1
|
Chhabria SM, LeBron J, Ronis SD, Batt CE. Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Adolescents with Obesity. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2024; 18:115-124. [PMID: 39105085 PMCID: PMC11297811 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-024-00740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Hypertension (HTN) and obesity are increasing in prevalence and severity in adolescents and have significant implications for long term morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on the diagnosis and management of HTN in adolescents with obesity with an emphasis on co-management of the two conditions. Recent Findings Recent studies affirm the increasing prevalence of abnormal blood pressures and diagnoses of HTN associated with increased adiposity. Current guidelines recommend routine screening with proper technique for HTN in patients with obesity. Additionally, obesity and HTN related co-occurring medical conditions should be evaluated as there is frequently a bidirectional impact on risk and outcomes. Importantly, advances in adolescent obesity management have subsequently led to positive implications for the management of obesity-related comorbidities such as HTN. The co-management of obesity and HTN is an emerging strategy for treatment and prevention of additional morbidity and mortality as patients progress to adulthood. Summary In adolescent patients with obesity, prompt recognition and appropriate diagnosis of HTN as well as related co-occurring conditions are necessary first steps in management. Co-management of obesity and HTN is likely to lead to improved outcomes. While lifestyle interventions serve as the foundation to this management, adjunctive and emerging therapies should be considered to adequately treat both conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shradha M. Chhabria
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
- Division of Academic Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, 5805 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44103 USA
| | - Jared LeBron
- UH Rainbow Center for Child Health & Policy, Cleveland, OH USA
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Sarah D. Ronis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
- Division of Academic Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, 5805 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44103 USA
- UH Rainbow Center for Child Health & Policy, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Courtney E. Batt
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
- Division of Academic Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, 5805 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44103 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abah SP, Mbe JO, Dzidzienyo DK, Njoku D, Onyeka J, Danquah EY, Offei SK, Kulakow P, Egesi CN. Determination of genomic regions associated with early storage root formation and bulking in cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1391452. [PMID: 38988637 PMCID: PMC11233741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Early cassava storage root formation and bulking is a medium of escape that farmers and processors tend to adopt in cases of abiotic and biotic stresses like drought, flood, and destruction by domestic animals. In this study, 220 cassava genotypes from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), local farmers (from farmer's field), and NextGen project were evaluated in three locations (Umudike, Benue, and Ikenne). The trials were laid out using a split plot in a randomized incomplete block design (alpha lattice) with two replications in 2 years. The storage roots for each plant genotype were sampled or harvested at 3, 6, 9, and 12 month after planting (MAP). All data collected were analyzed using the R-statistical package. The result showed moderate to high heritability among the traits, and there were significant differences (p< 0.05) among the performances of the genotypes. The genome-wide association mapping using the BLINK model detected 45 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers significantly associated with the four early storage root bulking and formation traits on Chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, and 18. A total of 199 putative candidate genes were found to be directly linked to early storage root bulking and formation. The functions of these candidate genes were further characterized to regulate i) phytohormone biosynthesis, ii) cellular growth and development, and iii) biosynthesis of secondary metabolites for accumulation of starch and defense. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) also revealed the presence of four pleiotropic SNPs, which control starch content, dry matter content, dry yield, and bulking and formation index. The information on the GWAS could be used to develop improved cassava cultivars by breeders. Five genotypes (W940006, NR090146, TMS982123, TMS13F1060P0014, and NR010161) were selected as the best early storage root bulking and formation genotypes across the plant age. These selected cultivars should be used as sources of early storage root bulking and formation in future breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peter Abah
- Bioscience, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
- Cassava Breeding, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- West African Centers for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Okpani Mbe
- Bioscience, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
- West African Centers for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Damian Njoku
- Bioscience, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Onyeka
- Bioscience, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
| | | | - Samuel Kwane Offei
- West African Centers for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Kulakow
- Cassava Breeding, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie Ngozi Egesi
- Bioscience, National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
- Cassava Breeding, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daniels TE, Mathis KJ, Gobin AP, Lewis-de Los Angeles WW, Smith EM, Chanthrakumar P, de la Monte S, Tyrka AR. Associations of early life stress with leptin and ghrelin in healthy young adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 149:106007. [PMID: 36577337 PMCID: PMC9931677 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic health problems. Stress-related changes in diet suggest a role for endocrine factors that influence dietary intake, such as leptin and ghrelin. These hormones influence metabolism and may contribute to the relationship of early adversity, mental, and cardiometabolic health. This study examined levels of leptin and ghrelin in a sample of young adults with and without early life stress (ELS). METHODS Young adults ages 18-40 (N = 200; 68.5% female) were recruited from the community. Participants with ELS (N = 118) had childhood maltreatment, and a subset, n = 92 (78.0%) also had parental loss, and n = 65 (55.1%) also had a current psychiatric disorder. Control participants (N = 82) had no maltreatment, parental loss, or psychiatric disorders. Standardized interviews and self-reports assessed demographics, adversity, medical/psychiatric history, and health behaviors. Exclusion criteria included medical conditions and current medications other than hormonal contraceptives. Body Mass Index (BMI) and other anthropometrics were measured, and fasting plasma was assayed for total ghrelin and leptin with the Bio-Plex Pro Human Diabetes Panel. RESULTS While ELS was significantly associated with greater leptin (r = .16, p = .025), a finding which held when adjusted for age and sex (F(3196)= 28.32, p = .011), this relationship was abolished when accounting for BMI (p = .44). Participants with ELS also had significantly lower total ghrelin (r = .21, p = .004), which held adjusting for age and sex (p = .002) and was attenuated (p = .045) when the model included BMI (F=46.82, p < .001). Current psychiatric disorder was also a significant predictor of greater leptin (r = .28, p < .001) and lower ghrelin (r = .29, p = .003). In the model with ELS and covariates, psychiatric disorder remained significant (F=7.26, p = .008) and ELS was no longer significant (p = .87). Associations with severity and recent perceived stress were also examined. CONCLUSION The relationship of ELS and leptin was no longer significant when accounting for BMI, suggesting potential avenues for intervention. Ghrelin findings persisted after correction for BMI, which may be secondary to physiological differences in the regulation of these hormones (leptin is produced by adipocytes, whereas ghrelin is produced primarily in the GI tract). Lastly, these findings suggest that psychiatric functioning may be a key component contributing to the relationship of lower total ghrelin and childhood adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Daniels
- Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Asi Polly Gobin
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William W Lewis-de Los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Bradley Hospital, RI, USA; Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eric M Smith
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Medicine, Neurology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, and Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Audrey R Tyrka
- Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to study the association between maternal history of childhood adversity and blood pressure in pregnancy. METHODS A total of 127 pregnant women completed measures of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and prenatal stress between June 2015 and April 2019. At 11 weeks' gestation (range, 6-17 weeks), we measured 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. All women were considered to be at risk for pregnancy complications due to elevated body mass index and self-reporting snoring in pregnancy. RESULTS Women were, on average, 30 years old (range, 19-40 years), and average (standard deviation) body mass index in this sample was 34 (7) kg/m (range, 27-55 kg/m). Higher ACE scores were associated with higher nighttime blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: β = 0.23, p = .013; diastolic blood pressure: β = 0.22, p = .028). There were no significant associations between the ACE score and daytime blood pressure. Women with four or more ACEs were more likely to display nocturnal blood pressure nondipping (odds ratio = 3.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.38-11.40). Associations between ACE and nocturnal blood pressure remained significant after adjusting for symptoms of prenatal stress. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that experiences of childhood adversity are associated with elevated nocturnal blood pressure and loss of a typical decline in blood pressure between day and night.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lacey RE, Minnis H. Practitioner Review: Twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores - Advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:116-130. [PMID: 31609471 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experience (ACE) scores have become a common approach for considering childhood adversities and are highly influential in public policy and clinical practice. Their use is also controversial. Other ways of measuring adversity - examining single adversities, or using theoretically or empirically driven methods - might have advantages over ACE scores. METHODS In this narrative review we critique the conceptualisation and measurement of ACEs in research, clinical practice, public health and public discourse. RESULTS The ACE score approach has the advantages - and limitations - of simplicity: its simplicity facilitates wide-ranging applications in public policy, public health and clinical settings but risks over-simplistic communication of risk/causality, determinism and stigma. The other common approach - focussing on single adversities - is also limited because adversities tend to co-occur. Researchers are using rapidly accruing datasets on ACEs to facilitate new theoretical and empirical approaches but this work is at an early stage, e.g. weighting ACEs and including severity, frequency, duration and timing. More research is needed to establish what should be included as an ACE, how individual ACEs should be weighted, how ACEs cluster, and the implications of these findings for clinical work and policy. New ways of conceptualising and measuring ACEs that incorporate this new knowledge, while maintaining some of the simplicity of the current ACE questionnaire, could be helpful for clinicians, practitioners, patients and the public. CONCLUSIONS Although we welcome the current focus on ACEs, a more critical view of their conceptualisation, measurement, and application to practice settings is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Minnis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
MacCormack JK, Muscatell KA. The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Vásquez E, Quiñones A, Ramirez S, Udo T. Association Between Adverse Childhood Events and Multimorbidity in a Racial and Ethnic Diverse Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Innov Aging 2019; 3:igz016. [PMID: 31276051 PMCID: PMC6599428 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Adverse childhood events (ACEs) have been associated with increased health risks later in life. However, it is unclear whether ACEs may be associated with multimorbidity among diverse racial/ethnic middle-aged and older adults. We evaluated whether there were racial and ethnic differences in the association between ACEs and the number of somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity in a sample of U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Research Design and Methods Data from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 10,727; ≥55 years) were used to test whether the number of self-reported somatic conditions (i.e., heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, and chronic lung problems) as well as DSM-5 psychiatric disorders (i.e., depression) during the past 12 months differed by history of ACEs while stratifying by age (i.e., 55-64 or ≥65) and racial/ethnic group (i.e., non-Hispanic White [NHW; n = 7,457], non-Hispanic Black [NHB; n = 1,995], and Hispanic [n=1275]). Results The prevalence of reporting more than two somatic conditions and psychiatric disorders was 48.8% and 11.4% for those with a history of ACEs, and 41.1% and 3.3% for those without a history of ACEs. Adjusting for sociodemographic and other health risk factors, ACEs was significantly associated with greater numbers of somatic multimorbidity among racial and ethnic middle-aged adults but this was not the case for older adults. Discussion and Implications Our findings suggest that middle-aged adults with a history of ACEs are more likely to suffer from somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity, highlighting the importance of screening for ACEs in promoting healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vásquez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany State University of New York, Portland
| | - Ana Quiñones
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Stephanie Ramirez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany State University of New York, Portland
| | - Tomoko Udo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany State University of New York, Portland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Obi IE, McPherson KC, Pollock JS. Childhood adversity and mechanistic links to hypertension risk in adulthood. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1932-1950. [PMID: 30656638 PMCID: PMC6534788 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), defined as traumatic events in childhood that range from various forms of abuse to household challenges and dysfunction, have devastating consequences on adult health. Epidemiological studies in humans and animal models of early life stress (ELS) have revealed a strong association and insight into the mechanistic link between ACEs and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review focuses on the mechanistic links of ACEs in humans and ELS in mice and rats to vasoactive factors and immune mediators associated with CVD and hypertension risk, as well as sex differences in these phenomena. Major topics of discussion in this review are as follows: (a) epidemiological associations between ACEs and CVD risk focusing on hypertension, (b) evidence for association of ACE exposures to immune-mediated and/or vasoactive pathways, (c) rodent models of ELS-induced hypertension risk, (d) proinflammatory mediators and vasoactive factors as mechanisms of ELS-induced hypertension risk. We also provide some overall conclusions and directions of further research. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma E. Obi
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
| | - Kasi C. McPherson
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
| | - Jennifer S. Pollock
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung ST, Onuzuruike AU, Magge SN. Cardiometabolic risk in obese children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1411:166-183. [PMID: 29377201 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in childhood remains a significant and prevalent public health concern. Excess adiposity in youth is a marker of increased cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in adolescents and adults. Several longitudinal studies confirm the strong association of pediatric obesity with the persistence of adult obesity and the future development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and increased risk of death. The economic and social impact of childhood obesity is further exacerbated by the early onset of the chronic disease burden in young adults during their peak productivity years. Furthermore, rising prevalence rates of severe obesity in youth from disadvantaged and/or minority backgrounds have prompted the creation of additional classification schemes for severe obesity to improve CMR stratification. Current guidelines focus on primary obesity prevention efforts, as well as screening for clustering of multiple CMR factors to target interventions. This review summarizes the scope of the pediatric obesity epidemic, the new severe obesity classification scheme, and examines the association of excess adiposity with cardiovascular and metabolic risk. We will also discuss potential questions for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Chung
- Section on Ethnicity and Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Anthony U Onuzuruike
- Section on Ethnicity and Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheela N Magge
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ports KA, Holman DM, Guinn AS, Pampati S, Dyer KE, Merrick MT, Lunsford NB, Metzler M. Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Presence of Cancer Risk Factors in Adulthood: A Scoping Review of the Literature From 2005 to 2015. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 44:81-96. [PMID: 30683285 PMCID: PMC6355255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with a host of harmful outcomes, including increased risk for cancer. A scoping review was conducted to gain a better understanding of how ACEs have been studied in association with risk factors for cancer. This review includes 155 quantitative, peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2015 that examined associations between ACEs and modifiable cancer risk factors, including alcohol, environmental carcinogens, chronic inflammation, sex hormones, immunosuppression, infectious agents, obesity, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and tobacco, among U.S. adults. This review highlights the growing body of research connecting ACEs to cancer risk factors, particularly alcohol, obesity, and tobacco. Fewer studies investigated the links between ACEs and chronic inflammation or infectious agents. No included publications investigated associations between ACEs and environmental carcinogens, hormones, immunosuppression, radiation, or ultraviolet radiation. Mitigating the impact of ACEs may provide innovative ways to effect comprehensive, upstream cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dawn M Holman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Angie S Guinn
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sanjana Pampati
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Karen E Dyer
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Melissa T Merrick
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Natasha Buchanan Lunsford
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Marilyn Metzler
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the impact of the home environment on biomarkers of obesity, such as adipokines, in children. In this study, we examined the relationship of maternal depressive symptoms and potentially protective social factors, including maternal support and the home learning environment, with body mass index and adipokines. METHODS Data were obtained from 326 Mexican American participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas cohort. Plasma adipokine levels were assessed in 326 children by enzyme-linked immunoassay at birth or ages 5, 9, or 14 years. Maternal depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale when children were 1, 3.5, 7, and 9 years old; social support was assessed by the Duke-University of North Carolina Questionnaire at ages 1 and 5 years; and home learning environment by the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) at ages of 6 months and 1, 2, 3.5, 7, 9, and 10.5 years. RESULTS Age was significantly associated with adiponectin (B = -5.0, SE = 0.2) and leptin (B = 0.01, SE = 0.003) levels. Individual time point analyses identified significant positive associations of HOME scores in childhood with adiponectin at ages 9 years (HOME score; age 3.5 years: B = 0.9, p = .04) and 14 years (HOME score; age 7 years: B = 0.6, p = .02, age 9 years: B = 0.6, p = .05, age 10.5 years: B = 0.5, p = .04). We observed significant relationships of maternal depressive symptoms at age 9 years with adiponectin and body mass index z-score at age 14 years (B = -0.2, p = .003 and B = 0.02, p = .002, resp.), which were confirmed in longitudinal models. CONCLUSIONS This study adds new evidence that adverse and protective aspects of the home environment could lead to altered obesity status in children.
Collapse
|
12
|
Anderson EL, Fraser A, Caleyachetty R, Hardy R, Lawlor DA, Howe LD. Associations of adversity in childhood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in mid-adulthood. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:138-148. [PMID: 29102868 PMCID: PMC5915314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing associations of childhood psychosocial adversity (e.g. sexual abuse, physical neglect, parental death), as opposed to socioeconomic adversity, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adulthood are scarce. The aim of this study is to assess associations of various types of psychosocial adversity and cumulative adversity in childhood, with multiple CVD risk factors in mid-life. At study enrolment, women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N=3612) retrospectively reported: lack of maternal care, maternal overprotection, parental mental illness, household dysfunction, sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse, and neglect in childhood. Approximately 23 years later, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and arterial distensibility were assessed (mean age 51 years). We examined associations of each specific type of psychosocial adversity and cumulative adversity with CVD risk factors. No specific type of psychosocial adversity was consistently associated with the CVD risk factors. There was evidence that a one standard deviation greater cumulative psychosocial adversity was associated with 0.51cm greater waist circumference (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02cm, 1.00cm, p=0.04) and a lower arterial distensibility, even after adjustment for age, ethnicity and childhood and adult socioeconomic position. We found no consistent evidence that any specific type of psychosocial adversity, or cumulative psychosocial adversity in childhood, is associated with CVD risk factors in adult women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Anderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anderson EL, Heron J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D, Cooper R, Lawlor DA, Fraser A, Howe LD. Adversity in childhood and measures of aging in midlife: Findings from a cohort of british women. Psychol Aging 2017; 32:521-530. [PMID: 28891666 PMCID: PMC5592847 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have assessed whether socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity during childhood are associated with objective measures of aging later in life. We assessed associations of socioeconomic position (SEP) and total psychosocial adversity during childhood, with objectively measured cognitive and physical capability in women during midlife. Adverse childhood experiences were retrospectively reported at mean ages 28-30 years in women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (N = 2,221). We investigated associations of childhood SEP and total psychosocial adversity, with composite measures of cognitive and physical capability at mean age 51 years. There was evidence that, compared with participants whose fathers had professional occupations, participants whose fathers had managerial/technical, skilled nonmanual, skilled manual, and partly or unskilled manual occupations had, on average, lower physical and cognitive capability. There was a clear trend for increasing magnitudes of association with lowering childhood SEP. There was also evidence that greater total psychosocial adversity in childhood was associated with lower physical capability. Total psychosocial adversity in childhood was not associated with cognitive capability. Lower SEP in childhood is detrimental to cognitive and physical capability in midlife, at least in part, independently of subsequent SEP in adulthood. Greater psychosocial adversity in childhood is associated with poorer physical capability, independently of social disadvantage in childhood. Our findings highlight the need for interventions to both identify and support children experiencing socioeconomic or psychosocial of adversity as early as possible. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Anderson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| | - Diana Kuh
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Laura D Howe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Black people have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the United States. Evidence suggests that psychosocial factors increase the risks for hypertension and help to account for racial differences in this condition. This article reviews research on psychosocial factors and hypertension, and contextualizes the findings within a health disparities framework. A wide range of psychosocial factors contribute to hypertension but understanding remains limited about how these factors relate to each other and accumulate to contribute to hypertension disparities. Future research on psychosocial factors and hypertension needs to enhance the effectiveness of interventions to reduce hypertension risk in ethnic minority communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo G Cuevas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, Room 428a, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, 12 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Michelle A Albert
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Adversity and Cardiovascular Disease [NURTURE Center], University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M1177, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying the life course health effects of childhood adversity is a burgeoning area of research, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, adversity measurement varies widely across studies, which may hamper our ability to make comparisons across studies and identify mechanisms linking adversity to CVD. The purposes of this review are to summarize adversity measurement approaches in the context of CVD, identify gaps, and make recommendations for future research. METHODS PubMed and PsycINFO searches were conducted through June 2016. Studies were selected if CVD end point or predisease risk markers were investigated in association with a measure of childhood adversity. Forty-three studies were reviewed. A meta-analysis was not conducted because of the variation in exposures and outcomes assessed. RESULTS Adversity measurement was heterogeneous across studies. Metrics included different sets of adverse events, relational factors, and socioeconomic indicators. Thirty-seven percent measured childhood adversity prospectively, 23% examined a CVD end point, and 77% treated adversity as an unweighted summary score. Despite the heterogeneity in measurement, most studies found a positive association between childhood adversity and CVD risk, and the association seems to be dose-response. CONCLUSIONS The literature on childhood adversity and CVD would benefit from improving consistency of measurement, using weighted adversity composites, modeling adversity trajectories over time, and considering socioeconomic status as an antecedent factor instead of a component part of an adversity score. We suggest conceptual and analytic strategies to enhance, refine, and replicate the observed association between childhood adversity and CVD risk.
Collapse
|
16
|
Basu A, McLaughlin KA, Misra S, Koenen KC. Childhood Maltreatment and Health Impact: The Examples of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017; 24:125-139. [PMID: 28867878 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with increased risk for an array of mental and physical health problems. We reviewed studies examining associations of child maltreatment, assessed either alone or in combination with other adversities, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 Diabetes. PubMed was searched for relevant studies until December, 2015. Forty publications met inclusion criteria. Consistent positive associations were noted across a range of childhood adversities. Child maltreatment was associated with CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease) in 91.7% of studies, with diabetes in 88.2% of studies, and with blood pressure/hypertension in 61.5% of studies. Inclusion of mental disorders tended to attenuate associations. Sex-related differences were under-examined. Implications for future research and intervention efforts are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Basu
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | | | | | - Karestan C Koenen
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Leptin, a 167 amino acid adipokine, plays a major role in human energy homeostasis. Its actions are mediated through binding to leptin receptor and activating JAK-STAT3 signal transduction pathway. It is expressed mainly in adipocytes, and its circulating levels reflect the body's energy stores in adipose tissue. Recombinant methionyl human leptin has been FDA approved for patients with generalized non-HIV lipodystrophy and for compassionate use in subjects with congenital leptin deficiency. The purpose of this review is to outline the role of leptin in energy homeostasis, as well as its interaction with other hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Triantafyllou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST 820, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST 820, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, ST 820, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|