1
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Mamidipaka A, Di Rosa I, Lee R, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Salowe R, Addis V, Sankar P, Daniel E, Ying GS, O’Brien JM. Factors Associated with Large Cup-to-Disc Ratio and Blindness in the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1809. [PMID: 37761949 PMCID: PMC10530848 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) disproportionately affects individuals of African ancestry. In these patients' eyes, a large cup-to-disc ratio (LCDR > 0.90) suggests greater retinal ganglion cell loss, though these patients often display varied visual ability. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with LCDR in African ancestry individuals with POAG and explored the differences between blind (>20/200) and not blind (≤20/200) LCDR eyes. METHODS A case-control methodology was used to investigate the demographic, optic disc, and genetic risk factors of subjects in the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics Study. Risk factors were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models with inter-eye correlation adjusted using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Out of 5605 eyes with POAG, 1440 eyes (25.7%) had LCDR. In the multivariable analysis, LCDR was associated with previous glaucoma surgery (OR = 1.72), increased intraocular pressure (OR = 1.04), decreased mean deviation (OR = 1.08), increased pattern standard deviation (OR = 1.06), thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (OR = 1.05), nasalization of vessels (OR = 2.67), bayonetting of vessels (OR = 1.98), visible pores in the lamina cribrosa (OR = 1.68), and a bean-shaped cup (OR = 2.11). Of LCDR eyes, 30.1% were classified as blind (≤20/200). In the multivariable analysis, the statistically significant risk factors of blindness in LCDR eyes were previous glaucoma surgery (OR = 1.72), increased intraocular pressure (OR = 1.05), decreased mean deviation (OR = 1.04), and decreased pattern standard deviation (OR = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of close monitoring of intraocular pressure and visual function in African ancestry POAG patients, particularly those with LCDR, to preserve visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.); (I.D.R.); (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (R.S.); (V.A.); (P.S.); (E.D.); (G.-S.Y.)
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2
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Gao XR, Chiariglione M, Choquet H, Arch AJ. 10 Years of GWAS in intraocular pressure. Front Genet 2023; 14:1130106. [PMID: 37124618 PMCID: PMC10130654 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1130106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. In this review, we summarize the findings of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of IOP published in the past 10 years and prior to December 2022. Over 190 genetic loci and candidate genes associated with IOP have been uncovered through GWASs, although most of these studies were conducted in subjects of European and Asian ancestries. We also discuss how these common variants have been used to derive polygenic risk scores for predicting IOP and glaucoma, and to infer causal relationship with other traits and conditions through Mendelian randomization. Additionally, we summarize the findings from a recent large-scale exome-wide association study (ExWAS) that identified rare variants associated with IOP in 40 novel genes, six of which are drug targets for clinical treatment or are being evaluated in clinical trials. Finally, we discuss the need for future genetic studies of IOP to include individuals from understudied populations, including Latinos and Africans, in order to fully characterize the genetic architecture of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Raymond Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marion Chiariglione
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J. Arch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Fowler S, Wang T, Munro D, Kumar A, Chitre AS, Hollingsworth TJ, Garcia Martinez A, St. Pierre CL, Bimschleger H, Gao J, Cheng R, Mohammadi P, Chen H, Palmer AA, Polesskaya O, Jablonski MM. Genome-wide association study finds multiple loci associated with intraocular pressure in HS rats. Front Genet 2023; 13:1029058. [PMID: 36793389 PMCID: PMC9922724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1029058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Increased IOP is a major risk factor for most types of glaucoma, including primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Investigating the genetic basis of IOP may lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of POAG. The goal of this study was to identify genetic loci involved in regulating IOP using outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. HS rats are a multigenerational outbred population derived from eight inbred strains that have been fully sequenced. This population is ideal for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) owing to the accumulated recombinations among well-defined haplotypes, the relatively high allele frequencies, the accessibility to a large collection of tissue samples, and the large allelic effect size compared to human studies. Both male and female HS rats (N = 1,812) were used in the study. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to obtain ∼3.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from each individual. SNP heritability for IOP in HS rats was 0.32, which agrees with other studies. We performed a GWAS for the IOP phenotype using a linear mixed model and used permutation to determine a genome-wide significance threshold. We identified three genome-wide significant loci for IOP on chromosomes 1, 5, and 16. Next, we sequenced the mRNA of 51 whole eye samples to find cis-eQTLs to aid in identification of candidate genes. We report 5 candidate genes within those loci: Tyr, Ctsc, Plekhf2, Ndufaf6 and Angpt2. Tyr, Ndufaf6 and Angpt2 genes have been previously implicated by human GWAS of IOP-related conditions. Ctsc and Plekhf2 genes represent novel findings that may provide new insight into the molecular basis of IOP. This study highlights the efficacy of HS rats for investigating the genetics of elevated IOP and identifying potential candidate genes for future functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fowler
- Hamilton Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Aman Kumar
- Hamilton Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - T. J. Hollingsworth
- Hamilton Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Angel Garcia Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Celine L. St. Pierre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Hannah Bimschleger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Pejman Mohammadi
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United states,Scripps Research Translational Institute, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United states
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- Hamilton Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United states,*Correspondence: Monica M. Jablonski,
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4
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Glaucoma Cascade Screening in a High Risk Afro-Caribbean Haitian Population: A Pilot Study. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:584-589. [PMID: 35131981 PMCID: PMC9232278 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS Glaucoma cascade screening in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of young Haitian glaucoma patients had high yield for diagnosing manifest and suspected glaucoma in 30.8% of those screened despite modest participation. PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of glaucoma cascade screening in FDRs (parents, siblings, and offspring) of Haitian juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive index patients (Haitians with JOAG) were identified, and the number/type of FDRs residing in South Florida were recorded. These FDRs were invited for free glaucoma screening, which included a comprehensive ophthalmic exam, gonioscopy, automated visual field testing and optical coherence tomographic analysis of the retinal nerve fiber layers. FDR characteristics and clinical findings from screening are reported. RESULTS A total of 77 FDRs were invited, 26 (33.8%) agreed to undergo screening (18 females, 9 males), which revealed 2 (7.7%) with manifest glaucoma (mean age 77.5 y; one of whom was previously unaware of his glaucoma diagnosis), 6 (23.1%) with suspected glaucoma (mean age 29.8±18.3 y), and 18 (69.2%) without manifest or suspected glaucoma (mean age 37.2±21.8 y). Siblings of index patients were least likely to participate in cascade glaucoma screening when compared with index patients' parents or offspring. FDR eyes with manifest glaucoma had significantly worse best-corrected visual acuities, higher intraocular pressures, thinner central corneal thicknesses, and thinner circumferential papillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses than those without glaucoma. CONCLUSION Glaucoma cascade screening of Haitian JOAG patients' FDRs revealed that 30.8% had suspected or manifest glaucoma. Future efforts centered on provider-initiated recruitment and improving public glaucoma awareness and education may increase screening participation.
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5
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Lanza M, Sbordone S, Tortori A, Gironi Carnevale UA, Melillo P, Simonelli F. Evaluating Intraocular Pressure After Myopic Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Comparison of Different Tonometers. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:406-412. [PMID: 35394466 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS All devices evaluated in this study showed a significant underestimation in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement after myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), Goldmann tonometer more than others. Corneal biomechanics indicated a different influence on the different kinds of tonometry. PURPOSE The aim was to investigate the reliability of Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), rebound tonometry (RT), ocular response analyzer (ORA), Corvis ST (CST), and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) in IOP evaluation after myopic PRK. MATERIALS AND METHODS One eye of 145 patients who underwent myopic PRK for a refractive defect ranging from -10.25 to -0.50 D (mean -4.69±2.00 D) was included in this retrospective comparative study. A complete eye visit with corneal tomography and IOP measurement with GAT, DCT, ORA, RT, and CST was performed before surgery and at 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. Values provided by each device were tested and compared at each follow-up. Correlation analyses were run between changes in IOP and the corneal, morphologic and biomechanical parameters were measured after PRK. RESULTS GAT, DCT, ORA, RT, and CST showed a significant (P<0.01) underestimation of IOP at 6 months follow-up. GAT showed the greatest underestimation (-14.1%) and stronger correlations with corneal deformation parameter changes, whereas ORA, DCT, and RT appeared to be less conditioned by these variations. At 6 months follow-up DCT, ORA, RT, and CST provided IOP values with nonsignificant differences compared with GAT before PRK. CONCLUSIONS Each tested tonometer showed a significant IOP underestimation after myopic PRK. As this was most observed with GAT compared with all devices, we suggest DCT, ORA, RT, or CST to evaluate IOP in these patients following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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6
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The Heritability of Primary Angle Closure Anatomic Traits and Predictors of Angle Closure in South Indian Siblings. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 230:188-199. [PMID: 33992616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the heritability of ocular biometric and anterior chamber morphologic parameters and to determine predictors of angle closure concordance in South Indian probands with angle closure and their siblings DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study METHODS: Subjects received a standardized ophthalmic examination, A-scan ultrasonography, pachymetry, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) imaging. Heritability was calculated using residual correlation coefficients adjusted for age, sex, and home setting. Concordant sibling pairs were defined as both proband and sibling with angle closure. Predictors of angle closure concordance among siblings were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 345 sibling pairs participated. All anterior chamber parameters were highly heritable (P < .001 for all). Similarly, all iris parameters, axial length, lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness, anterior lens curvature, lens vault (LV), spherical equivalent, and intraocular pressure were moderately to highly heritable (P < .004 for all). LV and LT were more heritable among concordant siblings (P < .05 for both). In contrast, ASOCT angle parameters had statistically insignificant heritability estimates. In multivariable analyses, siblings older than their probands were more likely to be concordant for angle closure (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01, 1.09; P = .02) and siblings with deeper anterior chamber depths (ACDs) compared to their proband were less likely to be concordant for angle closure (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64, 0.86; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Iris, anterior chamber, and lens parameters may be heritable whereas angle parameters were not. LT and LV may play important roles in the pathogenesis of angle closure. Siblings who are older or have a shallower ACD may need more careful disease monitoring.
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7
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The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma. Part 1. Connective tissue. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.17816/ov52972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents an analytical review of works devoted to molecular and genetic studies in primary open-angle glaucoma from the perspective of the concept of hereditary inferiority of the connective tissue of the eye (scleral component), and the entire body as a whole, as triggers in the development of the disease. The relationship between the main theories of the pathogenesis of glaucoma optical neuropathy and the determining role of molecular and genetic mechanisms of specific changes in the eye tissue is shown. The clinical features of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with a family history are analyzed. Potentially new directions for preclinical diagnosis of glaucoma and pathogenetically oriented therapy are proposed.
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8
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Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the cardinal and only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreparable blindness worldwide. Twin and family studies estimate the heritability of IOP to be 40-70%, and linkage studies for IOP have identified numerous loci. Mutations in MYOC can cause markedly elevated IOP and aggressive glaucoma often requiring surgical intervention. However, the majority of the genetic basis for raised IOP and glaucoma in populations is complex, and recent large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified over 100 common variants that contribute to IOP variation. In combination, these loci are predictive for primary open-angle glaucoma in independent populations, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 76% for high-pressure primary open-angle glaucoma; this suggests the possibility of targeted screening in the future. Additionally, GWAS findings have identified important biological pathways underlying IOP regulation, including lymphangiogenesis and lipid metabolism, providing novel targets for new therapies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK;
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9
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Gedde SJ, Lind JT, Wright MM, Chen PP, Muir KW, Vinod K, Li T, Mansberger SL. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Suspect Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2021; 128:P151-P192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Asefa NG, Neustaeter A, Jansonius NM, Snieder H. Heritability of glaucoma and glaucoma-related endophenotypes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:835-851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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11
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Zhou Q, Guan Y. Fast Model-Fitting of Bayesian Variable Selection Regression Using the Iterative Complex Factorization Algorithm. BAYESIAN ANALYSIS 2019; 14:573-594. [PMID: 31608133 PMCID: PMC6788783 DOI: 10.1214/18-ba1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian variable selection regression (BVSR) is able to jointly analyze genome-wide genetic datasets, but the slow computation via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) hampered its wide-spread usage. Here we present a novel iterative method to solve a special class of linear systems, which can increase the speed of the BVSR model-fitting tenfold. The iterative method hinges on the complex factorization of the sum of two matrices and the solution path resides in the complex domain (instead of the real domain). Compared to the Gauss-Seidel method, the complex factorization converges almost instantaneously and its error is several magnitude smaller than that of the Gauss-Seidel method. More importantly, the error is always within the pre-specified precision while the Gauss-Seidel method is not. For large problems with thousands of covariates, the complex factorization is 10-100 times faster than either the Gauss-Seidel method or the direct method via the Cholesky decomposition. In BVSR, one needs to repetitively solve large penalized regression systems whose design matrices only change slightly between adjacent MCMC steps. This slight change in design matrix enables the adaptation of the iterative complex factorization method. The computational innovation will facilitate the wide-spread use of BVSR in reanalyzing genome-wide association datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston TX, 77005
| | - Yongtao Guan
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics of Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates, Room 2070, Houston TX, 77030
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12
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Gao XR, Huang H, Nannini DR, Fan F, Kim H. Genome-wide association analyses identify new loci influencing intraocular pressure. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2205-2213. [PMID: 29617998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While previous studies have identified numerous genetic variants associated with IOP, these loci only explain a fraction of IOP heritability. Recently established of biobank repositories have resulted in large amounts of data, enabling the identification of the remaining heritability for complex traits. Here, we describe the largest genome-wide association study of IOP to date using participants of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. We identified 671 directly genotyped variants that are significantly associated with IOP (P < 5 × 10-8). In addition to 103 novel loci, the top ranked novel IOP genes are LMX1B, NR1H3, MADD and SEPT9. We replicated these findings in an external population and examined the pleiotropic nature of these loci. These discoveries not only further our understanding of the genetic architecture of IOP, but also shed new light on the biological processes underlying glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Raymond Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Drew R Nannini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fangda Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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13
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Gallina P, Savastano A, Becattini E, Orlandini S, Scollato A, Rizzo S, Carreras G, Di Lorenzo N, Porfirio B. Glaucoma in patients with shunt-treated normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 2018; 129:1078-1084. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.5.jns163062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEChanges in the pressure gradient between intraocular and intracranial compartments at the lamina cribrosa level are a possible explanation of normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Shunt-treated normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a model for testing whether the increase (time from disease onset to CSF shunt placement, i.e., “protection period”) and decrease (time from shunt placement to observation, i.e., “exposure period”) in intracranial pressure (ICP) are glaucoma protective or risk factors, respectively. The authors estimated the prevalence of NTG in patients with shunt-treated NPH and calculated the extent of optic nerve exposure to changes in the trans–lamina cribrosa gradient.METHODSData obtained in patients with NPH who had undergone ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement were analyzed. Patients with more than 6 months’ follow-up, no pathologies associated with ICP changes or CSF dynamics disturbances, and no surgical or valve-related complications were scheduled for ophthalmic evaluation.RESULTSNine of 22 patients had NTG, which is about a 40-fold increase in rate compared with the rate in the general elderly population without hydrocephalus (p < 0.001). The median protection period was 12.0 months in patients with NTG and 18.0 months in those without NTG (p = 0.033). The median ICP decrease multiplied by duration of exposure in months was 76.0 mm Hg × months in the NTG group and 24.1 mm Hg × months in the no-NTG group (p = 0.048). The patients’ median adjusted age (adjusted for “protection” and “exposure” times) was 85.1 years in the NTG group and 78.8 years in the no-NTG group (p = 0.001).CONCLUSIONSA crucial risk factor for development of NTG in patients with shunt-treated NPH is the duration of optic nerve exposure to the lowering of ICP. Patients with NPH who are candidates for CSF shunting should be informed of the risk of incurring glaucoma. Longitudinal studies could provide estimates of tolerated times for a given ICP decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Gallina
- 1Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Neurosurgery Unit, Tuscany School of Neurosurgery, University of Florence
| | - Alfonso Savastano
- 2Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Ophthalmic Unit, University of Florence
| | - Eleonora Becattini
- 1Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Neurosurgery Unit, Tuscany School of Neurosurgery, University of Florence
| | - Simone Orlandini
- 1Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Neurosurgery Unit, Tuscany School of Neurosurgery, University of Florence
| | - Antonio Scollato
- 3Neurosurgery Unit, University Hospital “Ospedali Riuniti” of Trieste, Cattinara
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- 2Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Ophthalmic Unit, University of Florence
| | - Giulia Carreras
- 4Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence; and
| | - Nicola Di Lorenzo
- 1Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Neurosurgery Unit, Tuscany School of Neurosurgery, University of Florence
| | - Berardino Porfirio
- 5Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” University of Florence, Italy
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14
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Restrepo NA, Laper SM, Farber-Eger E, Crawford DC. Local genetic ancestry in CDKN2B-AS1 is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in an African American cohort extracted from de-identified electronic health records. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:70. [PMID: 30255811 PMCID: PMC6157155 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most prevalent clinical subtype of glaucoma in the United States, affects African Americans at a higher rate compared with European Americans. Risk factors identified for POAG include increased age and family history, which coupled with heritability estimates, suggest this complex condition is associated with genetic and environmental factors. To date, several genome-wide studies have identified loci significantly associated with POAG risk, but most of these studies were performed in populations of European-descent. METHODS To identify population-specific and trans-population genetic associations for POAG, we genotyped 11,521 African Americans using the Illumina Metabochip as part of the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study accessing BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center's biorepository linked to de-identified electronic health records. Among this study population, we identified 138 cases of POAG and 1376 controls and performed Metabochip-wide tests of association. We also estimated local genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, a POAG-associated locus established in European-descent populations. RESULTS Overall, we did not identify significant single SNP-POAG associations after adjusting for multiple testing. We did, however, detect a significant association between POAG risk and local African genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, where on average cases were of 90% African descent compared with controls at 58% (p = 2 × 10- 6). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CDKN2B-AS1 is an important locus for POAG risk among African Americans, warranting further investigation to identify the variants underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Restrepo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building, Suite 2-527, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Eric Farber-Eger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building, Suite 2-527, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary risk factor for developing glaucoma, yet little is known about the contribution of genomic background to IOP regulation. The present study leverages an array of systems genetics tools to study genomic factors modulating normal IOP in the mouse. The BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strain set was used to identify genomic loci modulating IOP. We measured the IOP in a total of 506 eyes from 38 different strains. Strain averages were subjected to conventional quantitative trait analysis by means of composite interval mapping. Candidate genes were defined, and immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used for validation. Of the 38 BXD strains examined the mean IOP ranged from a low of 13.2mmHg to a high of 17.1mmHg. The means for each strain were used to calculate a genome wide interval map. One significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) was found on Chr.8 (96 to 103 Mb). Within this 7 Mb region only 4 annotated genes were found: Gm15679, Cdh8, Cdh11 and Gm8730. Only two genes (Cdh8 and Cdh11) were candidates for modulating IOP based on the presence of non-synonymous SNPs. Further examination using SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant) analysis revealed that the SNPs in Cdh8 (Cadherin 8) were predicted to not change protein function; while the SNPs in Cdh11 (Cadherin 11) would not be tolerated, affecting protein function. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CDH11 is expressed in the trabecular meshwork of the mouse. We have examined the genomic regulation of IOP in the BXD RI strain set and found one significant QTL on Chr. 8. Within this QTL, there is one good candidate gene, Cdh11.
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16
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Mabuchi F, Mabuchi N, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Kashiwagi K, Iijima H, Yamagata Z, Takamoto M, Aihara M, Iwata T, Kawase K, Shiga Y, Nishiguchi KM, Nakazawa T, Ozaki M, Araie M. Additive effects of genetic variants associated with intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183709. [PMID: 28832686 PMCID: PMC5568337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between the additive effects of genetic variants associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP, vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR), and high tension glaucoma (HTG) or normal tension glaucoma (NTG) as phenotypic features of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants for predicting IOP elevation, Japanese patients with HTG (n = 255) and NTG (n = 261) and 246 control subjects were genotyped for nine IOP-related genetic variants near CAV2, GAS7, GLCCI1/ICA1, ABCA1, ARHGEF12, FAM125B, FNDC3B, ABO, and PTPRJ/AGBL2. The total number of risk alleles of these genetic variants was calculated for each participant as a genetic risk score (GRS), and the association between the GRS and the maximum IOP, mean VCDR, and phenotype (HTG or NTG) of POAG was evaluated. As the GRS increased, the maximum IOP (P = 0.012) and VCDR (P = 0.010) significantly increased. The GRS (9.1±1.9) in patients with HTG was significantly higher (P = 0.011) than that (8.7±1.8) in control subjects. The patients with GRS≥12 as a cut-off value had a 2.54 times higher (P = 0.0085) risk on HTG (maximum IOP≥22mmHg) compared with all patients. The IOP-related GRS approach substantiated that the IOP and VCDR were increased by the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants in POAG. The high IOP-related GRS in patients with HTG but not NTG shows that there are differences in the genetic background between HTG and NTG and supports the notion that the phenotype (HTG or NTG) in patients with POAG depends on the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants. The above-mentioned cut-off value of IOP-related GRS may be clinically useful for predicting the risk of IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nakako Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Seigo Yoneyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Takamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koji M. Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Araie
- Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Liu Y, Allingham RR. Major review: Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:62-84. [PMID: 28499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type, is a complex inherited disorder that is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve head excavation, and visual field loss. The discovery of a large, and growing, number of genetic and chromosomal loci has been shown to contribute to POAG risk, which carry implications for disease pathogenesis. Differential gene expression analyses in glaucoma-affected tissues as well as animal models of POAG are enhancing our mechanistic understanding in this common, blinding disorder. In this review we summarize recent developments in POAG genetics and molecular genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke - National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS), Singapore.
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18
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González-Camarena PI, San-Juan D, González-Olhovich I, Rodríguez-Arévalo D, Lozano-Elizondo D, Trenado C, Anschel DJ. Dynamic changes of the intraocular pressure and the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid in nonglaucomatous neurological patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e138-e143. [PMID: 27775228 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the dynamic changes of the intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) with normal or pathological values (intracranial hypertension) in nonglaucomatous neurological patients during lumbar punction (LP). METHODS Case-control study, prospective measurement of tonometry in both groups referred for LP. Intraocular pressure, ICP and translaminar pressure difference (TPD) were compared pre- and post-LP. RESULTS Thirty-six patients (72 eyes) with mean age of 38.5 (16-64) years and BMI of 26.81 kg/m2 were analysed. The initial mean ICP was 12.81 (± 6.6) mmHg. The mean TPD before and after the LP was 1.48 mmHg and 0.65 mmHg, respectively. The mean IOP of both eyes decreased to 0.8 mmHg post-LP in patients with pathological ICP (p = 0.0193) and normal ICP (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS We found a statistically significant decrease of the IOP post-LP compared to the pre-LP in both groups, being higher in patients with pathological ICP. There were no significant differences of the IOP in patients with normal versus pathological ICP pre-LP/post-LP; neither was found a correlation between ICP and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel San-Juan
- Clinical Research Department; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Mexico City Mexico
- ABC Medical Center at Santa Fe; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Irene González-Olhovich
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Department; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - David Lozano-Elizondo
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Department; National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Carlos Trenado
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology; University Hospital Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - David J. Anschel
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center of Long Island; St. Charles Hospital; Port Jefferson NY USA
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19
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Fingert JH, Robin AL, Scheetz TE, Kwon YH, Liebmann JM, Ritch R, Alward WLM. Tank-Binding Kinase 1 ( TBK1) Gene and Open-Angle Glaucomas (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016; 114:T6. [PMID: 27881886 PMCID: PMC5113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene copy-number variations (ie, gene duplications and triplications) in the pathophysiology of various open-angle glaucomas. METHODS In previous studies, we discovered that copy-number variations in the TBK1 gene are associated with normal-tension glaucoma. Here, we investigated the prevalence of copy-number variations in cohorts of patients with other open-angle glaucomas-juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (n=30), pigmentary glaucoma (n=209), exfoliation glaucoma (n=225), and steroid-induced glaucoma (n=79)-using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS No TBK1 gene copy-number variations were detected in patients with juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, or steroid-induced glaucoma. A TBK1 gene duplication was detected in one (0.44%) of the 225 exfoliation glaucoma patients. CONCLUSIONS TBK1 gene copy-number variations (gene duplications and triplications) have been previously associated with normal-tension glaucoma. An exploration of other open-angle glaucomas detected a TBK1 copy-number variation in a patient with exfoliation glaucoma, which is the first example of a TBK1 mutation in a glaucoma patient with a diagnosis other than normal-tension glaucoma. A broader phenotypic range may be associated with TBK1 copy-number variations, although mutations in this gene are most often detected in patients with normal-tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Alan L Robin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Young H Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Jeffrey M Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Robert Ritch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
| | - Wallace L M Alward
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Dr Fingert, Dr Scheetz, Dr Kwon, Dr Alward); the Departments of Ophthalmology and International Health, School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Robin); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Liebmann); the Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Ritch)
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20
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Lanza M, Iaccarino S, Bifani M. In vivo human corneal deformation analysis with a Scheimpflug camera, a critical review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:464-477. [PMID: 26871552 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Corneal morphological analysis has greatly improved in recent years, providing physicians with new and reliable parameters to study. Moreover, today corneal functional too is a routine analysis, thanks to biomechanical evaluation allowed by an ocular response analyzer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instrument, Depew, NY, USA). Corvis ST (OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), that relies on the ultrahigh speed Scheimpflug camera, is a new device providing corneal deformation parameters measured ny scanning the cornea response to an air puff; it is an instrument able to measure intraocular pressure too. This device could open up a whole new prospective in screening, detecting and managing corneal diseases, intraocular pressure measurement and in evaluating surgical procedures involving the cornea. This paper provides a comprehensive explanation of Corvis ST measurement principles and parameters and a literature review of scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lanza
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefania Iaccarino
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Bifani
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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21
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Chan MPY, Grossi CM, Khawaja AP, Yip JLY, Khaw KT, Patel PJ, Khaw PT, Morgan JE, Vernon SA, Foster PJ. Associations with Intraocular Pressure in a Large Cohort: Results from the UK Biobank. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:771-82. [PMID: 26795295 PMCID: PMC4819446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the associations of physical and demographic factors with Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) in a British cohort. DESIGN Cross-sectional study within the UK Biobank, a large-scale multisite cohort study in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS We included 110 573 participants from the UK Biobank with intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements available. Their mean age was 57 years (range, 40-69 years); 54% were women, and 90% were white. METHODS Participants had 1 IOP measurement made on each eye using the Ocular Response Analyzer noncontact tonometer. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations of IOP with physical and demographic factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The IOPg and IOPcc. RESULTS The mean IOPg was 15.72 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.70-15.74 mmHg), and the mean IOPcc was 15.95 mmHg (15.92-15.97 mmHg). After adjusting for covariates, IOPg and IOPcc were both significantly associated with older age, male sex, higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), faster heart rate, greater myopia, self-reported glaucoma, and colder season (all P < 0.001). The strongest determinants of both IOPg and IOPcc were SBP (partial R(2): IOPg 2.30%, IOPcc 2.26%), followed by refractive error (IOPg 0.60%, IOPcc 1.04%). The following variables had different directions of association with IOPg and IOPcc: height (-0.77 mmHg/m IOPg; 1.03 mmHg/m IOPcc), smoking (0.19 mmHg IOPg, -0.35 mmHg IOPcc), self-reported diabetes (0.41 mmHg IOPg, -0.05 mmHg IOPcc), and black ethnicity (-0.80 mmHg IOPg, 0.77 mmHg IOPcc). This suggests that height, smoking, diabetes, and ethnicity are related to corneal biomechanical properties. The increase in both IOPg and IOPcc with age was greatest among those of mixed ethnicities, followed by blacks and whites. The same set of covariates explained 7.4% of the variability of IOPcc but only 5.3% of the variability of IOPg. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of associations with IOP in a large cohort demonstrated that some variables clearly have different associations with IOPg and IOPcc, and that these 2 measurements may reflect different biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Y Chan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlota M Grossi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Y Yip
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen J Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Vernon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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Abu-Amero K, Kondkar AA, Chalam KV. An Updated Review on the Genetics of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28886-911. [PMID: 26690118 PMCID: PMC4691082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that by 2020 the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is estimated to increase to 76.0 million, and to 111.8 million by 2040 globally due to the population aging. The prevalence of POAG is the highest among those of African descent, followed by Asians, and the lowest in Europeans. POAG is a genetically complex trait with a substantial fraction exhibiting a significant heritability. Less than 10% of POAG cases in the general population are caused by specific gene mutations and the remaining cases are polygenic. Quantitative traits related to POAG pathogenesis such as intra-ocular pressure (IOP), vertical cup/disc ratio (VCDR), optic disc area, and central corneal thickness (CCT) are highly heritable, and likely to be influenced at least in part by genes and show substantial variation in human populations. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at different loci including CAV1/CAV2, TMCO1, CDKN2B-AS1, CDC7-TGFBR3, SIX1/SIX6, GAS7 and ATOH7 to be associated with POAG and its related quantitative traits (endophenotypes). The chapter provides a brief overview on the different GWAS and SNP association studies and their correlation with various clinical parameters important for POAG in the population worldwide, including the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abu-Amero
- Glaucoma Research Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11424, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 580, W, 8th Street, Tower-2, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
| | - Altaf A Kondkar
- Glaucoma Research Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11424, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kakarla V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 580, W, 8th Street, Tower-2, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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23
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Tham YC, Liao J, Vithana EN, Khor CC, Teo YY, Tai ES, Wong TY, Aung T, Cheng CY. Aggregate Effects of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio Genetic Variants on Glaucoma in a Multiethnic Asian Population. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Doucette LP, Rasnitsyn A, Seifi M, Walter MA. The interactions of genes, age, and environment in glaucoma pathogenesis. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:310-26. [PMID: 25907525 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a progressive degenerative condition that results in the death of retinal ganglion cells, is one of the leading causes of blindness, affecting millions worldwide. The mechanisms underlying glaucoma are not well understood, although years of studies have shown that the largest risk factors are elevated intraocular pressure, age, and genetics. Eleven genes and multiple loci have been identified as contributing factors. These genes act by a number of mechanisms, including mechanical stress, ischemic/oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. We summarize the recent advances in the understanding of glaucoma and propose a unified hypothesis for glaucoma pathogenesis. Glaucoma does not result from a single pathological mechanism, but rather a combination of pathways that are influenced by genes, age, and environment. In particular, we hypothesize that, in the presence of genetic risk factors, exposure to environment stresses results in an earlier age of onset for glaucoma. This hypothesis is based upon the overlap of the molecular pathways in which glaucoma genes are involved. Because of the interactions between these processes, it is likely that there are common therapies that may be effective for different subtypes of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance P Doucette
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Rasnitsyn
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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25
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Kim MW, Lee JR, Lee KS, Sung KR. Clinical Characteristics of First-Degree Relatives with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2015.56.3.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Rim Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lanza M, Iaccarino S, Cennamo M, Irregolare C, Romano V, Carnevale UAG. Comparison between Corvis and other tonometers in healthy eyes. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014; 38:94-8. [PMID: 25467287 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the agreement of intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy eyes among Goldmann applanation tonometer, dynamic contour tonometer, ocular response analyzer and Corvis. Additionally, to study the relationship between their differences with central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal curvature (CK). METHODS Seventy-six eyes of 76 healthy subjects were examined. Every subject underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation, a Pentacam scan and three consecutive IOP measurements with each instrument (DCT, GAT, ORA and CST). IOP measurements provided by each device were compared with each other and the differences between them were correlated with morphological parameters obtained by Pentacam (CCT and CK). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18.0. RESULTS The mean age of enrolled subjects was 36.8 ± 10.6 years old. The mean IOP measurements that were obtained with GAT, DCT, ORA and CST was 15.62 ± 2.33 mmHg, 17.44 ± 2.51 mmHg, 15.99 ± 3.58 mmHg and 17.24 ± 3.44 mmHg respectively. The mean CCT was 543.63 ± 36.15 μm, the mean CK was 43.35 ± 1.23 D. GAT and ORA provided IOP values not showing a statistical difference; CST and DCT IOP measurements did not show a statistical difference whereas CST provided statistically higher IOP values both than GAT and both ORA. CONCLUSIONS According to our data, CST produces IOP values that are notably higher than GAT measures; therefore they cannot be used interchangeably. If CST should be used as the next gold standard, higher IOP values will come to be considered normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefania Iaccarino
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michela Cennamo
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Irregolare
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vito Romano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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27
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Springelkamp H, Höhn R, Mishra A, Hysi PG, Khor CC, Loomis SJ, Bailey JNC, Gibson J, Thorleifsson G, Janssen SF, Luo X, Ramdas WD, Vithana E, Nongpiur ME, Montgomery GW, Xu L, Mountain JE, Gharahkhani P, Lu Y, Amin N, Karssen LC, Sim KS, van Leeuwen EM, Iglesias AI, Verhoeven VJM, Hauser MA, Loon SC, Despriet DDG, Nag A, Venturini C, Sanfilippo PG, Schillert A, Kang JH, Landers J, Jonasson F, Cree AJ, van Koolwijk LME, Rivadeneira F, Souzeau E, Jonsson V, Menon G, Weinreb RN, de Jong PTVM, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Ennis S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Burdon KP, Spector TD, Mirshahi A, Saw SM, Vingerling JR, Teo YY, Haines JL, Wolfs RCW, Lemij HG, Tai ES, Jansonius NM, Jonas JB, Cheng CY, Aung T, Viswanathan AC, Klaver CCW, Craig JE, Macgregor S, Mackey DA, Lotery AJ, Stefansson K, Bergen AAB, Young TL, Wiggs JL, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Pasquale LR, Hewitt AW, van Duijn CM, Hammond CJ. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies novel loci that influence cupping and the glaucomatous process. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4883. [PMID: 25241763 PMCID: PMC4199103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by irreversible optic nerve degeneration and is the most frequent cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Here, the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium conducts a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), an important disease-related optic nerve parameter. In 21,094 individuals of European ancestry and 6,784 individuals of Asian ancestry, we identify 10 new loci associated with variation in VCDR. In a separate risk-score analysis of five case-control studies, Caucasians in the highest quintile have a 2.5-fold increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma as compared with those in the lowest quintile. This study has more than doubled the known loci associated with optic disc cupping and will allow greater understanding of mechanisms involved in this common blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët. Springelkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Stephanie J. Loomis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jane Gibson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Monisha E. Nongpiur
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jenny E. Mountain
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Kar-Seng Sim
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Seng-Chee Loon
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Landers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Angela J. Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vesteinn Jonsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Geeta Menon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley GU16 7UJ, UK
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam 3011 BH, The Netherlands
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Seegartenklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Ananth C. Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stuart Macgregor
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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28
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Hoffmann TJ, Tang H, Thornton TA, Caan B, Haan M, Millen AE, Thomas F, Risch N. Genome-wide association and admixture analysis of glaucoma in the Women's Health Initiative. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6634-43. [PMID: 25027321 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and admixture analysis of glaucoma in 12 008 African-American and Hispanic women (age 50-79 years) from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Although GWAS of glaucoma have been conducted on several populations, this is the first to look at glaucoma in individuals of African-American and Hispanic race/ethnicity. Prevalent and incident glaucoma was determined by self-report from study questionnaires administered at baseline (1993-1998) and annually through 2005. For African Americans, there was a total of 658 prevalent cases, 1062 incident cases and 6067 individuals who never progressed to glaucoma. For our replication cohort, we used the WHI Hispanics, including 153 prevalent cases, 336 incident cases and 2685 non-cases. We found an association of African ancestry with glaucoma incidence in African Americans (hazards ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.023-2.56, P = 0.038) and in Hispanics (hazards ratio 3.21, 95% CI 1.32-7.80, P = 0.011). Although we found that no previously identified glaucoma SNPs replicated in either the WHI African Americans or Hispanics, a risk score combining all previously reported hits was significant in African-American prevalent cases (P = 0.0046), and was in the expected direction in the incident cases, as well as in the Hispanic incident cases. Additionally, after imputing to 1000 Genomes, two less common independent SNPs were suggestive in African Americans, but had too low of an allele frequency in Hispanics to test for replication. These results suggest the possibility of a distinct genetic architecture underlying glaucoma in individuals of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy A Thornton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bette Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Mary Haan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and
| | - Amy E Millen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA and
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Neil Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
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Moroi SE, Raoof DA, Reed DM, Zöllner S, Qin Z, Richards JE. Progress toward personalized medicine for glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 4:145-161. [PMID: 23914252 DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
How will you respond when a patient asks, "Doctor, what can I do to prevent myself from going blind from glaucoma like mom?". There is optimism that genetic profiling will help target patients to individualized treatments based on validated disease risk alleles, validated pharmacogenetic markers and behavioral modification. Personalized medicine will become a reality through identification of disease and pharmacogenetic markers, followed by careful study of how to employ this information in order to improve treatment outcomes. With advances in genomic technologies, research has shifted from the simple monogenic disease model to a complex multigenic and environmental disease model to answer these questions. Our challenges lie in developing risk models that incorporate gene-gene interactions, gene copy-number variations, environmental interactions, treatment effects and clinical covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko E Moroi
- Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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30
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Ozel AB, Moroi SE, Reed DM, Nika M, Schmidt CM, Akbari S, Scott K, Rozsa F, Pawar H, Musch DC, Lichter PR, Gaasterland D, Branham K, Gilbert J, Garnai SJ, Chen W, Othman M, Heckenlively J, Swaroop A, Abecasis G, Friedman DS, Zack D, Ashley-Koch A, Ulmer M, Kang JH, Liu Y, Yaspan BL, Haines J, Allingham RR, Hauser MA, Pasquale L, Wiggs J, Richards JE, Li JZ. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis of intraocular pressure. Hum Genet 2014; 133:41-57. [PMID: 24002674 PMCID: PMC3982323 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reported associations with IOP at TMCO1 and GAS7, and with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at CDKN2B-AS1, CAV1/CAV2, and SIX1/SIX6. To identify novel genetic variants and replicate the published findings, we performed GWAS and meta-analysis of IOP in >6,000 subjects of European ancestry collected in three datasets: the NEI Glaucoma Human genetics collaBORation, GLAUcoma Genes and ENvironment study, and a subset of the Age-related Macular Degeneration-Michigan, Mayo, AREDS and Pennsylvania study. While no signal achieved genome-wide significance in individual datasets, a meta-analysis identified significant associations with IOP at TMCO1 (rs7518099-G, p = 8.0 × 10(-8)). Focused analyses of five loci previously reported for IOP and/or POAG, i.e., TMCO1, CDKN2B-AS1, GAS7, CAV1/CAV2, and SIX1/SIX6, revealed associations with IOP that were largely consistent across our three datasets, and replicated the previously reported associations in both effect size and direction. These results confirm the involvement of common variants in multiple genomic regions in regulating IOP and/or glaucoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David M. Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melisa Nika
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caroline M. Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Akbari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank Rozsa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hemant Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David C. Musch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul R. Lichter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse Gilbert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah J. Garnai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Biostatistics and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David S. Friedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Don Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan Ulmer
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yutao Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian L. Yaspan
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R. Rand Allingham
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louis Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janey Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia E. Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Z. Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
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31
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Ng SK, Casson RJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE. Chromosome 9p21 primary open-angle glaucoma susceptibility locus: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khai Ng
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology; Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology; Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, yet there is little known about the molecular events that regulate IOP. Genetic and genomic studies have helped identify genes that influence IOP and could lead to the identification of biological pathways that serve as targets for novel pressure-modifying therapies. Genetic linkage studies resulted in the identification of several genes that cause Mendelian (autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive) forms of high-pressure glaucoma, including MYOC. PITX2, FOXC1, and CYP1B1. Classical twin studies suggest that IOP is a heritable trait. More recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that common genetic variants in the GAS7 and TMCO1 genomic regions are associated with elevated IOP. TMCO1 has also been associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with advanced disease. A further study identifying additional genes contributing to IOP will be necessary to fully define the underlying genetic architecture of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Ojha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston , Massachusetts , USA and
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Genome-wide association study of intraocular pressure identifies the GLCCI1/ICA1 region as a glaucoma susceptibility locus. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4653-60. [PMID: 23836780 PMCID: PMC3904806 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover quantitative trait loci for intraocular pressure, a major risk factor for glaucoma and the only modifiable one, we performed a genome-wide association study on a discovery cohort of 2175 individuals from Sydney, Australia. We found a novel association between intraocular pressure and a common variant at 7p21 near to GLCCI1 and ICA1. The findings in this region were confirmed through two UK replication cohorts totalling 4866 individuals (rs59072263, Pcombined = 1.10 × 10−8). A copy of the G allele at this SNP is associated with an increase in mean IOP of 0.45 mmHg (95%CI = 0.30–0.61 mmHg). These results lend support to the implication of vesicle trafficking and glucocorticoid inducibility pathways in the determination of intraocular pressure and in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma.
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Freeman EE, Roy-Gagnon MH, Descovich D, Massé H, Lesk MR. The heritability of glaucoma-related traits corneal hysteresis, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and choroidal blood flow pulsatility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55573. [PMID: 23383229 PMCID: PMC3559508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this work was to investigate the heritability of potential glaucoma endophenotypes. We estimated for the first time the heritability of the pulsatility of choroidal blood flow. We also sought to confirm the heritability of corneal hysteresis, central corneal thickness, and 3 ways of measuring intraocular pressure. Methods Measurements were performed on 96 first-degree relatives recruited from Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal. Corneal hysteresis was determined using the Reichert Ocular Response Analyser. Central corneal thickness was measured with an ultrasound pachymeter. Three measures of intraocular pressure were obtained: Goldmann-correlated and corneal compensated intraocular pressure using the Ocular Response Analyser, and Pascal intraocular pressure using the Pascal Dynamic Contour Tonometer. The pulsatility of choroidal blood velocity and flow were measured in the sub-foveolar choroid using single-point laser Doppler flowmetry (Oculix). We estimated heritability using maximum-likelihood variance components methods implemented in the SOLAR software. Results No significant heritability was detected for the pulsatility of choroidal blood flow or velocity. The Goldman-correlated, corneal compensated, and Pascal measures of intraocular pressure measures were all significantly heritable at 0.94, 0.79, and 0.53 after age and sex adjustment (p = 0.0003, p = 0.0023, p = 0.0239). Central corneal thickness was significantly heritable at 0.68 (p = 0.0078). Corneal hysteresis was highly heritable but the estimate was at the upper boundary of 1.00 preventing us from giving a precise estimate. Conclusion Corneal hysteresis, central corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure are all heritable and may be suitable as glaucoma endophenotypes. The pulsatility of choroidal blood flow and blood velocity were not significantly heritable in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Freeman
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Dimasi DP, Burdon KP, Hewitt AW, Fitzgerald J, Wang JJ, Healey PR, Mitchell P, Mackey DA, Craig JE. Genetic investigation into the endophenotypic status of central corneal thickness and optic disc parameters in relation to open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:833-842.e2. [PMID: 22840486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the determination of central corneal thickness, optic disc area, and vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) also are associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). DESIGN Retrospective case-control genetic association study. METHODS A total of 16 SNPs associated with central corneal thickness, optic disc area, and VCDR were genotyped in 876 OAG cases and 883 normal controls. To determine if the SNPs were also correlated with OAG severity, the cohort was stratified into advanced OAG (n = 326) and nonadvanced OAG (n = 550). Both the cases and controls were of European descent and were recruited from within Australia. RESULTS Two VCDR SNPs were found to be significantly associated with OAG after correction for multiple testing. The 2 SNPs were rs10483727, found adjacent to the SIX1 gene (P = 6.2 × 10(-06); odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.59), and rs1063192, found within the CDKN2B gene (P = 2.2 × 10(-05); odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.85). The CDKN2B variant rs1063192 also was found to be associated more strongly with advanced OAG. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that variants influencing VCDR are also risk alleles for OAG in our Australian cohort of European descent. The identification of SIX1 and CDKN2B as susceptibility loci will assist in understanding the pathologic mechanisms involved in the development of OAG.
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Common genetic determinants of intraocular pressure and primary open-angle glaucoma. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002611. [PMID: 22570627 PMCID: PMC3342933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a highly heritable risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma and is the only target for current glaucoma therapy. The genetic factors which determine IOP are largely unknown. We performed a genome-wide association study for IOP in 11,972 participants from 4 independent population-based studies in The Netherlands. We replicated our findings in 7,482 participants from 4 additional cohorts from the UK, Australia, Canada, and the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium 2/Blue Mountains Eye Study. IOP was significantly associated with rs11656696, located in GAS7 at 17p13.1 (p = 1.4×10−8), and with rs7555523, located in TMCO1 at 1q24.1 (p = 1.6×10−8). In a meta-analysis of 4 case-control studies (total N = 1,432 glaucoma cases), both variants also showed evidence for association with glaucoma (p = 2.4×10−2 for rs11656696 and p = 9.1×10−4 for rs7555523). GAS7 and TMCO1 are highly expressed in the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork as well as in the lamina cribrosa, optic nerve, and retina. Both genes functionally interact with known glaucoma disease genes. These data suggest that we have identified two clinically relevant genes involved in IOP regulation. Glaucoma is a major eye disease in the elderly and is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. The numerous familial glaucoma cases, as well as evidence from epidemiological and twin studies, strongly support a genetic component in developing glaucoma. However, it has proven difficult to identify the specific genes involved. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma and the only target for the current glaucoma therapy. IOP has been shown to be highly heritable. We investigated the role of common genetic variants in IOP by performing a genome-wide association study. Discovery analyses in 11,972 participants and subsequent replication analyses in a further 7,482 participants yielded two common genetic variants that were associated with IOP. The first (rs11656696) is located in GAS7 at chromosome 17, the second (rs7555523) in TMCO1 at chromosome 1. Both variants were associated with glaucoma in a meta-analysis of 4 case-control studies. GAS7 and TMCO1 are expressed in the ocular tissues that are involved in glaucoma. Both genes functionally interact with the known glaucoma disease genes. These data suggest that we have identified two genes involved in IOP regulation and glaucomatous neuropathy.
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Lee MK, Cho SI, Kim H, Song YM, Lee K, Kim JI, Kim DM, Chung TY, Kim YS, Seo JS, Ham DI, Sung J. Epidemiologic characteristics of intraocular pressure in the Korean and Mongolian populations: the Healthy Twin and the GENDISCAN study. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:450-7. [PMID: 22244945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a negative association between intraocular pressure (IOP) and age in 2 Asian populations. In addition, we evaluated genetic and nongenetic factors associated with IOP. DESIGN Family-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Study subjects >10 years of age from one Korean (The Healthy Twin; n = 1431) and 2 Mongolian populations (The GENDISCAN; n = 859 and 806) with IOP values. METHODS The IOP values were measured with a noncontact tonometer. Each participant received a standard health examination and received questionnaires, which include candidate risk factors on IOP. Mixed models were used to identify risk factors for IOP. Variance-component methods were applied to estimate the heritability of IOP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The negative trend of IOP with aging and evaluation of impact of genetic and nongenetic components on IOP. RESULTS The mean ages were 43.6, 34.1, and 36.3 years for the Korean, Orhontuul, and Dashbalbar populations, respectively. The mean IOPs were 14.4 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3-14.6) in the Koreans and 14.1 mmHg (95% CI, 13.9-14.3) and 12.6 mmHg (95% CI, 12.4-12.9) in the Orhontuul and Dashbalbar populations, respectively. In the 3 populations, the IOP decreased as age increased. We replicated an association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with IOP. In addition, components of the metabolic syndrome (MS), such as plasma glucose, lipid level, and body mass index, showed positive associations with IOP, after adjusting for age and SBP. The IOP also had strong genetic contributions in all populations (heritability, 0.47-0.51). CONCLUSIONS Negative associations between age and IOP were observed in all 3 populations, which cannot be explained by the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation. The different age trend in IOP may in part be responsible for differences in the prevalence of glaucoma subtypes. Our findings suggest that associations between IOP and MS components were independent of established risk factors such as SBP or age. In addition, the importance of inherited risks requires further genetic dissection of IOP determinants for biological understandings of underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
A substantial fraction of glaucoma has a genetic basis. About 5% of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently attributed to single-gene or Mendelian forms of glaucoma (ie glaucoma caused by mutations in myocilin or optineurin). Mutations in these genes have a high likelihood of leading to glaucoma and are rarely seen in normal subjects. Other cases of POAG have a more complex genetic basis and are caused by the combined effects of many genetic and environmental risk factors, each of which do not act alone to cause glaucoma. These factors are more frequently detected in patients with POAG, but are also commonly observed in normal subjects. Additional genes that may be important in glaucoma pathogenesis have been investigated using quantitative traits approaches. Such studies have begun to identify genes that control the magnitude of important quantitative features of glaucoma that may also be important risk factors for POAG, such as central corneal thickness. Each of these different approaches to study glaucoma genetics is providing new insights into the pathogenesis of POAG.
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Fan BJ, Wang DY, Pasquale LR, Haines JL, Wiggs JL. Genetic variants associated with optic nerve vertical cup-to-disc ratio are risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma in a US Caucasian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1788-92. [PMID: 21398277 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetically complex disorders, such as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), may include highly heritable quantitative traits as part of the overall phenotype, and mapping genes influencing the related quantitative traits may effectively identify genetic risk factors predisposing to the complex disease. Recent studies have identified SNPs associated with optic nerve area and vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between these SNPs and POAG in a US Caucasian case-control sample. METHODS Five SNPs previously associated with optic disc area, or VCDR, were genotyped in 539 POAG cases and 336 controls. Genotype data were analyzed for single SNP associations and SNP interactions with VCDR and POAG. RESULTS SNPs associated with VCDR rs1063192 (CDKN2B) and rs10483727 (SIX1/SIX6) were also associated with POAG (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0043 for rs1063192 and rs10483727, respectively). rs1063192, associated with smaller VCDR, had a protective effect (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-0.90), whereas rs10483727, associated with larger VCDR, increased POAG risk (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65). POAG risk associated with increased VCDR was significantly influenced by the C allele of rs1900004 (ATOH7), associated with increased optic nerve area (P-interaction = 0.025; OR = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.22-2.94). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants influencing VCDR are associated with POAG in a US Caucasian population. Variants associated with optic nerve area are not independently associated with disease but can influence the effects of VCDR variants suggesting that increased optic disc area can significantly contribute to POAG risk when coupled with risk factors controlling VCDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Khor CC, Ramdas WD, Vithana EN, Cornes BK, Sim X, Tay WT, Saw SM, Zheng Y, Lavanya R, Wu R, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Teo YY, Chia KS, Seielstad M, Hibberd M, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, Jansonius NM, Tai ES, Wong TY, van Duijn CM, Aung T. Genome-wide association studies in Asians confirm the involvement of ATOH7 and TGFBR3, and further identify CARD10 as a novel locus influencing optic disc area. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1864-72. [PMID: 21307088 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the optic nerve (e.g. from glaucoma) has an adverse and often irreversible impact on vision. Earlier studies have suggested that the size of the optic nerve head could be governed by hereditary factors. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 4445 Singaporean individuals (n = 2132 of Indian and n = 2313 of Malay ancestry, respectively), with replication in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (n = 9326 individuals of Caucasian ancestry) using the most widely reported parameter for optic disc traits, the optic disc area. We identified a novel locus on chromosome 22q13.1, CARD10, which strongly associates with optic disc area in both Singaporean cohorts as well as in the Rotterdam Study (RS; rs9607469, per-allele change in optic disc area = 0.051 mm(2); P(meta) = 2.73×10(-12)) and confirmed the association between CDC7/TGFBR3 (lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1192415, P(meta) = 7.57×10(-17)) and ATOH7 (lead SNP rs7916697, P(meta) = 2.00 × 10(-15)) and optic disc area in Asians. This is the first Asian-based GWAS on optic disc area, identifying a novel locus for the optic disc area, but also confirming the results found in Caucasian persons suggesting that there are general genetic determinants applicable to the size of the optic disc across different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiea Chuen Khor
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
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Desronvil T, Logan-Wyatt D, Abdrabou W, Triana M, Jones R, Taheri S, Del Bono E, Pasquale L, Olivier M, Haines J, Fan B, Wiggs J. Distribution of COL8A2 and COL8A1 gene variants in Caucasian primary open angle glaucoma patients with thin central corneal thickness. Mol Vis 2010; 16:2185-91. [PMID: 21139683 PMCID: PMC2994337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One approach to identify genes that contribute to common complex ocular disorders such as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is to study the genetic determinates of endophenotypes that are defined by underlying pre-disposing heritable quantitative traits such as central corneal thickness (CCT). Collagen VIII is a major component of Descemet's membrane and studies in mice have indicated that targeted inactivation of the genes encoding the collagen type 8 alpha1 (Col8a1) and collagen type 8 alpha2 (Col8a2) subunits (COL8A1 and COL8A2) results in thinning of the corneal stroma and of Descemet's membrane. The purpose of this study is to evaluate COL8A1 and COL8A2 as candidate genes for thin CCT in human POAG patients. METHODS 100 Caucasian POAG patients were enrolled in this study. The entire COL8A1 and COL8A2 coding sequence was determined in 8 patients with CCT<513 µm (one standard deviation (36 microns) below the mean (550 microns) and 8 patients with CCT>586 µm (one standard deviation above the mean). Selected COL8A2 exons containing variants of interest were sequenced in the full POAG cohort. Association and quantitative trait analyses were performed. RESULTS Three patients with CCT less than 513 µm and advanced POAG were found to have missense changes in COL8A2; two patients had a previously identified mutation, R155Q and one had a novel change, P678L (p=0.0035, Fisher's exact test). Missense changes were not found in any of the patients with CCT>513 µm and missense changes in the COL8A1 gene were not found in any patient. One common COL8A2 SNP, rs274754 was also statistically associated with CCT (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS In this study we have identified COL8A2 missense changes in a group of Caucasian patients with very thin CCT and advanced POAG. These results suggest that DNA sequence variants in the COL8A2 gene may be associated with thin corneas in some glaucoma patients. Further study of COL8A2 variants in other patient populations, especially those with thinner CCT such as African-Americans would provide further support for a role of COL8A2 in corneal thickness and in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Desronvil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - D. Logan-Wyatt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - W. Abdrabou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - M. Triana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - R. Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - S. Taheri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - E. Del Bono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - L.R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - M. Olivier
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL
| | - J.L. Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Medical School, Nashville TN
| | - B.J. Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - J.L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
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Amerasinghe N, Zhang J, Thalamuthu A, He M, Vithana EN, Viswanathan A, Wong TY, Foster PJ, Aung T. The heritability and sibling risk of angle closure in Asians. Ophthalmology 2010; 118:480-5. [PMID: 21035870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the heritability and sibling risk for angle closure. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. PARTICIPANTS Probands with primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and their first-degree relatives. METHODS One hundred probands with PAC and PACG and their first-degree relatives were examined prospectively. All subjects underwent an ophthalmic evaluation that included slit-lamp examination, optic disc evaluation, and gonioscopy. An angle was classified as narrow if the posterior (usually pigmented) trabecular meshwork could be seen for less than 180° of the angle circumference. The heritability of narrow angles was calculated by threshold models. The sibling recurrence and relative risk of having narrow angles compared with the general population was calculated using estimation of sibling genetic risk parameters, corrected for single ascertainment bias. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Heritability and sibling risk for narrow angles. RESULTS One hundred probands (consisting of 76 subjects with PACG and 24 with PAC) were examined together with 327 first-degree relatives. There were 76 female probands and 24 male probands. Of the first-degree relatives, 146 were male and 181 were female. Of the 327 first-degree relatives, 105 (32.1%) had narrow angles. The heritability of narrow angles was 58.8% overall, with the genetic variance being 2.30 and the phenotypic variance being 3.91. Of the 515 sibling pairs examined, 171 (33.1%) pairs had both siblings unaffected, 113 (21.9%) pairs had both siblings affected, 231 (45.0%) pairs had 1 sibling affected. The sibling recurrence risk for having narrow angles was 49% (95% confidence interval, 41.6%-56.8%), whereas the sibling relative risk for narrow angles was 7.57 (95% confidence interval, 6.41-8.74). CONCLUSIONS A high heritability of narrow angles of almost 60% was found. Siblings of Chinese patients with PAC or PACG have almost a 50% probability of having narrow angles and are more than 7 times more likely to have narrow angles than the general population.
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Sanfilippo PG, Hewitt AW, Hammond CJ, Mackey DA. The heritability of ocular traits. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55:561-83. [PMID: 20851442 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals. Many ophthalmic disorders and biometric traits are known to have a genetic basis and consequently much work has been published in the literature estimating the heritability of various ocular parameters. We collated and summarized the findings of heritability studies conducted in the field of ophthalmology. We grouped the various studies broadly by phenotype as follows: refraction, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and others. A total of 82 articles were retrieved from the literature relating to estimation of heritability for an ocular disease or biometric trait; of these, 37 papers were concerned with glaucoma, 28 with refraction, 4 with AMD, 5 with diabetic retinopathy, and 4 with cataract. The highest reported heritability for an ophthalmic trait is 0.99 for the phenotype ≥ 20 small hard drusen, indicating that observed variation in this parameter is largely governed by genetic factors. Over 60% of the studies employed a twin study design and a similar percentage utilized variance components methods and structural equation modeling (SEM) to derive their heritability values. Using modern SEM techniques, heritability estimates derived from twin subjects were generally higher than those from family data. Many of the estimates are in the moderate to high range, but to date the majority of genetic variants accounting for these findings have not been uncovered, hence much work remains to be undertaken to elucidate fully their molecular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Ikram MK, Jansonius NM, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB, Isaacs A, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hysi P, Hammond CJ, Lemij HG, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM. A genome-wide association study of optic disc parameters. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000978. [PMID: 20548946 PMCID: PMC2883590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve head is involved in many ophthalmic disorders, including common diseases such as myopia and open-angle glaucoma. Two of the most important parameters are the size of the optic disc area and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Both are highly heritable but genetically largely undetermined. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) data to identify genetic variants associated with optic disc area and VCDR. The gene discovery included 7,360 unrelated individuals from the population-based Rotterdam Study I and Rotterdam Study II cohorts. These cohorts revealed two genome-wide significant loci for optic disc area, rs1192415 on chromosome 1p22 (p = 6.72×10−19) within 117 kb of the CDC7 gene and rs1900004 on chromosome 10q21.3-q22.1 (p = 2.67×10−33) within 10 kb of the ATOH7 gene. They revealed two genome-wide significant loci for VCDR, rs1063192 on chromosome 9p21 (p = 6.15×10−11) in the CDKN2B gene and rs10483727 on chromosome 14q22.3-q23 (p = 2.93×10−10) within 40 kbp of the SIX1 gene. Findings were replicated in two independent Dutch cohorts (Rotterdam Study III and Erasmus Rucphen Family study; N = 3,612), and the TwinsUK cohort (N = 843). Meta-analysis with the replication cohorts confirmed the four loci and revealed a third locus at 16q12.1 associated with optic disc area, and four other loci at 11q13, 13q13, 17q23 (borderline significant), and 22q12.1 for VCDR. ATOH7 was also associated with VCDR independent of optic disc area. Three of the loci were marginally associated with open-angle glaucoma. The protein pathways in which the loci of optic disc area are involved overlap with those identified for VCDR, suggesting a common genetic origin. Morphologic characteristics of the optic nerve head are involved in many ophthalmic diseases. Its size, called the optic disc area, is an important measure and has been associated with e.g. myopia and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Another important and clinical parameter of the optic disc is the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Although studies have shown a high heritability of optic disc area and VCDR, its genetic determinants are still undetermined. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) study on these quantitative traits, using data of over 11,000 Caucasian participants, and related the findings to myopia and OAG. We found evidence for association of three loci with optic disc area: CDC7/TGFBR3 region, ATOH7, and SALL1; and six with VCDR: CDKN2B, SIX1, SCYL1, CHEK2, ATOH7, and DCLK1; and additionally one borderline significant locus: BCAS3. None of the loci could be related to myopia. There was marginal evidence for association of ATOH7, CDKN2B, and SIX1 with OAG, which remains to be confirmed. The present study reveals new insights into the physiological development of the optic nerve and may shed light on the pathophysiological protein pathways leading to (neuro-) ophthalmologic diseases such as OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Macgregor S, Hewitt AW, Hysi PG, Ruddle JB, Medland SE, Henders AK, Gordon SD, Andrew T, McEvoy B, Sanfilippo PG, Carbonaro F, Tah V, Li YJ, Bennett SL, Craig JE, Montgomery GW, Tran-Viet KN, Brown NL, Spector TD, Martin NG, Young TL, Hammond CJ, Mackey DA. Genome-wide association identifies ATOH7 as a major gene determining human optic disc size. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2716-24. [PMID: 20395239 PMCID: PMC2883339 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve assessment is important for many blinding diseases, with cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) assessments commonly used in both diagnosis and progression monitoring of glaucoma patients. Optic disc, cup, rim area and CDR measurements all show substantial variation between human populations and high heritability estimates within populations. To identify loci underlying these quantitative traits, we performed a genome-wide association study in two Australian twin cohorts and identified rs3858145, P = 6.2 × 10−10, near the ATOH7 gene as associated with the mean disc area. ATOH7 is known from studies in model organisms to play a key role in retinal ganglion cell formation. The association with rs3858145 was replicated in a cohort of UK twins, with a meta-analysis of the combined data yielding P = 3.4 × 10−10. Imputation further increased the evidence for association for several SNPs in and around ATOH7 (P = 1.3 × 10−10 to 4.3 × 10−11, top SNP rs1900004). The meta-analysis also provided suggestive evidence for association for the cup area at rs690037, P = 1.5 × 10−7, in the gene RFTN1. Direct sequencing of ATOH7 in 12 patients with optic nerve hypoplasia, one of the leading causes of blindness in children, revealed two novel non-synonymous mutations (Arg65Gly, Ala47Thr) which were not found in 90 unrelated controls (combined Fisher's exact P = 0.0136). Furthermore, the Arg65Gly variant was found to have very low frequency (0.00066) in an additional set of 672 controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Macgregor
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Charlesworth J, Kramer PL, Dyer T, Diego V, Samples JR, Craig JE, Mackey DA, Hewitt AW, Blangero J, Wirtz MK. The path to open-angle glaucoma gene discovery: endophenotypic status of intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, and central corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3509-14. [PMID: 20237253 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex disease with a genetic architecture that can be simplified through the investigation of individual traits underlying disease risk. It has been well studied in twin models, and this study was undertaken to investigate the heritability of some of these key endophenotypes in extended pedigrees. METHODS. These data are derived from a large, multicenter study of extended, Caucasian POAG families from Australia and the United States. The study included 1181 people from 22 extended pedigrees. Variance components modeling was used to determine the heritabilities of maximum intraocular pressure (IOP), maximum vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR), and mean central corneal thickness (CCT). Bivariate quantitative genetic analysis between these eye-related phenotypes and POAG itself was performed to determine whether any of these traits represent true endophenotypes. RESULTS. Heritability estimates for IOP, VCDR, and CCT (0.42, 0.66, and 0.72, respectively) were significant and show strong concordance with data in previous studies. Bivariate analysis revealed that both IOP (RhoG = 0.80; P = 9.6 x 10(-6)) and VCDR (RhoG = 0.76; P = 4.8 x 10(-10)) showed strong evidence of genetic correlation with POAG susceptibility. These two traits also correlated genetically with each other (RhoG = 0.45; P = 0.0012). Alternatively, CCT did not correlate genetically with risk of POAG. CONCLUSIONS. All the proposed POAG-related traits have genetic components. However, the significant genetic correlations observed between IOP, VCDR, and POAG itself suggest that they most likely represent true endophenotypes that could aid in the identification of genes underlying POAG susceptibility. CCT did not correlate genetically with disease and is unlikely to be a useful surrogate endophenotype for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac Charlesworth
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Comparison of three methods of intraocular pressure measurement and their relation to central corneal thickness. Eye (Lond) 2010; 24:1165-70. [PMID: 20150923 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability of the 'gold standard' Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), with that of the ocular response analyser (ORA), and the dynamic contour tonometer (DCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 694 subjects were recruited to participate from the TwinsUK (UK Adult Twin Registry) at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using GAT, ORA, and the DCT. The agreement between the three methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. Repeatability coefficients and coefficient of variation between first and second readings of the same eye were used to assess reliability. RESULTS Mean age was 57.5 years (SD, 13.1; range, 16.1-88.5). The mean IOPs, calculated using the mean of two readings from the right eye were as follows: Goldmann (GAT), 14.1+/-2.8 mm Hg; IOPg (ORA), 15.9+/-3.2 mm Hg; IOPcc (ORA), 16.6+/-3.2 mm Hg; and DCT, 16.9+/-2.7 mm Hg. The 95% limits of agreement were for ORA (IOPcc): GAT, -2.07 to 7.18 mm Hg; for DCT: GAT, -0.49 to 6.21 mm Hg; and for DCT: ORA (IOPcc), -3.01 to 4.85 mm Hg. Coefficients of variation for the three tonometers were GAT, 8.3%; ORA, 8.2%; DCT, 6.3%. The repeatability coefficients were 3.4 mm Hg for GAT, 3.57 mm Hg for ORA and 3.09 mm Hg for DCT. GAT and ORA (IOPg) readings showed a positive correlation with central corneal thickness (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study found similar reliability in all three tonometers. Bland-Altman plots showed the three instruments to have 95% limits of agreement outside the generally accepted limits, which means they are not interchangeable. GAT measurements were found to be significantly lower than the two newer instruments.
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Carbonaro F, Andrew T, Mackey DA, Young TL, Spector TD, Hammond CJ. Repeated measures of intraocular pressure result in higher heritability and greater power in genetic linkage studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:5115-9. [PMID: 19420339 PMCID: PMC4145813 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effect of using one reading, the mean of two readings (from the same eye), or the mean of four readings (two from each eye) on the heritability estimates of intraocular pressure (IOP). This was a cohort study in which 344 pairs of twins, 163 monozygotic (MZ) and 181 dizygotic (DZ), were enrolled. METHODS IOP was measured using three tonometers: the gold standard Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Buffalo, NY), and the Dynamic Contour Tonometer (DCT, Pascal; Swiss Microtechnology AG, Port, Switzerland). The main outcome measure was the heritability of IOP correlated with the number of measurements. RESULTS The mean IOPs of all four readings with the three tonometers were: 14.1 +/- 2.9 mm Hg for GAT, 15.9 +/- 3.2 mm Hg for ORA, and 16.9 +/- 2.7 mm Hg for DCT. As the number of readings increased, the calculated heritability (h(2)) of IOP measured using the GAT readings increased from 0.56 for one reading (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.65) to 0.58 for the mean of two readings (95% CI, 0.46-0.67) to 0.64 for the mean of all four readings (two right and two left; 95% CI, 0.55-0.72). Similar results were seen with the other two instruments. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the use of the mean of several readings from both eyes reduced measurement error, yielding a higher heritability estimate. The higher heritability would increase the power to detect linkage in a genome-wide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Carbonaro
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Andrew
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Bromley Hospitals NHS Trust, Orpington, United Kingdom
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