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Freedman G, Dainer-Best J. Who is more willing to engage in social rejection? The roles of self-esteem, rejection sensitivity, and negative affect in social rejection decisions. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:511-530. [PMID: 36205510 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2131502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How do self-schemas and their consequences guide would-be-rejectors? When making decisions about whether to reject, individuals consider the difficulty and emotional consequences of rejecting, and both considerations are likely to involve self-schemas. In three preregistered studies, we examine the roles of self-esteem, rejection sensitivity, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in rejection decisions. In an initial set of studies (N1a = 214, N1b = 264), participants forecast their willingness to reject and their emotional responses in friendship (Study 1a) and romantic (Study 1a-1b) vignettes. In Study 2 (N2 = 259), participants who recently rejected rated that experience on the same measures. Correlates of negative self-schema were associated with negative emotions. Self-esteem, rejection sensitivity, and general distress were associated with forecasted difficulty rejecting, but only anxiety and general distress were associated with retrospectively reported increased difficulty. Taken together, psychological distress may decrease willingness to reject in a way that participants cannot predict.
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2
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Poole KL, Willoughby T. Shyness and risk-taking during peer observation in children and adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105981. [PMID: 38861806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Although temperamental shyness is conceptualized as a trait marked by cautiousness, we know relatively little about its relation to risk-taking. We examined how shyness was related to opportunities for risk-taking while considering how social context (i.e., presence of peers) and developmental stage (i.e., children and adolescents) might influence this relation. In the current study, 198 children (Mage = 10.17 years) and 221 adolescents (Mage = 13.46 years) completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) alone or during a peer observation manipulation. For children and adolescents, shyness was related to physiological arousal and self-reporting feeling anxious during the peer condition. However, peer observation did not influence the relation between shyness and behavioral responses during the BART. Across both alone and peer conditions, shyness was related to a longer response time for children and adolescents, which may reflect decisional conflict during risk-taking opportunities. Furthermore, shyness in children (but not in adolescents) was related to poorer performance (i.e., fewer points), whereas shyness was unrelated to risk-taking propensity (i.e., number of pumps) for both children and adolescents. Overall, although the presence of peers may induce anxiety during a risk-taking opportunity for children and adolescents higher in shyness, this does not appear to modify their risk-taking behaviors. Instead, shyer children and adolescents in general may take a longer time to decide whether to act in a risky manner, whereas shy children in particular may show poorer performance in obtaining a reward on a risk-taking task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Poole
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Teena Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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3
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Dou K, Ye WY. The Ending Effect in the Domain of Gambling: The Effect of Gain-Loss Status on Economic Decision-Making. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10298-3. [PMID: 38592613 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that people prefer risk-taking at the end of gambles, a phenomenon called the ending effect. By using the Guess Gambling Game, we investigated the impact of gain-loss status on the ending effect (Experiment 1) and whether and how this effect may be affected by time reference (Experiment 2) and gender (Experiment 1&2). In Experiment 1, we observed the ending effect only in the gain group. Furthermore, gender differences exist in the loss group behavior, females were more risk-averse than males, and males tend to investment more initially and then reduce their investment in a U-shaped pattern (Experiment 1&2). Next, in Experiment 2, the findings indicated that participants in the gain group made riskier decisions and were willing to allocate more money for additional decision opportunities, irrespective of the time conditions. Additionally, under time-limited condition, participants tended to make more decisions in the final round, aiming to maximize their choices times within the limited time. These results contribute to a better understanding of the boundary conditions surrounding the ending effect in risky decision-making and may offer a scientific basis for mitigating and intervening in irrational decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dou
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 230, Waihuan Road West, Panyu District, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wan-Yu Ye
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 230, Waihuan Road West, Panyu District, Guangzhou, PR China
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4
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He X, Gao Q, Cao Y, Bian R, Wang XHF. "Always online": How and when task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety affect workplace telepressure after hours. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 38530885 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Information and communication technology (ICT) provides employees with convenience in communication. However, it also creates a preoccupation with and urges to respond quickly to work-related ICT messages during nonworking time, which is defined as workplace telepressure after hours (WTA). Drawing on the job demand-resource model, conservation of resource theory, and workplace anxiety theory, this study explores how and when task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety affect WTA and how individuals cope with WTA. A total of 269 full-time workers from an online survey panel completed questionnaires at three time-points. We found that both task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety are positively related to WTA. The perception of pay-for-responsiveness moderates the relationship between task interdependence and WTA, such that the relationship is significant only for employees with a strong perception of pay-for-responsiveness. Others' approval contingency of self-worth moderates the relationship between dispositional workplace anxiety and WTA, and the relationship is significant only for employees with high degrees of others' approval contingency of self-worth. Finally, WTA arising from external work requirements or the internal pursuit of achieving work goals prompts employees to generate responsiveness coping strategies. Overall, these findings suggest that task interdependence and dispositional workplace anxiety are important factors affecting employees' WTA and highlight the importance of being responsive to WTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, National Virtual Simulation Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Gao
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, National Virtual Simulation Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, National Virtual Simulation Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Frank Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, National Virtual Simulation Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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5
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Zucchelli MM, Gambetti E, Giusberti F, Nori R. Use of default option nudge and individual differences in everyday life decisions. Cogn Process 2024; 25:75-88. [PMID: 37740853 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-023-01161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
People often make inefficient decisions for themselves and the community (e.g. they underuse medical screenings or vaccines and they do not vote) also because of their individual characteristics, such as their level of avoidance or anxiety. In recent years, governments have successfully applied strategies, called "nudges", to help people maximizing their decisions in several fields; however, the role of individual characteristics has been poorly explored. The present study investigated whether one kind of nudge, the default option (automatic enrolment in a specific plan), can modulate the influence of such individual differences, promoting favourable decisions in different field, such as the medical and civic ones. One hundred and eighty-three participants completed the Trait Anxiety Inventory, the General Decision-Making Styles Inventory and scenarios about health and civic decisions. Participants have hypothetically been enrolled by default or not enrolled in specific plans and had to decide whether adhere or not to the plan proposed. Result showed that the default option drives anxious and avoidant individuals, who usually refuse to make a choice due to their overestimation of negative events' occurrence, to undergo medical screenings and vaccine and to vote more. Nudge confirmed its effectiveness in favouring better decisions among people according to their individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Maria Zucchelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elisa Gambetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giusberti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Rapinda KK, Edgerton JD, Keough MT. Impulsivity Moderates the Association Between Anxiety and Problem Gambling Among Canadian Undergraduates. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1735-1750. [PMID: 37453956 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Tension reduction theory suggests anxious people gamble to cope with negative affect. Literature demonstrates mixed associations between anxiety and gambling behaviours, hence, the important of examining moderators. This study examined how impulsivity moderated anxiety and problem gambling as well as gambling to cope. Given key gender differences, moderation was examined across genders. A sample of 484 undergraduate students who endorsed gambling behaviours completed anxiety, impulsivity, and problem gambling measures. Results showed men with higher levels of anxiety scored higher on problem gambling at both high (B = 0.706, SE = 0.073, p < 0.0001, f2 = 0.20) and low (B = 0.262, SE = 0.103, p = 0.01, f2 = 0.01) impulsivity, though the effect sizes were much larger for men with high impulsivity. This moderation effect was not found in women (B = 0.000, SE = 0.009, p = 0.959). Results showed men with higher levels of anxiety scored higher on coping motives for gambling at both high (B = 0.253, SE = 0.046, p < 0.0001, f2 = 0.06) and low B = 0.141, SE = 0.063, p = 0.026, f2 = 0.01) impulsivity, though the effect sizes were larger for men with high impulsivity. Again, this moderation effect was not found in women (B = - 0.101, SE = 0.006, p = 0.100). Findings from this may help inform impulsivity-focused interventions, such as strengthening impulse control and instilling more adaptive coping strategies to lower gambling risk among university men.
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Lind SF, Stam F, Zelleroth S, Meurling E, Frick A, Grönbladh A. Acute caffeine differently affects risk-taking and the expression of BDNF and of adenosine and opioid receptors in rats with high or low anxiety-like behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173573. [PMID: 37302662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions with a partially elucidated neurobiology. Caffeine, an unspecific adenosine receptor antagonist, is a common psychostimulant with anxiogenic effects in sensitive individuals. High doses of caffeine produce anxiety-like behavior in rats but it is not known if this is specific for rats with high baseline anxiety-like behavior. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate general behavior, risk-taking, and anxiety-like behavior, as well as mRNA expression (adenosine A2A and A1, dopamine D2, and, μ, κ, δ opioid, receptors, BDNF, c-fos, IGF-1) in amygdala, caudate putamen, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, after an acute dose of caffeine. Untreated rats were screened using the elevated plus maze (EPM), giving each rat a score on anxiety-like behavior based on their time spent in the open arms, and categorized into a high or low anxiety-like behavior group accordingly. Three weeks after categorization, the rats were treated with 50 mg/kg caffeine and their behavior profile was studied in the multivariate concentric square field (MCSF) test, and one week later in the EPM. qPCR was performed on selected genes and corticosterone plasma levels were measured using ELISA. The results demonstrated that the high anxiety-like behavior rats treated with caffeine spent less time in risk areas of the MCSF and resituated towards the sheltered areas, a behavior accompanied by lower mRNA expression of adenosine A2A receptors in caudate putamen and increased BDNF expression in hippocampus. These results support the hypothesis that caffeine affects individuals differently depending on their baseline anxiety-like behavior, possibly involving adenosine receptors. This highlights the importance of adenosine receptors as a possible drug target for anxiety disorders, although further research is needed to fully elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms of caffeine on anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Florén Lind
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Frida Stam
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Evelina Meurling
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Haines N, Kvam PD, Turner BM. Explaining the description-experience gap in risky decision-making: learning and memory retention during experience as causal mechanisms. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01099-z. [PMID: 37291409 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When making decisions based on probabilistic outcomes, people guide their behavior using knowledge gathered through both indirect descriptions and direct experience. Paradoxically, how people obtain information significantly impacts apparent preferences. A ubiquitous example is the description-experience gap: individuals seemingly overweight low probability events when probabilities are described yet underweight them when probabilities must be experienced firsthand. A leading explanation for this fundamental gap in decision-making is that probabilities are weighted differently when learned through description relative to experience, yet a formal theoretical account of the mechanism responsible for such weighting differences remains elusive. We demonstrate how various learning and memory retention models incorporating neuroscientifically motivated learning mechanisms can explain why probability weighting and valuation parameters often are found to vary across description and experience. In a simulation study, we show how learning through experience can lead to systematically biased estimates of probability weighting when using a traditional cumulative prospect theory model. We then use hierarchical Bayesian modeling and Bayesian model comparison to show how various learning and memory retention models capture participants' behavior over and above changes in outcome valuation and probability weighting, accounting for description and experience-based decisions in a within-subject experiment. We conclude with a discussion of how substantive models of psychological processes can lead to insights that heuristic statistical models fail to capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Haines
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Bayesian Beginnings LLC, Columbus, USA.
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9
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Brown VM, Price R, Dombrovski AY. Anxiety as a disorder of uncertainty: implications for understanding maladaptive anxiety, anxious avoidance, and exposure therapy. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:844-868. [PMID: 36869259 PMCID: PMC10475148 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of anxiety, exaggerated threat expectancies underlie maladaptive anxiety. This view has led to successful treatments, notably exposure therapy, but is not consistent with the empirical literature on learning and choice alterations in anxiety. Empirically, anxiety is better described as a disorder of uncertainty learning. How disruptions in uncertainty lead to impairing avoidance and are treated with exposure-based methods, however, is unclear. Here, we integrate concepts from neurocomputational learning models with clinical literature on exposure therapy to propose a new framework for understanding maladaptive uncertainty functioning in anxiety. Specifically, we propose that anxiety disorders are fundamentally disorders of uncertainty learning and that successful treatments, particularly exposure therapy, work by remediating maladaptive avoidance from dysfunctional explore/exploit decisions in uncertain, potentially aversive situations. This framework reconciles several inconsistencies in the literature and provides a path forward to better understand and treat anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rebecca Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Hafsi T, Baba S. Exploring the Process of Policy Overreaction: The COVID-19 Lockdown Decisions. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY 2023; 32:152-173. [PMID: 36814993 PMCID: PMC9936179 DOI: 10.1177/10564926221082494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Policy overreaction is a common phenomenon, especially in complex and emergency situations where politicians are led to make decisions fast. In these emergency decisions, emotions run generally high and cognitive processes are often impaired. The conditions of policy overreaction are in place as emotions overwhelm decision makers' rational processes. Drawing on the response patterns of three countries to the COVID-19 pandemic, we develop a process model of policy overreaction which describes the effects of negative emotions and institutional isomorphism on policy decision-making. Our model highlights four critical stages: negative emotions buildup, propagation of fear, isomorphic decision-making, and leading to an intractable crisis. This article shows precisely how the cascading effect of negative emotions, particularly fear, is contagious and spreads to generate crowd effects, which bend considerably policy makers' ability to make rational decisions. Our theory provides a better understanding of the process by which policy overreaction takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taieb Hafsi
- Holder of the Strategy and Society Chair, HEC Montréal
| | - Sofiane Baba
- Université de Sherbrooke,Sofiane Baba, Université de Sherbrooke.
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11
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Mood and implicit confidence independently fluctuate at different time scales. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:142-161. [PMID: 36289181 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Mood is an important ingredient of decision-making. Human beings are immersed into a sea of emotions where episodes of high mood alternate with episodes of low mood. While changes in mood are well characterized, little is known about how these fluctuations interact with metacognition, and in particular with confidence about our decisions. We evaluated how implicit measurements of confidence are related with mood states of human participants through two online longitudinal experiments involving mood self-reports and visual discrimination decision-making tasks. Implicit confidence was assessed on each session by monitoring the proportion of opt-out trials when an opt-out option was available, as well as the median reaction time on standard correct trials as a secondary proxy of confidence. We first report a strong coupling between mood, stress, food enjoyment, and quality of sleep reported by participants in the same session. Second, we confirmed that the proportion of opt-out responses as well as reaction times in non-opt-out trials provided reliable indices of confidence in each session. We introduce a normative measure of overconfidence based on the pattern of opt-out selection and the signal-detection-theory framework. Finally and crucially, we found that mood, sleep quality, food enjoyment, and stress level are not consistently coupled with these implicit confidence markers, but rather they fluctuate at different time scales: mood-related states display faster fluctuations (over one day or half-a-day) than confidence level (two-and-a-half days). Therefore, our findings suggest that spontaneous fluctuations of mood and confidence in decision making are independent in the healthy adult population.
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12
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Anderson LE, Ireland MJ, Myers L, Avenell C, Connaughton T, Goodwin BC. Psychological distress and bowel cancer screening participation. Psychooncology 2023; 32:229-236. [PMID: 36434675 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand barriers to participation in mail-out bowel cancer screening programs, two survey studies tested the relationship between psychological distress and self-reported bowel cancer screening. METHODS First, a nationally representative sample of Australians N = 5421 completed measures of bowel cancer screening and psychological distress (using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; K10). Second, N = 479 completed a survey measuring participation in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) and psychological distress using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. In both studies, logistic regressions were conducted to test relationships between psychological distress and self-reported screening participation. RESULTS Study one found that psychological distress had a significant quadratic effect on having ever screened for bowel cancer, where screening rates were similar for those with low, moderate, or high levels of distress, but were lower for those with very high levels of distress. In study two, depression scores had a negative linear relationship with NBCSP participation (higher depression levels were associated with lower screening participation), and anxiety had a quadratic effect whereby NBCSP participation rates were higher with increasing levels of anxiety except in the severe category, where participation was significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that psychological distress has a complex relationship with screening, and those with extreme levels of distress consistently show lower participation rates. Special efforts to encourage screening may be required for those experiencing extreme psychological distress and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Ireland
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia.,School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larry Myers
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Avenell
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanaya Connaughton
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda C Goodwin
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia
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13
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Kao CH, Feng GW, Hur JK, Jarvis H, Rutledge RB. Computational models of subjective feelings in psychiatry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105008. [PMID: 36549378 PMCID: PMC9990828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research in computational psychiatry is dominated by models of behavior. Subjective experience during behavioral tasks is not well understood, even though it should be relevant to understanding the symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Here, we bridge this gap and review recent progress in computational models for subjective feelings. For example, happiness reflects not how well people are doing, but whether they are doing better than expected. This dependence on recent reward prediction errors is intact in major depression, although depressive symptoms lower happiness during tasks. Uncertainty predicts subjective feelings of stress in volatile environments. Social prediction errors influence feelings of self-worth more in individuals with low self-esteem despite a reduced willingness to change beliefs due to social feedback. Measuring affective state during behavioral tasks provides a tool for understanding psychiatric symptoms that can be dissociable from behavior. When smartphone tasks are collected longitudinally, subjective feelings provide a potential means to bridge the gap between lab-based behavioral tasks and real-life behavior, emotion, and psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Kao
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gloria W Feng
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jihyun K Hur
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huw Jarvis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robb B Rutledge
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
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14
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Stone ER, Parker AM, Hanks AR, Swiston RC. Thinking without knowing: Psychological and behavioral consequences of unjustified confidence regarding blackjack strategy. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1015676. [PMID: 36777209 PMCID: PMC9909440 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1015676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In two studies, we explored potential psychological and behavioral consequences of unjustified confidence, including outcome expectations, anxiety, risk taking, and information search and consideration. Study 1 employed an individual-differences approach to examine how participants' confidence regarding their knowledge of blackjack strategy, controlling for their actual knowledge, correlated with these hypothesized psychological and behavioral variables. Study 2 manipulated participants' confidence levels to examine these effects. Across the two studies, greater unjustified confidence led to larger bets (a measure of risk taking) and reduced use of hints designed to improve play (information search and consideration). Unjustified confidence also increased participants' outcome expectations and lowered anxiety levels. Implications of these findings, such as for educational interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Stone
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Eric R. Stone, ✉
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15
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Pike AC, Alves Anet Á, Peleg N, Robinson OJ. Catastrophizing and Risk-Taking. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 7:1-13. [PMID: 38774641 PMCID: PMC11104403 DOI: 10.5334/cpsy.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Catastrophizing, when an individual overestimates the probability of a severe negative outcome, is related to various aspects of mental ill-health. Here, we further characterize catastrophizing by investigating the extent to which self-reported catastrophizing is associated with risk-taking, using an online behavioural task and computational modelling. Methods We performed two online studies: a pilot study (n = 69) and a main study (n = 263). In the pilot study, participants performed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), alongside two other tasks (reported in the Supplement), and completed mental health questionnaires. Based on the findings from the pilot, we explored risk-taking in more detail in the main study using two versions of the Balloon Analogue Risk task (BART), with either a high or low cost for bursting the balloon. Results In the main study, there was a significant negative relationship between self-report catastrophizing scores and risk-taking in the low (but not high) cost version of the BART. Computational modelling of the BART task revealed no relationship between any parameter and Catastrophizing scores in either version of the task. Conclusions We show that increased self-reported catastrophizing may be associated with reduced behavioural measures of risk-taking, but were unable to identify a computational correlate of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Pike
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, GB
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO10 5DD, GB
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Ágatha Alves Anet
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Nina Peleg
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Oliver J. Robinson
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
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16
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Blanco-Gonzalez A, Cachón-Rodríguez G, Del-Castillo-Feito C, Cruz-Suarez A. Is Purchase Behavior Different for Consumers with Long COVID? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16658. [PMID: 36554538 PMCID: PMC9778942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has generated an uncertain environment, which has motivated changes in consumers' behavior globally. However, previous studies have not clarified if these effects are equally strong throughout the population. In this research, we want to analyze if there are behavioral differences between long-COVID consumers and others. For this purpose, we analyzed a sample of 522 consumers divided into three groups depending on their type of exposure to the disease: those with long COVID; ones that had recovered from COVID-19; and those that had never had COVID-19. The results show that the effect that COVID-19 has on purchase behavior differs depending on the type of exposure to the disease. In fact, those with long COVID experienced more pleasure when purchasing than other people, but they needed higher trust levels in the enterprises to purchase from them, since that reduces their perception of uncertainty. Furthermore, for long-COVID individuals, an organization's legitimacy level is even more important than for other consumer groups with less contact with the disease.
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17
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Chen C, Martínez RM, Chen YC, Fan YT, Cheng Y. The anti-anxiety drug lorazepam changes implicit behaviors but not explicit evaluations of sense of agency under authoritative pressure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:991357. [PMID: 36478922 PMCID: PMC9719977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research on coercion has neglected the fact that agents under authoritative pressure may also suffer from coercive power, which can trigger anxiety-like emotional negativity on its victims. Furthermore, high levels of neuroticism and/or anxiety have been found to be associated with the compliance of various forms of social pressure. In this study, we investigate the effects of the anxiolytic GABA A (gamma-Aminobutyric acid) modulator, lorazepam, on behavioral and neural responses to coercive power. Here, we applied a virtual obedience to authority paradigm alongside lorazepam administration (versus placebo), and during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Our results show that lorazepam administration exerted differential effects on the reaction times (RTs) when initiating harming versus helping behaviors, with longer harming RTs compared to helping RTs, despite comparable subjective ratings regarding perceived coercion. Coercive harming significantly increased activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Lorazepam administration decreased amygdala and hippocampus activity, but increased dlPFC and right temporoparietal junction activations. The lower activity in the hippocampus predicted higher ratings for perceived coercion. Furthermore, lorazepam significantly decreased the functional connectivity of the hippocampus with the dlPFC during coercive harming. In conclusion, we provide evidence -by incorporating multimodal indices, including neuroimaging, neuropharmacological interventions, and behavioral assessments- to posit that the GABA A agonist, lorazepam, might aid as a possible intervention in service of coping strategies against coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Róger Marcelo Martínez
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Psychological Sciences, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Teng Fan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yawei Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Weissberger GH, Han SD, Yu L, Barnes LL, Lamar M, Bennett DA, Boyle PA. Subjective socioeconomic status is associated with risk aversion in a community-based cohort of older adults without dementia. Front Psychol 2022; 13:963418. [PMID: 36420395 PMCID: PMC9677106 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.963418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes towards risk impact financial decisions that are critical in older adulthood. Socioeconomic status (SES) influences an individual’s level of risk aversion; however, the association of subjective SES (i.e., social standing relative to others) with risk aversion has not been explored. We examined whether subjective SES is associated with risk aversion independent of objective SES (i.e., income, education). Participants were 933 older adults without dementia from the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) or Minority Aging Research Study (MARS), two longitudinal epidemiologic studies of aging. Participants completed assessments of risk aversion, subjective SES, and cognition. We examined associations of subjective SES with risk aversion using mixed models adjusting for participant characteristics, objective markers of SES and global cognition. In bivariate analyses, lower global cognitive functioning, lower income, female sex, Black race, and lower subjective SES were associated with greater risk aversion. Results of the nonlinear mixed effects model revealed that higher subjective SES was associated with less risk aversion (Estimate = −0.238, SE = 0.083, p = 0.004), after controlling for covariates. Age, sex, race, and global cognition were also associated with risk aversion in the mixed effects model (ps ≤0.03), although income and education were not (ps ≥ 0.27) The relationship between subjective SES and risk aversion did not differ by sex or race (ps ≥ 0.31). Findings suggest that subjective SES contributes to risk aversion regardless of sex or race. Findings support the importance of considering subjective indicators of SES as they may impact an older adult’s economic preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali H. Weissberger
- Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- *Correspondence: Gali H. Weissberger,
| | - S. Duke Han
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- USC School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Bailis DS, Single AN, Brais NJJR, Schellenberg BJI. Going for broke: Self-compassion, risky decision-making, and differences in problem gambling severity among undergraduates. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Bailis
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alanna N. Single
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Benjamin S, Parsons M, Apthorp D, Lykins AD. Why take the risk? Exploring the psychosocial determinants of floodwater driving. Front Psychol 2022; 13:913790. [PMID: 35928428 PMCID: PMC9343783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As anthropogenic climate change progresses, there is an increasing need for individuals to make appropriate decisions regarding their approach to extreme weather events. Natural hazards are involuntary risk environments (e.g., flooded roads); interaction with them cannot be avoided (i.e., a decision must be made about how to engage). While the psychological and sociocultural predictors of engagement with voluntary risks (i.e., risk situations that are sought out) are well-documented, less is known about the factors that predict engagement with involuntary risk environments. This exploratory study assessed whether mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms), personality traits, and cultural worldviews combine to predict engagement with involuntary risk, using the situation of floodwater driving. An Australian sample (N = 235) was assessed via questionnaire and scenario measures. Results were analyzed in a binomial logistic regression assessing which individual factors predicted decision-making in a proxy floodwater driving scenario. Agreeableness and gender were individually significant predictors of floodwater driving intention, and four factors (named “affect,” “progressiveness,” “insightfulness,” and “purposefulness”) were derived from an exploratory factor analysis using the variables of interest, though only two (“progressiveness” and “insightfulness”) predicted floodwater driving intention in an exploratory binomial logistic regression. The findings highlight the need for further research into the differences between voluntary and involuntary risk. The implication of cultural worldviews and personality traits in interaction with mental health indicators on risk situations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauntelle Benjamin
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Parsons
- Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- School of Computing, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amy D. Lykins
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Amy D. Lykins,
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21
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Wang J. Consumer Anxiety and Assertive Advertisement Preference: The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Fluency. Front Psychol 2022; 13:880330. [PMID: 35707673 PMCID: PMC9190303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Companies often seek to persuade consumers to buy products or services through assertive advertising, but such advertising is often resisted by consumers. In order to identify ways to increase consumers' preference for assertive advertising, this study starts by considering consumers' anxiety and finds, through two between-group experiments, that the emotional state of consumers when viewing advertisements affects their attitudes toward assertive advertisements: anxious consumers have a more positive attitudes toward assertive advertisement, and cognitive fluency plays a mediating role in the relationship between consumer anxiety and consumer attitudes toward assertive advertisement. This study incorporates consumer anxiety into the study of assertive advertising, thus both enriching the theoretical research on assertive advertising and consumer anxiety and providing novel ideas for companies to enhance the effectiveness of their assertive advertising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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22
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Di Plinio S, Pettorruso M, Ebisch SJH. Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Front Psychol 2022; 13:881179. [PMID: 35619789 PMCID: PMC9127525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.881179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) allows to experimentally assess individuals’ risk-taking profiles in an ecologically sound setting. Many psychological and neuroscientific studies implemented the BART for its simplicity and intuitive nature. However, some issues in the design of the BART are systematically unconsidered in experimental paradigms, which may bias the estimation of individual risk-taking profiles. Since there are no methodological guidelines for implementing the BART, many variables (e.g., the maximum explosion probabilities, the rationale underlying stochastic events) vary inconstantly across experiments, possibly producing contrasting results. Moreover, the standard version of the BART is affected by the interaction of an individual-dependent, unavoidable source of stochasticity with a trial-dependent, more ambiguous source of stochasticity (i.e., the probability of the balloon to explode). This paper shows the most appropriate experimental choices for having the lowest error in the approximation of risk-taking profiles. Performance tests of a series of simulated data suggest that a more controlled, eventually non-stochastic version of the BART, better approximates original risk-taking profiles. Selecting optimal BART parameters is particularly important in neuroscience experiments to optimize the number of trials in a time window appropriate for acquiring neuroimaging data. We also provide helpful suggestions to researchers in many fields to allow the implementation of optimized risk-taking experiments using the BART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Plinio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sjoerd J H Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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23
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Bartoszek G, Ranney RM, Curanovic I, Costello SJ, Behar E. Intolerance of uncertainty and information-seeking behavior: Experimental manipulation of threat relevance. Behav Res Ther 2022; 154:104125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Libman V, Macarov M, Friedlander Y, Goldman-Mellor S, Israel S, Hochner-Celnikier D, Sompolinsky Y, Dior UP, Osovsky M, Basel-Salmon L, Wiznitzer A, Neumark Y, Meiner V, Frumkin A, Shkedi-Rafid S, Hochner H. Postpartum women's attitudes to disclosure of adult-onset conditions in pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:1038-1048. [PMID: 35484937 PMCID: PMC9539988 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced prenatal genomic technologies can identify risks for adult‐onset (AO) conditions in the fetus, challenging the traditional purpose of prenatal testing. Professional guidelines commonly support disclosure of high‐penetrance AO actionable conditions, yet attitudes of women/parents to these findings and factors affecting their attitudes are understudied. Methods We explored 941 (77% response rate) postpartum women's attitudes towards receiving prenatal genetic information, and associations of sociodemographic, medical and psychological characteristics with their choices, focusing on AO conditions. Results Women largely support the disclosure of actionable AO findings (58.4%), in line with professional guidelines. A third of the women also supported the disclosure of non‐actionable AO conditions. Stronger religious observance (p < 0.001) and higher psychological distress (p = 0.024) were associated with decreased interest in receiving actionable AO conditions, whereas higher concern for fetal health yielded increased interest (p = 0.032). Attitudes towards disclosure were strongly associated with women's perceived benefit of such information for their own, partner's, and future child's health. Termination of pregnancy based on such information received very little support. Conclusion In‐light of the demonstrated understanding of nuanced genetic information and the observed diversity in attitudes, a culturally competent opt‐in/out policy could be considered. If full‐disclosure is practiced, support should be provided to those expressing higher levels of distress.
What is known
Advanced prenatal genomic technologies can identify risks for adult‐onset (AO) conditions. Professional guidelines support disclosure of high‐penetrance AO actionable conditions in pregnancy, yet attitudes of women/parents towards receiving this information are understudied.
What this study adds
Investigating the attitudes of nearly 1000 postpartum women demonstrates that women largely support the disclosure of actionable AO findings in pregnancy. Stronger religious observance and higher psychological distress predict decreased interest in receiving this information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sidra Goldman-Mellor
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, California, Israel
| | - Salomon Israel
- Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Drorith Hochner-Celnikier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yishai Sompolinsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Uri P Dior
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Lina Basel-Salmon
- The Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute,, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, and, Jerusalemm, Israel.,Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Wiznitzer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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25
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Hunt C, Fleig R, Almy B, Lissek S. Heightened false alarms of conditioned threat predict longitudinal increases in GAD and SAD symptoms over the first year of college. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 87:102539. [PMID: 35134626 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lab-based fear-conditioning studies have repeatedly implicated exaggerated threat reactivity to benign (unreinforced) stimuli as concurrent markers of clinical anxiety, but little work has examined the strength of false alarms as a longitudinal predictor of anxiety problems. As such, we tested whether heightened false alarms of conditioned threat assessed in participants' first semester of college predicted second-semester symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) - two anxiety conditions that are common in college students, have been associated with excessive false alarms, and have yet to be assessed with longitudinal conditioning designs. Here, we focused on the predictive effects of behavioral threat responses (threat expectancy, subjective anxiety, avoidance) given their greater potential for translation to the clinic. Results implicate conditioning-related increases in anxiety to safe stimuli resembling the danger-cue as prospective predictors of GAD. In contrast, SAD was predicted by non-specific elevations in anxiety to a broad set of safe stimuli, as well as by increased threat expectancy toward cues least resembling the conditioned danger cue. These findings suggest that risk for GAD and SAD are captured by distinct, behavioral indicators of false-alarms that may be more feasibly collected in clinical settings compared to alternative experimental anxiety measures like psychophysiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hunt
- Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin City Campus, USA.
| | - Ryan Fleig
- Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin City Campus, USA
| | - Brandon Almy
- Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin City Campus, USA
| | - Shmuel Lissek
- Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin City Campus, USA
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26
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Hagiwara K, Mochizuki Y, Chen C, Lei H, Hirotsu M, Matsubara T, Nakagawa S. Nonlinear Probability Weighting in Depression and Anxiety: Insights From Healthy Young Adults. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:810867. [PMID: 35401267 PMCID: PMC8988187 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both depressive and anxiety disorders have been associated with excessive risk avoidant behaviors, which are considered an important contributor to the maintenance and recurrence of these disorders. However, given the high comorbidity between the two disorders, their independent association with risk preference remains unclear. Furthermore, due to the involvement of multiple cognitive computational factors in the decision-making tasks employed so far, the precise underlying mechanisms of risk preference are unknown. In the present study, we set out to investigate the common versus unique cognitive computational mechanisms of risk preference in depression and anxiety using a reward-based decision-making task and computational modeling based on economic theories. Specifically, in model-based analysis, we decomposed risk preference into utility sensitivity (a power function) and probability weighting (the one-parameter Prelec weighting function). Multiple linear regression incorporating depression (BDI-II) and anxiety (STAI state anxiety) simultaneously indicated that only depression was associated with one such risk preference parameter, probability weighting. As the symptoms of depression increased, subjects' tendency to overweight small probabilities and underweight large probabilities decreased. Neither depression nor anxiety was associated with utility sensitivity. These associations remained even after controlling covariates or excluding anxiety-relevant items from the depression scale. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess risk preference due to a concave utility function and nonlinear probability weighting separately for depression and anxiety using computational modeling. Our results provide a mechanistic account of risk avoidance and may improve our understanding of decision-making deficits in depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hagiwara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Chong Chen
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Huijie Lei
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masako Hirotsu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsubara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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27
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Tomkins B. Death-related anxiety associated with riskier decision-making irrespective of framing: A Bayesian model comparison. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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A neural and behavioral trade-off between value and uncertainty underlies exploratory decisions in normative anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1573-1587. [PMID: 34725456 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exploration reduces uncertainty about the environment and improves the quality of future decisions, but at the cost of provisional uncertain and suboptimal outcomes. Although anxiety promotes intolerance to uncertainty, it remains unclear whether and by which mechanisms anxiety relates to exploratory decision-making. We use a dynamic three-armed-bandit task and find that higher trait-anxiety is associated with increased exploration, which in turn harms overall performance. We identify two distinct behavioral sources: first, decisions made by anxious individuals are guided toward reduction of uncertainty; and second, decisions are less guided by immediate value gains. These findings are similar in both loss and gain domains, and further demonstrate that an affective trait relates to exploration and results in an inverse-U-shaped relationship between anxiety and overall performance. Additional imaging data (fMRI) suggests that normative anxiety correlates negatively with the representation of expected-value in the dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex, and in contrast, positively with the representation of uncertainty in the anterior-insula. We conclude that a trade-off between value-gains and uncertainty-reduction entails maladaptive decision-making in individuals with higher normal-range anxiety.
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29
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Leota J, Nash K, McGregor I. Reactive Risk-Taking: Anxiety Regulation Via Approach Motivation Increases Risk-Taking Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 49:81-96. [PMID: 34906003 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211059689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research and real-world events demonstrate a puzzling phenomenon-anxiety, which primarily inspires caution, sometimes precedes bouts of risk-taking. We conducted three studies to test whether this phenomenon is due to the regulation of anxiety via reactive approach motivation (RAM), which leaves people less sensitive to negative outcomes and thus more likely to take risks. In Study 1 (N = 231), an achievement anxiety threat caused increased risk-taking on the Behavioral Analogue Risk Task (BART) among trait approach-motivated participants. Using electroencephalogram in Study 2 (N = 97), an economic anxiety threat increased behavioral inhibition system-specific theta activity, a neural correlate of anxiety, which was associated with an increase in risk-taking on the BART among trait approach-motivated participants. In a preregistered Study 3 (N = 432), we replicated the findings of Study 1. These results offer preliminary support for the reactive risk-taking hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Nash
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Villalobos-Gallegos L, Medina-Mora ME, Marín-Navarrete R, Magis-Rodriguez C, Ruiz-Velasco Acosta S. Testing the Synergistic Effects of Depression, Anxiety, and Substance Use in Unsafe Sex: a Cross-sectional Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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da Silva Castanheira K, Sharp M, Otto AR. The impact of pandemic-related worry on cognitive functioning and risk-taking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260061. [PMID: 34793534 PMCID: PMC8601558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we sought to quantify the effects of experienced fear and worry, engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic, on both cognitive abilities-speed of information processing, task-set shifting, and proactive control-as well as economic risk-taking. Leveraging a repeated-measures cross-sectional design, we examined the performance of 1517 participants, collected during the early phase of the pandemic in the US (April-June 2020), finding that self-reported pandemic-related worry predicted deficits in information processing speed and maintenance of goal-related contextual information. In a classic economic risk-taking task, we observed that worried individuals' choices were more sensitive to the described outcome probabilities of risky actions. Overall, these results elucidate the cognitive consequences of a large-scale, unpredictable, and uncontrollable stressor, which may in turn play an important role in individuals' understanding of, and adherence to safety directives both in the current crisis and future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A. Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Riad A, Huang Y, Zheng L, Elavsky S. The Associations of COVID-19 Induced Anxiety, Related Knowledge and Protective Behavior. Health Psychol Res 2021; 9:24768. [PMID: 34746486 DOI: 10.52965/001c.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On the last day of 2019, 44 pneumonia cases with unknown etiology were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office of China. This was the first cluster of what would be defined later as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A self-administered questionnaire with multiple-choice items was created in Microsoft Forms (Microsoft Corp. Redmond, WA. 2020). A 5-point Likert scale with ten items, where "1" refers to "Totally disagree" and "5" refers to "Totally agree," was developed to evaluate the anxiety induced by the COVID-19 outbreak highlighting the suggested sources of stress and anxious emotions, e.g., "When I or any family member go outside home during this COVID-19 outbreak I feel anxious". A 5-point Likert scale with 14 items, where "1" refers to "Not at all like me" and "5" refers to "Just like me," was developed to evaluate people's protective behaviors against coronavirus infection from 3 dimensions: Routine Protective Behaviors (RPB), Post-exposure Protective Behaviors (PPB), and Post-exposure Risky Behaviors (PRB). Items in RPB are aimed to measure individuals' protective behaviors in daily life when facing the epidemic. A multiple-choice scale of 12 items was developed to assess public awareness of COVID-19 as an emerging infectious disease. The primary objective of this work was to develop psychometrically sound scales to assess COVID-19 induced anxiety (CIAS), protective behaviors towards COVID-19 (PBCS), and COVID-19 related knowledge. The results indicated that COVID-19 induced the 6-item version of the CIAS can adequately measure anxiety level. Infectious disease outbreaks represent specific health-related crises that may impact people's emotions in different patterns according to their emerging nature. Therefore, the CIAS was designed to cover the potential anxiety sources for the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Riad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 218, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 218, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liping Zheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Rd, 200 062 Shanghai, China
| | - Steriani Elavsky
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 218, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ostrava, Varenska 40a, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Anderson Z, Fairley K, Villanueva CM, Carter RM, Gruber J. No group differences in Traditional Economics Measures of loss aversion and framing effects in bipolar I disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258360. [PMID: 34752459 PMCID: PMC8577741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with impaired decision making, yet few studies have adopted paradigms from behavioral economics to decompose which, if any, aspects of decision making may be impacted. This may be particularly relevant for decision-making processes relevant to known difficulties with emotive dysfunction and corresponding reward dysregulation in BD. Participants with bipolar I disorder (BD; n = 44) and non-psychiatric healthy controls (CTL; n = 28) completed three well-validated behavioral economics decision making tasks via a remote-based survey, including loss aversion and framing effects, that examined sensitivity to probabilities and potential gains and losses in monetary and non-monetary domains. Consistent with past work, we found evidence of moderate loss aversion and framing effects across all participants. No group differences were found in any of the measures of loss aversion or framing effects. We report no group differences between bipolar and non-psychiatric groups with respect to loss aversion and framing effects using a remote-based survey approach. These results provide a framework future studies to explore similar tasks in clinical populations and suggest the context and degree to which decision making is altered in BD may be rooted in a more complex cognitive mechanism that warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kim Fairley
- Department of Economics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M. Villanueva
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - R. McKell Carter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Zhang B, Shou Y. Immediate emotions and subjective stakes in risky decision-making under uncertainty. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 35:649-661. [PMID: 34747282 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1994143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that immediate emotions and cognitive processing of the stakes of outcomes influence decision-making under uncertainty. The effect of perceived beneficial stakes and different types of immediate emotions on decision-making is an important topic that has received little attention in the literature. This study investigated the effects of trait anxiety and anticipatory emotions (fear, sadness, excitement and comfortability) on the perception of thee stakes of outcomes and behavioral intentions. METHOD Participants from the community completed a task measuring anticipatory emotions and their perceived stakes of risky and beneficial outcomes in a range of uncertain situations. Trait anxiety was also measured. RESULTS Results revealed that anticipatory emotions (except for sadness), trait anxiety and subjective stakes all demonstrated significant associations with risky behavioral intention in uncertain situations. Anticipatory emotions, but not trait anxiety, had stable effects on stake perceptions. However, trait anxiety moderated the effect of excitement on risky behavioral intention. In addition, positive emotions (comfortability and excitement) and beneficial stakes demonstrated consistent effects in the decision-making process. CONCLUSIONS The current study sheds light on future immediate-emotion-based interventions for deficits in uncertain decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Zhang
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yiyun Shou
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Greenburgh A, Barnby JM, Delpech R, Kenny A, Bell V, Raihani N. What motivates avoidance in paranoia? Three failures to find a betrayal aversion effect. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zbozinek TD, Charpentier CJ, Qi S, Mobbs D. Economic Decisions with Ambiguous Outcome Magnitudes Vary with Low and High Stakes but Not Trait Anxiety or Depression. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 5:119-139. [PMID: 38773996 PMCID: PMC11104296 DOI: 10.5334/cpsy.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of life's decisions involve risk and uncertainty regarding whether reward or loss will follow. Decision makers often face uncertainty not only about the likelihood of outcomes (what are the chances that I will get a raise if I ask my supervisor? What are the chances that my supervisor will be upset with me for asking?) but also the magnitude of outcomes (if I do get a raise, how large will it be? If my supervisor gets upset, how bad will the consequences be for me?). Only a few studies have investigated economic decision making with ambiguous likelihoods, and even fewer have investigated ambiguous outcome magnitudes. In the present report, we investigated the effects of ambiguous outcome magnitude, risk, and gains/losses in an economic decision-making task with low stakes (Study 1; $3.60-$5.70; N = 367) and high stakes (Study 2; $6-$48; N = 210) using a within-subjects design. We conducted computational modeling to determine individuals' preferences/aversions for ambiguous outcome magnitudes, risk, and gains/losses. We additionally investigated the association between trait anxiety and trait depression and decision-making parameters. Our results show that increasing stakes increased ambiguous gain aversion and unambiguous risk aversion but increased ambiguous sure loss preference; participants also became more averse to ambiguous sure gains relative to unambiguous risky gains. There were no significant effects of trait anxiety or trait depression on economic decision making. Our results suggest that as stakes increase, people tend to avoid uncertainty in the gain domain (especially ambiguous gains) but prefer ambiguous vs unambiguous sure losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav D. Zbozinek
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, US
| | - Caroline J. Charpentier
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, US
| | - Song Qi
- National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 6200, MSC 9663, Bethesda, MD 20892, US
| | - Dean Mobbs
- California Institute of Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, US
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Świątek AH, Szcześniak M, Bielecka G. Trait Anxiety and Social Media Fatigue: Fear of Missing Out as a Mediator. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1499-1507. [PMID: 34616190 PMCID: PMC8488036 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s319379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interdisciplinary literature indicates different correlates of social media fatigue (hereinafter: SMF). Some studies show that high levels of anxiety may induce lowered Internet use and lead social media users to withdraw from Internet activities. Since the relationship between anxiety and social media use is complex, it is important to investigate mediating factors that may indirectly contribute to or exacerbate this association. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to verify whether fear of missing out (hereinafter: FoMO) is a potential factor accounting for why anxiety is associated with SMF. Participants Methods and Data Collection The research was conducted on a group of 264 adolescents and adults (85% women). The mean age of the respondents was M = 23.76 with SD = 5.98 (range = 14-50 years). The data were collected via online social networking among college students, their family members and friends. The participants answered the Trait Anxiety Scale (TAS), Social Media Fatigue Scale (SMFS), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMO), and Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Results The outcomes showed that respondents with higher levels of trait anxiety report more intense cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and overall online fatigue. Concurrently, individuals who experience FoMO on the Internet declare being tired of social media use. Moreover, FoMO mediates the association between trait anxiety and all three dimensions of SMF, and its overall result. Conclusion The present research increases our understanding of the possible role of apprehension related to missing out on the anxiety and fatigue connected to engagement in social media. It is possible to assess that trait anxiety might induce higher SMF when individuals experience a general apprehension that others are doing or having things that they do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata H Świątek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-017, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Bielecka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-017, Poland
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Crowley MJ, van Noordt SJR, Castagna PJ, Vaca FE, Wu J, Lejuez CW, Mayes LC. Avoidance in Adolescence: The Balloon Risk Avoidance Task (BRAT). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Romano E, Ma R, Perera G, Stewart R, Tsamakis K, Solmi M, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Stubbs B, Mueller C. Risk of hospitalised falls and hip fractures in working age adults receiving mental health care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 72:81-87. [PMID: 34332346 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This retrospective cohort study investigates risks of hospitalised fall or hip fractures in working age adults receiving mental health care in South London. METHODS Patients aged 18 to 64, who received a first mental illness diagnosis between 2008 and 2016 were included. Primary outcome was hospitalised falls, secondary outcome was hip fractures. Age- and gender-standardised incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared to local general population were calculated. Multivariate Cox proportionate hazard models were used to investigate which mental health diagnoses were most at risk. RESULTS In 50,885 patients incidence rates were 8.3 and 0.8 per 1,000 person-years for falls and hip fractures respectively. Comparing mental health patients to the general population, age-and-gender-adjusted IRR for falls was 3.6 (95% CI: 3.3-4.0) and for hip fractures 7.5 (95% CI: 5.2-10.4). The falls IRR was highest for borderline personality and bipolar disorder and lowest for schizophreniform and anxiety disorder. After adjusting for multiple confounders in the sample of mental health service users, borderline personality disorder yielded a higher and anxiety disorder a lower falls risk. CONCLUSION Working age adults using mental health services have almost four times the incidence of hospitalised falls compared to general population. Targeted interventions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruimin Ma
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gayan Perera
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stewart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Second Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital 'ATTIKON', Athens, Greece
| | - Marco Solmi
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
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Tieskens JM, Buil JM, Koot S, van Lier PAC. Developmental associations between risk-taking and anxiety symptoms across ages 8-12 years. Child Dev 2021; 92:2563-2576. [PMID: 34463352 PMCID: PMC9292037 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the transactional association between anxiety symptoms and risk‐avoidance in Dutch elementary schoolchildren (N = 1200; 50% girls) across ages 8–12. Anxiety symptoms were obtained using self‐, peer‐, and teacher‐reports. Risk‐avoidance was measured using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task—Youth Version. Random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models showed that, across informants, increases in anxiety symptoms predicted decreases in risk‐taking. Apart from minor exceptions, this effect was similar across sexes. For peer‐reports, the reverse path from decreases in risk‐taking to increased anxiety was also found. Overall, this study gives insight into the developmental link between symptoms of anxiety and risk‐avoidance which is important for early signaling and prevention as well as for our understanding of the consequences of childhood anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha M Tieskens
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Marieke Buil
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Flores EJ, Neil JM, Tiersma KM, Pappano CR, Mulligan C, Van Alphen MU, Park ER, Irwin KE. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Collaborative Lung Cancer Screening Educational Intervention Tailored for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness. J Am Coll Radiol 2021; 18:1624-1634. [PMID: 34375628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) experience disparities in lung cancer mortality. Using a two-phase, mixed-methods approach, we developed a person-centered lung cancer screening (LCS) educational intervention (phase 1) for individuals with SMI (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) and evaluated acceptability, feasibility, and changes in attitudes toward LCS (phase 2). METHODS Phase 1: We conducted three focus groups with mental health, primary care, and radiology clinicians and utilized rapid qualitative analysis to adapt the LCS intervention (LCS walk-through video and smoking cessation handouts) tailored for individuals with SMI. Phase 2: We enrolled LCS-eligible patients with SMI (n = 15) and assessed the feasibility (>50% enrollment; >75% completion) and acceptability (>75% overall satisfaction) of an LCS educational intervention delivered by a radiologist and a mental health clinician at a community mental health clinic. We explored changes in participant attitudes about lung cancer, LCS, and smoking before and after the intervention. RESULTS Phase 1: Focus groups with primary care (n = 5), radiologists (n = 9), and mental health clinicians (n = 6) recommended person-centered language and adapting a video demonstrating the process of LCS to address concerns specific to SMI, including paranoia and concrete thinking. Phase 2: Fifty percent (15 of 30) of eligible patients enrolled in the LCS intervention, 100% (15 of 15) completed the intervention, and 93% (14 of 15) were satisfied with the intervention. Participants reported a significantly greater worry about developing lung cancer postintervention, but there were no other significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Radiologists can partner with primary care and community mental health clinics to lead LCS equity among individuals with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrén J Flores
- Officer of Radiology, Community, and Health Equity, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Assistant Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jordan M Neil
- Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, TSET Health Promotion Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Keenae M Tiersma
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; North Suffolk Mental Health Association, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine R Pappano
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin Mulligan
- North Suffolk Mental Health Association, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manjola U Van Alphen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Chief Medical Officer, Medical Director, Division of Ambulatory Services, North Suffolk Mental Health Association, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elyse R Park
- Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Associate Director, Survivorship Research and Psychosocial Services for the MGH Cancer Center, Director of Behavioral Sciences, MGH Tobacco Treatment & Research Center, the Mongan Institute, The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Director of Behavioral Research, MGH Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly E Irwin
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Director, Collaborative Care and Community Engagement Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hussenoeder FS, Conrad I, Engel C, Zachariae S, Zeynalova S, Glaesmer H, Hinz A, Witte V, Tönjes A, Löffler M, Stumvoll M, Villringer A, Riedel-Heller SG. Analyzing the link between anxiety and eating behavior as a potential pathway to eating-related health outcomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14717. [PMID: 34282257 PMCID: PMC8289991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a widespread phenomenon that affects various behaviors. We want to analyze in how far anxiety is connected to eating behaviors since this is one potential pathway to understanding eating-related health outcomes like obesity or eating disorders. We used data from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study (n = 5019) to analyze the connection between anxiety (GAD-7) and the three dimensions of eating behaviors (FEV)—Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger—while controlling for sociodemographic variables, smoking, physical activity, personality, and social support. Multivariate regression analyses showed significant positive associations between anxiety and Disinhibition as well as Hunger, but not between anxiety and Cognitive Restraint. Interventions that help individuals to better regulate and cope with anxiety, could be one potential pathway to reducing eating disorders and obesity in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Hussenoeder
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ines Conrad
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Zachariae
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samira Zeynalova
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Witte
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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The relation between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity: A domain specific approach. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDisgust is a cross-culturally recognized emotion that is characterized by avoidant or cautious tendencies. Accordingly, greater sensitivity to disgust may be related to less willingness to take risks. Relatively little research has examined the association between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. Further, no research to date has taken a domain specific approach to understanding the association between these constructs. Across two studies (N1=98, N2=390) and a mini-meta analysis utilizing two additional datasets (total N=1981), we assessed the extent to which domain specific disgust sensitivity (i.e., Pathogen, Sexual, and Moral) were related to domain specific risk-taking propensity (i.e., Social, Recreational, Health/Safety, Ethical, and Financial). We conducted two cross-sectional studies, with a community and a student sample. Participants completed surveys that included measures of disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. Bivariate correlations across the two studies indicated that greater disgust sensitivity was related to lower risk-taking propensity across almost all domains. However, when controlling for covariance among the disgust sensitivity domains, regression analyses suggested variability in the association between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity depending on domains. Based on mini meta-analysis, sexual disgust sensitivity had the strongest relationships with social risk-taking propensity and health/safety risk-taking propensity, and moral disgust sensitivity had the strongest relationship with ethical risk-taking propensity. These findings suggest the presence of domain specific relations between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. The domain specific focus may help in utilizing disgust as a factor to decrease certain risky behaviors (e.g., moral disgust for decreasing plagiarism).
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Mayiwar L, Björklund F. Fear From Afar, Not So Risky After All: Distancing Moderates the Relationship Between Fear and Risk Taking. Front Psychol 2021; 12:674059. [PMID: 34248771 PMCID: PMC8267060 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing line of research has shown that individuals can regulate emotional biases in risky judgment and decision-making processes through cognitive reappraisal. In the present study, we focus on a specific tactic of reappraisal known as distancing. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion and the emotion regulation literature, we examine how distancing moderates the relationship between fear and risk taking and anger and risk taking. In three pre-registered studies (Ntotal = 1,483), participants completed various risky judgment and decision-making tasks. Replicating previous results, Study 1 revealed a negative relationship between fear and risk taking and a positive relationship between anger and risk taking at low levels of distancing. Study 2 replicated the interaction between fear and distancing but found no interaction between anger and distancing. Interestingly, at high levels of distancing, we observed a reversal of the relationship between fear and risk taking in both Study 1 and 2. Study 3 manipulated emotion and distancing by asking participants to reflect on current fear-related and anger-related stressors from an immersed or distanced perspective. Study 3 found no main effect of emotion nor any evidence of a moderating role of distancing. However, exploratory analysis revealed a main effect of distancing on optimistic risk estimation, which was mediated by a reduction in self-reported fear. Overall, the findings suggest that distancing can help regulate the influence of incidental fear on risk taking and risk estimation. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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Reduced Firing of Nucleus Accumbens Parvalbumin Interneurons Impairs Risk Avoidance in DISC1 Transgenic Mice. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1325-1338. [PMID: 34143365 PMCID: PMC8423984 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-NTM) mice to investigate risk avoidance and found that these mice were impaired in risk avoidance on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and showed reduced social preference in a three-chamber social interaction test. Following EPM tests, c-Fos expression levels indicated that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was associated with risk-avoidance behavior in DISC1-NTM mice. In addition, in vivo electrophysiological recordings following tamoxifen administration showed that the firing rates of fast-spiking neurons (FS) in the NAc were significantly lower in DISC1-NTM mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, in vitro patch clamp recording revealed that the frequency of action potentials stimulated by current injection was lower in parvalbumin (PV) neurons in the NAc of DISC1-NTM mice than in WT controls. The impairment of risk avoidance in DISC1-NTM mice was rescued using optogenetic tools that activated NAcPV neurons. Finally, inhibition of the activity of NAcPV neurons in PV-Cre mice mimicked the risk-avoidance impairment found in DISC1-NTM mice during tests on the elevated zero maze. Taken together, our findings confirm an impairment in risk avoidance in DISC1-NTM mice and suggest that reduced excitability of NAcPV neurons is responsible.
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Wen YF, Fang P, Peng JX, Wu S, Liu X, Dong QQ. Differential Psychological Factors Associated With Unnecessary Dental Avoidance and Attendance Behavior During the Early COVID-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:555613. [PMID: 34122203 PMCID: PMC8187600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.555613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is challenging the dental community to an unprecedented degree. Knowledge of the increased risk of infection in dental settings has been disseminated to the public and guidelines have been formulated to assist dental attendance decision-making. However, dental attendance behaviors incompatible with treatment need is not uncommon in clinical settings. Important gaps remain in the knowledge about how psychological factors are affecting dental attendance behaviors during the COVID-19 epidemic. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was performed during February and March 2020. A total of 342 and 294 dental patients who attended and avoided dental visits, respectively, were included. The participants were classified into four groups based on dental attendance behavior and emergent/urgent dental treatment need. Bivariate analysis was performed to investigate factors associated with dental attendance. Multivariable logistic regression based on principal component scores was performed to identify major psychological constructs associated with unnecessary dental avoidance and attendance. Among all the factors explored, inability to wear masks during dental treatment (P < 0.001; effect size: 0.32) was most closely associated with the overall pattern of dental attendance among participants. Multivariable regression suggested that unnecessary dental avoidance was associated with perceived risk of infection in general and in dental settings (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.62 [0.53, 0.72]; p < 0.001), perceived impact of COVID-19 and dental problems on general health (0.79 [0.65, 0.97]; 0.021), and personal traits such as trust and anxiety (0.77 [0.61, 0.98]; 0.038). Unnecessary dental attendance was associated with optimism toward the epidemic (1.68 [1.42, 2.01]; <0.001) and trust (1.39 [1.13, 1.74]; 0.002). Multidisciplinary efforts involving dental and medical professionals as well as psychologists are warranted to promote more widespread adoption, among the general public, of dental attendance behaviors compatible with dental treatment need during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Xi Peng
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Qian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Charpentier CJ, Faulkner P, Pool ER, Ly V, Tollenaar MS, Kluen LM, Fransen A, Yamamori Y, Lally N, Mkrtchian A, Valton V, Huys QJM, Sarigiannidis I, Morrow KA, Krenz V, Kalbe F, Cremer A, Zerbes G, Kausche FM, Wanke N, Giarrizzo A, Pulcu E, Murphy S, Kaltenboeck A, Browning M, Paul LK, Cools R, Roelofs K, Pessoa L, Harmer CJ, Chase HW, Grillon C, Schwabe L, Roiser JP, Robinson OJ, O'Doherty JP. How Representative are Neuroimaging Samples? Large-Scale Evidence for Trait Anxiety Differences Between fMRI and Behaviour-Only Research Participants. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1057-1070. [PMID: 33950220 PMCID: PMC8483285 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become crucial to study how cognitive processes are implemented in the human brain. However, the question of whether participants recruited into fMRI studies differ from participants recruited into other study contexts has received little to no attention. This is particularly pertinent when effects fail to generalize across study contexts: for example, a behavioural effect discovered in a non-imaging context not replicating in a neuroimaging environment. Here, we tested the hypothesis, motivated by preliminary findings (N = 272), that fMRI participants differ from behaviour-only participants on one fundamental individual difference variable: trait anxiety. Analysing trait anxiety scores and possible confounding variables from healthy volunteers across multiple institutions (N = 3317), we found robust support for lower trait anxiety in fMRI study participants, consistent with a sampling or self-selection bias. The bias was larger in studies that relied on phone screening (compared with full in-person psychiatric screening), recruited at least partly from convenience samples (compared with community samples), and in pharmacology studies. Our findings highlight the need for surveying trait anxiety at recruitment and for appropriate screening procedures or sampling strategies to mitigate this bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Charpentier
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eva R Pool
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ly
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Kluen
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Aniek Fransen
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yumeya Yamamori
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Níall Lally
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anahit Mkrtchian
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Valton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erdem Pulcu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susannah Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kaltenboeck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn K Paul
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry W Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Sex difference in the weighting of expected uncertainty under chronic stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8700. [PMID: 33888800 PMCID: PMC8062471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological literature implicates chronic stress induced decision-making deficits as a major contributor to depression and anxiety. Given that females are twice as likely to suffer from these disorders, we hypothesized the existence of sex difference in the effects of chronic stress on decision-making. Here employing a decision-making paradigm that relies on reinforcement learning of probabilistic predictive relationships, we show female volunteers with a high level of perceived stress in the past month are more likely to make suboptimal choices than males. Computational characterizations of this sex difference suggest that while under high stress, females and males differ in their weighting but not learning of the expected uncertainty in the predictive relationships. These findings provide a mechanistic account of the sex difference in decision-making under chronic stress and may have important implications for the epidemiology of sex difference in depression and anxiety.
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Brain and Behavior Correlates of Risk Taking in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:707-715. [PMID: 33451676 PMCID: PMC9037066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Avoidant behavior is a defining feature of pediatric anxiety disorders. Although prior research has examined it from the perspective of early information processing events, there has been relatively less consideration of the processes by which anxious youth make avoidant decisions and how these choices are reinforced over time. Studies of risk taking are valuable in this regard because they consider how individuals identify the pros and cons of their choices, how they weigh potential gains and losses and estimate their respective probabilities, and how they tolerate the uncertainty intrinsic to any decision. In this review, we place risk taking within existing models of information processing in pediatric anxiety disorders and highlight the particular value of this construct for informing models of developmental psychopathology and individual differences in outcome over time. We review existing behavioral and neurobiological studies of risk taking in anxious youth and conclude by identifying directions for future research.
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50
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Villanueva‐Moya L, Expósito F. Gender differences in decision‐making: The effects of gender stereotype threat moderated by sensitivity to punishment and fear of negative evaluation. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Villanueva‐Moya
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Social Psychology University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Francisca Expósito
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Social Psychology University of Granada Granada Spain
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