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Seyedmirzaei H, Rasoulian P, Parsaei M, Hamidi M, Ghanbari A, Soltani Khaboushan A, Fatehi F, Kamali A, Sotoudeh H. Microstructural correlates of olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: a systematic review of diffusion MRI studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2024:10.1007/s11682-024-00934-2. [PMID: 39388005 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease, affecting 75-95% of the patients. This symptom usually emerges before the clinical diagnosis, and patients with OD present with more severe forms of PD and need higher doses of therapy. It remains unknown whether OD is just a mere non-motor symptom or if it is a part of a series of pathological changes in different brain regions of the affected patients. We performed a systematic review to find the microstructural correlates of OD in people with PD. The systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science yielded ten eligible studies. Assessments in most included studies were inconclusive. However, we found variable brain regions and tracts associated with OD. The most repeated areas included the primary olfactory cortex, gyrus rectus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, corticospinal tract, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, and cerebellar peduncle. Despite some limitations, we pointed out the microstructural correlates of OD, which were also present in areas other than the olfactory system. These findings imply that OD might be a manifestation of an unknown, greater pathology in the brain of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Seyedmirzaei
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pegah Rasoulian
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadamin Parsaei
- Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Research Center, Family Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Hamidi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Ghanbari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Fatehi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Arash Kamali
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Houman Sotoudeh
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
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Li H, Qian J, Wang Y, Wang J, Mi X, Qu L, Song N, Xie J. Potential convergence of olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and COVID-19: The role of neuroinflammation. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102288. [PMID: 38580172 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that affects 7-10 million individuals worldwide. A common early symptom of PD is olfactory dysfunction (OD), and more than 90% of PD patients suffer from OD. Recent studies have highlighted a high incidence of OD in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review investigates the potential convergence of OD in PD and COVID-19, particularly focusing on the mechanisms by which neuroinflammation contributes to OD and neurological events. Starting from our fundamental understanding of the olfactory bulb, we summarize the clinical features of OD and pathological features of the olfactory bulb from clinical cases and autopsy reports in PD patients. We then examine SARS-CoV-2-induced olfactory bulb neuropathology and OD and emphasize the SARS-CoV-2-induced neuroinflammatory cascades potentially leading to PD manifestations. By activating microglia and astrocytes, as well as facilitating the aggregation of α-synuclein, SARS-CoV-2 could contribute to the onset or exacerbation of PD. We also discuss the possible contributions of NF-κB, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the JAK/STAT, p38 MAPK, TLR4, IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 and cGAS-STING signaling pathways. Although olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 may be reversible, it is challenging to restore OD in patients with PD. With the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and the recurrence of infections, we call for continued attention to the intersection between PD and SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially from the perspective of OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junliang Qian
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youcui Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mi
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Le Qu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Zhang T, Guo S, Li F, Lan X, Jia Y, Zhang J, Huang Y, Liang XJ. Image-guided/improved diseases management: From immune-strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114446. [PMID: 35820600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xinmiao Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Jia
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, China.
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Alonso CCG, Silva FG, Costa LOP, Freitas SMSF. Smell tests can discriminate Parkinson's disease patients from healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 211:107024. [PMID: 34823156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). The authors aimed to identify the clinical tests used to assess olfactory function and examine their ability to distinguish PD with different disease duration from healthy individuals with physiological aging. METHODS Cross-sectional studies published until May 2020 that assessed the olfaction of individuals with PD using search terms related to PD, olfactory function, and assessment were searched on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cinahl, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Twelve smell tests were identified from the reviewed studies (n = 125) that assessed 8776 individuals with PD. Data of 6593 individuals with PD and 8731 healthy individuals were included in the meta-analyses. Individuals with PD presented worse performance than healthy individuals, regardless of the smell test used. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used by most studies (n = 2310 individuals with PD) and presented smaller heterogeneity. When the studies were subclassified according to the years of PD duration, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION All smell tests were able to discriminate the olfactory function of PD from that of healthy individuals, although the UPSIT was widely used. The abnormal olfaction was not related to the disease duration. Systematic review protocol registration (PROSPERO/2020-CRD42020160878).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia C G Alonso
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Silva
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O P Costa
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra M S F Freitas
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rebholz H, Braun RJ, Ladage D, Knoll W, Kleber C, Hassel AW. Loss of Olfactory Function-Early Indicator for Covid-19, Other Viral Infections and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:569333. [PMID: 33193009 PMCID: PMC7649754 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.569333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of the senses of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) are rather common disorders, affecting up to 20% of the adult population. Yet, this condition has not received the attention it deserves, most probably because per se such a disorder is not life threatening. However, loss of olfactory function significantly reduces the quality of life of the affected patients, leading to dislike in food and insufficient, exaggerated or unbalanced food intake, unintentional exposure to toxins such as household gas, social isolation, depression, and an overall insecurity. Not only is olfactory dysfunction rather prevalent in the healthy population, it is, in many instances, also a correlate or an early indicator of a panoply of diseases. Importantly, olfactory dysfunction is linked to the two most prominent neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Anosmia and hyposmia (reduced sense of smell) affect a majority of patients years before the onset of cognitive or motor symptoms, establishing olfactory dysfunction as early biomarker that can enable earlier diagnosis and preventative treatments. In the current health crisis caused by SARS-CoV2, anosmia and dysgeusia as early-onset symptoms in virus-positive patients may prove to be highly relevant and crucial for pre-symptomatic Covid-19 detection from a public health perspective, preceding by days the more classical respiratory tract symptoms such as cough, tightness of the chest or fever. Thus, the olfactory system seems to be at the frontline of pathologic assault, be it through pathogens or insults that can lead to or at least associate with neurodegeneration. The aim of this review is to assemble current knowledge from different medical fields that all share a common denominator, olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, and to distill overarching etiologies and disease progression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Rebholz
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Dennis Ladage
- Center of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Universitaetsklinikum Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Kleber
- Center of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Achim W. Hassel
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Zhang Y, Burock MA. Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:531993. [PMID: 33101169 PMCID: PMC7546271 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.531993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows measuring fractional anisotropy and similar microstructural indices of the brain white matter. Lower than normal fractional anisotropy as well as higher than normal diffusivity is associated with loss of microstructural integrity and neurodegeneration. Previous DTI studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) have demonstrated abnormal fractional anisotropy in multiple white matter regions, particularly in the dopaminergic nuclei and dopaminergic pathways. However, DTI is not considered a diagnostic marker for the earliest Parkinson's disease since anisotropic alterations present a temporally divergent pattern during the earliest Parkinson's course. This article reviews a majority of clinically employed DTI studies in PD, and it aims to prove the utilities of DTI as a marker of diagnosing PD, correlating clinical symptomatology, tracking disease progression, and treatment effects. To address the challenge of DTI being a diagnostic marker for early PD, this article also provides a comparison of the results from a longitudinal, early stage, multicenter clinical cohort of Parkinson's research with previous publications. This review provides evidences of DTI as a promising marker for monitoring PD progression and classifying atypical PD types, and it also interprets the possible pathophysiologic processes under the complex pattern of fractional anisotropic changes in the first few years of PD. Recent technical advantages, limitations, and further research strategies of clinical DTI in PD are additionally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Marc A Burock
- Department of Psychiatry, Mainline Health, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, PA, United States
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Arribarat G, De Barros A, Péran P. Modern Brainstem MRI Techniques for the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonisms. Front Neurol 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32849237 PMCID: PMC7417676 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem is the earliest vulnerable structure in many neurodegenerative diseases like in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) or Parkinson's disease (PD). Up-to-now, MRI studies have mainly focused on whole-brain data acquisition. Due to its spatial localization, size, and tissue characteristics, brainstem poses particular challenges for MRI. We provide a brief overview on recent advances in brainstem-related MRI markers in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism's. Several MRI techniques investigating brainstem, mainly the midbrain, showed to be able to discriminate PD patients from controls or to discriminate PD patients from atypical parkinsonism patients: iron-sensitive MRI, nigrosome imaging, neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion imaging. A standardized multimodal brainstem-dedicated MRI approach at high resolution able to quantify microstructural modification in brainstem nuclei would be a promising tool to detect early changes in parkinsonian syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Arribarat
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CNRS, Cerco, UMR5549), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amaury De Barros
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Anatomy, Toulouse Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Chen B, Akshita J, Han P, Thaploo D, Kitzler HH, Hummel T. Aberrancies of Brain Network Structures in Patients with Anosmia. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:403-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sense of smell is today one of the focuses of interest in aging and neurodegenerative disease research. In several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the olfactory dysfunction is one of the initial symptoms appearing years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline, being considered a clinical marker of these diseases' early stages and a marker of disease progression and cognitive decline. Overall and under the umbrella of precision medicine, attention to olfactory function may help to improve chances of success for neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The use of olfaction, as clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and potentially prediction of treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction is central to determine its association with neurodegenerative disorders. Several anatomical systems and environmental factors may underlie or contribute to olfactory loss associated with neurological diseases, although the direct biological link to each disorder remains unclear and, thus, requires further investigation. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function measurements in neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the evidence for the presence of olfactory dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases, its value as a clinical marker for early stages of the diseases when combined with other clinical, biological, and neuroimage markers, and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of disease. The neuropathological correlations and the changes in neurotransmitter systems related with olfactory dysfunction in the neurodegenerative diseases are also described.
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