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Pattison LA, Cloake A, Chakrabarti S, Hilton H, Rickman RH, Higham JP, Meng MY, Paine LW, Dannawi M, Qiu L, Ritoux A, Bulmer DC, Callejo G, Smith ESJ. Digging deeper into pain: an ethological behavior assay correlating well-being in mice with human pain experience. Pain 2024; 165:1761-1773. [PMID: 38452214 PMCID: PMC11247454 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pressing need for safer, more efficacious analgesics is felt worldwide. Preclinical tests in animal models of painful conditions represent one of the earliest checkpoints novel therapeutics must negotiate before consideration for human use. Traditionally, the pain status of laboratory animals has been inferred from evoked nociceptive assays that measure their responses to noxious stimuli. The disconnect between how pain is tested in laboratory animals and how it is experienced by humans may in part explain the shortcomings of current pain medications and highlights a need for refinement. Here, we survey human patients with chronic pain who assert that everyday aspects of life, such as cleaning and leaving the house, are affected by their ongoing level of pain. Accordingly, we test the impact of painful conditions on an ethological behavior of mice, digging. Stable digging behavior was observed over time in naive mice of both sexes. By contrast, deficits in digging were seen after acute knee inflammation. The analgesia conferred by meloxicam and gabapentin was compared in the monosodium iodoacetate knee osteoarthritis model, with meloxicam more effectively ameliorating digging deficits, in line with human patients finding meloxicam more effective. Finally, in a visceral pain model, the decrease in digging behavior correlated with the extent of disease. Ultimately, we make a case for adopting ethological assays, such as digging, in studies of pain in laboratory animals, which we believe to be more representative of the human experience of pain and thus valuable in assessing clinical potential of novel analgesics in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Pattison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Cloake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sampurna Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca H. Rickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James P. Higham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michelle Y. Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luke W. Paine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maya Dannawi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lanhui Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Ritoux
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C. Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Callejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewan St. John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Chakrabarti is now with Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. Dr. Callejo is now with Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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de Geus TJ, Franken G, Joosten EAJ. Spinal Cord Stimulation Paradigms and Alleviation of Neuropathic Pain Behavior in Experimental Painful Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00138-7. [PMID: 39033461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an alternative treatment option for painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDPN). Differential target multiplexed (DTM)-SCS is proposed to be more effective than conventional (Con)-SCS. Animal studies are essential for understanding SCS mechanisms in PDPN pain relief. Although the Von Frey (VF) test is the gold standard for preclinical pain research, it has limitations. Operant testing using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test provides insights into spontaneous neuropathic pain relief and enhances the translatability of findings. This study aims to 1) use the CPP test to evaluate Con- and DTM-SCS effects on spontaneous neuropathic pain relief in PDPN animals and 2) investigate the correlation between mechanical hypersensitivity alleviation and spontaneous neuropathic pain relief. MATERIAL AND METHODS Diabetes was induced through streptozotocin injection in 32 rats; 16 animals developed PDPN and were implanted with a quadripolar lead. Rats were conditioned for Con-SCS (n = 8) or DTM-SCS (n = 7), and a preference score compared with sham was determined. After conditioning, a 30-minute SCS protocol was conducted. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed using VF before, during, and after SCS. RESULTS There were no significant chamber preference changes for DTM-SCS (p = 0.3449) or Con-SCS (p = 0.3632). Subgroups of responders and nonresponders were identified with significant increases in preference score for responders for both DTM-SCS (-266.6 to 119.8; p = 0.0238; n = 4) and Con-SCS (-350.7 to 88.46; p = 0.0148; n = 3). No strong correlation between SCS-induced spontaneous neuropathic pain relief and effects on mechanical hypersensitivity in PDPN animals is noted. CONCLUSIONS The CPP test is a valuable tool to test the efficacy of the pain-relieving potential of various SCS paradigms in PDPN animals. The results of this study show no differences in spontaneous neuropathic pain relief between DTM- and Con-SCS in PDPN animals. Furthermore, there is no correlation between the effect of SCS in spontaneous pain relief and hind paw mechanical hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J de Geus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Glenn Franken
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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James JG, McCall NM, Hsu AI, Oswell CS, Salimando GJ, Mahmood M, Wooldridge LM, Wachira M, Jo A, Sandoval Ortega RA, Wojick JA, Beattie K, Farinas SA, Chehimi SN, Rodrigues A, Ejoh LSL, Kimmey BA, Lo E, Azouz G, Vasquez JJ, Banghart MR, Creasy KT, Beier KT, Ramakrishnan C, Crist RC, Reiner BC, Deisseroth K, Yttri EA, Corder G. Mimicking opioid analgesia in cortical pain circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591113. [PMID: 38746090 PMCID: PMC11092437 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex plays a pivotal role in the cognitive and affective aspects of pain perception. Both endogenous and exogenous opioid signaling within the cingulate mitigate cortical nociception, reducing pain unpleasantness. However, the specific functional and molecular identities of cells mediating opioid analgesia in the cingulate remain elusive. Given the complexity of pain as a sensory and emotional experience, and the richness of ethological pain-related behaviors, we developed a standardized, deep-learning platform for deconstructing the behavior dynamics associated with the affective component of pain in mice-LUPE (Light aUtomated Pain Evaluator). LUPE removes human bias in behavior quantification and accelerated analysis from weeks to hours, which we leveraged to discover that morphine altered attentional and motivational pain behaviors akin to affective analgesia in humans. Through activity-dependent genetics and single-nuclei RNA sequencing, we identified specific ensembles of nociceptive cingulate neuron-types expressing mu-opioid receptors. Tuning receptor expression in these cells bidirectionally modulated morphine analgesia. Moreover, we employed a synthetic opioid receptor promoter-driven approach for cell-type specific optical and chemical genetic viral therapies to mimic morphine's pain-relieving effects in the cingulate, without reinforcement. This approach offers a novel strategy for precision pain management by targeting a key nociceptive cortical circuit with on-demand, non-addictive, and effective analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G. James
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nora M. McCall
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex I. Hsu
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, and Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corinna S. Oswell
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Salimando
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malaika Mahmood
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M. Wooldridge
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meghan Wachira
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne Jo
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jessica A. Wojick
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Beattie
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia A. Farinas
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samar N. Chehimi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrith Rodrigues
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lind-say L. Ejoh
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blake A. Kimmey
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Lo
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ghalia Azouz
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jose J. Vasquez
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R. Banghart
- Dept. of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kate Townsend Creasy
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, and Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard C. Crist
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Reiner
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric A. Yttri
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Corder
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mehsein Z, Kobaïter-Maarrawi S, Samaha H, El Shami M, Albeaini S, Maarrawi J. Right posterior insular epidural stimulation in rats with neuropathic pain induces a frequency-dependent and opioid system-mediated reduction of pain and its comorbid anxiety and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110845. [PMID: 37619765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a sensory, emotional, and persistent disturbing experience caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system which can lead when chronic to comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Available treatments (pharmacotherapy, neurostimulation) have partial and unpredictable response; therefore, it seems necessary to find a new therapeutical approach that could alleviate most related symptoms and improve patients 'emotional state'. Posterior Insula seems to be a potential target of neurostimulation for pain relief. However, its effects on pain-related anxiety and depression remain unknown. Using rats with spared nerve injury (SNI), this study aims to elucidate the correlation between NP and anxio-depressive disorders, evaluate potential analgesic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects of right posterior insula stimulation (IS) using low (LF-IS, 50 Hz) or high (HF-IS, 150 Hz) frequency and assess endogenous opioid involvement in these effects. Results showed positive correlation between NP, anxiety, and depression. LF-IS reversed anhedonia and despair-like behavior through pain alleviation, whereas HF-IS only reduced anhedonia, all effects involving endogenous opioids. These findings support the link between NP and anxio-depressive disorders. Moreover, IS appears to have analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects mediated by the endogenous opioid system, making it a promising target for neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mehsein
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Kobaïter-Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hady Samaha
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad El Shami
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvana Albeaini
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience (LAREN), Pôle Technologie Santé (PTS), Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Neurosurgery - Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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5
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Dent JO, Segal JP, Brécier A, Gowdy HGM, Dubois RM, Bannerman CA, Halievski K, Silva JR, Ghasemlou N. Advanced Dynamic Weight Bearing as an Observer-independent Measure of Hyperacute Hypersensitivity in Mice. Can J Pain 2023; 7:2249060. [PMID: 37885834 PMCID: PMC10599184 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2023.2249060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Standard methods assessing pain in rodents are often observer dependent, potentially resulting in biased outcomes. Advanced dynamic weight bearing (ADWB) offers an observer-independent approach that can provide objective, reliable data in preclinical pain research. Aims The aim of this study was to characterize the use of ADWB in assessing murine responses to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-induced hyperacute hypersensitivity and identify best practices for use of the device. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice received intraplantar injections of saline or 0.1% AITC solution and were assessed using the ADWB system; simultaneous observer-dependent durations of paw licking and biting were measured. ADWB data were analyzed using the proprietary software from Bioseb and correlated to observer-dependent results, with parameters assessed to optimize data collected. Results ADWB detected pain-directed changes in weight and surface area distribution in AITC-treated mice, with paw weight and surface area placement correlating to paw licking and biting. Optimization of adjustable threshold parameters allowed for reduced coefficients of variability and increased duration of validated data. Conclusions The ADWB assay provides an efficient and unbiased measure of chemical-induced hyperacute hypersensitivity in mice. ADWB detection parameters influence amount of validated data and variability, a consideration for data analysis in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne O. Dent
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia P. Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aurélie Brécier
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hailey G. M. Gowdy
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosalin M. Dubois
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney A. Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Halievski
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaqueline R. Silva
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Sadighparvar S, Al-Hamed FS, Sharif-Naeini R, Meloto CB. Preclinical orofacial pain assays and measures and chronic primary orofacial pain research: where we are and where we need to go. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1150749. [PMID: 37293433 PMCID: PMC10244561 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary orofacial pain (OFP) conditions such as painful temporomandibular disorders (pTMDs; i.e., myofascial pain and arthralgia), idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are seemingly idiopathic, but evidence support complex and multifactorial etiology and pathophysiology. Important fragments of this complex array of factors have been identified over the years largely with the help of preclinical studies. However, findings have yet to translate into better pain care for chronic OFP patients. The need to develop preclinical assays that better simulate the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical symptoms of OFP patients and to assess OFP measures consistent with their clinical symptoms is a challenge that needs to be overcome to support this translation process. In this review, we describe rodent assays and OFP pain measures that can be used in support of chronic primary OFP research, in specific pTMDs, TN, and BMS. We discuss their suitability and limitations considering the current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of these conditions and suggest possible future directions. Our goal is to foster the development of innovative animal models with greater translatability and potential to lead to better care for patients living with chronic primary OFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Sadighparvar
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Beraldo Meloto
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Castany S, Bagó-Mas A, Vela JM, Verdú E, Bretová K, Svobodová V, Dubový P, Boadas-Vaello P. Transient Reflexive Pain Responses and Chronic Affective Nonreflexive Pain Responses Associated with Neuroinflammation Processes in Both Spinal and Supraspinal Structures in Spinal Cord-Injured Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021761. [PMID: 36675275 PMCID: PMC9863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Central neuropathic pain is not only characterized by reflexive pain responses, but also emotional or affective nonreflexive pain responses, especially in women. Some pieces of evidence suggest that the activation of the neuroimmune system may be contributing to the manifestation of mood disorders in patients with chronic pain conditions, but the mechanisms that contribute to the development and chronicity of CNP and its associated disorders remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether neuroinflammatory factor over-expression in the spinal cord and supraspinal structures may be associated with reflexive and nonreflexive pain response development from acute SCI phase to 12 weeks post-injury in female mice. The results show that transient reflexive responses were observed during the SCI acute phase associated with transient cytokine overexpression in the spinal cord. In contrast, increased nonreflexive pain responses were observed in the chronic phase associated with cytokine overexpression in supraspinal structures, especially in mPFC. In addition, results revealed that besides cytokines, the mPFC showed an increased glial activation as well as CX3CL1/CX3CR1 upregulation in the neurons, suggesting the contribution of neuron-glia crosstalk in the development of nonreflexive pain responses in the chronic spinal cord injury phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Castany
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Bagó-Mas
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - José Miguel Vela
- WeLab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Karolina Bretová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Svobodová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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8
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Burand Jr. AJ, Waltz TB, Manis AD, Hodges MR, Stucky CL. HomeCageScan analysis reveals ongoing pain in Fabry rats. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 13:100113. [PMID: 36660199 PMCID: PMC9843259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HomeCageScan (HCS) is an automated behavioral scoring system that can be used to classify and quantify rodent behaviors in the home cage. Although HCS has been used for a number of inducible models of severe pain, little has been done to test this system in clinically relevant genetic disease models associated with chronic pain such as Fabry disease. Rats with Fabry disease exhibit mechanical hypersensitivity, however, it is unclear if these rodents also exhibit ongoing non-evoked pain. Therefore, we analyzed HCS data from male and female rats with Fabry disease. Using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis, we found both sex and genotype differences in several home cage behaviors. Additionally, we used hierarchical clustering to derive behavioral clusters in an unbiased manner. Analysis of these behavioral clusters showed that primarily female Fabry animals moved less, spent less time caring for themselves (e.g., less time spent grooming and drinking), explored less, and slept more; changes that are similar to lifestyle changes observed in patients with long lasting chronic pain. We also show that sniffing, one of the exploratory behaviors that is depressed in Fabry animals, can be partly restored with the analgesic gabapentin, suggesting that depressed sniffing may reflect ongoing pain. Therefore, this approach to HCS data analysis can be used to assess drug efficacy in Fabry disease and potentially other genetic and inducible rodent models associated with persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Burand Jr.
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Tyler B. Waltz
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Anna D. Manis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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9
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FDG PET Imaging of the Pain Matrix in Neuropathic Pain Model Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010063. [PMID: 36672571 PMCID: PMC9855331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant subjective experience that is usually modified by complex multidimensional neuropsychological processes. Increasing numbers of neuroimaging studies in humans have characterized the hierarchical brain areas forming a pain matrix, which is involved in the different dimensions of pain components. Although mechanistic investigations have been performed extensively in rodents, the homologous brain regions involved in the multidimensional pain components have not been fully understood in the rodent brain. Herein, we successfully identified several brain regions activated in response to mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain rat models using an alternative neuroimaging method based on 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) scanning. Regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex hindlimb region, and the centrolateral thalamic nucleus were identified. Moreover, brain activity in these regions was positively correlated with mechanical allodynia-related behavioral changes. These results suggest that FDG PET imaging in neuropathic pain model rats enables the evaluation of regional brain activity encoding the multidimensional pain aspect. It could thus be a fascinating tool to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical investigations.
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10
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Jhumka ZA, Abdus-Saboor IJ. Next generation behavioral sequencing for advancing pain quantification. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102598. [PMID: 35780688 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With symptoms such as spontaneous pain and pathologically heightened sensitivity to stimuli, chronic pain accounts for about 20% of physician visits and up to 2/3 of patients are dissatisfied with current treatments. Much of our knowledge on pain processing and analgesics has emerged from behavioral studies performed on animals presenting the same symptoms under pathological conditions. While humans can verbally describe their pain, studies on rodents have relied on behavioral assays providing non-exhaustive characterization or altering animals' original sensitivity through repetitive stimulations. The emergence of what we term "next-generation behavioral sequencing" is now permitting us to quantitatively describe behavioral features on millisecond to minutes long timescales that lie beyond easy detection with the unaided eye. Here, we summarize emerging videography and computational based behavioral approaches that have the potential to significantly improve pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Anissa Jhumka
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. https://twitter.com/AnissaJhumka
| | - Ishmail J Abdus-Saboor
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. ia2458columbia.edu
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11
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Mogil JS. The history of pain measurement in humans and animals. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1031058. [PMID: 36185770 PMCID: PMC9522466 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1031058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain needs to be measured in order to be studied and managed. Pain measurement strategies in both humans and non-human animals have varied widely over the years and continue to evolve. This review describes the historical development of human and animal algesiometry.
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12
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Karri J, Nagpal AS, Li S. Editorial: Translational research in neuropathic pain: Current status and future directions. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1024013. [PMID: 36158702 PMCID: PMC9501693 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1024013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Karri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Correspondence: Jay Karri
| | - Ameet S. Nagpal
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Seidel MF, Hügle T, Morlion B, Koltzenburg M, Chapman V, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Lane NE, Perrot S, Zieglgänsberger W. Neurogenic inflammation as a novel treatment target for chronic pain syndromes. Exp Neurol 2022; 356:114108. [PMID: 35551902 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain syndrome is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by several pathological mechanisms. One in five adults in Europe may experience chronic pain. In addition to the individual burden, chronic pain has a significant societal impact because of work and school absences, loss of work, early retirement, and high social and healthcare costs. Several anti-inflammatory treatments are available for patients with inflammatory or autoimmune diseases to control their symptoms, including pain. However, patients with degenerative chronic pain conditions, some with 10-fold or more elevated incidence relative to these manageable diseases, have few long-term pharmacological treatment options, limited mainly to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. For this review, we performed multiple PubMed searches using keywords such as "pain," "neurogenic inflammation," "NGF," "substance P," "nociception," "BDNF," "inflammation," "CGRP," "osteoarthritis," and "migraine." Many treatments, most with limited scientific evidence of efficacy, are available for the management of chronic pain through a trial-and-error approach. Although basic science and pre-clinical pain research have elucidated many biomolecular mechanisms of pain and identified promising novel targets, little of this work has translated into better clinical management of these conditions. This state-of-the-art review summarizes concepts of chronic pain syndromes and describes potential novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F Seidel
- Department of Rheumatology, Spitalzentrum Biel-Centre Hospitalier Bienne, 2501 Biel-Bienne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Hügle
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barton Morlion
- The Leuven Center for Algology and Pain Management, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Koltzenburg
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Chapman
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Serge Perrot
- Unité INSERM U987, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Paris Descartes University, Boulogne Billancourt, France; Centre d'Evaluation et Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpital Cochin, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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14
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Ford ZK, Reker AN, Chen S, Kadakia F, Bunk A, Davidson S. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Expression in Human Dorsal Root Ganglia and CB13-Induced Bidirectional Modulation of Sensory Neuron Activity. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:721332. [PMID: 35295508 PMCID: PMC8915700 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.721332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors have been identified as potential targets for analgesia from studies on animal physiology and behavior, and from human clinical trials. Here, we sought to improve translational understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoid-mediated peripheral analgesia. Human lumbar dorsal root ganglia were rapidly recovered from organ donors to perform physiological and anatomical investigations into the potential for cannabinoids to mediate analgesia at the level of the peripheral nervous system. Anatomical characterization of in situ gene expression and immunoreactivity showed that 61 and 53% of human sensory neurons express the CB1 gene and receptor, respectively. Calcium influx evoked by the algogen capsaicin was measured by Fura-2AM in dissociated human sensory neurons pre-exposed to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) alone or together with CB13 (1 μM), a cannabinoid agonist with limited blood–brain barrier permeability. Both a higher proportion of neurons and a greater magnitude of response to capsaicin were observed after exposure to CB13, indicating cannabinoid-mediated sensitization. In contrast, membrane properties measured by patch-clamp electrophysiology demonstrated that CB13 suppressed excitability and reduced action potential discharge in PGE2-pre-incubated sensory neurons, suggesting the suppression of sensitization. This bidirectional modulation of sensory neuron activity suggests that cannabinoids may suppress overall membrane excitability while simultaneously enhancing responsivity to TRPV1-mediated stimuli. We conclude that peripherally restricted cannabinoids may have both pro- and anti-nociceptive effects in human sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Ford
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ashlie N Reker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Feni Kadakia
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Bunk
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steve Davidson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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15
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Salcido CA, Argenbright CM, Aguirre T, Trujillo AD, Fuchs PN. The Use of an FR1 Schedule Operant Approach-Avoidance Paradigm to Measure the Aversiveness of Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:793958. [PMID: 35295429 PMCID: PMC8915719 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.793958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a subjective, private, yet universal phenomenon that depends on a unique combination of sensory, affective, and evaluative characteristics. Although preclinical models have been used to understand much of pain physiology, the inability to communicate with animals limits affective and evaluative feedback and has constrained traditional behavioral methods to adequately represent and study the multidimensional pain experience. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the affective component of pain within a novel operant approach-avoidance paradigm (AAP) to determine which type of pain (inflammatory and neuropathic) may be more aversive. To reveal the possible differences in pain aversiveness within the AAP paradigm, animals received bilateral inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions and were given the choice to a) forgo appetitive reward by not receiving noxious stimulus of either inflammatory or neuropathic conditions or b) receive noxious stimulus in exchange for an appetitive reward. Although all pain conditions produced significant hypersensitivity, the AAP results revealed there was no preference in the stimulation of a specific paw in the bilateral pain conditions. The finding suggests that despite unique clinical pain characteristics for inflammatory and neuropathic conditions, the lack of observable differences in the pain conditions may not necessarily equate to the overall similarity in aversiveness, but rather that the fixed ratio (FR1) paradigm presentation allowed appetitive reward to be more salient, highlighting the complexities of competing motivational drives of pain and hunger when satiating hunger is always guaranteed. Thus, future studies should seek to further tease apart this relationship with a different schedule and food-controlled methodologies. The development of such preclinical approaches can thoroughly investigate the intricacy of competing drives and likely reveal important information regarding the complexity of pain, enhancing our understanding of pain perception in individuals suffering from comorbid pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina A. Salcido
- University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Cassie M. Argenbright
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Tiffany Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Alex D. Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Perry N. Fuchs
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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16
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Jonas R, Schmelz M. Sensitization of supra-threshold pain responses-Translational aspects and mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:1078890. [PMID: 36926107 PMCID: PMC10013001 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1078890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A substantial translational gap in pain research has been reflected by a mismatch of relevant primary pain assessment endpoints in preclinical vs. clinical trials. Since activity-dependent mechanisms may be neglected during reflexive tests, this may add as a confounding factor during preclinical pain assessment. In this perspective, we consider the evidence for a need for supra-threshold pain assessment in the pain research literature. In addition to that, we focus on previous results that may demonstrate an example mechanism, where the detection of neuron-glial interactions on pain seems to be substantially depending on the assessment of pain intensity beyond threshold levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jonas
- Department of Translational Pharmacology, Medical School EWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,UMCG Pain Center, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Shriver AJ, John TM. Neuroethics and Animals: Report and Recommendations From the University of Pennsylvania Animal Research Neuroethics Workshop. ILAR J 2021; 60:424-433. [PMID: 34370840 PMCID: PMC8767460 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing awareness of the ethical implications of neuroscience in the early years of the 21st century led to the emergence of the new academic field of “neuroethics,” which studies the ethical implications of developments in the neurosciences. However, despite the acceleration and evolution of neuroscience research on nonhuman animals, the unique ethical issues connected with neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals remain underdiscussed. This is a significant oversight given the central place of animal models in neuroscience. To respond to these concerns, the Center for Neuroscience and Society and the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania hosted a workshop on the “Neuroethics of Animal Research” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the workshop, expert speakers and attendees discussed ethical issues arising from neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals, including the use of animal models in the study of pain and psychiatric conditions, animal brain-machine interfaces, animal–animal chimeras, cerebral organoids, and the relevance of neuroscience to debates about personhood. This paper highlights important emerging ethical issues based on the discussions at the workshop. This paper includes recommendations for research in the United States from the authors based on the discussions at the workshop, loosely following the format of the 2 Gray Matters reports on neuroethics published by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Shriver
- W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,Center for Neuroscience & Society, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tyler M John
- Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Hasriadi, Wasana PWD, Vajragupta O, Rojsitthisak P, Towiwat P. Automated home-cage for the evaluation of innate non-reflexive pain behaviors in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12240. [PMID: 34112846 PMCID: PMC8192791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure to develop analgesic drugs is attributed not only to the complex and diverse pathophysiology of pain in humans but also to the poor experimental design and poor preclinical assessment of pain. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to overcoming the relevant problems, many features of the behavioral pain assessment remain to be characterized. For example, a decreased locomotor activity as a common presentation of pain-like behavior has yet to be described. Studies on mice experimentally induced with carrageenan have provided opportunities to explore pain-related behaviors in automated home-cage monitoring. Through this approach, the locomotor activities of mice with carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain can be precisely and objectively captured. Here, we found that the mobile behaviors of mice reduced, and their immobility increased, indicating that carrageenan induction in mice caused a significant decrease in locomotor activity. These non-reflexive pain behaviors were strongly correlated with the reflexive pain behaviors measured via von Frey and plantar tests. Furthermore, the pharmacological intervention using indomethacin improved the locomotor activity of mice with carrageenan-induced pain. Thus, the analysis of the locomotor activity in automated home-cage monitoring is useful for studying the behavioral analgesia and the pharmacological screening of analgesic drugs. The combined evaluation of reflexive and non-reflexive pain behaviors enhances the translational utility of preclinical pain research in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasriadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Peththa Wadu Dasuni Wasana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Elma Ö, Lebuf E, Marnef AQ, Tümkaya Yilmaz S, Coppieters I, Clarys P, Nijs J, Malfliet A, Deliens T. Diet can exert both analgesic and pronociceptive effects in acute and chronic pain models: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2195-2217. [PMID: 34096825 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1934956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diet is an essential aspect of human health, the link between diet and pain is still not well understood. Preclinical animal research provides information to understand underlying mechanisms that allow identifying the needs for human research. OBJECTIVES This study aims to give a systematic overview of the current evidence from preclinical studies regarding the analgesic and pronociceptive effects of various diets in non-neuropathic, non-cancer, or non-visceral acute and chronic pain models. STUDY DESIGN A systematic Review. SETTING This study examined studies that investigate the analgesic and pronociceptive effects of various diets in non-neuropathic, non-cancer, or non-visceral acute and chronic pain models. METHODS This review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42019133473. The certainty of evidence was examined by a modified GRADE approach. RESULTS After the screening process twenty-four eligible papers were included in this review. Nineteen studies examined acute pain, nine studies chronic inflammatory pain, and four studies assessed both acute and chronic pain models. LIMITATIONS Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a meta-analysis was not included in this study. CONCLUSIONS In animal models, excessive saturated, monounsaturated or omega-6 polyunsaturated fat ingestion and diets rich in fats and carbohydrates can decrease pain sensitivity in acute nociceptive pain, whereas it can induce mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in chronic inflammatory pain. Additionally, diets rich in anti-inflammatory ingredients, as well as a calorie-restricted diet can promote recovery from primary mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Elma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion international research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elien Lebuf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arturo Quiroz Marnef
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sevilay Tümkaya Yilmaz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion international research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iris Coppieters
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion international research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Clarys
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Nijs
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion international research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anneleen Malfliet
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Pain in Motion international research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Deliens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Spinal cord stimulation in chronic neuropathic pain: mechanisms of action, new locations, new paradigms. Pain 2021; 161 Suppl 1:S104-S113. [PMID: 33090743 PMCID: PMC7434213 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Xu Z, Laber E, Staicu AM, Lascelles BDX. Novel approach to modeling high-frequency activity data to assess therapeutic effects of analgesics in chronic pain conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7737. [PMID: 33833306 PMCID: PMC8032701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition often associated with pain, affecting approximately fourteen percent of the population, and increasing in prevalence. A globally aging population have made treating OA-associated pain as well as maintaining mobility and activity a public health priority. OA affects all mammals, and the use of spontaneous animal models is one promising approach for improving translational pain research and the development of effective treatment strategies. Accelerometers are a common tool for collecting high-frequency activity data on animals to study the effects of treatment on pain related activity patterns. There has recently been increasing interest in their use to understand treatment effects in human pain conditions. However, activity patterns vary widely across subjects; furthermore, the effects of treatment may manifest in higher or lower activity counts or in subtler ways like changes in the frequency of certain types of activities. We use a zero inflated Poisson hidden semi-Markov model to characterize activity patterns and subsequently derive estimators of the treatment effect in terms of changes in activity levels or frequency of activity type. We demonstrate the application of our model, and its advance over traditional analysis methods, using data from a naturally occurring feline OA-associated pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Xu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eric Laber
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Staicu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Locke S, Yousefpour N, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Dorsal horn disinhibition and movement-induced behaviour in a rat model of inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:918-928. [PMID: 32910183 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations beyond joint inflammation such as changes in dorsal horn (DH) excitability contribute to pain in inflammatory arthritis (IA). More complete understanding of specific underlying mechanisms will be important to define novel targets for the treatment of IA pain. Pre-clinical models are useful, but relevant pain assays are vital for successful clinical translation. For this purpose, a method is presented to assess movement-induced pain-related behaviour changes that was subsequently used to investigate DH disinhibition in IA. METHODS IA was induced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in male rats, and weight distribution was assessed before and after walking on a treadmill. To confirm increased activity in nociception-related pathways, fos expression was assessed in the superficial DH, including in nociceptive neurons, identified by neurokinin 1 (NK1) immunoreactivity, and interneurons. Inhibitory terminal density onto NK1+ neurons was assessed and lastly, a cohort of animals was treated for 3 days with gabapentin. RESULTS At 4 weeks post-CFA, walking reduced weight distribution to the affected joint and increased DH fos expression, including in NK1+ neurons. Neuronal activity in inhibitory cells and inhibitory terminal density on NK1+ neurons were decreased in CFA-treated animals compared with controls. Treatment with gabapentin led to recovered behaviour and DH neuronal activity pattern in CFA-treated animals. CONCLUSION We describe an assay to assess movement-induced pain-related behaviour changes in a rodent IA model. Furthermore, our results suggest that disinhibition may contribute to pain related to movement in IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Locke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noosha Yousefpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sham surgeries for central and peripheral neural injuries persistently enhance pain-avoidance behavior as revealed by an operant conflict test. Pain 2020; 160:2440-2455. [PMID: 31323014 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies using rodent models of neuropathic pain use sham surgery control procedures that cause deep tissue damage. Sham surgeries would thus be expected to induce potentially long-lasting postsurgical pain, but little evidence for such pain has been reported. Operant tests of voluntary behavior can reveal negative motivational and cognitive aspects of pain that may provide sensitive tools for detecting pain-related alterations. In a previously described operant mechanical conflict test involving lengthy familiarization and training, rodents freely choose to either escape from a brightly lit chamber by crossing sharp probes or refuse to cross. Here, we describe a brief (2-day) mechanical conflict protocol that exploits rats' innate exploratory response to a novel environment to detect persistently enhanced pain-avoidance behavior after sham surgeries for 2 neural injury models: thoracic spinal cord injury and chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Pitting the combined motivations to avoid the bright light and to explore the novel device against pain from crossing noxious probes disclosed a conflicting, hyperalgesia-related reluctance to repeatedly cross the probes after injury. Rats receiving standard sham surgeries demonstrated enhanced pain-like avoidance behavior compared with naive controls, and this behavior was similar to that of corresponding chronic constriction injury or spinal cord injury rats weeks or months after injury. In the case of sham surgery for spinal cord injury, video analysis of voluntary exploratory behavior directed at the probes revealed enhanced forepaw withdrawal responses. These findings have important implications for preclinical investigations into behavioral alterations and physiological mechanisms associated with postsurgical and neuropathic pain.
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24
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Mogil JS, Pang DSJ, Silva Dutra GG, Chambers CT. The development and use of facial grimace scales for pain measurement in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:480-493. [PMID: 32682741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, "grimace scales" were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Guanaes Silva Dutra
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Reker AN, Chen S, Etter K, Burger T, Caudill M, Davidson S. The Operant Plantar Thermal Assay: A Novel Device for Assessing Thermal Pain Tolerance in Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0210-19.2020. [PMID: 32071073 PMCID: PMC7078811 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0210-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a multidimensional experience of sensory-discriminative, cognitive, and affective processes; however, current basic research methods rely heavily on response to threshold stimuli, bypassing the supraspinal processing that ultimately gives rise to the pain experience. We developed the operant plantar thermal assay (OPTA), which utilizes a novel, conflict-based operant task requiring evaluation and active decision-making to obtain reward under thermally aversive conditions to quantify thermal pain tolerance. In baseline measures, male and female mice exhibited similar temperature preferences, however in the OPTA, female mice exhibited greater temperature-dependent tolerance, as defined by choice time spent in an adverse thermal condition to obtain reward. Increasing reward salience (4% vs 10% sucrose solution) led to increased thermal tolerance for males but not females. To determine whether neuropathic and inflammatory pain models alter thermal tolerance, animals with chronic constriction injury (CCI) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), respectively, were tested in the OPTA. Surprisingly, neuropathic animals exhibited increased thermal tolerance, as shown by greater time spent in the reward zone in an adverse thermal condition, compared with sham animals. There was no effect of inflammation on thermal tolerance. Administration of clonidine in the CCI model led to increased thermal tolerance in both injured and sham animals. In contrast, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory meloxicam was anti-hyperalgesic in the CFA model, but reduced thermal pain tolerance. These data support the feasibility of using the OPTA to assess thermal pain tolerance to gain new insights into complex pain behaviors and to investigate novel aspects of analgesic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie N Reker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Katherine Etter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Taylor Burger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Makayla Caudill
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Steve Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Laumet G, Edralin JD, Dantzer R, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A. CD3 + T cells are critical for the resolution of comorbid inflammatory pain and depression-like behavior. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2020; 7:100043. [PMID: 32510006 PMCID: PMC7264986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells are necessary for resolution of CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and spontaneous pain. T cells are required for the resolution of inflammation-induced depression-like behavior. T cells did not contribute to onset or severity of indicators of pain and depression-like behavior. T cells did not affect cytokine expression in the paw, spinal cord and brain.
Background Chronic pain and depression often co-occur. The mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of CD3+ T cells in an inflammatory model of comorbid persistent mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and depression-like behavior in mice. Methods C57Bl/6 wt and Rag2−/− mice were compared in their response to intraplantar administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain and depression-like behavior were assessed by von Frey, conditioned place preference and forced swim test respectively. Results Resolution of mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and depression-like behavior was markedly delayed in Rag2−/− mice that are devoid of adaptive immune cells. Reconstitution of Rag2−/− mice with CD3+ T cells from WT mice before CFA injection normalized the resolution of indicators of pain and depression-like behavior. T cells did not contribute to onset or severity of indicators of pain and depression-like behavior. The lack of T cells did not affect cytokine expression in the paw, spinal cord and brain, indicating that the delayed resolution was not resulting from prolonged (neuro)inflammation. Conclusions Our findings show that T cells are critical for the natural resolution of mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and depression-like behavior after an inflammatory challenge. Dysregulation of this T cell-mediated resolution pathway could contribute to the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression. Significance Chronic pain and depression are frequently associated with signs of inflammation. However, general immunosuppression is not sufficient to resolve comorbid pain and depression. Here we demonstrate that T cells are required for resolution of comorbid persistent mechanical allodynia, spontaneous pain, and depression in a model of peripheral inflammation, indicating the immune system can contribute to both onset and resolution of these comorbidities. Enhancing pro-resolution effects of T cells may have a major impact to treat patients with comorbid persistent pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Laumet
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jules D Edralin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Developing Improved Translational Models of Pain: A Role for the Behavioral Scientist. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:39-55. [PMID: 32440644 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective management of pain is a longstanding public health concern. Although opioids have been frontline analgesics for decades, they also have well-known undesirable effects that limit their clinical utility, such as abuse liability and respiratory depression. The failure to develop better analgesics has, in some ways, contributed to the escalating opioid epidemic that has claimed tens of thousands of lives and has cost hundreds of billions of dollars in health-care expenses. A paradigm shift is needed in the pharmacotherapy of pain management that will require extensive efforts throughout biomedical science. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the critical role of the behavioral scientist to devise improved translational models of pain for drug development. Despite high heterogeneity of painful conditions that involve cortical-dependent pain processing, current models often feature an overreliance on simple reflex-based measures and an emphasis on the absence, rather than presence, of behavior as evidence of analgesic efficacy. Novel approaches should focus on the restoration of operant and other CNS-mediated behavior under painful conditions.
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28
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Ganchingco JRC, Fukuyama T, Yoder JA, Bäumer W. Calcium imaging of primary canine sensory neurons: Small-diameter neurons responsive to pruritogens and algogens. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01428. [PMID: 31571393 PMCID: PMC6908857 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rodent primary sensory neurons are commonly used for studying itch and pain neurophysiology, but translation from rodents to larger mammals and humans is not direct and requires further validation to make correlations. METHODS This study developed a primary canine sensory neuron culture from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) excised from cadaver dogs. Additionally, the canine DRG cell cultures developed were used for single-cell ratiometric calcium imaging, with the activation of neurons to the following pruritogenic and algogenic substances: histamine, chloroquine, canine protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activating peptide (SLIGKT), compound 48/80, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist (5-HT), bovine adrenal medulla peptide (BAM8-22), substance P, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and capsaicin. RESULTS This study demonstrates a simple dissection and rapid processing of DRG collected from canine cadavers used to create viable primary sensory neuron cultures to measure responses to pruritogens and algogens. CONCLUSION Ratiometric calcium imaging demonstrated that small-diameter canine sensory neurons can be activated by multiple stimuli, and a single neuron can react to both a pruritogenic stimulation and an algogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Rachel C Ganchingco
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Nagakura Y, Miwa M, Yoshida M, Miura R, Tanei S, Tsuji M, Takeda H. Spontaneous pain-associated facial expression and efficacy of clinically used drugs in the reserpine-induced rat model of fibromyalgia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Inami C, Tanihira H, Kikuta S, Ogasawara O, Sobue K, Kume K, Osanai M, Ohsawa M. Visualization of Brain Activity in a Neuropathic Pain Model Using Quantitative Activity-Dependent Manganese Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:74. [PMID: 31849617 PMCID: PMC6889800 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain imaging studies have revealed several regions that are activated in patients with chronic pain. In rodent brains, functional changes due to chronic pain have not been fully elucidated, as brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) require the use of anesthesia to suppress movement. Consequently, conclusions derived from existing imaging studies in rodents may not accurately reflect brain activity under awake conditions. In this study, we used quantitative activation-induced manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to directly capture the previous brain activity of awake mice. We also observed and quantified the brain activity of the spared nerve injury (SNI) neuropathic pain model during awake conditions. SNI-operated mice exhibited a robust decrease of mechanical nociceptive threshold 14 days after nerve injury. Imaging on SNI-operated mice revealed increased neural activity in the limbic system and secondary somatosensory, sensory-motor, piriform, and insular cortex. We present the first study demonstrating a direct measurement of awake neural activity in a neuropathic pain mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Inami
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanihira
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogasawara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sobue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Watt FE, Blauwet MB, Fakhoury A, Jacobs H, Smulders R, Lane NE. Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) inhibition for the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis: results from a randomized controlled phase 2a trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1590-1598. [PMID: 31356878 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the TrkA inhibitor, ASP7962, for treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis. DESIGN Phase 2a, double-blind, placebo- and naproxen-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study. Adults with knee osteoarthritis were randomized (2:2:1) to ASP7962 (100 mg), placebo, or naproxen (500 mg) twice daily (BID) for 4 weeks. Primary endpoint: change from baseline to Week 4 in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale score. Secondary endpoints: change from baseline to Weeks 1, 2, and End of Treatment (EoT) in WOMAC pain subscale score; change from baseline to Weeks 1, 2, 4, and EoT in WOMAC physical function and stiffness subscales, walking pain and WOMAC total scores; and change from baseline in daily average pain score. RESULTS 215 participants were randomized (ASP7962 100 mg BID, n = 85; placebo, n = 87; naproxen 500 mg BID, n = 43). No significant difference was observed between ASP7962 and placebo in change from baseline to Week 4 in WOMAC pain subscale score (-0.14; 90% 2-sided CI: -0.62, 0.34; P = 0.316); a significant difference was observed between naproxen and placebo (-0.67; 80% 2-sided CI: -1.12, -0.23; P = 0.027). No differences were observed between ASP7962 and placebo in change from baseline in any WOMAC subscale score; statistically significant changes were observed between naproxen and placebo (P ≤ 0.01, all time points for all WOMAC endpoints). ASP7962 was safe and well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Four-week treatment with ASP7962 (100 mg BID) did not improve pain or physical function in individuals with painful knee osteoarthritis. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02611466; EudraCT Number, 2014-004996-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Watt
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - M B Blauwet
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA.
| | - A Fakhoury
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA.
| | - H Jacobs
- Formerly with Astellas Pharma Global Development, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - R Smulders
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA.
| | - N E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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VGF: a biomarker and potential target for the treatment of neuropathic pain? Pain Rep 2019; 4:e786. [PMID: 31875189 PMCID: PMC6882576 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Neuropathic pain (NP) remains an area of considerable unmet medical need. A persistent challenge in the management of NP is to target the specific mechanisms leading to a change from normal to abnormal sensory perception while ensuring that the defensive pain perception remains intact. Targeting VGF-derived neuropeptides may offer this opportunity. VGF was first identified in 1985 and is highly expressed after nerve injury and inflammation in neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous system. Subsequent studies implicate the vgf gene and its products in pain pathways. This narrative review was supported by a systematic search to identify, select, and critically appraise all relevant research investigating the role of VGF-derived neuropeptides in pain pathways. It predominantly focuses on in vivo investigations of the role of VGF in the initiation and maintenance of NP. VGF expression levels are very low under normal physiological conditions and nerve injury results in rapid and robust upregulation, increasing mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. The identification of the 2 complement receptors with which VGF neuropeptides interact suggests a novel interplay of neuronal and immune signalling mediators. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signalling events by which VGF-derived active neuropeptides exert their physiological actions is in its infancy. Future work should aim to improve understanding of the downstream consequences of VGF neuropeptides thereby providing novel insights into pain mechanisms potentially leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Vojnits K, Mahammad S, Collins TJ, Bhatia M. Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy and Drug Discovery Platform Using Human Sensory Neurons Converted Directly from Adult Peripheral Blood. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:1180-1191. [PMID: 31347791 PMCID: PMC6811699 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a disorder damaging the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and represents one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy, negatively impacting the quality of life of patients to the extent of withdrawing life‐saving chemotherapy dose or duration. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological effects of PN are poorly understood, in part due to the lack of availability of large numbers of human sensory neurons (SNs) for study. Previous reports have demonstrated that human SNs can be directly converted from primitive CD34+ hematopoietic cells, but was limited to a small‐scale product of SNs and derived exclusively from less abundant allogenic sources of cord or drug mobilized peripheral blood (PB). To address this shortcoming, we have developed and report detailed procedures toward the generation of human SN directly converted from conventionally drawn PB of adults that can be used in a high‐content screening platform for discovery‐based studies of chemotherapy agents on neuronal biology. In the absence of mobilization drugs, cryogenically preserved adult human PB could be induced to (i)SN via development through expandable neural precursor differentiation. iSNs could be transferable to high‐throughput procedures suitable for high‐content screening applicable to neuropathy for example, alterations in neurite morphology in response to chemotherapeutics. Our study provides the first reported platform using adult PB‐derived iSNs to study peripheral nervous system‐related neuropathies as well as target and drug screening potential for the ability to prevent, block, or repair chemotherapy‐induced PN damage. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:1180–1191
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Vojnits
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saleemulla Mahammad
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony J Collins
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Meuwissen KPV, van Beek M, Joosten EAJ. Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance System: Cognitive-Motivational Aspects. Neuromodulation 2019; 23:605-612. [PMID: 30974021 PMCID: PMC7496869 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research suggests that a novel spinal cord stimulation (SCS) waveform, known as Burst-SCS, specifically targets cognitive-motivational aspects of pain. The objective of the present study was to assess the cognitive-motivational aspects of Tonic- and Burst SCS-induced pain relief, by means of exit latency in the mechanical conflict-avoidance system (MCAS), in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. METHODS Exit latency on the MCAS operant testing setup was evaluated at various probe heights for rats (n = 26) with chronic neuropathic pain induced by a partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Von Frey paw withdrawal analysis was performed to assess mechanical hypersensitivity. In a second experiment (n = 12), the behavioral effect of Tonic SCS or biphasic Burst SCS on both Von Frey analysis and MCAS exit latency was assessed. RESULTS Burst SCS exit latencies differed significantly from Tonic SCS exit latencies at 4 mm probe height (3.8 vs. 5.8 sec, respectively; p < 0.01) and 5 mm probe height (3.2 vs. 5.4 sec respectively; p < 0.05). This difference was not detected with reflex-based Von Frey testing (Tonic-SCS vs. Burst-SCS at 30 min stimulation: p = 0.73, and at 60 min stimulation; p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Testing of MCAS exit latency allows for detection of cognitive-motivational pain relieving aspects induced by either Tonic- or Burst-SCS in treatment of chronic neuropathic rats. Our behavioral findings strongly suggest that Burst-SCS specifically affects, much more than Tonic-SCS, the processing of cognitive-motivational aspects of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen P V Meuwissen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, MUMC, Pain Management and Research Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Beek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, MUMC, Pain Management and Research Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, MUMC, Pain Management and Research Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
All preclinical procedures for analgesic drug discovery involve two components: 1) a "pain stimulus" (the principal independent variable), which is delivered to an experimental subject with the intention of producing a pain state; and 2) a "pain behavior" (the principal dependent variable), which is measured as evidence of that pain state. Candidate analgesics are then evaluated for their effectiveness to reduce the pain behavior, and results are used to prioritize drugs for advancement to clinical testing. This review describes a taxonomy of preclinical procedures organized into an "antinociception matrix" by reference to their types of pain stimulus (noxious, inflammatory, neuropathic, disease related) and pain behavior (unconditioned, classically conditioned, operant conditioned). Particular emphasis is devoted to pain behaviors and the behavioral principals that govern their expression, pharmacological modulation, and preclinical-to-clinical translation. Strengths and weaknesses are compared and contrasted for procedures using each type of behavioral outcome measure, and the following four recommendations are offered to promote strategic use of these procedures for preclinical-to-clinical analgesic drug testing. First, attend to the degree of homology between preclinical and clinical outcome measures, and use preclinical procedures with behavioral outcome measures homologous to clinically relevant outcomes in humans. Second, use combinations of preclinical procedures with complementary strengths and weaknesses to optimize both sensitivity and selectivity of preclinical testing. Third, take advantage of failed clinical translation to identify drugs that can be back-translated preclinically as active negative controls. Finally, increase precision of procedure labels by indicating both the pain stimulus and the pain behavior in naming preclinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Martínez-Navarro M, Maldonado R, Baños JE. Why mu-opioid agonists have less analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain? Eur J Pain 2018; 23:435-454. [PMID: 30318675 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injury to peripheral nerves often leads to abnormal pain states (hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain), which can remain long after the injury heals. Although opioid agonists remain the gold standard for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, they show reduced efficacy against neuropathic pain. In addition to analgesia, opioid use is also associated with hyperalgesia and analgesia tolerance, whose underlying mechanisms share some commonalities with nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity. Here, we reviewed up-to-day research exploring the contribution of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) on the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain and on analgesic opioid actions under these conditions. We focused on the specific contributions of MOR populations at peripheral, spinal and supraspinal level. Moreover, evidences of neuroplastic changes that may underlie the low efficacy of MOR agonists under neuropathic pain conditions are reviewed and discussed. Sensitization processes leading to pain hypersensitivity, molecular changes in signalling pathways triggered by MOR and glial activation are some of these mechanisms elicited by both nerve injury and opioid exposure. Nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivity might be masking the initial analgesic effects of opioid agonists, and alternatively, sustained opioid treatment to individuals already suffering from neuropathic pain could aggravate their pathophysiological state. Finally, some combined therapies that can increase opioid analgesic effectiveness in neuropathic pain treatment are highlighted. SIGNIFICANCE: This review provides evidence of the low benefit of opioid monotherapy in neuropathic pain and analyses the reasons of this reduced effectiveness. Opioid agonists along with drugs targeted to block the sensitization processes induced by MOR stimulation might result in a better management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep-E Baños
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Shi C, Das V, Li X, Kc R, Qiu S, O-Sullivan I, Ripper RL, Kroin JS, Mwale F, Wallace AA, Zhu B, Zhao L, van Wijnen AJ, Ji M, Lu J, Votta-Velis G, Yuan W, Im HJ. Development of an in vivo mouse model of discogenic low back pain. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6589-6602. [PMID: 29150945 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) is extremely common and costly. Effective treatments are lacking due to DLBP's unknown pathogenesis. Currently, there are no in vivo mouse models of DLBP, which restricts research in this field. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable DLBP model in mouse that captures the pathological changes in the disc and allows longitudinal pain testing. The model was generated by puncturing the mouse lumbar discs (L4/5, L5/6, and L6/S1) and removing the nucleus pulposus using a microscalpel under the microscope. Histology, molecular pathways, and pain-related behaviors were examined. Over 12 weeks post-surgery, animals displayed the mechanical, heat, and cold hyperalgesia along with decreased burrowing and rearing. Histology showed progressive disc degeneration with loss of disc height, nucleus pulposus reduction, proteoglycan depletion, and annular fibrotic disorganization. Immunohistochemistry revealed a substantial increase in inflammatory mediators at 2 and 4 weeks. Nerve growth factor was upregulated from 2 weeks to the end of the experiment. Nerve fiber ingrowth was induced in the injured discs after 4 weeks. Disc-puncture also produced an upregulation of neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia neurons and an activation of glial cells in the spinal cord dorsal horn. These findings indicate that the cellular and structural changes in discs, as well as peripheral and central nervous system plasticity, paralleled persistent, and robust behavioral pain responses. Therefore, this mouse DLBP model could be used to investigate mechanisms underlying discogenic pain, thereby facilitating effective drug screening and development of treatments for DLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vaskar Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ranjan Kc
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sujun Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - InSug O-Sullivan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard L Ripper
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey S Kroin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fackson Mwale
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Atiyayein A Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bingqian Zhu
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Mingliang Ji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Gina Votta-Velis
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois
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39
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Mulpuri Y, Marty VN, Munier JJ, Mackie K, Schmidt BL, Seltzman HH, Spigelman I. Synthetic peripherally-restricted cannabinoid suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy pain symptoms by CB1 receptor activation. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:85-97. [PMID: 29981335 PMCID: PMC6883926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment that affects millions of cancer survivors throughout the world and current treatment options are extremely limited by their side effects. Cannabinoids are highly effective in suppressing pain symptoms of chemotherapy-induced and other peripheral neuropathies but their widespread use is limited by central nervous system (CNS)-mediated side effects. Here, we tested one compound from a series of recently developed synthetic peripherally restricted cannabinoids (PRCBs) in a rat model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Results show that local or systemic administration of 4-{2-[-(1E)-1[(4-propylnaphthalen-1-yl)methylidene]-1H-inden-3-yl]ethyl}morpholine (PrNMI) dose-dependently suppressed CIPN mechanical and cold allodynia. Orally administered PrNMI also dose-dependently suppressed CIPN allodynia symptoms in both male and female rats without any CNS side effects. Co-administration with selective cannabinoid receptor subtype blockers revealed that PrNMI's anti-allodynic effects are mediated by CB1 receptor (CB1R) activation. Expression of CB2Rs was reduced in dorsal root ganglia from CIPN rats, whereas expression of CB1Rs and various endocannabinoid synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes was unaffected. Daily PrNMI treatment of CIPN rats for two weeks showed a lack of appreciable tolerance to PrNMI's anti-allodynic effects. In an operant task which reflects cerebral processing of pain, PrNMI also dose-dependently suppressed CIPN pain behaviors. Our results demonstrate that PRCBs exemplified by PrNMI may represent a viable option for the treatment of CIPN pain symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/administration & dosage
- Cannabinoids/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/adverse effects
- Cold Temperature
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Tolerance
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Male
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Touch
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatendra Mulpuri
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent N Marty
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Munier
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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40
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Standard analgesics reverse burrowing deficits in a rat CCI model of neuropathic pain, but not in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes-induced neuropathic pain. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Bowden LN, Rohrs EL, Omoto K, Durham PL, Holliday LS, Morris AD, Allen KD, Caudle RM, Neubert JK. Effects of cocoa-enriched diet on orofacial pain in a murine model. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643911 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate and discuss the effects of cocoa on orofacial pain. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The Department of Orthodontics at the University of Florida (UF). Male and female hairless rats (N=20/group) were tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were tested using the Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) before and after changing their food from the standard chow to a cocoa-enriched or control-equivalent diet. RESULTS Male rats fed the cocoa diet had a significantly higher operant pain index when tested at 37°C as compared to control diet-fed animals. Female rats on the cocoa diet had a significantly higher pain index when tested at 18°C and 44°C, as compared to animals fed the control diet. Capsaicin-induced pain was inhibited, with cocoa-diet male rats having a significantly higher pain index than control-diet male rats and cocoa-diet female rats at both 37°C and 44°C. Cocoa-diet female rats had a significantly higher pain index at 44°C than control-diet females. Mechanical sensitivity was affected following capsaicin cream, with a significantly decreased tolerated bottle distance in both cocoa- and control-diet animals, but there was no difference between cocoa- and control-diet groups. CONCLUSION Using the OPAD operant system, we demonstrated that a diet rich in cocoa was effective in inhibiting neurogenic inflammatory pain in rats. This has implications for the use of novel alternative therapies such as diet modification for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Bowden
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E L Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K Omoto
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - P L Durham
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - L S Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A D Morris
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K D Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R M Caudle
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J K Neubert
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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42
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Yezierski RP, Hansson P. Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain From Bench to Bedside: What Went Wrong? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Withey SL, Doyle MR, Bergman J, Desai RI. Involvement of Nicotinic Receptor Subtypes in the Behavioral Effects of Nicotinic Drugs in Squirrel Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:397-409. [PMID: 29784663 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the α4β2, but not the α7, subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) plays a key role in mediating the behavioral effects of nicotine and related drugs. However, the importance of other nAChR subtypes remains unclear. The present studies were conducted to examine the involvement of nAChR subtypes by determining the effects of selected nicotinic agonists and antagonists in squirrel monkeys either 1) responding for food reinforcement or 2) discriminating the nicotinic agonist (+)-epibatidine (0.001 mg/kg) from vehicle. In food-reinforcement studies, nicotine, (+)-epibatidine, varenicline and cytisine all produced dose-dependent decreases in rates of food-maintained responding. The rate-decreasing effects of nicotine were antagonized by mecamylamine (nonselective), not appreciably altered by dihydro-β-erythroidine (α4β2 selective), and exacerbated by the nicotinic partial agonists, varenicline and cytisine. Results from discrimination studies show that non-nicotinic drugs did not substitute for (+)-epibatidine, and that except for lobeline, the nicotinic agonists produced either full [(+)-epibatidine, (-)-epibatidine, and nicotine] or partial (varenicline, cytisine, anabaseine, and isoarecolone) substitution for (+)-epibatidine. In interaction studies with antagonists differing in selectivity, (+)-epibatidine discrimination was substantively antagonized by mecamylamine, slightly attenuated by hexamethonium (peripherally restricted) or dihydro-β-erythroidine, and not altered by methyllycaconitine (α7 selective). Varenicline and cytisine enhanced (+)-epibatidine's discriminative-stimulus effects. Correlational analysis revealed a close correspondence between relative behavioral potencies of nicotinic agonists in both studies and their published relative binding affinities at α4β2 and α3β4, but not α7 nAChR, subtypes. Collectively, these results are consistent with the idea that the α4β2 and α3β4, but not α7 nAChR subtypes play a role in the behavioral effects of nicotinic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Withey
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle R Doyle
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Jack Bergman
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Rajeev I Desai
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
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44
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Abstract
Failure of analgesic drugs in clinical development is common. Along with the current "reproducibility crisis" in pain research, this has led some to question the use of animal models. Experimental models tend to comprise genetically homogeneous groups of young, male rodents in restricted and unvarying environments, and pain-producing assays that may not closely mimic the natural condition of interest. In addition, typical experimental outcome measures using thresholds or latencies for withdrawal may not adequately reflect clinical pain phenomena pertinent to human patients. It has been suggested that naturally occurring disease in veterinary patients may provide more valid models for the study of painful disease. Many painful conditions in animals resemble those in people. Like humans, veterinary patients are genetically diverse, often live to old age, and enjoy a complex environment, often the same as their owners. There is increasing interest in the development and validation of outcome measures for detecting pain in veterinary patients; these include objective (eg, locomotor activity monitoring, kinetic evaluation, quantitative sensory testing, and bioimaging) and subjective (eg, pain scales and quality of life scales) measures. Veterinary subject diversity, pathophysiological similarities to humans, and diverse outcome measures could yield better generalizability of findings and improved translation potential, potentially benefiting both humans and animals. The Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium in dogs has pawed the way for translational research, surmounting the challenges inherent in veterinary clinical trials. This review describes numerous conditions similarly applicable to pain research, with potential mutual benefits for human and veterinary clinicians, and their respective patients.
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45
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Rice ASC, Finnerup NB, Kemp HI, Currie GL, Baron R. Sensory profiling in animal models of neuropathic pain: a call for back-translation. Pain 2018; 159:819-824. [PMID: 29300280 PMCID: PMC5911154 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nanna B Finnerup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Harriet I Kemp
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian L Currie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Baron
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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46
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Clutton RE. A review of factors affecting analgesic selection in large animals undergoing translational research. Vet J 2018; 236:12-22. [PMID: 29871744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread physiological effects of pain in experimental animals are likely to reduce the validity of data except when pain itself is studied. Appropriately prescribed analgesics will limit pain and improve the welfare of animals undergoing noxious experimental procedures. However, their injudicious use may also introduce variability in data and limit study reproducibility. Optimizing both animal welfare and the value of scientific data from experimental studies requires the ability to identify, quantify and treat animal pain by applying a knowledge of analgesic pharmacology that is sympathetic to study objectives. This review first examines the reasons for promoting analgesic use in translational animal research and, in focussing on pigs and small ruminants, then identifies factors that should be considered when devising analgesic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clutton
- The Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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47
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Peripheral GABA A receptor-mediated signaling facilitates persistent inflammatory hypersensitivity. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:572-580. [PMID: 29634983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Unlike in the central nervous system (CNS), in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS), activation of GABAA receptors (GABAAR) is excitatory because of the relatively high concentration of intracellular chloride in these neurons. Indeed, exogenous GABA and muscimol, a GABAAR agonist, exacerbate acute inflammatory hypersensitivity in rodents. However, it remains unclear whether peripheral GABAAR and the endogenous GABA play an important role in persistent inflammatory hypersensitivity. In this study, we thus investigated how peripheral GABAAR affects pain hypersensitivity by using the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced persistent inflammatory pain mouse model. We found that intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of GABAAR antagonists, picrotoxin, and 1(S),9(R)-(-)-bicuculline methiodide significantly inhibited both spontaneous nociceptive (paw licking and flinching) behavior and mechanical hypersensitivity in CFA-injected mice at day 3 (D3), but not in naïve mice. Interestingly, CFA-induced mechanical hypersensitivity was significantly reversed by anti-GABA antibody (anti-GABA, i.pl.). In addition, RT-qPCR revealed that glutamate decarboxylase Gad1 (GAD 67) and Gad2 (GAD 65) mRNA expression was also upregulated in the ipsilateral hind paw of CFA-injected mice at D3. Finally, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), a selective positive allosteric modulator of GABAAR, produced mechanical hypersensitivity in naïve mice in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results indicate that peripheral GABAAR and endogenous GABA, possibly produced by the inflamed tissue, potentiate CFA-induced persistent inflammatory hypersensitivity, suggesting that they can be used as a therapeutic target for alleviating inflammatory pain.
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48
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Tateiwa H, Kawano T, Nishigaki A, Yamanaka D, Aoyama B, Shigematsu-Locatelli M, Eguchi S, Locatelli FM, Yokoyama M. The role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in age-related differences in neuropathic pain behavior in rats. Life Sci 2018; 197:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Negus SS. Addressing the Opioid Crisis: The Importance of Choosing Translational Endpoints in Analgesic Drug Discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:327-330. [PMID: 29501211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The opioid crisis has stimulated renewed interest in analgesic drug development. This effort will involve preclinical-to-clinical translational research and will benefit from a focus on endpoints that are both clinically relevant and shared across laboratory animals and humans. Measures of pain-related functional impairment and behavioral depression could serve this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA.
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50
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Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Maixner W, Mogil JS. Spontaneous painful disease in companion animals can facilitate the development of chronic pain therapies for humans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:175-183. [PMID: 29180098 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To outline the role that spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) in companion animals can play in translational research and therapeutic pharmacological development. OUTLINE Narrative review summarizing the opportunities and limitations of naturally occurring, spontaneous OA as models of human OA pain, with a focus on companion animal pets. The background leading to considering inserting spontaneous disease models in the translational paradigm is provided. The utility of this model is discussed in terms of outcome measures that have been validated as being related to pain, and in terms of the potential for target discovery is outlined. The limitations to using companion animal pets as models of human disease are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Although many steps along the translational drug development pathway have been identified as needing improvement, spontaneous painful OA in companion animals offers translational potential. Such 'models' may better reflect the complex genetic, environmental, temporal and physiological influences present in humans and current data suggests the predictive validity of the models are good. The opportunity for target discovery exists but is, as yet, unproven.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - D C Brown
- Translational Comparative Medicine Research, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - W Maixner
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J S Mogil
- Department of Psychology, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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