellence for Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Modeling, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Center of Excellence for Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Modeling, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin HK, Uricoli B, Freeman RM, Hossian AKMN, He Z, Anderson JYL, Neffling M, Legier JM, Blake DA, Doxie DB, Nair R, Koff JL, Dhodapkar KM, Shanmugam M, Dreaden EC, Rafiq S. Engineering Improved CAR T Cell Products with A Multi-Cytokine Particle Platform for Hematologic and Solid Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302425. [PMID: 38245855 PMCID: PMC11144092 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematological malignancies, only a subset of patients achieves a durable complete response (dCR). DCR has been correlated with CAR T cell products enriched with T cells memory phenotypes. Therefore, reagents that consistently promote memory phenotypes during the manufacturing of CAR T cells have the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes. A novel modular multi-cytokine particle (MCP) platform is developed that combines the signals necessary for activation, costimulation, and cytokine support into a single "all-in-one" stimulation reagent for CAR T cell manufacturing. This platform allows for the assembly and screening of compositionally diverse MCP libraries to identify formulations tailored to promote specific phenotypes with a high degree of flexibility. The approach is leveraged to identify unique MCP formulations that manufacture CAR T cell products from diffuse large B cell patients with increased proportions of memory-like phenotypes MCP-manufactured CAR T cells demonstrate superior anti-tumor efficacy in mouse models of lymphoma and ovarian cancer through enhanced persistence. These findings serve as a proof-of-principle of the powerful utility of the MCP platform to identify "all-in-one" stimulation reagents that can improve the effectiveness of cell therapy products through optimal manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Lin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Biaggio Uricoli
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruby M. Freeman
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - AKM Nawshad Hossian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhulin He
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Legier
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dejah A. Blake
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deon B. Doxie
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Remya Nair
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jean L. Koff
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kavita M. Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blaya-Cánovas JL, Griñán-Lisón C, Blancas I, Marchal JA, Ramírez-Tortosa C, López-Tejada A, Benabdellah K, Cortijo-Gutiérrez M, Cano-Cortés MV, Graván P, Navarro-Marchal SA, Gómez-Morales J, Delgado-Almenta V, Calahorra J, Agudo-Lera M, Sagarzazu A, Rodríguez-González CJ, Gallart-Aragón T, Eich C, Sánchez-Martín RM, Granados-Principal S. Autologous patient-derived exhausted nano T-cells exploit tumor immune evasion to engage an effective cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:83. [PMID: 38730475 PMCID: PMC11084007 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active targeting by surface-modified nanoplatforms enables a more precise and elevated accumulation of nanoparticles within the tumor, thereby enhancing drug delivery and efficacy for a successful cancer treatment. However, surface functionalization involves complex procedures that increase costs and timelines, presenting challenges for clinical implementation. Biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs) have emerged as unique drug delivery platforms that overcome the limitations of actively targeted nanoparticles. Nevertheless, BNPs coated with unmodified cells show reduced functionalities such as specific tumor targeting, decreasing the therapeutic efficacy. Those challenges can be overcome by engineering non-patient-derived cells for BNP coating, but these are complex and cost-effective approaches that hinder their wider clinical application. Here we present an immune-driven strategy to improve nanotherapeutic delivery to tumors. Our unique perspective harnesses T-cell exhaustion and tumor immune evasion to develop a groundbreaking new class of BNPs crafted from exhausted T-cells (NExT) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients by specific culture methods without sophisticated engineering. METHODS NExT were generated by coating PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) nanoparticles with TNBC-derived T-cells exhausted in vitro by acute activation. Physicochemical characterization of NExT was made by dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, and preservation and orientation of immune checkpoint receptors by flow cytometry. The efficacy of chemotherapy-loaded NExT was assessed in TNBC cell lines in vitro. In vivo toxicity was made in CD1 mice. Biodistribution and therapeutic activity of NExT were determined in cell-line- and autologous patient-derived xenografts in immunodeficient mice. RESULTS We report a cost-effective approach with a good performance that provides NExT naturally endowed with immune checkpoint receptors (PD1, LAG3, TIM3), augmenting specific tumor targeting by engaging cognate ligands, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy, and disrupting the PD1/PDL1 axis in an immunotherapy-like way. Autologous patient-derived NExT revealed exceptional intratumor accumulation, heightened chemotherapeutic index and efficiency, and targeted the tumor stroma in a PDL1+ patient-derived xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS These advantages underline the potential of autologous patient-derived NExT to revolutionize tailored adoptive cancer nanotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy, which endorses their widespread clinical application of autologous patient-derived NExT.
Collapse
Grants
- PRDJA19001BLAY Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer
- POSTDOC_21_638 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía
- RTI2018.101309B-C22 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- FPU19/04450 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- DOC_01686 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades
- PI19/01533 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- P29/22/02 Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Blaya-Cánovas
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Jaén, Jaén, 23007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
| | - Isabel Blancas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- UGC de Oncología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - César Ramírez-Tortosa
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- UGC de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Araceli López-Tejada
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Marina Cortijo-Gutiérrez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - M Victoria Cano-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Pablo Graván
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Saúl A Navarro-Marchal
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos IACT-CSIC-UGR, Armilla, 18100, Spain
| | - Violeta Delgado-Almenta
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Jesús Calahorra
- UGC de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Jaén, Jaén, 23007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - María Agudo-Lera
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Amaia Sagarzazu
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | | | - Tania Gallart-Aragón
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain
- UGC de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Christina Eich
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario M Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain
- Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Sergio Granados-Principal
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada- University of Granada, Granada, 18100, Spain.
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, 18016, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carbonell D, Monsalvo S, Catalá E, Pérez-Corral A, Villegas C, Falero C, Ruano G, Martinez M, Kwon M, Muñoz-Martínez C, Díez-Martín JL, Gayoso J, Anguita J. Advantages of high cell concentration prior to cryopreservation of initial leukapheresis in CAR-T cell therapy. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2024; 22:239-245. [PMID: 38063787 PMCID: PMC11073629 DOI: 10.2450/bloodtransfus.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is increasingly used in patients affected by B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. For logistical reasons, initial apheresis products may be cryopreserved for shipment to manufacturing centers. Due to the characteristics of these patients, cells are often collected in large volumes, meaning more bags must be cryopreserved. This requires increased storage, time and monetary costs. In this context, we aimed to evaluate a high cell concentration cryopreservation protocol by centrifugation to standardize the initial CAR-T manufacturing procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-eight processes of leukapheresis of 57 patients affected by refractory/relapsed B cell lymphoma and 9 patients affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were eligible for anti-CD19 CAR-T cell treatment performed between June 2019 and October 2022 were analyzed. Whole blood count, percentage and number of T cells were assessed on the apheresis final product. The apheresis product, which was alternatively stored overnight at 4°C, was centrifuged, adjusting the volume to approximately 40 mL. The product was immediately cryopreserved to achieve a final cell concentration of 50-200×106 cells/ml for cryopreservation. RESULTS Leukapheresis volume was reduced by almost fivefold (median: 185 to 40 mL), resulting in a higher product concentration in one bag. In addition, the number of non-target cells (monocytes, platelets and erythrocytes) was also reduced during the development of CAR-T cell therapy, thereby maintaining T lymphocyte levels and providing a purer starting material. DISCUSSION The advantages of the protocol include reducing economic costs, saving storage space, simplifying the manufacturing process, and facilitating shipping logistics. In conclusion, we present a validated, simple, and cost-effective cell enrichment processing protocol that provides high-quality cryopreserved products as starting material for the CAR-T cell manufacturing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carbonell
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Monsalvo
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Catalá
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Corral
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Villegas
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Falero
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ruano
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Martinez
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mi Kwon
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Martínez
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Díez-Martín
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gayoso
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Anguita
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amatya C, Weissler KA, Fellowes V, Lam N, Cutmore LC, Natrakul DA, Highfill SL, Kochenderfer JN. Optimization of anti-CD19 CAR T cell production for treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101212. [PMID: 38455264 PMCID: PMC10918271 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
T cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but complete response rates range from 18% to 29%, so improvement is needed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CLL patients often contain high levels of CLL cells that can interfere with CAR T cell production, and T cells from CLL patients are prone to exhaustion and other functional defects. We previously developed an anti-CD19 CAR designated Hu19-CD828Z. Hu19-CD828Z has a binding domain derived from a fully human antibody and a CD28 costimulatory domain. We aimed to develop an optimized process for producing Hu19-CD828Z-expressing T cells (Hu19-CAR T) from PBMC of CLL patients. We determined that supplementing Hu19-CAR-T cultures with interleukin (IL)-7 + IL-15 had advantages over using IL-2, including greater accumulation of Hu19-CAR T cells during in vitro proliferation assays. We determined that positive selection with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 magnetic beads was the optimal method of T cell purification because this method resulted in high T cell purity. We determined that anti-CD3/CD28 paramagnetic beads were the optimal T cell activation reagent. Finally, we developed a current good manufacturing practices-compliant clinical-scale protocol for producing Hu19-CAR T from PBMC of CLL patients. These Hu19-CAR T exhibited a full range of in vitro functions and eliminated leukemia from mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Amatya
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine A. Weissler
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vicki Fellowes
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Norris Lam
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren C. Cutmore
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle A. Natrakul
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven L. Highfill
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James N. Kochenderfer
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Surgery Branch Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim H, Kim S, Lim H, Chung AJ. Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1088-1120. [PMID: 38174732 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies. However, their application to solid tumors is limited, and they face challenges in safety, scalability, and cost. To enhance current CAR-T cell therapies, the integration of microfluidic technologies, harnessing their inherent advantages, such as reduced sample consumption, simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high scalability, has emerged as a powerful solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step manufacturing process of CAR-T cells, identifies existing difficulties at each production stage, and discusses the successful implementation of microfluidics and related technologies in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates the potential of microfluidics-based methodologies in advancing cell-based therapy across various applications, including solid tumors, next-generation CAR constructs, T-cell receptors, and the development of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- MxT Biotech, 04785 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Colina AS, Shah V, Shah RK, Kozlik T, Dash RK, Terhune S, Zamora AE. Current advances in experimental and computational approaches to enhance CAR T cell manufacturing protocols and improve clinical efficacy. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2024; 4:1310002. [PMID: 39086435 PMCID: PMC11285593 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2024.1310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Since the FDA's approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in 2017, significant improvements have been made in the design of chimeric antigen receptor constructs and in the manufacturing of CAR T cell therapies resulting in increased in vivo CAR T cell persistence and improved clinical outcome in certain hematological malignancies. Despite the remarkable clinical response seen in some patients, challenges remain in achieving durable long-term tumor-free survival, reducing therapy associated malignancies and toxicities, and expanding on the types of cancers that can be treated with this therapeutic modality. Careful analysis of the biological factors demarcating efficacious from suboptimal CAR T cell responses will be of paramount importance to address these shortcomings. With the ever-expanding toolbox of experimental approaches, single-cell technologies, and computational resources, there is renowned interest in discovering new ways to streamline the development and validation of new CAR T cell products. Better and more accurate prognostic and predictive models can be developed to help guide and inform clinical decision making by incorporating these approaches into translational and clinical workflows. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent advancements in CAR T cell manufacturing and describe the strategies used to selectively expand specific phenotypic subsets. Additionally, we review experimental approaches to assess CAR T cell functionality and summarize current in silico methods which have the potential to improve CAR T cell manufacturing and predict clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo S. Colina
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Viren Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ravi K. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tanya Kozlik
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Scott Terhune
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anthony E. Zamora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raghani NR, Chorawala MR, Mahadik M, Patel RB, Prajapati BG, Parekh PS. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2024; 41:51. [PMID: 38195781 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells, underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal constituent in cancer treatment, offering improved prognostic outcomes for a substantial patient cohort. Noteworthy for its precision, immunotherapy encompasses strategies such as adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, orchestrating the immune system to recognize and selectively target malignant cells. Exploiting the specificity of the immune response renders immunotherapy efficacious, as it selectively targets the body's immune milieu. Diverse mechanisms underlie cancer immunotherapies, leading to distinct toxicity profiles compared to conventional treatments. A remarkable clinical stride in the anticancer resources is immunotherapy. Remarkably, certain recalcitrant cancers like skin malignancies exhibit resistance to radiation or chemotherapy, yet respond favorably to immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, combination therapies involving chemotherapy and immunotherapy have exhibited synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Understanding the pivotal role of immunotherapy elucidates its complementary value, bolstering the therapeutic landscape. In this review, we elucidate the taxonomy of cancer immunotherapy, encompassing adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, while scrutinizing their distinct adverse event profiles. Furthermore, we expound on the unprecedented potential of immunogenic vaccines to bolster the anticancer immune response. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of immunotherapy in modern oncology, unveiling novel prospects for tailored therapeutic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha R Raghani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mayuresh Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh B Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UI Carver College of Medicine: The University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
| | - Priyajeet S Parekh
- A V Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta S, Kohorst M, Alkhateeb HB. Determinants of outcomes and advances in CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor therapy for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:51-63. [PMID: 38105391 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is an aggressive B-cell neoplasm associated with poor outcomes. Conventional multiagent chemotherapy and bispecific antibody therapy may induce remission; however, relapse rates remain high and overall survival is poor. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy provides durable, deep complete remission, and long-term cures in relapsed and refractory B-ALL. However, with this new treatment modality, 10%-30% of patients do not achieve remission, and over 50% experience relapse after therapy. Currently, there are two approved CD19-specific CAR-T cell constructs in B-ALL, Tisagenlecleucel and Brexucabtagene Autoleucel by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In this review, we discuss patients, disease, and CAR-T predictors of outcomes in B-ALL. We describe the two approved CD19-directed CAR-T cell products, review the current literature, and discuss factors associated with high risks of therapy failure and future direction in CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Gupta
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mira Kohorst
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukhamedshin A, Reddington RC, Dinh MTP, Abhishek K, Iqbal M, Manheim M, Gifford SC, Shevkoplyas SS. Rapid, label-free enrichment of lymphocytes in a closed system using a flow-through microfluidic device. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10602. [PMID: 38193116 PMCID: PMC10771558 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of adoptive cellular therapies are produced from peripheral mononuclear cells obtained via leukapheresis and further enriched for the cells of interest (e.g., T cells). Here, we present a first-of-its-kind closed system, which effectively removes ~85% of monocytes and ~88% of platelets, while recovering ~88% of concentrated T cells in a separate output stream, as the leukapheresis sample flows through a microfluidic device at 5 mL/min. The system is driven by a common peristaltic pump, enabled by a novel pressure wave dampener, and operates in a closed bag-to-bag configuration, without requiring any specialized, dedicated equipment. When compared to standard density gradient centrifugation on paired samples, the new system demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in T cell recovery and a 2-fold reduction in inter-sample variability for this separation outcome. The T cell-to-monocyte ratio of the leukapheresis sample was increased to 20:1, whereas with density gradient processing it decreased to 2:1. As a result of superior purity and/or gentler processing, T cells enriched by the system showed a 2.7-times higher fold expansion during subsequent culture, and an overall 3.5-times higher cumulative yield. This centrifugation-free and label-free closed system for enriching lymphocytes could significantly simplify and standardize the manufacturing of life-saving cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Mukhamedshin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Mai T. P. Dinh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mubasher Iqbal
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Marc Manheim
- Halcyon Biomedical, IncorporatedFriendswoodTexasUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mannan A, Kakkar C, Dhiman S, Singh TG. Advancing the frontiers of adaptive cell therapy: A transformative mechanistic journey from preclinical to clinical settings. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111095. [PMID: 37875038 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the concept of using the patient's immune system to combat cancer has been around for a while, it is only in recent times that substantial progress has been achieved in this field. Over the last ten years, there has been a significant advancement in the treatment of cancer through immune checkpoint blockade. This treatment has been approved for multiple types of tumors. Another approach to modifying the immune system to detect tumor cells and fight them off is adaptive cell therapy (ACT). This therapy involves using T cells that have been modified with either T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) to target the tumor cells. ACT has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in different types of tumors, and clinical trials are currently underway worldwide to enhance this form of treatment. This review focuses on the advancements that have been made in ACT from preclinical to clinical settings till now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Chirag Kakkar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee SY, Lee DH, Sun W, Cervantes-Contreras F, Basom RS, Wu F, Liu S, Rai R, Mirzaei HR, O'Steen S, Green DJ, Shadman M, Till BG. CD8 + chimeric antigen receptor T cells manufactured in absence of CD4 + cells exhibit hypofunctional phenotype. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007803. [PMID: 38251688 PMCID: PMC10660840 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell culture conditions during manufacturing can impact the clinical efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell products. Production methods have not been standardized because the optimal approach remains unknown. Separate CD4+ and CD8+ cultures offer a potential advantage but complicate manufacturing and may affect cell expansion and function. In a phase 1/2 clinical trial, we observed poor expansion of separate CD8+ cell cultures and hypothesized that coculture of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells at a defined ratio at culture initiation would enhance CD8+ cell expansion and simplify manufacturing. METHODS We generated CAR T cells either as separate CD4+ and CD8+ cells, or as combined cultures mixed in defined CD4:CD8 ratios at culture initiation. We assessed CAR T cell expansion, phenotype, function, gene expression, and in vivo activity of CAR T cells and compared these between separately expanded or mixed CAR T cell cultures. RESULTS We found that the coculture of CD8+ CAR T cells with CD4+ cells markedly improves CD8+ cell expansion, and further discovered that CD8+ cells cultured in isolation exhibit a hypofunctional phenotype and transcriptional signature compared with those in mixed cultures with CD4+ cells. Cocultured CAR T cells also confer superior antitumor activity in vivo compared with separately expanded cells. The positive impact of CD4+ cells on CD8+ cells was mediated through both cytokines and direct cell contact, including CD40L-CD40 and CD70-CD27 interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CD4+ cell help during cell culture maintains robust CD8+ CAR T cell function, with implications for clinical cell manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yun Lee
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Feinan Wu
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Si Liu
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richa Rai
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hamid R Mirzaei
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shyril O'Steen
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Damian J Green
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mazyar Shadman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian G Till
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang YI, Hao YN, Shen MY, Han XJ, Wang YM, Chen SY, Wang JF, Wang W, Li TT, Jin AS. The Expression of LDL-R in CD8 + T Cells Serves as an Early Assessment Parameter for the Production of TCR-T Cells. In Vivo 2023; 37:2480-2489. [PMID: 37905663 PMCID: PMC10621427 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The quantity and the phenotypes of desired T cell receptor engineered T (TCR-T) cells in the final cell product determine their in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. Optimization of key steps in the TCR-T cell production process, such as T cell activation, has been shown to improve cell quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a modified TCR (mTCR) derived from mice transducing PBMCs, we assessed the proportions of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and mTCR expressing cells under the various activation conditions of CD3/CD28-Dynabeads or OKT3 via flow cytometry. RESULTS We demonstrate that the proportion of T cells expressing LDL-R post activation is positively correlated with the percentage of mTCR+CD8+ T cells with their less differentiated subtypes in the final product. In addition, we show that shifting the CD3/CD28-Dynabeads activation duration from a typical 48 h to 24 h can significantly increase the production of the desired mTCR+CD8+ T cells. Importantly, the percentages of TCR-T cells with less-differentiated phenotypes, namely mTCR central memory T cells (TCM), were found to be preserved with markedly higher efficiency when T cell activation was optimized. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the proportion of LDL-R+ T cells may serve as an early assessment parameter for evaluating TCR-T cell quality, possibly facilitating the functional and economical improvement of current adoptive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y I Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Hao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ming Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yin Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Fan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China;
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Shun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China;
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ling M, Cardle II, Song K, Yan AJ, Kacherovsky N, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Aptamer-Based Chromatographic Methods for Efficient and Economical Separation of Leukocyte Populations. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5062-5071. [PMID: 37467493 PMCID: PMC11016351 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing process of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies includes isolation systems that provide pure T cells. Current magnetic-activated cell sorting and immunoaffinity chromatography methods produce desired cells with high purity and yield but require expensive equipment and reagents and involve time-consuming incubation steps. Here, we demonstrate that aptamers can be employed in a continuous-flow resin platform for both depletion of monocytes and selection of CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells at low cost with high purity and throughput. Aptamer-mediated cell selection could potentially enable fully synthetic, traceless isolations of leukocyte subsets from a single isolation system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ling
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ian I. Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Kefan Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alexander J. Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nataly Kacherovsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Suzie H. Pun
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richards C, Sarkar S, Kandell J, Snyder R, Lakshmipathy U. Assessing the suitability of cell counting methods during different stages of a cell processing workflow using an ISO 20391-2 guided study design and analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1223227. [PMID: 37600315 PMCID: PMC10438949 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1223227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell counting is a fundamental measurement for determining viable cell numbers in biomanufacturing processes. The properties of different cell types and the range of intended uses for cell counts within a biomanufacturing process can lead to challenges in identifying suitable counting methods for each potential application. This is further amplified by user subjectivity in identifying the cells of interest and further identifying viable cells. Replacement of traditionally used manual counting methods with automated systems has alleviated some of these issues. However, a single cell type can exhibit different physical properties at various stages of cell processing which is further compounded by process impurities such as cell debris or magnetic beads. These factors make it challenging to develop a robust cell counting method that offers a high level of confidence in the results. Several initiatives from standards development organizations have attempted to address this critical need for standardization in cell counting. This study utilizes flow-based and image-based methods for the quantitative measurement of cell concentration and viability in the absence of a reference material, based on the tools and guidance provided by the International of Standards (ISO) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Primary cells were examined at different stages of cell processing in a cell therapy workflow. Results from this study define a systematic approach that enables the identification of counting methods and parameters that are best suited for specific cell types and workflows to ensure accuracy and consistency. Cell counting is a foundational method used extensively along various steps of cell and gene therapy. The standard used in this study may be applied to other cell and gene therapy processes to enable accurate measurement of parameters required to guide critical decisions throughout the development and production process. Using a framework that confirms the suitability of the cell counting method used can minimize variability in the process and final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Richards
- Science and Technology Team, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sumona Sarkar
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Kandell
- Science and Technology Team, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Richard Snyder
- Science and Technology Team, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Uma Lakshmipathy
- Science and Technology Team, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Álvarez Freile J, Qi Y, Jacob L, Lobo MF, Lourens HJ, Huls G, Bremer E. A luminescence-based method to assess antigen presentation and antigen-specific T cell responses for in vitro screening of immunomodulatory checkpoints and therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233113. [PMID: 37559730 PMCID: PMC10407562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the strength of antigen-specific responses in vitro is becoming increasingly relevant for decision making in early-phase research of novel immunotherapeutic approaches, including adoptive cell but also immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies. In the latter, antigen-specific rapid and high throughput tools to investigate MHC/antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) activation haven't been implemented yet. Here, we present a simple and rapid luminescence-based approach using the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E711-20 peptide as model antigen and E7-TCR transgenic Jurkat.NFAT-luciferase reporter cells. Upon E7 peptide pulsing of HLA-A2+ cell lines and macrophages, an effector to target ratio dependent increase in luminescence compared to non-pulsed cells was observed after co-incubation with E7-TCR expressing Jurkat, but not with parental cells. Analogous experiments with cells expressing full-length HPV16 identified that E7-specific activation of Jurkat cells enabled detection of endogenous antigen processing and MHC-I presentation. As proof of concept, overexpression of established checkpoints/inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-L1 or HLA-G) significantly reduced the E7-specific TCR-induced luminescence, an effect that could be restored after treatment with corresponding targeting antagonistic antibodies. Altogether, the luminescence-based method described here represents an alternative approach for the rapid evaluation of MHC-dependent antigen-specific T cell responses in vitro. It can be used as a rapid tool to evaluate the impact of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment or novel ICI in triggering effective T cell responses, as well as speeding up the development of novel therapeutics within the immune-oncology field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shrivastava T, Van Rhee F, Al Hadidi S. Targeting B Cell Maturation Antigen in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:441-464. [PMID: 37359353 PMCID: PMC10290473 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s370880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma remains a challenging disease necessitating the development of more effective treatment options. In the past decade, myeloma therapies have made significant advancements with the introduction of new treatment modalities. One of the new major targets for these novel therapeutics has been B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is expressed on mature B-lymphocytes and plasma cells. There are three main categories of BCMA-targeted therapies currently available, including bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. In this review, we discuss the existing BCMA-targeted therapies and provide insights into currently available treatment and future developments, with a particular focus on clinical efficacy and common drug-related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trilok Shrivastava
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Frits Van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Samer Al Hadidi
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim-Hoehamer YI, Riberdy JM, Zheng F, Park JJ, Shang N, Métais JY, Lockey T, Willis C, Akel S, Moore J, Meagher MM, Velasquez MP, Triplett BM, Talleur AC, Gottschalk S, Zhou S. Development of a cGMP-compliant process to manufacture donor-derived, CD45RA-depleted memory CD19-CAR T cells. Gene Ther 2023; 30:222-231. [PMID: 34997202 PMCID: PMC10286828 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting the CD19 antigen have demonstrated a high complete response rate in relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. However, autologous CAR T cell therapy is not an option for all patients. Here we optimized conditions for clinical-grade manufacturing of allogeneic CD19-CAR T cells using CD45RA-depleted donor memory T cells (Tm) for a planned clinical trial. Tm were activated using the MACS GMP T Cell TransAct reagent and transduced in the presence of LentiBOOST with a clinical-grade lentiviral vector that encodes a 2nd generation CD19-CAR with a 41BB.zeta endodomain. Transduced T cells were transferred to a G-Rex cell culture device for expansion and harvested on day 7 or 8 for cryopreservation. The resulting CD19-CAR(Mem) T cells expanded on average 34.2-fold, and mean CAR expression was 45.5%. The majority of T cells were CD4+ and had a central memory or effector memory phenotype, and retained viral specificity. CD19-CAR(Mem) T cells recognized and killed CD19-positive target cells in vitro and had potent antitumor activity in an ALL xenograft model. Thus we have successfully developed a current good manufacturing practice-compliant process to manufacture donor-derived CD19-CAR(Mem) T cells. Our manufacturing process could be readily adapted for CAR(Mem) T cells targeting other antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Kim-Hoehamer
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Janice M Riberdy
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Fei Zheng
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jeoungeun J Park
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Na Shang
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Métais
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Timothy Lockey
- Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Salem Akel
- Human Applications Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - M Paulina Velasquez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Brandon M Triplett
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Aimee C Talleur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
HLA-DR expression on monocytes and outcome of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:744-755. [PMID: 35439292 PMCID: PMC9989525 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their unprecedented success in relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), anti-CD19 CAR T cells are associated with significant toxicity, and more than half of patients relapse. As monocytes emerged as key players in CAR therapy, we sought to evaluate the evolution of HLA-DR expression on monocytes (mHLA-DR) before and after commercial anti-CD19 CAR T-cell infusion in a large cohort (n = 103) of patients with R/R LBCL and its association with adverse events and treatment response. Cy-Flu-based lymphodepletion (LD) upregulated mHLA-DR in 79% of the cases, whereas in 2l% of cases (15 patients), the mHLA-DR level decreased after LD, and this decrease was associated with poorer outcome. Low mHLA-DR at day minus 7 (D-7) (<13 500 antibodies per cell) before CAR T-cell infusion correlated with older age, poorer performance status, higher tumor burden, and elevated inflammatory markers. With a median follow-up of 7.4 months, patients with low mHLA-DR D-7 exhibited a poorer duration of response and survival than the higher mHLA-DR D-7 group. For toxicity management, tocilizumab was more frequently used in the low-mHLA-DR D-7 group. These data suggest that monocyte dysregulation before LD, characterized by the downregulation of mHLA-DR, correlates with an inflammatory and immunosuppressive tumor environment and is associated with failure of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in patients with R/R LBCL. Modulation of these myeloid cells represents a promising field for improving CAR therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang H, Tsao ST, Gu M, Fu C, He F, Li X, Zhang M, Li N, Hu HM. A simple and effective method to purify and activate T cells for successful generation of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells from patients with high monocyte count. J Transl Med 2022; 20:608. [PMID: 36536403 PMCID: PMC9764707 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are genetically modified T cells with redirected specificity and potent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward malignant cells. Despite several CAR-T products being approved and commercialized in the USA, Europe, and China, CAR-T products still require additional optimization to ensure reproducible and cost-effective manufacture. Here, we investigated the critical parameters in the CD3+ T-cell isolation process that significantly impacted CAR-T manufacturing's success. METHODS CAR-T cells were prepared from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The thawed PBMC was rested overnight before the CD3+ T cell isolation process using CTS™ Dynabeads™ CD3/CD28. Different isolation media, cell-bead co-incubation time, and cell density were examined in this study. Activated CD3+ T cells were transduced with a gamma retroviral vector carrying the CD19 or BCMA CAR sequence. The CAR-T cells proliferated in a culture medium supplemented with interleukin 2 (IL-2). RESULTS CD14+ monocytes hindered T-cell isolation when X-VIVO 15 basic medium was used as the selection buffer. The activation of T cells was blocked because monocytes actively engulfed CD3/28 beads. In contrast, when DPBS was the selection medium, the T-cell isolation and activation were no longer blocked, even in patients whose PBMC contained abnormally high CD14+ monocytes and a low level of CD3+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we discovered that selecting CD3+ T-cell isolation media is critical for improving T-cell activation, transduction, and CAR-T proliferation. Using DPBS as a CD3+ T cell isolation buffer significantly improved the success rate and shortened the duration of CAR-T production. The optimized process has been successfully applied in our ongoing clinical trials. Trial registration NCT03798509: Human CD19 Targeted T Cells Injection Therapy for Relapsed and Refractory CD19-positive Leukemia. Date of registration: January 10, 2019. NCT03720457: Human CD19 Targeted T Cells Injection (CD19 CAR-T) Therapy for Relapsed and Refractory CD19-positive Lymphoma. Date of registration: October 25, 2018. NCT04003168: Human BCMA Targeted T Cells Injection Therapy for BCMA-positive Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Date of registration: July 1, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shih-Ting Tsao
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Gu
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengbing Fu
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Manufacturing, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Department of Research and Development, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 9th Floor, Building 1, 1238 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Michelozzi IM, Sufi J, Adejumo TA, Amrolia PJ, Tape CJ, Giustacchini A. High-dimensional functional phenotyping of preclinical human CAR T cells using mass cytometry. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101174. [PMID: 35199038 PMCID: PMC8844283 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for the generation and functional characterization of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and their products by mass cytometry in a reproducible and scalable manner. We describe the production of CAR T cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We then detail a three-step staining protocol with metal-labeled antibodies and the subsequent mass cytometry analysis. This protocol allows simultaneous characterization of CAR T cell intracellular signaling, activation, proliferation, cytokine production, and phenotype in a single assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria M. Michelozzi
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre For Research into Rare Disease in Children, WC1N 1DZ London, UK
| | - Jahangir Sufi
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6DD London, UK
| | | | - Persis J. Amrolia
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre For Research into Rare Disease in Children, WC1N 1DZ London, UK
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Christopher J. Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6DD London, UK
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre For Research into Rare Disease in Children, WC1N 1DZ London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Suematsu M, Yagyu S, Nagao N, Kubota S, Shimizu Y, Tanaka M, Nakazawa Y, Imamura T. PiggyBac Transposon-Mediated CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells Derived From CD45RA-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Possess Potent and Sustained Antileukemic Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:770132. [PMID: 35154098 PMCID: PMC8829551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.770132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell products, namely, memory and exhaustion markers, affects the long-term functionality of CAR-T cells. We previously reported that piggyBac (PB) transposon-mediated CD19 CAR-T cells exhibit a memory-rich phenotype that is characterized by the high proportion of CD45RA+/C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7)+ T-cell fraction. To further investigate the favorable phenotype of PB-CD19 CAR-T cells, we generated PB-CD19 CAR-T cells from CD45RA+ and CD45RA− peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (RA+ CAR and RA− CAR, respectively), and compared their phenotypes and antitumor activity. RA+ CAR-T cells showed better transient gene transfer efficiency 24 h after transduction and superior expansion capacity after 14 days of culture than those shown by RA− CAR-T cells. RA+ CAR-T cells exhibited dominant CD8 expression, decreased expression of the exhaustion marker programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and T-cell senescence marker CD57, and enriched naïve/stem cell memory fraction, which are associated with the longevity of CAR-T cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that canonical exhaustion markers were downregulated in RA+ CAR-T, even after antigen stimulation. Although antigen stimulation could increase CAR expression, leading to tonic CAR signaling and exhaustion, the expression of CAR molecules on cell surface after antigen stimulation in RA+ CAR-T cells was controlled at a relatively lower level than that in RA− CAR-T cells. In the in vivo stress test, RA+ CAR-T cells achieved prolonged tumor control with expansion of CAR-T cells compared with RA− CAR-T cells. CAR-T cells were not detected in the control or RA− CAR-T cells but RA+ CAR-T cells were expanded even after 50 days of treatment, as confirmed by sequential bone marrow aspiration. Our results suggest that PB-mediated RA+ CAR-T cells exhibit a memory-rich phenotype and superior antitumor function, thus CD45RA+ PBMCs might be considered an efficient starting material for PB-CAR-T cell manufacturing. This novel approach will be beneficial for effective treatment of B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Suematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Nagao
- AGC Inc. Innovative Technology Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kubota
- AGC Inc. Materials Integration Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuto Shimizu
- AGC Inc. Materials Integration Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells and their application in the immunotherapy of solid tumours. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e7. [PMID: 35086597 PMCID: PMC9617572 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we reviewed the current literature studies and our understanding of the parameters that affect the chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T's) activation, effector function, in vivo persistence, and antitumour effects. These factors include T cell subsets and their differentiation stages, the components of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) design, the expression promoters and delivery vectors, and the CAR-T production process. The CAR signalling and CAR-T activation were also studied in comparison to TCR. The last section of the review gave special consideration of CAR design for solid tumours, focusing on strategies to improve CAR-T tumour infiltration and survival in the hostile tumour microenvironment. With several hundred clinical trials undergoing worldwide, the pace of CAR-T immunotherapy moves from bench to bedside is unprecedented. We hope that the article will provide readers a clear and comprehensive view of this rapidly evolving field and will help scientists and physician to design effective CAR-Ts immunotherapy for solid tumours.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rotolo A, Atherton MJ, Kasper BT, Haran KP, Mason NJ. Genetic re-direction of canine primary T cells for clinical trial use in pet dogs with spontaneous cancer. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100905. [PMID: 34746864 PMCID: PMC8551231 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompetent pet dogs develop spontaneous, human-like cancers, representing a parallel patient population for the investigation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies. We have optimized a retrovirus-based protocol to efficiently CAR transduce primary T cells from healthy and tumor-bearing dogs. While transduction efficiencies and CAR-T expansion vary among dogs, CAR expression is typically higher and more stable compared with previous protocols, thus enabling human and comparative oncology researchers to use the dog as a pre-clinical model for human CAR-T cell research. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Panjwani et al. (2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rotolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J. Atherton
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian T. Kasper
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kumudhini P. Haran
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicola J. Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mehrabadi AZ, Ranjbar R, Farzanehpour M, Shahriary A, Dorostkar R, Hamidinejad MA, Ghaleh HEG. Therapeutic potential of CAR T cell in malignancies: A scoping review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112512. [PMID: 34894519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous advancements in cancer therapy over the last several years, cancer still is a complex illness to cure. Traditional cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, have a poor therapeutic effect, emphasizing the significance of employing innovative treatments like activated cell therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell is one of the most prevalent types of activated cell therapy have been developed to direct T lymphocytes toward cancers (CAR-T cells). CAR-T cells therapy has illustrated poor impact versus solid tumors despite the remarkable success in patients suffering from hematological malignancies. CAR-T cells must overcome various hurdles to obtain full responses to solid tumors, including growth, stability, trafficking, and destiny inside tumors. As a result, novel treatment methods will entail overcoming the challenges that CAR-T cells face in solid tumors. The use of CAR-T cells in combination with other therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immuno-checkpoint inhibitors, and oncolytic viruses can promote the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of these therapies. CAR-T cell treatment success rates vary by type of disease, but are predicted to reach up to 90% in patients with leukemia. However, since this kind of immunotherapy is still in its infancy, there is much to learn about its efficacy. This review provided an in-depth examination of CAR-T cell therapy and its success and failure as a cancer treatment approach. We also discuss combination therapies with CAR-T Cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Dorostkar
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Hamidinejad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abou-El-Enein M, Elsallab M, Feldman SA, Fesnak AD, Heslop HE, Marks P, Till BG, Bauer G, Savoldo B. Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:408-422. [PMID: 34568831 PMCID: PMC8462122 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As of April 2021, there are five commercially available chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for hematological malignancies. With the current transition of CAR T cell manufacturing from academia to industry, there is a shift toward Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant closed and automated systems to ensure reproducibility and to meet the increased demand for cancer patients. In this review we describe current CAR T cells clinical manufacturing models and discuss emerging technological advances that embrace scaling and production optimization. We summarize measures being used to shorten CAR T-cell manufacturing times and highlight regulatory challenges to scaling production for clinical use. Statement of Significance ∣ As the demand for CAR T cell cancer therapy increases, several closed and automated production platforms are being deployed, and others are in development.This review provides a critical appraisal of these technologies that can be leveraged to scale and optimize the production of next generation CAR T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-El-Enein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Magdi Elsallab
- Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Andrew D Fesnak
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Marks
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures (IRC), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang X, Borquez-Ojeda O, Stefanski J, Du F, Qu J, Chaudhari J, Thummar K, Zhu M, Shen LB, Hall M, Gautam P, Wang Y, Sénéchal B, Sikder D, Adusumilli PS, Brentjens RJ, Curran K, Geyer MB, Mailankhody S, O’Cearbhaill R, Park JH, Sauter C, Slovin S, Smith EL, Rivière I. Depletion of high-content CD14 + cells from apheresis products is critical for successful transduction and expansion of CAR T cells during large-scale cGMP manufacturing. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:377-387. [PMID: 34514029 PMCID: PMC8411225 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of four CD19- and one BCMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy for B cell malignancies, CAR T cell therapy has finally reached the status of a medicinal product. The successful manufacturing of autologous CAR T cell products is a key requirement for this promising treatment modality. By analyzing the composition of 214 apheresis products from 210 subjects across eight disease indications, we found that high CD14+ cell content poses a challenge for manufacturing CAR T cells, especially in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma caused by the non-specific phagocytosis of the magnetic beads used to activate CD3+ T cells. We demonstrated that monocyte depletion via rapid plastic surface adhesion significantly reduces the CD14+ monocyte content in the apheresis products and simultaneously boosts the CD3+ content. We established a 40% CD14+ threshold for the stratification of apheresis products across nine clinical trials and demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure by comparing manufacturing runs in two phase 1 clinical trials. Our study suggests that CD14+ content should be monitored in apheresis products, and that the manufacturing of CAR T cells should incorporate a step that lessens the CD14+ cell content in apheresis products containing more than 40% to maximize the production success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Wang
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oriana Borquez-Ojeda
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jolanta Stefanski
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fang Du
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinrong Qu
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jagrutiben Chaudhari
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keyur Thummar
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling-bo Shen
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie Hall
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paridhi Gautam
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yongzeng Wang
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brigitte Sénéchal
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Devanjan Sikder
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S. Adusumilli
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renier J. Brentjens
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Curran
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark B. Geyer
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sham Mailankhody
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roisin O’Cearbhaill
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae H. Park
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Sauter
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Slovin
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric L. Smith
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Michael G. Harris Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|