1
|
Guo M, Sun L. From rodents to humans: Rodent behavioral paradigms for social behavioral disorders. Brain Circ 2023; 9:154-161. [PMID: 38020957 PMCID: PMC10679632 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_48_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition guides social behavior. Subjects with proper social cognition should be able to: (1) have reasonable social motivation, (2) recognize other people and infer their intentions, and (3) weigh social hierarchies and other values. The choice of appropriate behavioral paradigms enables the use of rodents to study social behavior disorders in humans, thus enabling research to go deeper into neural mechanisms. This paper reviews commonly used rodent behavioral paradigms in studies of social behavior disorders. We focused specifically on sorting out ways to transfer the study of human social behavior to rodents through behavioral paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111826. [PMID: 35681521 PMCID: PMC9180493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
|
3
|
Boal F, Cinato M, Timotin A, Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Kramar S, Loi H, Roncalli J, Keita S, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Galanin Regulates Myocardial Mitochondrial ROS Homeostasis and Hypertrophic Remodeling Through GalR2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869179. [PMID: 35431947 PMCID: PMC9011366 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory peptide galanin is broadly distributed in the central nervous systems and peripheral tissues where it modulates numerous physiological and pathological processes through binding to its three G-protein-coupled receptors, GalR1-3. However, the function and identity of the galaninergic system in the heart remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the expression of the galanin receptors in cardiac cells and tissues and found that GalR2 is the dominant receptor subtype in adult mouse hearts, cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. In vivo, genetic suppression of GalR2 promotes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and mitochondrial oxidative stress in the heart. In vitro, GalR2 silencing by siRNA abolished the beneficial effects of galanin on cell hypertrophy and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These findings unravel new insights into the role of galaninergic system in the heart and suggest novel therapeutic strategies in heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Cinato
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, CA, United States
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, CA, United States
| | - Solomiia Kramar
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Halyna Loi
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Roncalli
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Sokhna Keita
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110478. [PMID: 34801611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood disorders on the patients themselves, they challenge the health care system with enormous social and economic impacts. Due to the high proportion of patients not responding to existing drugs, finding new treatment strategies has become an important topic in neurobiology, and there is much evidence that neuropeptides are not only involved in the physiology of stress but may also be clinically important. Based on preclinical trial data, new neuropharmaceutical candidates may target neuropeptides and their receptors and are expected to be essential and valuable tools in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the current article, we have summarized data obtained from animal models of depressive disorder and transgenic mouse models. We also focus on previously published research data of clinical studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stress research fields.
Collapse
|
5
|
Germundson DL, Nagamoto-Combs K. Potential Role of Intracranial Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation and Neuropathology Associated with Food Allergy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040738. [PMID: 35203387 PMCID: PMC8870724 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are the major effector cells of allergic responses and reside throughout the body, including in the brain and meninges. Previously, we showed in a mouse model of subclinical cow's milk allergy that brain MC numbers were elevated in sensitized mice. However, the neurophysiological consequences of intracranial MC accumulation and activation are unclear. We hypothesized that centrally recruited MCs in sensitized mice could be activated by the allergen via the IgE/FcεRI mechanism and increase the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to promote neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we suspected that repeated allergen exposure could sustain MC activation. To investigate our hypothesis, we sensitized C57BL6/J mice to a bovine whey allergen, β-lactoglobulin (BLG), and subsequently placed them on a whey-containing diet for two weeks. MC activity and associated changes in the brain were examined. BLG-sensitized mice showed mobility changes and depression-like behavior with significantly increased MC numbers and histamine levels in select brain regions. IgG extravasation and perivascular astrogliosis were also evident. Importantly, myelin staining revealed cortical demyelination in the BLG-sensitized mice, suggesting a potential neural substrate for their behavioral changes. Our findings support the ability of brain MCs to release histamine and other mediators to increase BBB permeability and facilitate neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Germundson
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA;
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-701-777-2559
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E, Zieliński M. Neuropeptides as regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity and their putative roles in stress-induced fertility disorders. Neuropeptides 2022; 91:102216. [PMID: 34974357 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides being regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, also affect the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by regulating gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from hypothalamic neurons. Here, we review the available data on how neuropeptides affect HPG axis activity directly or indirectly via their influence on the HPA axis. The putative role of neuropeptides in stress-induced infertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, is also described. This review discusses both well-known neuropeptides (i.e., kisspeptin, Kp; oxytocin, OT; arginine-vasopressin, AVP) and more recently discovered peptides (i.e., relaxin-3, RLN-3; nesfatin-1, NEFA; phoenixin, PNX; spexin, SPX). For the first time, we present an up-to-date review of all published data regarding interactions between the aforementioned neuropeptide systems. The reviewed literature suggest new pathophysiological mechanisms leading to fertility disturbances that are induced by stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Owens-French J, Li SB, Francois M, Leigh Townsend R, Daniel M, Soulier H, Turner A, de Lecea L, Münzberg H, Morrison C, Qualls-Creekmore E. Lateral hypothalamic galanin neurons are activated by stress and blunt anxiety-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113773. [PMID: 35101456 PMCID: PMC8901126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of anxiety disorders, the molecular identity of neural circuits underlying anxiety remains unclear. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is one brain region implicated in the regulation of anxiety, and our recent data found that chemogenetic activation of LH galanin neurons attenuated the stress response to a novel environment as measured by the marble burying test. Thus, we hypothesize that LH galanin neurons may contribute to anxiety-related behavior. We used chemogenetics and fiber photometry to test the ability of LH galanin neurons to influence anxiety and stress-related behavior. Chemogenetic activation of LH galanin neurons significantly decreased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, open field test, and light dark test. However, LH galanin activation did not alter restraint stress induced HPA activation or freezing behavior in the fear conditioning paradigm. In vivo calcium monitoring by fiber photometry indicated that LH galanin neurons were activated by anxiogenic and/or stressful stimuli including tail suspension, novel mouse interaction, and predator odor. Further, in a fear conditioning task, calcium transients strongly increased during foot shock, but were not affected by the unconditioned stimulus tone. These data indicate that LH galanin neurons both respond to and modulate anxiety, with no influence on stress induced HPA activation or fear behaviors. Further investigation of LH galanin circuitry and functional mediators of behavioral output may offer a more refined pharmacological target as an alternative to first-line broad pharmacotherapies such as benzodiazepines.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ogawa S, Parhar IS. Functions of habenula in reproduction and socio-reproductive behaviours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 64:100964. [PMID: 34793817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Habenula is an evolutionarily conserved structure in the brain of vertebrates. Recent reports have drawn attention to the habenula as a processing centre for emotional decision-making and its role in psychiatric disorders. Emotional decision-making process is also known to be closely associated with reproductive conditions. The habenula receives innervations from reproductive centres within the brain and signals from key reproductive neuroendocrine regulators such as gonadal sex steroids, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and kisspeptin. In this review, based on morphological, biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological evidence we discuss an emerging role of the habenula in reproduction. Further, we discuss the modulatory role of reproductive endocrine factors in the habenula and their association with socio-reproductive behaviours such as mating, anxiety and aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar S, Mankowski RT, Anton SD, Babu Balagopal P. Novel insights on the role of spexin as a biomarker of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2169-2178. [PMID: 34253845 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a 14-amino acid neuropeptide, discovered recently using bioinformatic techniques. It is encoded by the Ch12:orf39 gene that is widely expressed in different body tissues/organs across species, and secreted into systemic circulation. Recent reports have highlighted a potentially important regulatory role of SPX in obesity and related comorbidities. SPX is also ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including white adipose tissue. The circulating concentration of SPX is significantly lower in individuals with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts. SPX's role in obesity appears to be related to various factors, such as the regulation of energy expenditure, appetite, and eating behaviors, increasing locomotion, and inhibiting long-chain fatty acid uptake into adipocytes. Recent reports have also suggested SPX's relationship with novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and glucose metabolism and evoked the potential role of SPX as a key biomarker/player in the early loss of cardiometabolic health and development of CVD and diabetes later in life. Data on age-related changes in SPX and SPX's response to various interventions are also emerging. The current review focuses on the role of SPX in obesity and related comorbidities across the life span, and its response to interventions in these conditions. It is expected that this article will provide new ideas for future research on SPX and its metabolic regulation, particularly related to cardiometabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Babu Balagopal
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smith NA, Germundson DL, Gao P, Hur J, Floden AM, Nagamoto-Combs K. Anxiety-like behavior and intestinal microbiota changes as strain-and sex-dependent sequelae of mild food allergy in mouse models of cow's milk allergy. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:122-141. [PMID: 33705867 PMCID: PMC8525516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have reported comorbidity of food allergies with various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. However, inconsistent results across clinical studies have left the association between food allergy and behavioral disorders inconclusive. We postulated that the heterogeneities in genetic background among allergic cohorts affect symptom presentation and severity of food allergy, introducing bias in patient selection criteria toward individuals with overt physical reactions. To understand the influence of genetic background on food allergy symptoms and behavioral changes beyond anaphylaxis, we generated mouse models with mild cow's milk allergy by sensitizing male and female C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice to a bovine whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (BLG; Bos d 5). We compared strain- and sex-dependent differences in their immediate physical reactions to BLG challenge as well as anxiety-like behavior one day after the challenge. While reactions to the allergen challenge were either absent or mild for all groups, a greater number of BLG-sensitized BALB/cJ mice presented visible symptoms and hypothermia compared to C57BL/6J mice. Interestingly, male mice of both strains displayed anxiety-like behavior on an elevated zero maze without exhibiting cognitive impairment with the cross maze test. Further characterization of plasma cytokines/chemokines and fecal microbiota also differentiated strain- and sex-dependent effects of BLG sensitization on immune-mediator levels and bacterial populations, respectively. These results demonstrated that the genetic variables in mouse models of milk allergy influenced immediate physical reactions to the allergen, manifestation of anxiety-like behavior, levels of immune responses, and population shift in gut microbiota. Thus, stratification of allergic cohorts by their symptom presentations and severity may strengthen the link between food allergy and behavioral disorders and identify a population(s) with specific genetic background that have increased susceptibility to allergy-associated behavioral disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Danielle L Germundson
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Involvement of Neuropeptide Galanin Receptors 2 and 3 in Learning, Memory and Anxiety in Aging Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071978. [PMID: 33915732 PMCID: PMC8037218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL), which is expressed in limbic brain structures, has a strong impact on the regulation of mood and behavior. GAL exerts its effects via three G protein-coupled receptors (GAL1-3-R). Little is known about the effects of aging and loss of GAL-Rs on hippocampal-mediated processes connected to neurogenesis, such as learning, memory recall and anxiety, and cell proliferation and survival in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG) in mice. Our results demonstrate that loss of GAL3-R, but not GAL2-R, slowed learning and induced anxiety in older (12-14-month-old) mice. Lack of GAL2-R increased cell survival (BrdU incorporation) in the dDG of young mice. However, normal neurogenesis was observed in vitro using neural stem and precursor cells obtained from GAL2-R and GAL3-R knockouts upon GAL treatment. Interestingly, we found sub-strain differences between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice, the latter showing faster learning, less anxiety and lower cell survival in the dDG. We conclude that GAL-R signaling is involved in cognitive functions and can modulate the survival of cells in the neurogenic niche, which might lead to new therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we observed that the mouse sub-strain had a profound impact on the behavioral parameters analyzed and should therefore be carefully considered in future studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu M, Fang P, Wang H, Shen G, Zhang Z, Tang Z. Beneficial effects of galanin system on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and its complications. Peptides 2020; 134:170404. [PMID: 32898581 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) is a distal spontaneous pain, caused by lesion of sensory neurons and accompanied by depression and anxiety frequently, which reduce life quality of patients and increase society expenditure. To date, antidepressants, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsants are addressed as first-line therapy to DPNP, alone or jointly. It is urgently necessary to develop novel agents to treat DPNP and its complications. Evidences indicate that neuropeptide galanin can regulate multiple physiologic and pathophysiological processes. Pain, depression and anxiety may upregulate galanin expression. In return, galanin can modulate depression, anxiety, pain threshold and pain behaviors. This article provides a new insight into regulative effects of galanin and its subtype receptors on antidepressant, antianxiety and against DPNP. Through activating GALR1, galanin reinforces depression-like and anxiogenic-like behaviors, but exerts antinociceptive roles. While via activating GALR2, galanin is referred to as anti-depressive and anti-anxiotropic compounds, and at low and high concentration facilitates and inhibits nociceptor activity, respectively. The mechanism of the galanin roles is relative to increase in K+ currents and decrease in Ca2+ currents, as well as neurotrophic and neuroprotective roles. These data are helpful to develop novel drugs to treat DPNP and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China
| | - Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China
| | - Guiqin Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China.
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dutta R, Crawley JN. Behavioral Evaluation of Angelman Syndrome Mice at Older Ages. Neuroscience 2020; 445:163-171. [PMID: 31730795 PMCID: PMC7214203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with severe deficits in motor, speech, and cognitive abilities. The primary genetic cause of Angelman syndrome is a maternally transmitted mutation in the Ube3a gene, which has been successfully modeled in Ube3a mutant mice. Phenotypes have been extensively reported in young adult Ube3a mice. Because symptoms continue throughout life in Angelman syndrome, we tested multiple behavioral phenotypes of male Ube3a mice and WT littermate controls at older adult ages. Social behaviors on both the 3-chambered social approach and male-female social interaction tests showed impairments in Ube3a at 12 months of age. Anxiety-related scores on both the elevated plus-maze and the light ↔ dark transitions assays indicated anxiety-like phenotypes in 12 month old Ube3a mice. Open field locomotion parameters were consistently lower at 12 months. Reduced general exploratory locomotion at this age prevented the interpretation of an anxiety-like phenotype, and likely impacted social tasks. Robust phenotypes in middle-aged Ube3a mice appear to result from continued motor decline. Motor deficits may provide the best outcome measures for preclinical testing of pharmacological targets, towards reductions of symptoms in adults with Angelman syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dutta
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lomet D, Robert V, Poissenot K, Beltramo M, Dardente H. No evidence that Spexin impacts LH release and seasonal breeding in the ewe. Theriogenology 2020; 158:1-7. [PMID: 32916519 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified peptide hormone of 14 amino acids. Interestingly, Spx and Kiss1 genes share a common ancestor gene. Considering that KISS1 peptides are key controllers of breeding in mammals and circumstantial evidence that SPX regulates gonadotropins in some fish species, we hypothesized that SPX may play a KISS1-related role in sheep. Here, we cloned the ovine Spx cDNA, performed in vivo injection and infusion of SPX (i.c.v. route, with or without concomittant KISS1 presence) and assessed a potential regulation of Spx expression by season, thyroid hormone and estradiol in the medio-basal hypothalamus of the ewe. Our data do not provide support for a role of SPX in the control of the gonadotropic axis in the ewe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Lomet
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Kevin Poissenot
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YN, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Yun S, Lee CS, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Exploring the molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity for galanin type II and III receptors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230872. [PMID: 32231393 PMCID: PMC7108740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanin receptors (GALRs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. The three GALR subtypes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3) are activated by their endogenous ligands: spexin (SPX) and galanin (GAL). The synthetic SPX-based GALR2-specific agonist, SG2A, plays a dual role in the regulation of appetite and depression-like behaviors. Little is known, however, about the molecular interaction between GALR2 and SG2A. Using site-directed mutagenesis and domain swapping between GALR2 and GALR3, we identified residues in GALR2 that promote interaction with SG2A and residues in GALR3 that inhibit interaction with SG2A. In particular, Phe103, Phe106, and His110 in the transmembrane helix 3 (TM3) domain; Val193, Phe194, and Ser195 in the TM5 domain; and Leu273 in the extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) domain of GALR2 provide favorable interactions with the Asn5, Ala7, Phe11, and Pro13 residues of SG2A. Our results explain how SG2A achieves selective interaction with GALR2 and inhibits interaction with GALR3. The results described here can be used broadly for in silico virtual screening of small molecules for the development of GALR subtype-specific agonists and/or antagonists.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mutation
- Protein Domains
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Substrate Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Na Lee
- The GPCR laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz
- The GPCR laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seongsik Yun
- The GPCR laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- The GPCR laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- The GPCR laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genders SG, Scheller KJ, Djouma E. Neuropeptide modulation of addiction: Focus on galanin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:133-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Keszler G, Molnár Z, Rónai Z, Sasvári-Székely M, Székely A, Kótyuk E. Association between anxiety and non-coding genetic variants of the galanin neuropeptide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226228. [PMID: 31881033 PMCID: PMC6934320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galanin, an inhibitory neuropeptide and cotransmitter has long been known to co-localize with noradrenaline and serotonin in the central nervous system. Several human studies demonstrated altered galanin expression levels in major depressive disorder and anxiety. Pharmacological modulation of galanin signaling and transgenic strategies provide further proof for the involvement of the galanin system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Little is known, however, on the dynamic regulation of galanin expression at the transcriptional level. The aim of the present study was to seek genetic association of non-coding single nucleotide variations in the galanin gene with anxiety and depression. Methods Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) occurring either in the regulatory 5’ or 3’ flanking regions or within intronic sequences of the galanin gene have been genotyped with a high-throughput TaqMan OpenArray qPCR system in 526 healthy students (40% males). Depression and anxiety scores were obtained by filling in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple testing. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was used to map two haploblocks in the analyzed region. Results and conclusions A single-locus and a haplotype genetic association proved to be statistically significant. In single-marker analysis, the T allele of the rs1042577 SNP within the 3’ untranslated region of the galanin gene associated with greater levels of anxiety (HADS scores were 7.05±4.0 vs 6.15±.15; p = 0.000407). Haplotype analysis revealed an association of the rs948854 C_rs4432027_C allele combination with anxiety [F(1,1046) = 4.140, p = 0.042141, η2 = 0.004, power = 0.529]. Neither of these associations turned out to be gender-specific. These promoter polymorphisms are supposed to participate in epigenetic regulation of galanin expression by creating potentially methylatable CpG dinucleotides. The functional importance of the rs1042577_T allele remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Keszler
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Molnár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Rónai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Sasvári-Székely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Székely
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Adaptation Research Group, Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kótyuk
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Adaptation Research Group, Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hooversmith JM, Bhatti DL, Holmes PV. Galanin administration into the prelimbic cortex impairs consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2019; 375:112160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Jeong I, Kim E, Seong JY, Park HC. Overexpression of Spexin 1 in the Dorsal Habenula Reduces Anxiety in Zebrafish. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:53. [PMID: 31474838 PMCID: PMC6702259 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide that is expressed in the mammalian brain and peripheral tissue. Two orthologs are present in the teleost, SPX1 and SPX2. SPX1 is involved in reproduction and food intake. Recently, SPX1 neurons have been found to be located in the specific nuclei of dorsal habenula (dHb) and to project into the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), in which galanin receptor 2a/2b (GALR2a/2b) expression was also observed. This indicates that habenula SPX1 neurons may interact with GALR2a/2b in the IPN; however, the function of SPX1 in the dHb-IPN neuronal circuit remains unknown. To determine the role of SPX1 in the dHb-IPN neural circuit, we generated transgenic zebrafish overexpressing SPX1 specifically in the dHb. We found that transgenic zebrafish overexpressing SPX1 in the dHb had anxiolytic behaviors compared with their wildtype siblings. Furthermore, quantitative PCR revealed that mRNA expression of galr2a and galr2b in the IPN and serotonin-related genes in the raphe was upregulated in the brains of transgenic zebrafish. Taken together, our data suggest that SPX1 function in the dHb-IPN neural circuits is implicated in the regulation of anxiety behaviors via modulation of the serotoninergic system in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yun S, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, Yong HJ, Choi J, Ham BJ, Sohn JW, Kim DH, Son GH, Kim H, Kwon SG, Kim DS, Kim BC, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Spexin-Based Galanin Receptor Type 2 Agonist for Comorbid Mood Disorders and Abnormal Body Weight. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:391. [PMID: 31057364 PMCID: PMC6482256 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the established comorbidity between mood disorders and abnormal eating behaviors, the underlying molecular mechanism and therapeutics remain to be resolved. Here, we show that a spexin-based galanin receptor type 2 agonist (SG2A) simultaneously normalized mood behaviors and body weight in corticosterone pellet-implanted (CORTI) mice, which are underweight and exhibit signs of anhedonia, increased anxiety, and depression. Administration of SG2A into the lateral ventricle produced antidepressive and anxiolytic effects in CORTI mice. Additionally, SG2A led to a recovery of body weight in CORTI mice while it induced significant weight loss in normal mice. In Pavlovian fear-conditioned mice, SG2A decreased contextual and auditory fear memory consolidation but accelerated the extinction of acquired fear memory without altering innate fear and recognition memory. The main action sites of SG2A in the brain may include serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus for mood control, and proopiomelanocortin/corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus for appetite and body weight control. Furthermore, intranasal administration of SG2A exerted the same anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and decreased food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, these results indicate that SG2A holds promise as a clinical treatment for patients with comorbid mood disorders and abnormal appetite/body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yoo-Na Lee
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Yong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Distribution and neuronal circuit of spexin 1/2 neurons in the zebrafish CNS. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5025. [PMID: 30903017 PMCID: PMC6430828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that is widely expressed in mammalian brain and peripheral tissue. In teleost, SPX1 is mainly expressed in the brain and ovary, and is involved in reproduction and food intake. A second form of SPX, SPX2, was recently identified in chick, Xenopus, and zebrafish. The expression pattern and roles of SPX2 are unknown. SPX (spx1) is highly expressed in the vertebrate brain, but its distribution, circuits, and interactions with its putative receptor are unknown. Here, we observed expression of spx1 in the midbrain and hindbrain, and spx2 in the hypothalamic preoptic area using in situ RNA hybridization in zebrafish. Analysis of transgenic reporter zebrafish revealed that hindbrain SPX1 neurons are PAX2+ inhibitory interneurons and project to the spinal cord, where they interact with galanin receptor 2b (GALR2b) neurons, suggesting that hindbrain SPX1 neurons are reticulospinal neurons. spx1 mRNA and SPX1 reporter expression were observed in dorsal habenula (dHb). SPX1 neurons in the dHb project to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), where GALR2a and GALR2b expression was also observed, suggesting that habenula SPX1 neurons may interact with GALR2a/2b in the IPN.
Collapse
|
22
|
Conformational signatures in β-arrestin2 reveal natural biased agonism at a G-protein-coupled receptor. Commun Biol 2018; 1:128. [PMID: 30272007 PMCID: PMC6123711 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of biased ligands and receptor mutants allows characterization of G-protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the structural mechanisms underlying biased agonism remain unclear for many GPCRs. We show that while Galanin induces the activation of the galanin receptor 2 (Galr2) that leads to a robust stimulation toward Gαq-protein and β-arrestin1/2, an alternative ligand Spexin and its analog have biased agonism toward G-protein signaling relative to Galanin. We used intramolecular fluorescein arsenical hairpin bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors of β-arrestin2 combined with NanoBit technology to measure β-arrestin2–Galr2 interactions in real-time living systems. We found that Spexin and Galanin induce specific active conformations of Galr2, which may lead to different internalization rates of the receptor as well as different signaling outputs. This work represents an additional pharmacological evidence of endogenous G-protein-biased agonism at a GPCR. Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz et al. report that galanin induces robust signaling mediated by β-arrestin1/2 and Gαq, whereas an alternative ligand spexin prefers the Gαq-protein signaling pathway. This study provides mechanistic insights into how endogenous ligands can generate biased signaling outputs.
Collapse
|
23
|
De Sanctis C, Bellenchi GC, Viggiano D. A meta-analytic approach to genes that are associated with impaired and elevated spatial memory performance. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:508-516. [PMID: 29395873 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spatial memory deficits are a common hallmark of psychiatric conditions, possibly due to a genetic predisposition. Thus, unravelling the relationship between genes and memory might suggest novel therapeutic targets and pathogenetic pathways. Genetic deletions are known to lead to memory deficits (post-deletion "forgetfulness" genes, PDF), or, in few instances to improve spatial memory (post-deletion "hypermnesic" genes, PDH). To assess this topic, we performed a meta-analytic approach on memory behavior in knock-out mice. We screened 300 studies from PubMed and retrieved 87 genes tested for possible effects on spatial memory. This database was crossed with the Allen Brain Atlas (brain distribution) and the Enrichr (gene function) databases. The results show that PDF genes have higher expression level in several ventral brain structures, particularly the encephalic trunk and in the hypothalamus. Moreover, part of these genes are implicated in synaptic functions. Conversely, the PDH genes are associated to G-protein coupled receptors downstream signalling. Some candidate drugs were also found to interfere with some of the PDH genes, further suggesting that this approach might help in identifying drugs to improve memory performance in psychiatric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Sanctis
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS 86077, Italy; Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso 86100, Italy
| | | | - Davide Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pałasz A, Janas-Kozik M, Borrow A, Arias-Carrión O, Worthington JJ. The potential role of the novel hypothalamic neuropeptides nesfatin-1, phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin in the pathogenesis of anxiety and anorexia nervosa. Neurochem Int 2018; 113:120-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Fang P, Yu M, Wan D, Zhang L, Han L, Shen Z, Shi M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Bo P. Regulatory effects of galanin system on development of several age-related chronic diseases. Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Bazyar S, Inscoe CR, Benefield T, Zhang L, Lu J, Zhou O, Lee YZ. Neurocognitive sparing of desktop microbeam irradiation. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:127. [PMID: 28800740 PMCID: PMC5554005 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal tissue toxicity is the dose-limiting side effect of radiotherapy. Spatial fractionation irradiation techniques, like microbeam radiotherapy (MRT), have shown promising results in sparing the normal brain tissue. Most MRT studies have been conducted at synchrotron facilities. With the aim to make this promising treatment more available, we have built the first desktop image-guided MRT device based on carbon nanotube x-ray technology. In the current study, our purpose was to evaluate the effects of MRT on the rodent normal brain tissue using our device and compare it with the effect of the integrated equivalent homogenous dose. METHODS Twenty-four, 8-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to three groups: MRT, broad-beam (BB) and sham. The hippocampal region was irradiated with two parallel microbeams in the MRT group (beam width = 300 μm, center-to-center = 900 μm, 160 kVp). The BB group received the equivalent integral dose in the same area of their brain. Rotarod, marble burying and open-field activity tests were done pre- and every month post-irradiation up until 8 months to evaluate the cognitive changes and potential irradiation side effects on normal brain tissue. The open-field activity test was substituted by Barnes maze test at 8th month. A multilevel model, random coefficients approach was used to evaluate the longitudinal and temporal differences among treatment groups. RESULTS We found significant differences between BB group as compared to the microbeam-treated and sham mice in the number of buried marble and duration of the locomotion around the open-field arena than shams. Barnes maze revealed that BB mice had a lower capacity for spatial learning than MRT and shams. Mice in the BB group tend to gain weight at the slower pace than shams. No meaningful differences were found between MRT and sham up until 8-month follow-up using our measurements. CONCLUSIONS Applying MRT with our newly developed prototype compact CNT-based image-guided MRT system utilizing the current irradiation protocol can better preserve the integrity of normal brain tissue. Consequently, it enables applying higher irradiation dose that promises better tumor control. Further studies are required to evaluate the full extent effects of this novel modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soha Bazyar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 350 Chapman Hall, 4Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Christina R Inscoe
- Department of Applied Physics Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Thad Benefield
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Applied Physics Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Otto Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 350 Chapman Hall, 4Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA. .,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA. .,Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7510, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Gago B, Santín L, Castilla-Ortega E, Narváez JÁ, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. The neuropeptides Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-like behaviours. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:39-45. [PMID: 28196617 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a 29 amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in neurons within the central nervous system. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-receptors and participates in a number of functions, including mood regulation. Not only Galanin but also Galanin N-terminal fragments like Galanin(1-15) are active at the central level. In this work, we review the latest findings in studies on Galanin and Galanin(1-15) in depression-related behaviours. Our focus is on animal models for depression, and we pay some attention to research data obtained in human studies. Since Serotonin (5-HT), especially through 5-HT1A, and Galanin receptors interact at both pre-and postsynaptic level, the development of drugs targeting potential GAL1-GAL2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes linked to the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neurons may represent new treatment strategies in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Santín
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicobiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ángel Narváez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Šípková J, Kramáriková I, Hynie S, Klenerová V. The galanin and galanin receptor subtypes, its regulatory role in the biological and pathological functions. Physiol Res 2017; 66:729-740. [PMID: 28730831 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitalented neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago but initially no biologic activity was found. Further research studies discovered the presence of galanin in the brain and some peripheral tissues, and galanin was identified as a modulator of neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Over the last decade there were performed very intensive studies of the neuronal actions and also of nonneuronal actions of galanin. Other galanin family peptides have been described, namely galanin, galanin-like peptide, galanin-message associated peptide and alarin. The effect of these peptides is mediated through three galanin receptors subtypes, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 belonging to G protein coupled receptors, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (GalR1, GalR3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GalR2). This also explains why one specific molecule of galanin can be responsible for different roles in different tissues. The present review summarizes the information currently available on the relationship between the galaninergic system and known pathological states. The research of novel galanin receptor specific agonists and antagonists is also very promising for its future role in pharmacological treatment. The galaninergic system is important target for current and future biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Šípková
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Camsari C, Folger JK, McGee D, Bursian SJ, Wang H, Knott JG, Smith GW. Effects of Periconception Cadmium and Mercury Co-Administration to Mice on Indices of Chronic Diseases in Male Offspring at Maturity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:643-650. [PMID: 27814245 PMCID: PMC5381999 DOI: 10.1289/ehp481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) is known to increase the risk of chronic diseases. However, to our knowledge, exposure to Cd and Hg beginning at the periconception period has not been studied to date. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of Cd and Hg that were co-administered during early development on indices of chronic diseases in adult male mice. METHODS Adult female CD1 mice were subcutaneously administered a combination of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and methylmercury (II) chloride (CH3HgCl) (0, 0.125, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg body weight each) 4 days before and 4 days after conception (8 days total). Indices of anxiety-like behavior, glucose homeostasis, endocrine and molecular markers of insulin resistance, and organ weights were examined in adult male offspring. RESULTS Increased anxiety-like behavior, impaired glucose homeostasis, and higher body weight and abdominal adipose tissue weight were observed in male offspring of treated females compared with controls. Significantly increased serum leptin and insulin concentrations and impaired insulin tolerance in the male offspring of dams treated with 2.0 mg/kg body weight of Cd and Hg suggested insulin resistance. Altered mRNA abundance for genes associated with glucose and lipid homeostasis (GLUT4, IRS1, FASN, ACACA, FATP2, CD36, and G6PC) in liver and abdominal adipose tissues as well as increased IRS1 phosphorylation in liver (Ser 307) provided further evidence of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the co-administration of Cd and Hg to female mice during the early development of their offspring (the periconception period) was associated with anxiety-like behavior, altered glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance in male offspring at adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Camsari
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics,
- Department of Animal Science,
| | - Joseph K. Folger
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics,
- Department of Animal Science,
| | - Devin McGee
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics,
- Department of Animal Science,
| | | | | | - Jason G. Knott
- Department of Animal Science,
- Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - George W. Smith
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics,
- Department of Animal Science,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao HB, Jiang YM, Li XJ, Liu YY, Bai XH, Li N, Chen JX, Liu Q, Yan ZY, Zhao FZ. Xiao Yao San Improves the Anxiety-Like Behaviors of Rats Induced by Chronic Immobilization Stress: The Involvement of the JNK Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:187-194. [PMID: 28154259 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effects of Xiao Yao San (XYS) on anxiety-like behaviors and sought to determine whether the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is involved. A total of 40 rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8): the control group (deionized water, per os (p.o.)), the model group (deionized water, p.o.), the SP600125 group (surgery), the per se group (surgery), and the XYS group (3.9 g/kg/d, p.o.). A 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) citrate buffer solution (2 µL/ventricle/d) and SP600125 (10 µg/ventricle, 2 µL/ventricle/d) were separately and bilaterally injected into the rats of the two surgery groups via the ventricular system of the brain. All but the control group underwent 14 d of chronic immobilization stress (CIS; 3 h/d). On day 15, the body weights of all of the rats were measured; additionally, the rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) tests. Finally, JNK signaling pathway indices, including phosphorylated JNK (P-JNK), JNK, phosphorylated c-Jun (P-c-Jun) and cytochrome C (Cyt-C), were examined. After modeling, the body weight and behavioral analyses of the model rats indicated that this modeling method induced anxiety-like behaviors. P-JNK, JNK, and P-c-Jun were altered in the hippocampus of the model rats. After 14 d of treatment with XYS and SP600125, rat body weight and behaviors as well as P-JNK, JNK, and P-c-Jun had changed. However, no significant difference in Cyt-C was found. XYS improves the anxiety-like behaviors induced by CIS, which might be related to the JNK signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Effect of glycation inhibitors on aging and age-related diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:1-18. [PMID: 27671971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vast evidence supports the view that glycation of proteins is one of the main factors contributing to aging and is an important element of etiopathology of age-related diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataract and neurodegenerative diseases. Counteracting glycation can therefore be a means of increasing both the lifespan and healthspan. In this review, accumulation of glycation products during aging is presented, pathophysiological effects of glycation are discussed and ways of attenuation of the effects of glycation are described, concentrating on prevention of glycation. The effects of glycation and glycation inhibitors on the course of selected age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cataract are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35-604 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35-604 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, Son GH, Kim NH, Kim DK, Yun S, Kim DH, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Development of Spexin-based Human Galanin Receptor Type II-Specific Agonists with Increased Stability in Serum and Anxiolytic Effect in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21453. [PMID: 26907960 PMCID: PMC4764904 DOI: 10.1038/srep21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered to activate galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and 3 (GALR3) but not galanin receptor 1 (GALR1). Although GALR2 is known to display a function, particularly in anxiety, depression, and appetite regulation, the further determination of its function would benefit from a more stable and selective agonist that acts only at GALR2. In the present study, we developed a GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability in serum. As galanin (GAL) showed a low affinity to GALR3, the residues in SPX were replaced with those in GAL, revealing that particular mutations such as Gln5 → Asn, Met7 → Ala, Lys11 → Phe, and Ala13 → Pro significantly decreased potencies toward GALR3 but not toward GALR2. Quadruple (Qu) mutation of these residues still retained potency to GALR2 but totally abolished the potency to both GALR3 and GALR1. The first amino acid modifications or D-Asn1 substitution significantly increased the stability when they are incubated in 100% fetal bovine serum. Intracerebroventricular administration of the mutant peptide with D-Asn1 and quadruple substitution (dN1-Qu) exhibited an anxiolytic effect in mice. Taken together, the GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability can greatly help delineation of GALR2-mediated functions and be very useful for treatments of anxiety disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoo-Na Lee
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Soares FRC, Silote GP, Almeida-Santos AF, Aguiar DC, Schenberg LC, Beijamini V. Galanin microinjection into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter produces paradigm-dependent anxiolytic effects. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:42-7. [PMID: 26751815 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin is a peptide that is present in the central nervous system in mammals, including rodents and humans. The actions of galanin are mediated by three types of metabotropic receptors: GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3. GAL1 and GAL3 increase K(+) efflux, and GAL2 increases intracellular Ca(2+) levels. The distribution of galanin and its receptors suggests its involvement in fear and/or anxiety. The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is a key mediator of defensive behaviors that is both targeted by galaninergic projections and supplied with GAL1 receptors and, less markedly, GAL2 receptors. We examined the effects of galanin microinjections in the dorsal PAG (dPAG) on the performance of rats in different models of anxiety. Male Wistar rats (n=7-12) were implanted with guide cannulae in the dPAG. They received microinjections of either galanin (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 nmol) or vehicle and were tested in the Vogel conflict test (VCT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and elevated T-maze (ETM). Rats that were tested in the ETM were further evaluated for exploratory activity in the open field test (OFT). Galanin microinjections had no effects on anxiety-like behavior in the EPM or VCT or exploratory activity in the EPM or OFT. In the ETM, however, microinjections of 3 nmol galanin impaired learned anxiety (i.e., avoidance of the open arms) without changing unconditioned fear (i.e., escape from the open arms). The present data suggest that galanin transmission in the dPAG inhibits the acquisition of anxiety-like responses in the ETM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R C Soares
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29043-900, Brazil
| | - G P Silote
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29043-900, Brazil
| | - A F Almeida-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D C Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - L C Schenberg
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29043-900, Brazil
| | - V Beijamini
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29043-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
da Costa Estrela D, da Silva WAM, Guimarães ATB, de Oliveira Mendes B, da Silva Castro AL, da Silva Torres IL, Malafaia G. Predictive behaviors for anxiety and depression in female Wistar rats subjected to cafeteria diet and stress. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
35
|
Kerr N, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Vanderplank P, Leard A, Balthasar N, Wynick D. The generation of knock-in mice expressing fluorescently tagged galanin receptors 1 and 2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:258-71. [PMID: 26292267 PMCID: PMC4604734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has diverse roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems, by activating the G protein-coupled receptors Gal1, Gal2 and the less studied Gal3 (GalR1-3 gene products). There is a wealth of data on expression of Gal1-3 at the mRNA level, but not at the protein level due to the lack of specificity of currently available antibodies. Here we report the generation of knock-in mice expressing Gal1 or Gal2 receptor fluorescently tagged at the C-terminus with, respectively, mCherry or hrGFP (humanized Renilla green fluorescent protein). In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons expressing the highest levels of Gal1-mCherry, localization to the somatic cell membrane was detected by live-cell fluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and that fluorescence decreased upon addition of galanin. In spinal cord, abundant Gal1-mCherry immunoreactive processes were detected in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, and highly expressing intrinsic neurons of the lamina III/IV border showed both somatic cell membrane localization and outward transport of receptor from the cell body, detected as puncta within cell processes. In brain, high levels of Gal1-mCherry immunofluorescence were detected within thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala, with a high density of nerve endings in the external zone of the median eminence, and regions with lesser immunoreactivity included the dorsal raphe nucleus. Gal2-hrGFP mRNA was detected in DRG, but live-cell fluorescence was at the limits of detection, drawing attention to both the much lower mRNA expression than to Gal1 in mice and the previously unrecognized potential for translational control by upstream open reading frames (uORFs).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neurons/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Red Fluorescent Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Kerr
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Hobson
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Penny Vanderplank
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alan Leard
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nina Balthasar
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Wynick
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Spexin Enhances Bowel Movement through Activating L-type Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel via Galanin Receptor 2 in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12095. [PMID: 26160593 PMCID: PMC4498193 DOI: 10.1038/srep12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel neuropeptide spexin was found to be broadly expressed in various endocrine and nervous tissues while little is known about its functions. This study investigated the role of spexin in bowel movement and the underlying mechanisms. In functional constipation (FC) patients, serum spexin levels were significantly decreased. Consistently, in starved mice, the mRNA of spexin was significantly decreased in intestine and colon. Spexin injection increased the velocity of carbon powder propulsion in small intestine and decreased the glass beads expulsion time in distal colon in mice. Further, spexin dose-dependently stimulated the intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) antagonist M871, but not Galanin receptor 3 (GALR3) antagonist SNAP37899, effectively suppressed the stimulatory effects of spexin on intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction, which could be eliminated by extracellular [Ca2+] removal and L-type voltage-dependentCa2+ channel (VDCC) inhibitor nifedipine. Besides, spexin dramatically increased the [Ca2+]i in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that spexin can act on GALR2 receptor to regulate bowel motility by activating L-type VDCC. Our findings provide evidence for important physiological roles of spexin in GI functions. Selective action on spexin pathway might have therapeutic effects on GI diseases with motility disorders.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Santín L, Parrado C, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Díaz-Cabiale Z. A role for galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu064. [PMID: 25522404 PMCID: PMC4360234 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin (GAL) plays a role in mood regulation. In this study we analyzed the action of the active N-terminal fragment [GAL(1-15)] in anxiety- and depression-related behavioral tests in rats. METHODS The effect of GAL(1-15) was analyzed in the forced swimming test, tail suspension test, open field test, and light/dark test. The proximity of GAL1 and GAL2 receptors was examined with the proximity ligation assay (PLA). We tested the GAL receptors involved in GAL(1-15) effects with the GAL2 receptor antagonist M871 and with an in vivo model of siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown or siRNA GAL1 receptor knockdown rats. The effects of GAL(1-15) were also studied in the cell line RN33B. RESULTS GAL(1-15) induced strong depression-like and anxiogenic-like effects in all the tests. These effects were stronger than the ones induced by GAL. The involvement of the GAL2 receptor was demonstrated with M871 and with the siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown rats. The PLA indicated the possible existence of GAL1 and GAL2 heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal hippocampus and especially in the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the siRNA GAL1 receptor knockdown rats the behavioral actions of GAL(1-15) disappeared, and in the siRNA GAL2 receptor knockdown rats the reductions of the behavioral actions of GAL(1-15) was linked to a disappearance of PLA. In the cell line RN33B, GAL(1-15) decreased 5-HT immunoreactivity more strongly than GAL. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GAL(1-15) exerts strong depression-related and anxiogenic-like effects and may give the basis for the development of drugs targeting GAL1 and GAL2 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-limbic system for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España (PhD Millón, Flores-Burgess, M Narváez, Parrado, JA Narváez, and Díaz-Cabiale); Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (PhD Borroto-Escuela and Fuxe); Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, España (PhD Santín).
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Flannery BM, Silverman JL, Bruun DA, Puhger KR, McCoy MR, Hammock BD, Crawley JN, Lein PJ. Behavioral assessment of NIH Swiss mice acutely intoxicated with tetramethylenedisulfotetramine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:36-45. [PMID: 25446016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is a potent convulsant poison that is thought to trigger seizures by inhibiting the function of the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR). Acute intoxication with TETS can cause vomiting, convulsions, status epilepticus (SE) and even death. Clinical case reports indicate that individuals who survive poisoning may exhibit long-term neuropsychological issues and cognitive deficits. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine whether a recently described mouse model of acute TETS intoxication exhibits persistent behavioral deficits. Young adult male NIH Swiss mice received a seizure-inducing dose of TETS (0.15mg/kg, ip) and then were rescued from lethality by administration of diazepam (5mg/kg, ip) approximately 20min post-TETS-exposure. TETS-intoxicated mice typically exhibited 2 clonic seizures prior to administration of diazepam with no subsequent seizures post-diazepam injection as assessed using behavioral criteria. Seizures lasted an average of 72s. Locomotor activity, anxiety-like and depression-relevant behaviors and cognition were assessed at 1week, 1month and 2months post-TETS exposure using open field, elevated-plus maze, light↔dark transitions, tail suspension, forced swim and novel object recognition tasks. Interestingly, preliminary validation tests indicated that NIH Swiss mice do not respond to the shock in fear conditioning tasks. Subsequent evaluation of hot plate and tail flick nociception tasks revealed that this strain exhibits significantly decreased pain sensitivity relative to age- and sex-matched C57BL/6J mice, which displayed normal contextual fear conditioning. NIH Swiss mice acutely intoxicated with TETS exhibited no significant anxiety-related, depression-relevant, learning or memory deficits relative to vehicle controls at any of the time points assessed with the exception of significantly increased locomotor activity at 2months post-TETS intoxication. The general absence of long-term behavioral deficits in TETS-intoxicated mice on these six assays suggests that the neurobehavioral consequences of TETS exposure described in human survivors of acute TETS intoxication are likely due to sustained seizure activity, rather than a direct effect of the chemical itself. Future research efforts are directed toward developing an animal model that better recapitulates the SE and seizure duration reported in humans acutely intoxicated with TETS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Flannery
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Jill L Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Donald A Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Kyle R Puhger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Mark R McCoy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; UCDMC Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gazina EV, Leaw BTW, Richards KL, Wimmer VC, Kim TH, Aumann TD, Featherby TJ, Churilov L, Hammond VE, Reid CA, Petrou S. 'Neonatal' Nav1.2 reduces neuronal excitability and affects seizure susceptibility and behaviour. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1457-68. [PMID: 25378553 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmentally regulated alternative splicing produces 'neonatal' and 'adult' isoforms of four Na(+) channels in human brain, NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3 and NaV1.6. Heterologously expressed 'neonatal' NaV1.2 channels are less excitable than 'adult' channels; however, functional importance of this difference is unknown. We hypothesized that the 'neonatal' NaV1.2 may reduce neuronal excitability and have a seizure-protective role during early brain development. To test this hypothesis, we generated NaV1.2(adult) mice expressing only the 'adult' NaV1.2, and compared the firing properties of pyramidal cortical neurons, as well as seizure susceptibility, between the NaV1.2(adult) and wild-type (WT) mice at postnatal day 3 (P3), when the 'neonatal' isoform represents 65% of the WT NaV1.2. We show significant increases in action potential firing in NaV1.2(adult) neurons and in seizure susceptibility of NaV1.2(adult) mice, supporting our hypothesis. At postnatal day 15 (P15), when 17% of the WT NaV1.2 is 'neonatal', the firing properties of NaV1.2(adult) and WT neurons converged. However, inhibitory postsynaptic currents in NaV1.2(adult) neurons were larger and the expression level of Scn2a mRNA was 24% lower compared with the WT. The enhanced seizure susceptibility of the NaV1.2(adult) mice persisted into adult age. The adult NaV1.2(adult) mice also exhibited greater risk-taking behaviour. Overall, our data reveal a significant impact of 'neonatal' NaV1.2 on neuronal excitability, seizure susceptibility and behaviour and may contribute to our understanding of NaV1.2 roles in health and diseases such as epilepsy and autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Gazina
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bryan T W Leaw
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kay L Richards
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tae H Kim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Timothy D Aumann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Travis J Featherby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vicki E Hammond
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher A Reid
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brooks LR, Pals HL, Enix CL, Woolaver RA, Paul ED, Lowry CA, Tsai PS. Fibroblast growth factor 8 deficiency compromises the functional response of the serotonergic system to stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101420. [PMID: 24992493 PMCID: PMC4081718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally heterogeneous populations of serotonergic neurons, located within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), play a role in stress-related behaviors and neuropsychiatric illnesses such as anxiety and depression. Abnormal development of these neurons may permanently alter their structure and connections, making the organism more susceptible to anxiety-related disorders. A factor that critically regulates the development of serotonergic neurons is fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8). In this study, we used acute restraint stress followed by behavioral testing to examine whether Fgf8 signaling during development is important for establishing functional stress- and anxiety-related DR neurocircuits in adulthood. Wild-type and heterozygous male mice globally hypomorphic for Fgf8 were exposed to acute restraint stress and then tested for anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze. Further, we measured c-Fos immunostaining as a marker of serotonergic neuronal activation and tissue 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations as a marker of serotonin functional output. Results showed that Fgf8 hypomorphs exhibited 1) an exaggerated response of DR anxiety-promoting circuits and 2) a blunted response of a DR panic-inhibiting circuit to stress, effects that together were associated with increased baseline anxiety-like behavior. Overall, our results provide a neural substrate upon which Fgf8 deficiency could affect stress response and support the hypothesis that developmental disruptions of serotonergic neurons affect their postnatal functional integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Brooks
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heide L Pals
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Courtney L Enix
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel A Woolaver
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Evan D Paul
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pei-San Tsai
- Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Galanin receptor 2-neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in the amygdala lead to increased anxiolytic actions. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2289-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
43
|
Kim DK, Yun S, Son GH, Hwang JI, Park CR, Kim JI, Kim K, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Coevolution of the spexin/galanin/kisspeptin family: Spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1864-73. [PMID: 24517231 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered using bioinformatics. The function of this peptide is currently under investigation. Here, we identified SPX along with a second SPX gene (SPX2) in vertebrate genomes. Syntenic analysis and relocating SPXs and their neighbor genes on reconstructed vertebrate ancestral chromosomes revealed that SPXs reside in the near vicinity of the kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) family genes on the chromosomes. Alignment of mature peptide sequences showed some extent of sequence similarity among the 3 peptide groups. Gene structure analysis indicated that SPX is more closely related to GAL than KISS. These results suggest that the SPX, GAL, and KISS genes arose through local duplications before 2 rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication. Receptors of KISS and GAL (GAL receptor [GALR]) are phylogenetically closest among rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, and synteny revealed the presence of 3 distinct receptor families KISS receptor, GALR1, and GALR2/3 before 2R. A ligand-receptor interaction study showed that SPXs activate human, Xenopus, and zebrafish GALR2/3 family receptors but not GALR1, suggesting that SPXs are natural ligands for GALR2/3. Particularly, SPXs exhibited much higher potency toward GALR3 than GAL. Together, these results identify the coevolution of SPX/GAL/KISS ligand genes with their receptor genes. This study demonstrates the advantage of evolutionary genomics to explore the evolutionary relationship of a peptide gene family that arose before 2R by local duplications.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosome Mapping
- Databases, Nucleic Acid
- Databases, Protein
- Evolution, Molecular
- Galanin/chemistry
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Gene Duplication
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kisspeptins/chemistry
- Kisspeptins/genetics
- Kisspeptins/metabolism
- Ligands
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Peptide Hormones/chemistry
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Synteny
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine (D.-K.K., S.Y., G.H.S., J.-I.H., C.R.P., J.Y.S.), Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science (J.I.K.), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences (K.K.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; and Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (H.V.), Inserm U982, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-St-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The potential antidepressant and antidiabetic effects of galanin system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a modulator of various physiological and pathological processes, and it mediates its effects via three G protein-coupled receptors (GAL1-3 receptors). A role for GAL as a modulator of mood and anxiety was suggested, because GAL and its receptors are highly expressed in limbic brain structures of rodents. In recent years, numerous studies of animal models have suggested an involvement of GAL and GAL1 and GAL2 receptors in anxiety- and depression-related behavior. However, to date, there is sparse literature implicating GAL3 receptors in behavioral functions. Therefore, we studied the behavior of GAL3 receptor-deficient (GAL3-KO) mice to elucidate whether GAL3 receptors are involved in mediating behavior-associated actions of GAL. The GAL3-KO mouse line exhibited normal breeding and physical development. In addition to behavioral tests, phenotypic characterization included analysis of hematology, amino acid profiles, metabolism, and sudomotor function. In contrast to WT littermates, male GAL3-KO mice exhibited an anxiety-like phenotype in the elevated plus maze, open field, and light/dark box tests, and they were less socially affiliated than WT animals to a stranger mouse in a social interaction test. In conclusion, our data suggest involvement of GAL3 receptors in GAL-mediated effects on mood, anxiety, and behavior, making it a possible target for alternative treatment strategies for mood disorders.
Collapse
|
46
|
Brooks LR, Enix CL, Rich SC, Magno JA, Lowry CA, Tsai PS. Fibroblast growth factor deficiencies impact anxiety-like behavior and the serotonergic system. Behav Brain Res 2014; 264:74-81. [PMID: 24512770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) are organized in anatomically distinct subregions that form connections with specific brain structures to modulate diverse behaviors, including anxiety-like behavior. It is unclear if the functional heterogeneity of these neurons is coupled to their developmental heterogeneity, and if abnormal development of specific DR serotonergic subregions can permanently impact anxiety circuits and behavior. The goal of this study was to examine if deficiencies in different components of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling could preferentially impact the development of specific populations of DR serotonergic neurons to alter anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Wild-type and heterozygous male mice globally hypomorphic for Fgf8, Fgfr1, or both (Fgfr1/Fgf8) were tested in an anxiety-related behavioral battery. Both Fgf8- and Fgfr1/Fgf8-deficient mice display increased anxiety-like behavior as measured in the elevated plus-maze and the open-field tests. Immunohistochemical staining of a serotonergic marker, tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph), revealed reductions in specific populations of serotonergic neurons in the ventral, interfascicular, and ventrolateral/ventrolateral periaqueductal gray subregions of the DR in all Fgf-deficient mice, suggesting a neuroanatomical basis for increased anxiety-like behavior. Overall, this study suggests Fgf signaling selectively modulates the development of different serotonergic neuron subpopulations. Further, it suggests anxiety-like behavior may stem from developmental disruption of these neurons, and individuals with inactivating mutations in Fgf signaling genes may be predisposed to anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Brooks
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Courtney L Enix
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Samuel C Rich
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jinno A Magno
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kormos V, Gaszner B. Role of neuropeptides in anxiety, stress, and depression: from animals to humans. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:401-19. [PMID: 24210138 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression, with its strikingly high prevalence, is the most common cause of disability in communities of Western type, according to data of the World Health Organization. Stress-related mood disorders, besides their deleterious effects on the patient itself, also challenge the healthcare systems with their great social and economic impact. Our knowledge on the neurobiology of these conditions is less than sufficient as exemplified by the high proportion of patients who do not respond to currently available medications targeting monoaminergic systems. The search for new therapeutical strategies became therefore a "hot topic" in neuroscience, and there is a large body of evidence suggesting that brain neuropeptides not only participate is stress physiology, but they may also have clinical relevance. Based on data obtained in animal studies, neuropeptides and their receptors might be targeted by new candidate neuropharmacons with the hope that they will become important and effective tools in the management of stress related mood disorders. In this review, we attempt to summarize the latest evidence obtained using animal models for mood disorders, genetically modified rodent models for anxiety and depression, and we will pay some attention to previously published clinical data on corticotropin releasing factor, urocortin 1, urocortin 2, urocortin 3, arginine-vasopressin, neuropeptide Y, pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide, neuropeptide S, oxytocin, substance P and galanin fields of stress research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Silote GP, Rosal AB, de Souza MM, Beijamini V. Infusion of galanin into the mid-caudal portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus has an anxiolytic effect on rats in the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:312-7. [PMID: 23791934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galanin and 5-HT coexist in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons. Microinjection of galanin into the DRN reduces the firing rate of serotonin neurons. Serotonergic neurons projecting from the DRN to the amygdala facilitate learned anxiety producing an anxiogenic effect, while those projecting from the periaqueductal grey affect innate anxiety producing a panicolytic effect. We tested the hypothesis that injection of galanin into rat DRN would induce anxiolytic/panicogenic effects in the elevated T-maze (ETM), a model that allows for the evaluation of both of these effects. Galanin infusion into the mid-caudal DRN, but not into the rostral DRN, impaired inhibitory avoidance, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. The effective dose of galanin (0.3 nmol) did not modify locomotor activity in the open field. Contrary to expectations, microinjection of galanin into the DRN did not facilitate the latency of one-way escape in the ETM. Pretreatment with a galanin antagonist, M40, attenuated galanin-induced impairment of inhibitory avoidance. The results show that microinjection of a low dose of galanin only into the mid-caudal DRN has an anxiolytic effect. This effect seems to be mediated, at least in part, by galanin receptors. Further investigation is necessary to identify the receptor subtypes and the DRN subregion involved in the anxiolytic effect of galanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pandini Silote
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29043-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Association of galanin and major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64617. [PMID: 23741354 PMCID: PMC3669409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of galanin (GAL) gene and the development of depression in the Chinese Han population. Methods A total of 700 patients with depression who met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and 673 healthy controls were used in this study. Ligase detection reactions were performed on 10 selected single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the GAL gene. A series of statistical methods were carried out to investigate the correlation between the GAL gene SNP and the patient susceptibility to depression. Results The SNPs of rs694066 in the GAL gene showed a positive correlation with MDD. Compared with the healthy controls, lower frequency of G/G genotype and higher frequency of A/G genotype were observed in rs694066 in MDD patients, a lower frequency of G-allele and higher frequency of A-allele were observed in rs694066. These correlations were more pronounced in the 376 female patients and 360 female control subjects than in the 324 male patients and 313 healthy male subjects. Conclusions This study investigated the relationship between the GAL gene SNP and the susceptibility to depression in the Chinese Han population. The findings clearly indicate that the GAL gene polymorphism is closely correlated to the incidence of depression in the Chinese Han female patients.
Collapse
|
50
|
Mandillo S, Golini E, Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Mice lacking the Parkinson's related GPR37/PAEL receptor show non-motor behavioral phenotypes: age and gender effect. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:465-77. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mandillo
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - E. Golini
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - D. Marazziti
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - C. Di Pietro
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - R. Matteoni
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - G. P. Tocchini-Valentini
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| |
Collapse
|