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Kang YT, Zhuang ZH, He X, Huang Y, Wang NL, Huang T, Li SM. Mendelian randomization supports causal effects of inflammatory biomarkers on myopic refractive errors. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241266871. [PMID: 39094556 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241266871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether inflammatory biomarkers are causal risk factors for more myopic refractive errors. METHODS Northern Sweden Population Health Study (NSPHS), providing inflammatory biomarkers data; UK Biobank, providing refractive errors data. 95,619 European men and women aged 40 to 69 years with available information of refractive errors and inflammatory biomakers. Inflammatory biomarkers including ADA, CCL23, CCL25, CD6, CD40, CDCP-1, CST5, CXCL-5, CXCL-6, CXCL-10, IL-10RB, IL-12B, IL-15RA, IL-18R1, MCP-2, MMP-1, TGF-β1, TNF-β, TWEAK and VEGF-A were exposures, and spherical equivalent (SE) using the formula SE = sphere + (cylinder/2) was outcome. RESULTS Mendelian randomization analyses showed that each unit increase in VEGF-A, CD6, MCP-2 were causally related to a more myopic refractive errors of 0.040 D/pg.mL-1 (95% confidence interval 0.019 to 0.062; P = 2.031 × 10-4), 0.042 D/pg.mL-1 (0.027 to 0.057; P = 7.361 × 10-8) and 0.016 D/pg.mL-1 (0.004 to 0.028; P = 0.009), and each unit increase in TWEAK was causally related to a less myopic refractive errors of 0.104 D/pg.mL-1 (-0.152 to -0.055; P = 2.878 × 10-5). Tested by the MR-Egger, weighted median, MR-PRESSO, Leave-one-out methods, our results were robust to horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity in VEGF-A, MCP-2, CD6, but not in TWEAK. CONCLUSIONS Our Mendelian Randomization analysis supported the causal effects of VEGF-A, MCP-2, CD6 and TWEAK on myopic refractive errors. These findings are important for providing new indicators for early intervention of myopia to make myopic eyesight threatening consequences less inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Huang Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi He
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Academy for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhang R, Wen Y, Liu J, Hao J, Peng Y, Zhang M, Xie Y, Yang Z, Yin X, Shi Y, Bi H, Guo D. The miR-15b-5p/miR-379-3p-FOXO axis regulates cell cycle and apoptosis in scleral remodeling during experimental myopia. J Transl Med 2024; 22:710. [PMID: 39080755 PMCID: PMC11290304 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is one of the most common eye diseases in children and adolescents worldwide, and scleral remodeling plays a role in myopia progression. However, the identity of the initiating factors and signaling pathways that induce myopia-associated scleral remodeling is still unclear. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of scleral remodeling to elucidate the pathogenesis of myopia. METHODS The gene expression omnibus (GEO) and comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) mining were used to identify the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network related to scleral remodeling in myopia. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, immunofluorescence, H&E staining, Masson staining, and flow cytometry were used to detect the changes in the FOXO signaling pathway, fibrosis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and other related factors in scleral remodeling. RESULTS miR-15b-5p/miR-379-3p can regulate the FOXO signaling pathway. Confirmatory studies confirmed that the axial length of the eye was significantly increased, the scleral thickness was thinner, the levels of miR-15b-5p, miR-379-3p, PTEN, p-PTEN, FOXO3a, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) were increased, and the levels of IGF1R were decreased in Len-induced myopia (LIM) group. CDK2, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cell cycle block assessed by flow cytometry indicated G1/S cell cycle arrest in myopic sclera. The increase in BAX level and the decrease in BCL-2 level indicated enhanced apoptosis of the myopic sclera. In addition, we found that the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), collagen type 1 (COL-1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were decreased, suggesting scleral remodeling occurred in myopia. CONCLUSIONS miR-15b-5p/miR-379-3p can regulate the scleral cell cycle and apoptosis through the IGF1R/PTEN/FOXO signaling pathway, thereby promoting scleral remodeling in myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Jiawen Hao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Yunxiao Xie
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Xuewei Yin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Yongwei Shi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China.
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China.
| | - Dadong Guo
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Jinan, 250002, China.
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Jiang F, Xiao O, Guo X, Yin Q, Luo L, He M, Li Z. Characteristics of myopic maculopathy in Chinese children and adolescents with high myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2023-324430. [PMID: 39060091 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the characteristics of myopic maculopathy among highly myopic Chinese children and adolescents and explore its associated risk factors. METHODS Children and adolescents aged 7-17 years with spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -6.00 dioptres (D) were recruited. Myopic maculopathy was categorised based on the International Meta-Analysis of Pathological Myopia Classification. The extent of diffuse choroidal atrophy (DCA) was classified using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid (ETDRS). The area of DCA was categorised into three classes relative to optic disk area (DA): A1 (≤1 DA), A2 (1 to ≤5 DA) and A3 (5 to ≤10 DA). Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with myopic maculopathy. RESULTS Of the 425 participants aged 13.66±2.67 years, the proportions of tessellated fundus and DCA were 11.76% and 12.24%, and no more severe fundus lesions or 'plus' lesions. The proportion of DCA was 27.03% in children under 11, significantly higher than the 9.12% observed in those aged 11 and older (p<0.001). The percentages of DCA involving the outer, middle and central circles of the ETDRS grid were 42.31%, 55.77% and 1.92%. Myopic maculopathy was significantly associated with younger age (p<0.001), longer axial length (AL; p<0.001) and larger β-zone peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA; p=0.012). CONCLUSION In highly myopic children and adolescents, myopic maculopathy predominantly manifested as DCA (12.24%), with no cases of worse myopic maculopathy or 'plus' lesions. Younger age, longer AL and larger β-PPA were risk factors for myopic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ou Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinxing Guo
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qiuxia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingguang He
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Lin HJ, Huang YT, Liao WL, Huang YC, Chang YW, Weng AL, Tsai FJ. Developing a Polygenic Risk Score with Age and Sex to Identify High-Risk Myopia in Taiwan. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1619. [PMID: 39062192 PMCID: PMC11274619 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the leading cause of impaired vision, and its prevalence is increasing among Asian populations. This study aimed to develop a polygenic risk score (PRS) followed by replication to predict myopia in the Taiwanese population. In total, 23,688 participants with cycloplegic autorefraction-measured mean spherical equivalent (SE), genetic, and demographic data were included. The myopia PRS was generated based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) outcomes in a Taiwanese population and previously published GWAS reports. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of age and sex in the PRS had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80, 0.78, and 0.73 (p < 0.001) for participants aged >18 years with high (SE < -6.0 diopters (D); n = 1089), moderate (-6.0 D < SE ≤ -3.0 D; n = 3929), and mild myopia (-3.0 D < SE ≤ -1.0 D; n = 2241), respectively. Participants in the top PRS quartile had a 1.30-fold greater risk of high myopia (95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.55, p = 0.003) compared with that in the remaining participants. Further, a higher PRS significantly increased the risk of high myopia (SE ≤ -2.0 D) in children ≤6 years of age (p = 0.027). In conclusion, including the PRS, age, and sex improved the prediction of high myopia risk in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
| | - Angel L. Weng
- American School in Taichung, Taichung 406051, Taiwan;
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
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Zong Z, Zhang Y, Qiao J, Tian Y, Xu S. The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1625. [PMID: 38890613 PMCID: PMC11186094 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review epidemiological evidence on associations between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents, and to quantitatively evaluate summary effect estimates from existing literature. METHOD There were three online databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for epidemiological studies on screen time exposure and myopia published before June 1, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the correlation between screen time exposure and myopia using random or fixed-effect models by exposure type (categorical/continuous). We also performed subgroup analysis by screen device type, study quality, geographic region, and research period. RESULTS We searched 7,571 records from three databases and identified 19 eligible studies, including 14 high-quality studies and 5 moderate-quality studies. Meta-analyses suggested that there was a statistically significant correlation between screen time (high vs. low) and myopia. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were respectively 2.24 (1.47-3.42) for cross-sectional studies, and 2.39 (2.07-2.76) for cohort studies. We also found a significant association between continuous exposure to screen time (per 1 h/d increase) and myopia in cohort studies. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were 1.07 (1.01-1.13). In subgroup analysis stratified by screen device type in cross-sectional studies, screen time exposures from computers (categorical: OR = 8.19, 95%CI: 4.78-14.04; continuous: OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.10-1.35) and televisions (categorical: OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.02-2.10) were associated with myopia, while smartphones were not. Although publication bias was detected, the pooled results did not show significant changes after adjustment using the trim and fill method. CONCLUSION Our findings support that screen time exposure was significantly associated with myopia in children and adolescents. Notably, screen time exposure from computers may have the most significant impact on myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jianchao Qiao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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Gong W, Wang J, Deng J, Chen J, Zhu Z, Seth I, Zhang B, Wang X, Yang J, Du L, Xu X, He X. Quantification of Fundus Tessellation Reflects Early Myopic Maculopathy in a Large-Scale Population of Children and Adolescents. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:22. [PMID: 38922627 PMCID: PMC11216261 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the distribution of fundus tessellation density (FTD) in a Chinese pediatric population and its potential in reflecting early myopic maculopathy (tessellated fundus). Methods Participants were enrolled from kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools, with cluster sampling in Shanghai, China. A series of ophthalmic examinations was conducted. Based on fundus photograph, FTD was quantitatively assessed using an artificial intelligence algorithm, and tessellated fundus was diagnosed by well-trained ophthalmologists. Results A total of 14,234 participants aged four to 18 years were included, with 7421 boys (52.1%). Tessellated fundus was observed in 2200 (15.5%) participants. The median of FTD was 0.86% (range 0.0-42.1%). FTD increased with age and axial length. In the logistics regression, larger FTD was independently associated with tessellated fundus (P < 0.001). The area under curves of receiver operating characteristic curve for categorizing tessellated fundus using FTD was 0.774, and the cutoff point of FTD was 2.22%. Conclusions The density of fundus tessellation was consistent with the severity of myopia. FTD could help diagnose the early stage of myopic maculopathy, tessellated fundus, providing a new pattern for myopia screening and detection of early myopic fundus changes. Translational Relevance Quantification of fundus tessellation with artificial intelligence could help detect early myopic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Center of Eye Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ishith Seth
- Centre for Eye Research Australia; Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Wang
- EVision Technology (Beijing) Co. LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliuxing Yang
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Du
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Center of Eye Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangui He
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Center of Eye Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhang H, Yang P, Li Y, Zhang W, Li S. Effect of Low-Concentration Atropine Eye Drops in Controlling the Progression of Myopia in Children: A One- and Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024; 31:240-248. [PMID: 37528608 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2232462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atropine eye drops have been shown to slow the progression of myopia, but there has been limited research on the effectiveness of 0.05% atropine in treating myopia. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of 0.05% atropine eye drops in controlling myopia in children. METHODS The study included 424 participants aged 6 to 12 years between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2021. Of these, 213 were randomly assigned to the 0.05% atropine group and 211 to the placebo group. The cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), corneal curvature (K), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured using IOLMaster. The lens power and corneal astigmatism were also determined. The changes in ocular biometric parameters were compared between the two groups, and the contributions of ocular characteristics to SE progression were calculated and compared. RESULTS Over a 12-month period, the changes in spherical equivalent were -0.03 ± 0.28 and -0.32 ± 0.14 in the atropine and placebo groups, respectively (P = .01). The changes in axial length were 0.06 ± 0.11 and 0.17 ± 0.12, respectively (P = .01). At 18 and 24 months, there were significant differences in axial length and spherical equivalent between the atropine and placebo groups. Multiple regression models accounting for changes in AL, K, and lens magnification explained 87.23% and 98.32% of SE changes in the atropine and placebo groups, respectively. At 1 year (p = .01) and 2 years (p = .03), there were significant differences in photophobia between the atropine and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS This two-year follow-up study demonstrates that 0.05% atropine eye drops are safe and effective in preventing the development of myopia in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peihua Yang
- Tianjin Open University College of Social Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Yuanfang Ophthalmology Clinic, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China. Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Youth Myopia and Treatment of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weixiao Zhang
- Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumao Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
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Eppenberger LS, Grzybowski A, Schmetterer L, Ang M. Myopia Control: Are We Ready for an Evidence Based Approach? Ophthalmol Ther 2024; 13:1453-1477. [PMID: 38710983 PMCID: PMC11109072 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-024-00951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopia and its vision-threatening complications present a significant public health problem. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the multitude of known and emerging interventions to control myopia, including their potential effect, safety, and costs. METHODS A systematic literature search of three databases was conducted. Interventions were grouped into four categories: environmental/behavioral (outdoor time, near work), pharmacological (e.g., atropine), optical interventions (spectacles and contact lenses), and novel approaches such as red-light (RLRL) therapies. Review articles and original articles on randomized controlled trials (RCT) were selected. RESULTS From the initial 3224 retrieved records, 18 reviews and 41 original articles reporting results from RCTs were included. While there is more evidence supporting the efficacy of low-dose atropine and certain myopia-controlling contact lenses in slowing myopia progression, the evidence about the efficacy of the newer interventions, such as spectacle lenses (e.g., defocus incorporated multiple segments and highly aspheric lenslets) is more limited. Behavioral interventions, i.e., increased outdoor time, seem effective for preventing the onset of myopia if implemented successfully in schools and homes. While environmental interventions and spectacles are regarded as generally safe, pharmacological interventions, contact lenses, and RLRL may be associated with adverse effects. All interventions, except for behavioral change, are tied to moderate to high expenditures. CONCLUSION Our review suggests that myopia control interventions are recommended and prescribed on the basis of accessibility and clinical practice patterns, which vary widely around the world. Clinical trials indicate short- to medium-term efficacy in reducing myopia progression for various interventions, but none have demonstrated long-term effectiveness in preventing high myopia and potential complications in adulthood. There is an unmet need for a unified consensus for strategies that balance risk and effectiveness for these methods for personalized myopia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Baldwin G, Tracy J, Vingopoulos F, Munsell M, Bennett C, Rodriguez JM, Choi H, Garg I, Tandias R, Wescott H, Finn MJ, Razavi P, Bannerman A, Zeng R, Vavvas DG, Husain D, Kim LA, Patel NA, Miller JB. Contrast Sensitivity Better Reflects Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vascular Metrics Among Healthy Eyes Compared to Visual Acuity. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38917397 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20240411-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA) and visual function in healthy eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-seven eyes of 45 patients were evaluated with visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), and WF SS-OCTA (3 × 3, 6 × 6, and 12 × 12 mm images) on the same day. Mixed-effects multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Contrast sensitivity metrics, including CS between 6 to 18 cycles per degree (cpd) and area under the logarithm CS function, were significantly associated with vessel density (VD) and vessel skeletonized density (VSD), whereas VA was not. The largest effect size was between CS at 18 cpd and VD (β = 0.41, P = 0.007) and VSD (β = 0.42, P = 0.006) on 12 × 12 mm images. CONCLUSIONS Reduced VSD and VD on WF SSOCTA was significantly associated with decreased CS, whereas VA was not. These results suggest CS could serve as a screening tool for early stage retinal and neurologic disorders. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:XX-XX.].
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Simonaviciute D, Grzybowski A, Gelzinis A, Zemaitiene R. Efficacy and Safety of 0.03% Atropine Eye Drops in Controlling Myopia Progression: A One-Year Prospective Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3218. [PMID: 38892929 PMCID: PMC11173064 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of one-year treatment with 0.03% atropine eye drops for slowing myopia progression among children aged 6-12 years. Methods: Healthy Caucasian children aged 6-12 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) from -1.0 D to -5.0 D and astigmatism and anisometropia ≤1.5 D were included. Changes in mean axial length (AL) and objective SE as well as changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) were assessed in the 0.03% atropine eye drops group and the control group from baseline through the 1-year follow-up. The proportion of participants showing myopia progression of <0.5 D from baseline in each group and any potential side effects in 0.03% atropine group were evaluated. Results: The study involved 31 patients in the 0.03% atropine eye drops group and 41 in the control group. Administration of 0.03% atropine for 1 year resulted in a mean change in SE of -0.34 (0.44) D/year, significantly lower than the -0.60 (0.50) D/year observed in the control group (p = 0.024). The change in AL was 0.19 (0.17) mm in the 0.03% atropine group, compared to 0.31 (0.20) mm in the control group (p = 0.015). There were no significant differences in changes of IOP, CCT and LT between the groups (all p ≥ 0.05). The 0.03% atropine group had a significantly greater increase in ACD compared to the control group (p = 0.015). In total, 64.5% of patients in the 0.03% atropine group showed progression <0.5 D/year, in contrast to 39.0% in the control group (p = 0.032). Adverse events were reported in 13 (35.0%) out of 37 patients in the treatment group, leading to discontinuation of the eye drops in six (16.0%) cases. None of the adverse events were severe. Conclusions: Despite a higher incidence of adverse events, 0.03% atropine eye drops effectively slowed the progression of myopia over 1-year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Simonaviciute
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44037 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, 60-554 Poznan, Poland
| | - Arvydas Gelzinis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44037 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Reda Zemaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44037 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (R.Z.)
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11
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Lyu P, Hu J, Wang Y, Wang J, He X, Shi H. Impact of ophthalmic clinical service use in mitigating myopia onset and progression in preschool children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:221. [PMID: 38802768 PMCID: PMC11129446 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although school screenings identify children with vision problems and issue referrals for medical treatment at an ophthalmic hospital, the effectiveness of this approach remains unverified. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of ophthalmic clinical services on the onset and progression of myopia in preschool children identified with vision impairment. METHODS Using data from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study (SCALE), this retrospective cohort study evaluated the visual development of children from three districts-Jing'an, Minhang, and Pudong-which are representative of geographic diversity and economic disparity in Shanghai's 17 districts. Initially, in 2015, the study encompassed 14,572 children aged 4-6 years, of whom 5,917 needed a referral. Our cohort consisted of 5,511 children who had two or more vision screenings and complete personal information over the follow-up period from January 2015 to December 2020. We divided these children into two groups based on their initial spherical equivalent (SE): a High-risk group (SE > -0.5 D) and a Myopia group (SE ≤ -0.5 D). Within each of these groups, we further categorized children into Never, Tardily, and Timely groups based on their referral compliance to compare the differences in the occurrence and progression of myopia. Cox proportional models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for myopia incidence per person-years of follow-up in High-risk group. Generalized additive models(GAM) was used to calculating the progression for annual spherical equivalent changes in all children. RESULTS Of the 5,511 preschool children (mean age, 5.25 years; 52.24% male) who received a referral recommendation, 1,327 (24.08%) sought clinical services at an ophthalmic hospital. After six years of follow-up, 65.53% of children developed myopia. The six-year cumulative incidence of myopia in the Never, Tardily, and Timely groups was 64.76%, 69.31%, and 57.14%, respectively. These percentages corresponded to hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.31 (95% CI, 1.10-1.55) for the Tardily group and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.33-0.93) for the Timely group, compared with the Never group. The HRs were adjusted for age, sex, and SE at study entry. Interestingly, the Timely group showed significantly less SE progression than the other groups (P < 0.001), and SE progression was higher in the High-risk group (-0.33 ± 0.37D/year) than in children with myopia (-0.08 ± 0.55D/year). CONCLUSION Timely utilization of ophthalmic clinical services among children aged 4 to 6 years who fail school vision screenings can significantly reduce the incidence of myopia and slow SE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Lyu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangui He
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Farassat N. Topical Atropine for Myopia Control: A Review. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024. [PMID: 38802078 DOI: 10.1055/a-2307-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, atropine has emerged as an effective intervention for preventing myopia in children. Multiple randomized controlled trials, mainly from Asia, have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of topical atropine for myopia control. Both efficacy and side effects exhibit a positive dose-response relationship. This review focuses on new data from studies with predominantly white populations, ethnicity-dependent differences in efficacy and side effects, and primary prevention of incident myopia with atropine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Farassat
- Medical Center, Eye Center, University Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Zhang XJ, Zaabaar E, French AN, Tang FY, Kam KW, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yam JC. Advances in myopia control strategies for children. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2023-323887. [PMID: 38777389 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Myopia has long been a global threat to public health. Timely interventions are likely to reduce the risk of vision-threatening complications. There are both established and rapidly evolving therapeutic approaches to slow myopia progression and/or delay its onset. The effective methods for slowing myopia progression include atropine eye-drops, defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses, spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets target (HALT), diffusion optics technology (DOT) spectacle lenses, red light therapy (RLT), multifocal soft contact lenses and orthokeratology. Among these, 0.05% atropine, HALT lenses, RLT and +3.00 peripheral addition soft contact lenses yield over 60% reduction in myopia progression, whereas DIMS, DOT and MiSight contact lenses demonstrate at least 50% myopia control efficacy. 0.05% atropine demonstrates a more optimal balance of efficacy and safety than 0.01%. The efficacy of 0.01% atropine has not been consistent and requires further validation across diverse ethnicities. Combining atropine 0.01% with orthokeratology or DIMS spectacles yields better outcomes than using these interventions as monotherapies. Increased outdoor time is an effective public health strategy for myopia prevention while recent studies suggest that 0.05% low-concentration atropine and RLT therapy have promising potential as clinical myopia prevention interventions for high-risk groups. Myopia control spectacle lenses, being the least invasive, are safe for long-term use. However, when considering other approaches, it is essential to ensure proper instruction and regular follow-ups to maintain safety and monitor any potential complications. Ultimately, significant advances have been made in myopia control strategies, many of which have shown meaningful clinical outcomes. However, regular use and adequate safety monitoring over extended durations are imperative to foster confidence that can only come from extensive clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ebenezer Zaabaar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Amanda Nicole French
- Discipline of Orthoptics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fang Yao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung. Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung. Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung. Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Liang R, Shi W, Li T, Gao H, Wan T, Li B, Zhou X. Effect of exogenous calcitriol on myopia development and axial length in guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11382. [PMID: 38762668 PMCID: PMC11102427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The annual increase in myopia prevalence poses a significant economic and health challenge. Our study investigated the effect of calcitriol role in myopia by inducing the condition in guinea pigs through form deprivation for four weeks. Untargeted metabolomics methods were used to analyze the differences in metabolites in the vitreous body, and the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the retina was detected. Following form deprivation, the guinea pigs received intraperitoneal injections of calcitriol at different concentrations. We assessed myopia progression using diopter measurements and biometric analysis after four weeks. Results indicated that form deprivation led to a pronounced shift towards myopia, characterized by reduced choroidal and scleral thickness, disorganized collagen fibers, and decreased scleral collagen fiber diameter. Notably, a reduction in calcitriol expression in vitreous body, diminished vitamin D and calcitriol levels in the blood, and decreased VDR protein expression in retinal tissues were observed in myopic guinea pigs. Calcitriol administration effectively slowed myopia progression, preserved choroidal and scleral thickness, and prevented the reduction of scleral collagen fiber diameter. Our findings highlight a significant decrease in calcitriol and VDR expressions in myopic guinea pigs and demonstrate that exogenous calcitriol supplementation can halt myopia development, enhancing choroidal and scleral thickness and scleral collagen fiber diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, China.
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15
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Li S, Li M, Wu J, Li Y, Han J, Song Y, Cao W, Zhou X. Developing and validating a clinlabomics-based machine-learning model for early detection of retinal detachment in patients with high myopia. J Transl Med 2024; 22:405. [PMID: 38689321 PMCID: PMC11061938 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal detachment (RD) is a vision-threatening disorder of significant severity. Individuals with high myopia (HM) face a 2 to 6 times higher risk of developing RD compared to non-myopes. The timely identification of high myopia-related retinal detachment (HMRD) is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of additional vision impairment. Consequently, our objective was to streamline and validate a machine-learning model based on clinical laboratory omics (clinlabomics) for the early detection of RD in HM patients. METHODS We extracted clinlabomics data from the electronic health records for 24,440 HM and 5607 HMRD between 2015 and 2022. Lasso regression analysis assessed fifty-nine variables, excluding collinear variables (variance inflation factor > 10). Four models based on random forest, gradient boosting machine (GBM), generalized linear model, and Deep Learning Model were trained for HMRD diagnosis and employed for internal validation. An external test of the models was done. Three random data sets were further processed to validate the performance of the diagnostic model. The primary outcomes were the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR) to diagnose HMRD. RESULTS Nine variables were selected by all models. Given the AUC and AUCPR values across the different sets, the GBM model was chosen as the final diagnostic model. The GBM model had an AUC of 0.8550 (95%CI = 0.8322-0.8967) and an AUCPR of 0.5584 (95%CI = 0.5250-0.5879) in the training set. The AUC and AUCPR in the internal validation were 0.8405 (95%CI = 0.8060-0.8966) and 0.5355 (95%CI = 0.4988-0.5732). During the external test evaluation, it reached an AUC of 0.7579 (95%CI = 0.7340-0.7840) and an AUCPR of 0.5587 (95%CI = 0.5345-0.5880). A similar discriminative capacity was observed in the three random data sets. The GBM model was well-calibrated across all the sets. The GBM-RD model was implemented into a web application that provides risk prediction for HM individuals. CONCLUSION GBM algorithms based on nine features successfully predicted the diagnosis of RD in patients with HM, which will help ophthalmologists to establish a preliminary diagnosis and to improve diagnostic accuracy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Fudan University Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzhu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiao Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Fudan University Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Chen KS, Au Eong JTW, Au Eong KG. Changing paradigm in the management of childhood myopia. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1027-1028. [PMID: 37968518 PMCID: PMC11009256 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal S Chen
- International Eye Cataract Retina Centre, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and Farrer Park Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan T W Au Eong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah-Guan Au Eong
- International Eye Cataract Retina Centre, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and Farrer Park Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Bu Q, Zhu H, Cao G, Gong G, Su Y, Ge Q, Zhu W, Li Z, Pan X. Targeting mechanics-induced trabecular meshwork dysfunction through YAP-TGFβ Ameliorates high myopia-induced ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109853. [PMID: 38453038 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
High myopia is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). The pathological mechanism of high myopia induced POAG occurrence is not fully understood. In this study, we successfully established the guinea pig model of ocular hypertension with high myopia, and demonstrated the susceptibility of high myopia for the occurrence of microbead-induced glaucoma compared with non-myopia group and the effect of YAP/TGF-β signaling pathway in TM pathogenesis induced by high myopia. Moreover, we performed stretching treatment on primary trabecular meshwork (TM) cells to simulate the mechanical environment of high myopia. It was found that stretching treatment disrupted the cytoskeleton, decreased phagocytic function, enhanced ECM remodeling, and promoted cell apoptosis. The experiments of mechanics-induced human TM cell lines appeared the similar trend. Mechanically, the differential expressed genes of TM cells caused by stretch treatment enriched YAP/TGF-β signaling pathway. To inhibit YAP/TGF-β signaling pathway effectively reversed mechanics-induced TM damage. Together, this study enriches mechanistic insights of high myopia induced POAG susceptibility and provides a potential target for the prevention of POAG with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Bu
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 271016, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Guangliang Cao
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 271016, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Ganyu Gong
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 271016, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qingshu Ge
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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18
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Shahsuvaryan ML. Atropine: Updates on myopia pharmacotherapy. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14:225-229. [PMID: 39027061 PMCID: PMC11253994 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-22-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased over the last 30 years, with the World Health Organization estimating a worldwide incidence of 23%, projected to increase to 50% by 2050. The myopia epidemic has prompted a reincarnation in efforts to overcome this challenge. The exploration of atropine use in myopia was a result due to a lack of treatment in effect. This study aimed at reviewing the role of atropine in the management of myopia worldwide based on currently available findings. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for studies published up to April 2022 inclusive. Articles with high or medium clinical relevance were selected for this review. Multiple studies have demonstrated the relevance and efficacy rates of different concentrations of atropine, despite still insufficiently explained the exact site and mechanism of action of atropine in slowing myopia progression. Currently available findings highlight that topical atropine opened a new page in pharmacotherapy of myopia and have shown a high therapeutic effect on myopia progression in Asian and European child population, irrespective of ethnicity. There is potential for myopia control with fewer side effects using lower concentrations but still exists a room for improvement, underscoring the requirement of modified atropine topical preparations with increased bioavailability, potentially with nanoparticle formulations, to enable the effective management of myopia.
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19
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Bullimore MA, Jong M, Brennan NA. Myopia control: Seeing beyond efficacy. Optom Vis Sci 2024; 101:134-142. [PMID: 38546754 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The availability of a range of effective myopia control modalities enables the clinician to exercise judgment when discussing the treatment plan with the patient and their parents. This article outlines important considerations beyond efficacy.Clinically meaningful myopia control may be attained with some spectacle lenses, select soft contact lenses, some concentrations of atropine, and overnight orthokeratology. Given that satisfactory efficacy can be achieved with a range of modalities, other factors should be considered when deciding upon the best intervention for a given child. Four key factors-compliance, quality of vision, quality of life, and safety-are discussed in this review. Compliance directly impacts efficacy regardless of the modality and is the most important consideration, as it is influenced by quality of vision and comfort. Daily disposal myopia control contact lenses and overnight orthokeratology are generally associated with high compliance, provide better vision-related quality of life than spectacles, and carry a very low risk when used appropriately. A further benefit of overnight orthokeratology is the elimination of a need for optical correction during the day.
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Tailor PD, Xu TT, Tailor S, Asheim C, Olsen TW. Trends in Myopia and High Myopia from 1966 to 2019 in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 259:35-44. [PMID: 37890689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1966 to 2019. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional, trend study. METHODS Manifest refractions or lens prescription were converted to spherical equivalent (SE) to estimate the prevalence of adult myopia and high myopia. Age, sex, race, and visual acuity were recorded. Subjects with an SE of -0.5 diopters (D) or less were considered to have myopia; those with an SE of -6.0 D or less were considered to have high myopia. Exclusion criteria included visually significant cataract, pseudophakia, prior refractive surgery, or age less than 18 years. RESULTS Among 81,706 sampled subjects, the myopia prevalence increased from 33.9% (95% CI, 31.1-36.8) in the 1960s to 57.1% (95% CI, 56.6-57.6) in the 2010s (P < .001). The high myopia prevalence increased from 2.8% (95% CI, 1.95-3.98) in the 1960s to 8.3% (95% CI, 8.08-8.62) in the 2010s (P < .001). Both male (32.0%-55.1%, P < .001) and female (40.6%-58.5%, P < .001) subjects experienced increasing myopia prevalence from the 1960s to the 2010s; both male (2.6%-7.4%, P < .001) and female (3.4%-9.1%, P < .001) subjects also had higher high myopia prevalence rates from the 1960s through the 2010s. Increasing myopia and high myopia prevalence was detected by decade in nearly all age groups (excluding 18- to 24-year-old high myopia subjects). White and Asian subjects had the highest myopia prevalence, whereas Black subjects had the lowest. From the 2000s to the 2010s, White (53.3%-57.0%, P < .001) and Black (41.0%-47.0%, P = .001) subjects had significant increases in myopia prevalence. The mean SE decreased from the 1960s (-0.42 D; 95% CI, -0.59 to +2.49) to the 2010s (-1.85 D; 95% CI, -1.88 to +2.96) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS From 1966 to 2019 in Olmsted County, Minnesota, there was a 68% and 199% increase in myopia and high myopia prevalence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant D Tailor
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.D.T., T.T.X., C.A., T.W.O.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy T Xu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.D.T., T.T.X., C.A., T.W.O.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shreya Tailor
- Rollins School of Public Health (S.T.), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Collin Asheim
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.D.T., T.T.X., C.A., T.W.O.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W Olsen
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.D.T., T.T.X., C.A., T.W.O.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Zheng T, Jiang S, Fu W, Liu H, Ding S, Xv D, Zhang H, Zheng T, Yang X. Prevalence of and risk factors for myopia among urban and rural children in Northeast China: protocol for a school-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077735. [PMID: 38326264 PMCID: PMC10860113 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The worldwide prevalence of myopia is high and continues to increase. In this study, a school screening programme for myopia will be implemented using the whole-process information method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of myopia in urban and rural areas of Northeast China and to determine the factors related to myopia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a school-based cross-sectional study. Our study population will include 6000 school-aged children from 2 urban and 2 rural schools in Jinzhou, China. The study will be conducted using our self-developed internet-based intelligent data collection, transmission, storage and analysis system. Examination parameters include uncorrected distance visual acuity, presenting distance visual acuity, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, spinal curvature and dental caries. The examination report will be automatically sent to parents, who will complete the questionnaire, and appropriate statistical analysis will be performed. The main outcome is the prevalence of myopia, defined as an equivalent spherical degree ≤-0.5 D. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University (number: JYDSY-KXYJ-IEC-2023-018). Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Subjects and their parents (or other authorised agents) give informed consent prior to study participation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2300072893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shangshang Ding
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Daoliang Xv
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Hetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyou Zheng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
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Yao Y, Yang J, Sun H, Kong H, Wang S, Xu K, Dai W, Jiang S, Bai Q, Xing S, Yuan J, Liu X, Lu F, Chen Z, Qu J, Su J. DeepGraFT: A novel semantic segmentation auxiliary ROI-based deep learning framework for effective fundus tessellation classification. Comput Biol Med 2024; 169:107881. [PMID: 38159401 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fundus tessellation (FT) is a prevalent clinical feature associated with myopia and has implications in the development of myopic maculopathy, which causes irreversible visual impairment. Accurate classification of FT in color fundus photo can help predict the disease progression and prognosis. However, the lack of precise detection and classification tools has created an unmet medical need, underscoring the importance of exploring the clinical utility of FT. Thus, to address this gap, we introduce an automatic FT grading system (called DeepGraFT) using classification-and-segmentation co-decision models by deep learning. ConvNeXt, utilizing transfer learning from pretrained ImageNet weights, was employed for the classification algorithm, aligning with a region of interest based on the ETDRS grading system to boost performance. A segmentation model was developed to detect FT exits, complementing the classification for improved grading accuracy. The training set of DeepGraFT was from our in-house cohort (MAGIC), and the validation sets consisted of the rest part of in-house cohort and an independent public cohort (UK Biobank). DeepGraFT demonstrated a high performance in the training stage and achieved an impressive accuracy in validation phase (in-house cohort: 86.85 %; public cohort: 81.50 %). Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that DeepGraFT surpasses machine learning-based classification models in FT classification, achieving a 5.57 % increase in accuracy. Ablation analysis revealed that the introduced modules significantly enhanced classification effectiveness and elevated accuracy from 79.85 % to 86.85 %. Further analysis using the results provided by DeepGraFT unveiled a significant negative association between FT and spherical equivalent (SE) in the UK Biobank cohort. In conclusion, DeepGraFT accentuates potential benefits of the deep learning model in automating the grading of FT and allows for potential utility as a clinical-decision support tool for predicting progression of pathological myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Yao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haojun Sun
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengte Kong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Dai
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyi Jiang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - QingShi Bai
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shilai Xing
- Institute of PSI Genomics, Wenzhou Global Eye & Vision Innovation Center, Wenzhou, 325024, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Logan NS, Bullimore MA. Optical interventions for myopia control. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:455-463. [PMID: 37740053 PMCID: PMC10858277 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of optical interventions have been developed to slow the progression of myopia. This review summarizes key studies and their outcomes. Peer-reviewed, randomized controlled clinical trials of at least 18 months duration were identified. Randomized clinical trials were identified and summarised: 13 for spectacles, 5 for overnight orthokeratology, 5 for soft contact lenses, and 3 for orthokeratology combined with low concentration atropine. Overnight orthokeratology trials were the most consistent with 2-year slowing of axial elongation between 0.24 and 0.32 mm. Other modalities were more variable due to the wide range of optical designs. Among spectacle interventions, progressive addition lenses were the least effective, slowing axial elongation and myopia progression by no more than 0.11 mm and 0.31 D, respectively. In contrast, novel designs with peripheral lenslets slow 2-year elongation and progression by up to 0.35 mm and 0.80 D. Among soft contact lens interventions, medium add concentric bifocals slow 3-year elongation and progression by only 0.07 mm and 0.16 D, while a dual-focus design slows 3-year elongation and progression by 0.28 mm and 0.67 D. In summary, all three optical interventions have the potential to significantly slow myopia progression. Quality of vision is largely unaffected, and safety is satisfactory. Areas of uncertainty include the potential for post-treatment acceleration of progression and the benefit of adding atropine to optical interventions.
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Liu YL, Lin KK, Cheng LS, Lin CW, Lee JS, Hou CH, Tsai TH. Efficacy of Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses in Reducing Myopia Progression Among Taiwanese Schoolchildren: A Randomized Paired-Eye Clinical Trial. Ophthalmol Ther 2024; 13:541-552. [PMID: 38127196 PMCID: PMC10787710 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the efficacy and safety of myopia control using a multifocal soft contact lens designed with high peripheral add power in schoolchildren. METHODS This 1-year multi-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study enrolled myopic schoolchildren aged 6-15 years with refractive errors between - 1.0 D and - 10.0 D. Each participant was randomly allocated to wear a daily disposable multifocal soft contact lens as the treatment in one eye and a single-vision soft contact lens as the control in the other eye. The primary endpoints were changes in the cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length at 1 year. RESULTS Fifty-two of the 59 participants (88.1%) completed the study protocol. The mean change in SE was - 0.73 ± 0.40 D in the treatment group. and - 0.85 ± 0.51 D in the control group (mean difference: - 0.12 ± 0.34 D, p = 0.012). The mean change in axial length was 0.25 ± 0.14 mm in the treatment group, and 0.33 ± 0.17 mm in the control group (mean difference: 0.08 ± 0.10 mm, p < 0.001). The treatment was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with multifocal soft contact lenses with high peripheral add power was effective in controlling the progression of myopia and axial length elongation in myopic schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Kuo Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branches, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sheng Cheng
- Great Vision Eye Clinic, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiahn-Shing Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Branches, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Ho Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Bullimore MA, Brennan NA. Juvenile-onset myopia-who to treat and how to evaluate success. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:450-454. [PMID: 37709925 PMCID: PMC10858167 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of eye diseases such as myopic macular degeneration increases with the level of myopia, but there is no safe level of myopia and the burden of lower degrees of myopia remains considerable. Effective treatments are available that slow progression and thus limit the final degree of myopia. In this review, the rationale for slowing progression is summarized, and a case made for treating all myopic children. Measurement of refractive error and axial length is reviewed, stressing the precision of optical biometry, but also the need for cycloplegic autorefraction. The factors influencing progression are considered and the available tools for interpretation of progression rate are discussed. Finally, the need to set attainable treatment goals is emphasized.
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Lee SH, Tsai PC, Chiu YC, Wang JH, Chiu CJ. Myopia progression after cessation of atropine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1343698. [PMID: 38318144 PMCID: PMC10838978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1343698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To comprehensively assess rebound effects by comparing myopia progression during atropine treatment and after discontinuation. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to 20 September 2023, using the keywords "myopia," "rebound," and "discontinue." Language restrictions were not applied, and reference lists were scrutinized for relevant studies. Our study selection criteria focused on randomized control trials and interventional studies involving children with myopia, specifically those treated with atropine or combination therapies for a minimum of 6 months, followed by a cessation period of at least 1 month. The analysis centered on reporting annual rates of myopia progression, considering changes in spherical equivalent (SE) or axial length (AL). Data extraction was performed by three independent reviewers, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. A random-effects model was applied, and effect sizes were determined through weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals Our primary outcome was the evaluation of rebound effects on spherical equivalent or axial length. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on cessation and treatment durations, dosage levels, age, and baseline SE to provide a nuanced understanding of the data. Results: The analysis included 13 studies involving 2060 children. Rebound effects on SE were significantly higher at 6 months (WMD, 0.926 D/y; 95%CI, 0.288-1.563 D/y; p = .004) compared to 12 months (WMD, 0.268 D/y; 95%CI, 0.077-0.460 D/y; p = .006) after discontinuation of atropine. AL showed similar trends, with higher rebound effects at 6 months (WMD, 0.328 mm/y; 95%CI, 0.165-0.492 mm/y; p < .001) compared to 12 months (WMD, 0.121 mm/y; 95%CI, 0.02-0.217 mm/y; p = .014). Sensitivity analyses confirmed consistent results. Shorter treatment durations, younger age, and higher baseline SE levels were associated with more pronounced rebound effects. Transitioning or stepwise cessation still caused rebound effects but combining optical therapy with atropine seemed to prevent the rebound effects. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis highlights the temporal and dose-dependent rebound effects after discontinuing atropine. Individuals with shorter treatment durations, younger age, and higher baseline SE tend to experience more significant rebound effects. Further research on the rebound effect is warranted. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=463093], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Hsien Lee
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chieh Chiu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jen Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Bullimore MA. As Far as the Eye Can See: Importance of Myopia as a Pressing Public Health Need. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100438. [PMID: 38192403 PMCID: PMC10772387 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
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Li Y, Yip M, Ning Y, Chung J, Toh A, Leow C, Liu N, Ting D, Schmetterer L, Saw SM, Jonas JB, Chia A, Ang M. Topical Atropine for Childhood Myopia Control: The Atropine Treatment Long-Term Assessment Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:15-23. [PMID: 38019503 PMCID: PMC10690578 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Importance Clinical trial results of topical atropine eye drops for childhood myopia control have shown inconsistent outcomes across short-term studies, with little long-term safety or other outcomes reported. Objective To report the long-term safety and outcomes of topical atropine for childhood myopia control. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, double-masked observational study of the Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia (ATOM) 1 and ATOM2 randomized clinical trials took place at 2 single centers and included adults reviewed in 2021 through 2022 from the ATOM1 study (atropine 1% vs placebo; 1999 through 2003) and the ATOM2 study (atropine 0.01% vs 0.1% vs 0.5%; 2006 through 2012). Main Outcome Measures Change in cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) with axial length (AL); incidence of ocular complications. Results Among the original 400 participants in each original cohort, the study team evaluated 71 of 400 ATOM1 adult participants (17.8% of original cohort; study age, mean [SD] 30.5 [1.2] years; 40.6% female) and 158 of 400 ATOM2 adult participants (39.5% of original cohort; study age, mean [SD], 24.5 [1.5] years; 42.9% female) whose baseline characteristics (SE and AL) were representative of the original cohort. In this study, evaluating ATOM1 participants, the mean (SD) SE and AL were -5.20 (2.46) diopters (D), 25.87 (1.23) mm and -6.00 (1.63) D, 25.90 (1.21) mm in the 1% atropine-treated and placebo groups, respectively (difference of SE, 0.80 D; 95% CI, -0.25 to 1.85 D; P = .13; difference of AL, -0.03 mm; 95% CI, -0.65 to 0.58 mm; P = .92). In ATOM2 participants, the mean (SD) SE and AL was -6.40 (2.21) D; 26.25 (1.34) mm; -6.81 (1.92) D, 26.28 (0.99) mm; and -7.19 (2.87) D, 26.31 (1.31) mm in the 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.5% atropine groups, respectively. There was no difference in the 20-year incidence of cataract/lens opacities, myopic macular degeneration, or parapapillary atrophy (β/γ zone) comparing the 1% atropine-treated group vs the placebo group. Conclusions and Relevance Among approximately one-quarter of the original participants, use of short-term topical atropine eye drops ranging from 0.01% to 1.0% for a duration of 2 to 4 years during childhood was not associated with differences in final refractive errors 10 to 20 years after treatment. There was no increased incidence of treatment or myopia-related ocular complications in the 1% atropine-treated group vs the placebo group. These findings may affect the design of future clinical trials, as further studies are required to investigate the duration and concentration of atropine for childhood myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Yip
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yilin Ning
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey Chung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Angeline Toh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Leow
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Nan Liu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Ting
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yum HR, Park SH, Shin SY. Longitudinal analysis of refraction and ocular biometrics in preschool children with early-onset high myopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22474. [PMID: 38110469 PMCID: PMC10728121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated changes in refraction and ocular biometrics in preschool children with early-onset high myopia. Sixty eyes of 60 children with a mean follow-up time of 58.5 months were included in this study. At baseline, mean age of children was 55.6 ± 13.1 months, mean spherical equivalent (SE) was - 8.59 ± 2.66 D, and 25.64 ± 1.16 mm for axial length (AL). The total annual rate of myopic progression and axial elongation were - 0.37 ± 0.39 D/year and 0.33 ± 0.18 mm/year, respectively. During follow-up period, there was a trend toward less myopic progression and axial elongation over time. Of the total participants, 24 children (40%) were in the myopia progression group and the remaining 36 children (60%) were in the myopia stability group. In multiple linear regression analysis, baseline SE and AL were independently associated with myopic progression, while age, sex, and baseline AL-to-CR ratio were not related to myopic progression. According to the model, more myopic SE (β = - 0.186, P = 0.035) and longer AL (β = - 0.391, P = 0.008) at baseline were significantly associated with myopic progression. Myopia progression in preschoolers with high myopia tended to be relatively modest, with 60% of subjects exhibited myopic stability. Higher myopic SE, and longer AL at baseline were associated with myopic progression in preschool children with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ri Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hae Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ehongo A. Understanding Posterior Staphyloma in Pathologic Myopia: Current Overview, New Input, and Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3825-3853. [PMID: 38105912 PMCID: PMC10725704 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s405202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior staphyloma (PS) is considered the hallmark of pathologic myopia and is defined as an outpouching of a circumscribed portion of the eyeball with a radius of curvature smaller than that of the adjacent zone. Although more common in eyes with high myopia, it can affect those without it. The presence of PS is associated with a structurally and functionally worse course of high myopia that can lead to visual disability. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of PS is unclear so far. Thus, due to the increasing prevalence of myopia which has been further exacerbated by the advent of COVID-19 lockdown, researchers are eager to elucidate the pathogenesis of pathologic myopia and that of its complications, especially PS, which will allow the development of preventive strategies. The aim of this work was to review the morphological characteristics of PS with emphasis on similarities with peripapillary staphyloma and to discuss the pathogenesis of PS considering recent suggestions about that of peripapillary staphyloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Ehongo
- Ophthalmology Department, Erasmus Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Kessel L, Kjølholm CDB, Jordana JT. Does Foveal Hypoplasia Affect Emmetropization in Patients with Albinism? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1910. [PMID: 38136112 PMCID: PMC10741917 DOI: 10.3390/children10121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of the study was to describe refractive development from early childhood to adulthood in Danish patients with albinism and to evaluate the effect of foveal developmental stage on refractive development; (2) Methods: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism were invited for a refractive evaluation and comprehensive phenotyping including macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Foveal hypoplasia was graded based on OCT from 0 (normal) to 4 (absence of any signs of foveal specialization). Medical files were reviewed for historical refractive values in individual patients; (3) Results: Hyperopia (spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ) of ≥+1 Diopter (D)) was common in both children (81.3%) and adults (67.1%). The lower prevalence of hyperopia in adults was predominantly explained by increasing astigmatism with age. Emmetropization (>2D change from before 3 years to adolescence) was seen in 22.2%. There was no influence on foveal hypoplasia grade on the degree of refractive errors throughout life; (4) Conclusions: We found that emmetropization was uncommon in Danish patients with albinism and that the degree of foveal developmental stage did not influence emmetropization or the distribution of refractive errors. High degrees of hyperopia and astigmatism were common. These results indicate that fear of impeding emmetropization should not refrain the clinician from providing adequate correction for refractive errors in young children with albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.D.B.K.); (J.T.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Joaquim Torner Jordana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.D.B.K.); (J.T.J.)
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Guo Y, Li J, Tian F, Hou R, Liu L, Duan J, Ji A, Wang Y, Guo X, Zheng D, Wang W, Wu L. Parapapillary βBM and γ Zones Played Different Roles in Axial Elongation Among Young Adolescents Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:34. [PMID: 38133502 PMCID: PMC10746930 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the influencing factors of parapapillary βBM and γ zones incidence in young adolescents and to explore their associations with axial length progression. Methods In this prospective cohort study, 976 seventh-grade students from nine secondary schools in Beijing, China, were enrolled and followed up 1 year later. Parapapillary βBM zone was defined as retinal pigment epithelium loss while Bruch's membrane was present. Parapapillary γ zone was defined as the absence of retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of βBM and γ zone incidence. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the associations between parapapillary zones and axial elongation. Results Of the 976 participants, 139 (14.2%) had only βBM zone, 398 (40.8%) had only γ zone, and 171 (17.5%) had both. At follow-up, the incidence of βBM zone was 11.5% (76/659), and the incidence of γ zone was 9.7% (39/404). Optic disc tilt, thinner subfoveal choroid, and longer axial length at baseline showed a higher risk of γ zone incidence. The absence of γ zone at baseline showed a faster axial length progression. When the baseline axial length was 25 mm or longer, the βBM zone was also related to the axial elongation. Conclusions The γ zone was associated with axial length progression, and the βBM zone was also associated with the axial length progression when the axial length exceeded 25 mm, which was consistent with the notion that excessive axial length growth not only is the extension of the eyeball but also has its own pathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Tian
- Daxing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Duan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youxin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yu D, Wang L, Zhou X, Liu L, Wu S, Tang Q, Zhang X. Sleep Quality is Associated with Axial Length Elongation in Myopic Children Receiving Orthokeratology: A Retrospective Study. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:993-1001. [PMID: 38050564 PMCID: PMC10693766 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s421407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify potential demographic and lifestyle factors associated with progression of myopia with orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment via follow-up of axial length (AL). Methods In this retrospective observational study, demographics, ocular parameters, near-work distance, outdoor activities, and sleep quality were analyzed in 134 children with myopia aged 8~15 years using ortho-k and a follow-up for one year. Results Compared with the slow progression group, the participants in the fast progression group were younger in age (10.55 ±1.70 years vs 9.90 ±1.18 years, P = 0.009), demonstrated higher spherical equivalent (SE) value (-2.52 ±0.63 diopters (D) vs -3.05 ±0.89 D, P < 0.001), shorter near-work distance (P = 0.010), and poorer sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index [PSQI], 4.79 ±1.29 vs 3.81 ±1.38, P < 0.001) in the one-year follow-up. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analyses showed that baseline age (B =-0.020, P = 0.020), SE (B = 0.0517, P < 0.001), and total PSQI (B=0.026, P = 0.001) were associated with axial elongation. Advanced logistic regression analyses demonstrated that shorter average near-work distance (P = 0.034), higher SE value (P = 0.023), and poorer sleep quality (P = 0.003) were associated with fast axial elongation. Conclusion Sleep quality is one of the key factors associated with axial elongation in children with myopia after using ortho-k for one year. Further studies are required to confirm this observation and expand its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Neurology, Kunshan First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China
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Antonio-Aguirre B, Ambrosino CM, Dai X, Collins ME. Addressing Health Disparities in Pediatric Eye Care for School-Age Children: A Call to Action. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:17. [PMID: 37962540 PMCID: PMC10653256 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities in access to pediatric eye care among school-age children pose significant challenges to their health and well-being; addressing these disparities will necessitate coordination across multiple systems. Although vision screenings are mandated in most US states, differences persist in terms of who receives screenings and subsequent follow-up care. Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors exacerbate the issue, with potential ramifications of unaddressed eye problems on learning performance and the risk of widening preexisting educational disparities. To address these challenges, various initiatives and strategic plans have emphasized the need to improve access, enhance diversity in the workforce, and promote health literacy. School-based vision programs (SBVPs) have shown promise in improving access to care and academic outcomes, but issues with integration into the health care system exist. This article explores opportunities to address structural barriers, establish resilient and equitable systems for delivering pediatric eye care to school-age children, and leverage the success of SBVPs to build stronger connections with community providers. Proposed strategies include developing standardized guidelines; establishing referral mechanisms; fostering communication with parents, teachers, and community providers; and promoting eye health literacy across the school community. Collectively, these measures aim to improve health outcomes, address social determinants of health, and reduce disparities in access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Dai
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan E. Collins
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zadnik K, Schulman E, Flitcroft I, Fogt JS, Blumenfeld LC, Fong TM, Lang E, Hemmati HD, Chandler SP. Efficacy and Safety of 0.01% and 0.02% Atropine for the Treatment of Pediatric Myopia Progression Over 3 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:990-999. [PMID: 37261839 PMCID: PMC10236322 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance The global prevalence of myopia is predicted to approach 50% by 2050, increasing the risk of visual impairment later in life. No pharmacologic therapy is approved for treating childhood myopia progression. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of NVK002 (Vyluma), a novel, preservative-free, 0.01% and 0.02% low-dose atropine formulation for treating myopia progression. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized phase 3 clinical trial conducted from November 20, 2017, through August 22, 2022, of placebo vs low-dose atropine, 0.01% and 0.02% (2:2:3 ratio). Participants were recruited from 26 clinical sites in North America and 5 countries in Europe. Enrolled participants were 3 to 16 years of age with -0.50 diopter (D) to -6.00 D spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and no worse than -1.50 D astigmatism. Interventions Once-daily placebo, low-dose atropine, 0.01%, or low-dose atropine, 0.02%, eye drops for 36 months. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary, prespecified end point was the proportion of participants' eyes responding to 0.02% atropine vs placebo therapy (<0.50 D myopia progression at 36 months [responder analysis]). Secondary efficacy end points included responder analysis for atropine, 0.01%, and mean change from baseline in SER and axial length at month 36 in a modified intention-to-treat population (mITT; participants 6-10 years of age at baseline). Safety measurements for treated participants (3-16 years of age) were reported. Results A total of 576 participants were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Of these, 573 participants (99.5%; mean [SD] age, 8.9 [2.0] years; 315 female [54.7%]) received trial treatment (3 participants who were randomized did not receive trial drug) and were included in the safety set. The 489 participants (84.9%) who were 6 to 10 years of age at randomization composed the mITT set. At month 36, compared with placebo, low-dose atropine, 0.02%, did not significantly increase the responder proportion (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% CI, 0.50-6.26; P = .37) or slow mean SER progression (least squares mean [LSM] difference, 0.10 D; 95% CI, -0.02 D to 0.22 D; P = .10) but did slow mean axial elongation (LSM difference, -0.08 mm; 95% CI, -0.13 mm to -0.02 mm; P = .005); however, at month 36, compared with placebo, low-dose atropine, 0.01%, significantly increased the responder proportion (OR, 4.54; 95% CI, 1.15-17.97; P = .03), slowed mean SER progression (LSM difference, 0.24 D; 95% CI, 0.11 D-0.37 D; P < .001), and slowed axial elongation (LSM difference, -0.13 mm; 95% CI, -0.19 mm to -0.07 mm; P < .001). There were no serious ocular adverse events and few serious nonocular events; none was judged as associated with atropine. Conclusions and Relevance This randomized clinical trial found that 0.02% atropine did not significantly increase the proportion of participants' eyes responding to therapy but suggested efficacy for 0.01% atropine across all 3 main end points compared with placebo. The efficacy and safety observed suggest that low-dose atropine may provide a treatment option for childhood myopia progression. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03350620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Zadnik
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus
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Lin S, Gong Q, Wang J, Gao H, Hong J, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Jiang D. The association between sleep duration and risk of myopia in Chinese school-aged children: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Breath 2023; 27:2041-2047. [PMID: 36797552 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-023-02794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is one of the most commonly diagnosed refractive disorders worldwide. Identifying risk factors for myopia at an early age may help to characterize children who would benefit most from individualized lifestyle advice and early interventions. The influence of sleep duration on myopia risk remains controversial and thus needs to be evaluated. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study of Chinese school-aged children was conducted. Information on sleep duration was derived. The association between sleep duration and myopia risk was investigated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Myopia prevalence among 9530 Chinese school-aged children was 75.4% and decreased from 84.9%, 76.5%, 65.8%, to 61.3% along with the extension of sleep duration. Univariate logistic regression found longer sleep duration of 8-9 h (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.51-0.66), 9-10 h (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.30-0.39), and ≥ 10 h (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.24-0.33) were protective factors for myopia in all participants (P for trend < 0.001). In the multivariate analyses, sleep duration was inversely associated with the risk of myopia, and a dose-effect relationship was observed when the analysis was split by age category. CONCLUSIONS Long sleep duration was associated with decreased risk of myopia in Chinese school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Putian University, Putian, China
- Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Qinghai Gong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Jia Hong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Yanbo Guo
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China.
| | - Danjie Jiang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, China.
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Carneiro VLA, González-Méijome JM. Prevalence of refractive error within a Portuguese sample of optometric records. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2023; 16:245-251. [PMID: 37164811 PMCID: PMC10518762 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering the burden of refractive error, clinical-based research methods are often used as epidemiological tools. This study aimed to generate evidence on the prevalence and distribution of refractive error in Portugal. METHODS A cross-sectional retrospective study was designed to review optometric records from Portuguese practices during July 2021. RESULTS 348 optometric records were analysed. Subjects had a mean age of 44.2 ± 19.2 years (range 6-81) and 58.4% were female. The mean spherical equivalent was myopic, -0.65 ± 2.38 Diopters (D), varying from a minimum of -13.63 to a maximum of 6.25 D. According to sex, the mean spherical equivalent was -0.76 ± 2.29 D for female and -0.49 ± 2.49 D for male, with no significant difference between them (p = .307). The distribution of the spherical equivalent mean across the age groups, linearly varies from a myopic -1.62 ± 1.74 D in the age group of [6 - 29]; -1.58 ± 2.80 D in [30 - 44]; -0.09 ± 2.40 in [45 - 59] to a hyperopic 0.67 ± 1.61 D in the group of [60 - 81]. High myopia had a prevalence of 2.7% in the sample. Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error in the sample representing 41.3%. In the age group [6-29], myopia had a prevalence of 69.3%. Hyperopia had a prevalence in the sample of 29.7%. CONCLUSIONS Myopia represents the most prevalent refractive error within the sample and is the prevalence is higher in the younger age groups, demonstrating a shift towards an increase of myopia in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia Alves Carneiro
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics - School of Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal.
| | - José Manuel González-Méijome
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics - School of Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
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Zhang S, Wang T, Wang H, Gao B, Sun C. Identification of potential biomarkers of myopia based on machine learning algorithms. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:388. [PMID: 37740201 PMCID: PMC10517464 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to identify potential myopia biomarkers using machine learning algorithms, enhancing myopia diagnosis and prognosis prediction. METHODS GSE112155 and GSE15163 datasets from the GEO database were analyzed. We used "limma" for differential expression analysis and "GO plot" and "clusterProfiler" for functional and pathway enrichment analyses. The LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms were employed to screen myopia-related biomarkers, followed by ROC curve analysis for diagnostic performance evaluation. Single-gene GSEA enrichment analysis was executed using GSEA 4.1.0. RESULTS The functional analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated their role in carbohydrate generation and polysaccharide synthesis. We identified 23 differentially expressed genes associated with myopia, four of which were highly effective diagnostic biomarkers. Single gene GSEA results showed these genes control the ubiquitin-mediated protein hydrolysis pathway. CONCLUSION Our study identifies four key myopia biomarkers, providing a foundation for future clinical and experimental validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zibo Central Hospital, No.54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Sanitary Inspection Center, Zibo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, 255000 PR China
| | - Huaihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zibo Central Hospital, No.54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Bingfang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Zibo Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Zibo, Zibo, 255000 PR China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zibo Central Hospital, No.54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000 Shandong Province PR China
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Du Y, Meng J, He W, Lu Y, Zhu X. Challenges of refractive cataract surgery in the era of myopia epidemic: a mini-review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1128818. [PMID: 37795415 PMCID: PMC10546203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1128818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in the world. With ever-increasing prevalence in these years, it creates an alarming global epidemic. In addition to the difficulty in seeing distant objects, myopia also increases the risk of cataract and advances its onset, greatly affecting the productivity of myopes of working age. Cataract management in myopic eyes, especially highly myopic eyes is originally more complicated than that in normal eyes, whereas the growing population of cataract with myopia, increasing popularity of corneal and lens based refractive surgery, and rising demand for spectacle independence after cataract surgery all further pose unprecedented challenges to ophthalmologists. Previous history of corneal refractive surgery and existence of implantable collamer lens will both affect the accuracy of biometry including measurement of corneal curvature and axial length before cataract surgery, which may result in larger intraocular lens (IOL) power prediction errors and a compromise in the surgical outcome especially in a refractive cataract surgery. A prudent choice of formula for cataract patients with different characteristics is essential in improving this condition. Besides, the characteristics of myopic eyes might affect the long-term stability of IOL, which is important for the maintenance of visual outcomes especially after the implantation of premium IOLs, thus a proper selection of IOL accordingly is crucial. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the impact of myopia epidemic on treatment for cataract and to discuss new challenges that surgeons may encounter in the foreseeable future when planning refractive cataract surgery for myopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bullimore MA, Brennan NA. The underestimated role of myopia in uncorrectable visual impairment in the United States. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15283. [PMID: 37714860 PMCID: PMC10504322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We estimate the US prevalence of uncorrectable visual impairment in 2050 accounting for the changing distribution of both age and myopia. Age projections of the US population (from an estimated total of 379 million in 2050), were taken from the US census website. The distribution of myopia, by severity, was calculated from literature-derived prevalence estimates of 58.4% (≤ - 0.50 D, 2050 projection) and 33.1% (≤ - 1.00 D, 1999-2004 estimate) to provide predicted and conservative estimates, respectively. Uncorrectable visual impairment as a function of age and refractive error was modelled by multiple linear regression. Finally, the likely number of individuals in the US with visual impairment in 2050 was calculated. For a projected myopia prevalence of 58.4%, 222 million are projected to be myopic and 48 million will have high myopia (- 5 D or worse). The projected total number with uncorrectable visual impairment is 11.4 million of which 4.9 million cases (43%) of visual impairment will be directly attributed to increased risk of eye disease associated with myopia. For a projected myopia prevalence of 33.1%, 8.9 million are projected to have uncorrectable visual impairment of which 2.4 million cases (27%) will be directly attributed to myopia. It is predicted that between 27 and 43% of uncorrectable visual impairment in the US population in 2050 will be directly attributable to myopia. Failure to account for the increasing prevalence of myopia among the aging population leads to a substantial underestimate of the prevalence of visual impairment.
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Radhakrishnan H, Lam CSY, Charman WN. Multiple segment spectacle lenses for myopia control. Part 1: Optics. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1125-1136. [PMID: 37378657 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand and compare the optics of two multiple segment (MS) spectacle lenses (Hoya MiyoSmart and Essilor Stellest) designed to inhibit myopia progression in children. METHODS The optics of the two designs are presented, together with geometrical optics-based calculations to understand the impact of the lenses on the optics of the eye. Lenses were evaluated with three techniques: surface images, Twyman-Green interferometry and focimetry. The carrier lens powers and the spatial distribution, powers and forms of the lenslets were measured. RESULTS MS lenses as manufactured were found to match most of the design specifications provided by their manufacturers, although some apparent small discrepancies were found. The focimeter-measured power of the lenslets was approximately +3.50 D for the MiyoSmart and +4.00 D for the highly aspheric lenslets of the Stellest design. For both lens designs, image contrast would be expected to become modestly reduced in the focal planes of the distance-correcting carrier lenses. Images become much more degraded in the combined carrier-lenslet focal plane, due to the generation of multiple laterally displaced images formed by adjacent lenslets within the effective pupil. The exact effects observed depended on the effective pupil size and its location with respect to the lenslets, as well as the power and arrangement of the lenslets. CONCLUSION Wearing either of these lenses will produce broadly similar effects on retinal imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Radhakrishnan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carly Siu Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Neil Charman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Li R, Zhang K, Li SM, Zhang Y, Tian J, Lu Z, Li H, Wang L, Wan X, Zhang F, Li L, Jin ZB, Wang N, Liu H. Implementing a digital comprehensive myopia prevention and control strategy for children and adolescents in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 38:100837. [PMID: 37520278 PMCID: PMC10372367 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Children and adolescents' myopia is a major public problem. Although the clinical effect of various interventions has been extensively studied, there is a lack of national-level and integral assessments to simultaneously quantify the economics and effectiveness of comprehensive myopia prevention and control programs. We aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness between traditional myopia prevention and control strategy, digital comprehensive myopia prevention and control strategy and school-based myopia screening program in China. Methods A Markov model was used to compare the cost-utility and cost-effectiveness among school-based myopia screening, traditional myopia prevention and control strategy, and digital comprehensive myopia prevention and control strategy among 6 to 18-year-old rural and urban schoolchildren. Parameters were collected from published sources. The primary outcomes were quality-adjusted life-year, disability-adjusted life-year, incremental cost-utility ratio, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness and sensitivity of base-case analysis. Findings Compared with school-based myopia screening strategy, after implementing digital comprehensive myopia prevention and control strategy, the prevalence of myopia among 18-year-old students in rural and urban areas was reduced by 3.79% and 3.48%, respectively. The incremental cost-utility ratio per quality-adjusted life-year gained with the digital myopia management plan ($11,301 for rural setting, and $10,707 for urban setting) was less than 3 times the per capita gross domestic product in rural settings ($30,501) and less than 1 time the per capita gross domestic product in urban settings ($13,856). In cost-effectiveness analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio produced by digital comprehensive myopia management strategy ($37,446 and $41,814 per disability-adjusted life-year averted in rural and urban settings) slightly exceeded the cost-effectiveness threshold. When assuming perfect compliance, full coverage of outdoor activities and spectacles satisfied the cost-effectiveness threshold, and full coverage of outdoor activities produced the lowest cost ($321 for rural settings and $808 for urban settings). Interpretations Health economic evidence confirmed the cost-effectiveness of promoting digital comprehensive myopia prevention and control strategies for schoolchildren at the national level. Sufficient evidence provides an economic and public health reference for further action by governments, policy-makers and other myopia-endemic countries. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC (82171051), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ20029), Capital Health Research and Development of Special (2020-2-1081), National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC (82071000), National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC (8197030562).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhecheng Lu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huiqi Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiuhua Wan
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengju Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
- National Institute of Health Data Science at Peking University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hanruo Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
- National Institute of Health Data Science at Peking University, Beijing, 100000, China
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Rodriguez NM, Acevedo A, Torres VP, Romero AF. Refractive Error Changes Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Confinement in Children from Puerto Rico: A Retrospective Study. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:638-644. [PMID: 37585748 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The progression of myopia increased in children after the pandemic confinement. A myopic shift in the refractive error of the Hispanic population was found regardless of the refractive status of the school-aged children studied. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the refractive error in Puerto Rican children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We were interested in whether there was a significant change in refractive error attributed to online learning during the pandemic lockdown. METHODS A retrospective record review of children aged 7 to 18 years who underwent a comprehensive visual evaluation between 2018 and 2021 at the Inter American Eye Institute in Puerto Rico was performed. The spherical equivalent pre- and post-lockdown was compared. The study excluded the best-corrected visual acuities worse than 20/40, any corneal or retinal disease, and amblyopia. RESULTS In total, 801 records were included in this study. The mean age was 12.7 ± 3.2 years, with 50.3% male and 49.7% female children. The mean spherical equivalent for the right and left eyes was similar ( r = 0.93, P ≤ .001). A significant difference in the mean spherical equivalent was found pre- and post- lockdown (0.22 ± 0.59 D, t800 = 10.44, P ≤ .001). A myopic shift post-lockdown was significant for all ages except those in the 7- (0.13 ± 0.79 D, t28 = 0.84, P = .40) and 8-year-old range (0.12 ± 0.65 D, t40 = 1.22, P = .23), respectively. No significant change was found between sexes before (0.16 ± 0.12 D; t799 = 1.38, P = .16) and after (0.15 ± 0.13 D; t799 = 1.19, P = .23) confinement. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed a significant myopic shift in Hispanic school-aged children as a result of the pandemic confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariette Acevedo
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico School of Optometry, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Angel F Romero
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico School of Optometry, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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Hieda O, Hiraoka T, Fujikado T, Ishiko S, Hasebe S, Torii H, Takahashi H, Tanaka S, Kinoshita S. Assessment of myopic rebound effect after discontinuation of treatment with 0.01% atropine eye drops in Japanese school-age children. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2023; 67:602-611. [PMID: 37548816 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-023-01012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Having previously demonstrated the efficacy of 0.01% atropine eye drops for inhibiting progression of childhood myopia, we conducted additional analyses to assess post-treatment changes in myopia progression. STUDY DESIGN Analysis of follow-up data from a previously reported randomized controlled trial METHODS: A mixed-effects model was used to compare intergroup changes in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) at 1 month and 12 months after discontinuation of 2-year treatment with atropine or placebo in 167 school-age children. RESULTS Follow-up measurements were available for 149 participants at 1 month after discontinuation of treatment and for 51 participants at 12 months after discontinuation. At 1 month post-treatment, differences between the atropine and placebo groups in least squares (LS) mean changes in SE and AL, respectively, from 24 months were -0.06 diopters (D) (95% CI: -0.21, 0.08; P = .39) and 0.02 mm (95% CI: -0.05, 0.08; P = .60). At 12 months post-treatment, intergroup differences (atropine vs placebo) in LS mean changes in SE and AL, respectively, were -0.13 D (95% CI: -0.35, 0.10; P = .26) and -0.02 mm (95% CI: -0.12, 0.09; P = .75). LS mean changes in SE and AL from treatment discontinuation did not differ between the groups at 1 or 12 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION Axial elongation was significantly less in the atropine group than in the placebo group. The suppression effect obtained at 2 years was maintained after 12 months. The absence of intergroup differences in myopia progression since treatment cessation suggests that myopic rebound did not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hieda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikado
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishiko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hasebe
- Department of Ophthalmology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- Clinical Biostatistics Course, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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Repka MX, Weise KK, Chandler DL, Wu R, Melia BM, Manny RE, Kehler LAF, Jordan CO, Raghuram A, Summers AI, Lee KA, Petersen DB, Erzurum SA, Pang Y, Lenhart PD, Ticho BH, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Holmes JM, Cotter SA. Low-Dose 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops vs Placebo for Myopia Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:756-765. [PMID: 37440213 PMCID: PMC10346510 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Controlling myopia progression is of interest worldwide. Low-dose atropine eye drops have slowed progression in children in East Asia. Objective To compare atropine, 0.01%, eye drops with placebo for slowing myopia progression in US children. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a randomized placebo-controlled, double-masked, clinical trial conducted from June 2018 to September 2022. Children aged 5 to 12 years were recruited from 12 community- and institution-based practices in the US. Participating children had low to moderate bilateral myopia (-1.00 diopters [D] to -6.00 D spherical equivalent refractive error [SER]). Intervention Eligible children were randomly assigned 2:1 to 1 eye drop of atropine, 0.01%, nightly or 1 drop of placebo. Treatment was for 24 months followed by 6 months of observation. Main Outcome and Measures Automated cycloplegic refraction was performed by masked examiners. The primary outcome was change in SER (mean of both eyes) from baseline to 24 months (receiving treatment); other outcomes included change in SER from baseline to 30 months (not receiving treatment) and change in axial length at both time points. Differences were calculated as atropine minus placebo. Results A total of 187 children (mean [SD] age, 10.1 [1.8] years; age range, 5.1-12.9 years; 101 female [54%]; 34 Black [18%], 20 East Asian [11%], 30 Hispanic or Latino [16%], 11 multiracial [6%], 6 West/South Asian [3%], 86 White [46%]) were included in the study. A total of 125 children (67%) received atropine, 0.01%, and 62 children (33%) received placebo. Follow-up was completed at 24 months by 119 of 125 children (95%) in the atropine group and 58 of 62 children (94%) in the placebo group. At 30 months, follow-up was completed by 118 of 125 children (94%) in the atropine group and 57 of 62 children (92%) in the placebo group. At the 24-month primary outcome visit, the adjusted mean (95% CI) change in SER from baseline was -0.82 (-0.96 to -0.68) D and -0.80 (-0.98 to -0.62) D in the atropine and placebo groups, respectively (adjusted difference = -0.02 D; 95% CI, -0.19 to +0.15 D; P = .83). At 30 months (6 months not receiving treatment), the adjusted difference in mean SER change from baseline was -0.04 D (95% CI, -0.25 to +0.17 D). Adjusted mean (95% CI) changes in axial length from baseline to 24 months were 0.44 (0.39-0.50) mm and 0.45 (0.37-0.52) mm in the atropine and placebo groups, respectively (adjusted difference = -0.002 mm; 95% CI, -0.106 to 0.102 mm). Adjusted difference in mean axial elongation from baseline to 30 months was +0.009 mm (95% CI, -0.115 to 0.134 mm). Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of school-aged children in the US with low to moderate myopia, atropine, 0.01%, eye drops administered nightly when compared with placebo did not slow myopia progression or axial elongation. These results do not support use of atropine, 0.01%, eye drops to slow myopia progression or axial elongation in US children. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03334253.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Wu
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Ruth E. Manny
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Aparna Raghuram
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Pang
- Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago
| | | | | | - Roy W. Beck
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida
- Deputy Editor, JAMA Ophthalmology
| | | | | | - Susan A. Cotter
- Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton
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Lumb E, Sulley A, Logan NS, Jones D, Chamberlain P. Six years of wearer experience in children participating in a myopia control study of MiSight® 1 day. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101849. [PMID: 37156658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the experience of children wearing soft contact lenses (CLs) during a trial of MiSight® 1 day (omafilcon A, CooperVision, Inc.), a dual-focus myopia-control daily disposable CL. METHODS A 3-year, double-masked, randomised trial (Part 1) comparing experiences with MiSight 1 day and a single-vision control (Proclear® 1 day, omafilcon A, CooperVision, Inc.) of neophyte, myopic children (ages 8-12). Treatment (n = 65) and control (n = 70) participants received lenses at sites in Canada, Portugal, Singapore, and the UK. Successful participants completing Part 1 were invited to continue for a further 3 years wearing the dual-focus CL (Part 2), and 85 participants completed the 6-year study. Children and parent questionnaires were conducted at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and every 6 months until the 60-month visit, with children only also completing questionnaires at 66 and 72 months. RESULTS Throughout the study, children reported high satisfaction with handling (≥89% top 2 box [T2B]), comfort (≥94% T2B), vision (≥93% T2B for various activities), and overall satisfaction (≥97% T2B). Ratings for comfort and vision were not significantly different between lens groups, visits, or study parts and did not change when children switched to dual-focus CLs. Ratings for 'really easy' or 'kind of easy' application improved from the outset for the neophytes (57% at 1-week follow-up and 85% at 1-month follow-up) and remained high throughout the study (visit: P = 0.007; part: P = 0.0004). Overall satisfaction improved in Part 2 (P = 0.04). Wearing times increased in Part 2 (14 vs. 13 hrs/weekday; 13 vs. 12 hrs/day on weekends; P < 0.001); there were no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS Children adapted rapidly to full-time wear, rated lenses highly, and rarely reported issues. The dual-focus optics included in the MiSight® 1 day lenses successfully achieved myopia control without lowering subjective ratings when fitted to neophytes or children refitted from single-vision CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lumb
- CooperVision International Ltd., Delta Park, Concorde Way, Segensworth North, Fareham PO15 5RL, UK.
| | - Anna Sulley
- CooperVision International Ltd., Chandler's Ford, Eastleigh SO53 4TE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Logan
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paul Chamberlain
- CooperVision Inc., 5870 Stoneridge Drive, Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
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Lian Y, Lu W, Xu A, Chen R, Lu Q, Zhou W, Mei L, Jin W. The correlation between modifications to corneal topography and changes in retinal vascular density and retinal thickness in myopic children after undergoing orthokeratology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166429. [PMID: 37457580 PMCID: PMC10338965 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the relationship among changes in corneal topography, retinal vascular density, and retinal thickness in myopic children who underwent orthokeratology for 3 months. Method Thirty children with myopia wore orthokeratology lenses for 3 months. Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), the retina was imaged as 6 × 6 mm en-face images at baseline and 3 months after orthokeratology. Cornea data was acquired by topography and analyzed by customer MATLAB software. The cornea was divided into 3 zones and 9 sectors. The relative corneal refractive power shift (RCRPS) was used in this study. Changes in retinal vascular density (RVDC) and retinal thickness change (RTC) were associated with RCRPS by using spearman test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Result A significant correlation was observed between the RVDC and the RCRPS in many regions (the r was 0.375 ~ 0.548, all p value <0.05). Significant positive correlations were found between RVDC in inner and outer temple regions with RCRPS at inner and outer nasal sectors. There were no significant correlations between RTC and RCRPS in other sectors except in the central cornea and the outer nasal retina (r:0.501, p:0.006). At baseline and 3 months after wearing the orthokeratology lens, no significant differences in the retinal microvasculature or thickness (p > 0.05) were observed at any regions. Conclusion The correlation between the cornea and the retina was observed after orthokeratology. Cornea changes may affect regional retinal responses accordingly,which may explain how orthokeratology delays myopia progression partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lian
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aiqin Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renai Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Lu
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weihe Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Mei
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The First People’s Hospital of Aksu District in Xinjiang, Aksu City, China
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Zhou X, Liu T, Wu A, Cheng B, Chen M, Wang K. Prevalence of myopia among senior students in Fenghua, Eastern China, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1180800. [PMID: 37346105 PMCID: PMC10279843 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1180800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is a common cause of vision impairment worldwide. In China, the prevalence, the affected population, and the onset age of myopia are prominent issues. Prevention and intervention of myopia are great public health concerns. Methods This school-based retrospective study retrieved visual acuity and refractive data of senior students (grade 12th) from six high schools in Fenghua City, Zhejiang Province, eastern China, from 2016 and 2022. Noncycloplegic autorefraction was performed for refractive status. Students were divided into three subgroups by their school types. The overall myopia prevalence, as well as the prevalence of low myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia, were calculated separately for each year. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS 25.0 and Graphpad Prism software. Results The mean myopia prevalence in Fenghua was 84.5% (95% CI: 84.0-85.0%), and a slightly downward trend was found in myopia prevalence after 2019, but the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.078). The overall prevalence of myopia was 79.6, 85.2, and 86.1% in vocational high schools, general high schools, and key high schools, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia among senior students in the vocational high school was significantly lower than that in the other two high schools. There's no significant change in the overall prevalence of myopia (84.7% vs. 84.3%, p = 0.265) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it remained statistically insignificant after stratifying by gender (male p = 0.207, female p = 0.918) or school types (vocational high school p = 0.112; general high school p = 0.299; key high school p = 0.393). Conclusion The prevalence of myopia among senior students in Fenghua is relatively high, and the COVID-19 pandemic has no significant impact on it. The prevalence of myopia among vocational high school students is lower than that of general high school and key high school. Attention should be paid to the effects of educational pressure on the prevalence of myopia among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
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Wu H, Peng T, Zhou W, Huang Z, Li H, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhang K, Li H, Zhao Y, Qu J, Lu F, Zhou X, Jiang J. Choroidal vasculature act as predictive biomarkers of long-term ocular elongation in myopic children treated with orthokeratology: a prospective cohort study. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:27. [PMID: 37280689 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite receiving orthokeratology (ortho-k), the efficacy of retarding ocular elongation during myopia varies among myopic children. The current study aimed to investigate the early changes of choroidal vasculature at one month after ortho-k treatment and its association with one-year ocular elongation, as well as the role of such choroidal responses in predicting the one-year control efficacy of ortho-k treatment. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in myopic children treated with ortho-k. Myopic children aged between 8 and 12 years who were willing to wear ortho-k lenses were recruited consecutively from the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), submacular total choroidal luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), choriocapillaris flow deficit (CcFD) were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography over a one-year period. RESULTS Fifty eyes from 50 participants (24 males) who finished one-year follow-ups as scheduled were included, with a mean age of 10.31 ± 1.45 years. The one-year ocular elongation was 0.19 ± 0.17 mm. The LA (0.03 ± 0.07 mm2), SA (0.02 ± 0.05 mm2) increased proportionally after one-month of ortho-k wear (both P < 0.01), as did the SFCT (10.62 ± 19.98 μm, P < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression analyses showed that baseline CVI (β = - 0.023 mm/1%, 95% CI: - 0.036 to - 0.010), one-month LA change (β = - 0.009 mm/0.01 mm2, 95% CI: - 0.014 to - 0.003), one-month SFCT change (β = - 0.035 mm/10 µm, 95% CI: - 0.053 to - 0.017) were independently associated with one-year ocular elongation during ortho-k treatment after adjusting with age and sex (all P < 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of prediction model including baseline CVI, one-month SFCT change, age, and sex achieved 0.872 (95% CI: 0.771 to 0.973) for discriminating children with slow or fast ocular elongation. CONCLUSIONS Choroidal vasculature is associated with ocular elongation during ortho-k treatment. Ortho-k treatment induces increases in choroidal vascularity and choroidal thickness as early as one month. Such early changes can act as predictive biomarkers of myopia control efficacy over a long term. The utilization of these biomarkers may help clinicians identify children who can benefit from ortho-k treatment, and thus has critical implications for the management strategies towards myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Tianli Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Weihe Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zihan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Kou Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haoer Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jia Qu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Yao M, Kitayama K, Yu F, Tseng VL, Coleman AL. Association Between Myopia and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma by Race and Ethnicity in Older Adults in the California Medicare Population. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:525-532. [PMID: 37103940 PMCID: PMC10141276 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Importance Racial and ethnic differences in the association between myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are not well understood. Objective To investigate the association between myopia and POAG in the 2019 California Medicare population and to investigate whether there was evidence of effect measure modification of this association by race and ethnicity. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used administrative claims data from 2019 California Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older with California residence and active coverage with Medicare parts A and B. Analysis took place between October 2021 and October 2023. Exposures The primary exposure was myopia, which was defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes. Main Outcomes and Measures The outcome of interest was POAG, which was defined by ICD-10-CM code. Results Of 2 717 346 California Medicare beneficiaries in 2019, 1 440 769 (53.0%) were aged 65 to 74 years, 1 544 479 (56.8%) identified as female, 60 211 (2.2%) had myopia, and 171 988 (6.3%) had POAG. Overall, 346 723 individuals (12.8%) identified as Asian, 117 856 (4.3%) as Black, 430 597 (15.8%) as Hispanic, 1 705 807 (62.8%) as White, and 115 363 (4.2%) as other race and ethnicity. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, beneficiaries with myopia had higher odds of POAG compared with beneficiaries without myopia (odds ratio [OR], 2.41; 95% CI, 2.35-2.47). In multivariable models stratified by race and ethnicity, the association between myopia and POAG was stronger in Asian (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.57-2.92), Black (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.31-2.94), and Hispanic (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 3.08-3.48) beneficiaries compared with non-Hispanic White beneficiaries (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 2.08-2.21). Conclusions and Relevance In the 2019 California Medicare population, myopia was associated with greater adjusted odds of POAG. This association was stronger among Asian, Black, and Hispanic beneficiaries compared with non-Hispanic White beneficiaries. These findings suggest possible disparities in glaucoma risk by race and ethnicity in individuals with myopia and may indicate greater need for glaucoma screening in individuals with myopia from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Yao
- Center for Community Outreach and Policy, UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Stein & Doheny Eye Institutes, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ken Kitayama
- Center for Community Outreach and Policy, UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Stein & Doheny Eye Institutes, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Community Outreach and Policy, UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Stein & Doheny Eye Institutes, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Victoria L. Tseng
- Center for Community Outreach and Policy, UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Stein & Doheny Eye Institutes, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anne L. Coleman
- Center for Community Outreach and Policy, UCLA Department of Ophthalmology, Stein & Doheny Eye Institutes, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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