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Belelli D, Riva A, Nutt DJ. Reducing the harms of alcohol: nutritional interventions and functional alcohol alternatives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 175:241-276. [PMID: 38555118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The health risks and harm associated with regular alcohol consumption are well documented. In a recent WHO statement published in The Lancet Public Health alcohol consumption has been estimated to contribute worldwide to 3 million deaths in 2016 while also being responsible for 5·1% of the global burden of disease and injury. The total elimination of alcohol consumption, which has been long imbedded in human culture and society, is not practical and prohibition policies have proved historically ineffective. However, valuable strategies to reduce alcohol harms are already available and improved alternative approaches are currently being developed. Here, we will review and discuss recent advances on two main types of approaches, that is nutritional interventions and functional alcohol alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Belelli
- GABALabs Res. Senior Scientific Consultant, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Riva
- Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology (Foundation for Liver Research), London; Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London
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Ulrick P, Panozzo S, Marco D, Collins A, Philip J. End-of-life care in illicit drug users: mapping medication use. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2023; 13:e266-e269. [PMID: 34001548 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While clinical wisdom has long provided suggested guidance around caring for people who use illicit drugs (referred to as PWUD) at the end of life, there is striking paucity of empirical evidence underpinning these practices. Understanding medications and doses required to manage symptoms at the end of life is essential to provide effective end-of-life care for these patients. This study aimed to examine the type and dose of medications prescribed to hospitalised patients who use illicit drugs at the end of life, compared with patients without previous or current illicit drug use. METHOD A retrospective medical record review was conducted on consecutive patient deaths between 2012 and 2017 at a metropolitan hospital. PWUD were identified using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes for illicit drug use. Daily dosage of opioids, benzodiazepines and antipsychotics was documented for the last 3 days of life and compared with a matched comparator group. RESULTS PWUD patients (n=55) received higher doses of opioids, midazolam and antipsychotics than comparator patients (n=55) for each day, significant for opioids in the last 24 hours (p=0.01). PWUD patients received a significantly higher total opioid dose (median=480.0 mg vs 255.0 mg) and midazolam (median=15.0 mg vs 5.0 mg) (both p<0.05). Rates of dose escalation did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that PWUD require greater doses of symptom-controlling medications, particularly opioids and midazolam, at the end of life but that rates of dose escalation do not differ greatly. This study provides a foundation for future research to inform clinical guidelines for this cohort of palliative care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Ulrick
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey Panozzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Parkville Integrated Palliative Care Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Marco
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Palliative Care, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Collins
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Philip
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Palliative Nexus, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Parkville Integrated Palliative Care Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Bokoliya SC, Russell J, Dorsett Y, Panier H, Singh V, Daddi L, Yuan H, Dedon LR, Liu Z, Barson JR, Covault J, Bubier JA, Zhou Y. Short-chain-fatty acid valerate reduces voluntary alcohol intake in male mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3496323. [PMID: 37961441 PMCID: PMC10635392 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3496323/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite serious health and social consequences, effective intervention strategies for habitual alcohol binge drinking are lacking. Development of novel therapeutic and preventative approaches is highly desirable. Accumulating evidence in the past several years has established associations between the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites with drinking behavior, but druggable targets and their underlying mechanism of action are understudied. Results Here, using a drink-in-the-dark mouse model, we identified a microbiome metabolite-based novel treatment (sodium valerate) that can reduce excessive alcohol drinking. Sodium valerate is a sodium salt of valeric acidshort-chain-fatty-acid with similar structure as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Ten days of oral sodium valerate supplementation attenuates excessive alcohol drinking by 40%, reduces blood ethanol concentration by 53%, and improves anxiety-like or approach-avoidance behavior in male mice, without affecting overall food and water intake. Mechanistically, sodium valerate supplementation increases GABA levels across stool, blood, and amygdala. It also significantly increases H4 acetylation in the amygdala of mice. Transcriptomics analysis of the amygdala revealed that sodium valerate supplementation led to changes in gene expression associated with functional pathways including potassium voltage-gated channels, inflammation, glutamate degradation, L-DOPA degradation, and psychological behaviors. 16S microbiome profiling showed that sodium valerate supplementation shifts the gut microbiome composition and decreases microbiome-derived neuroactive compounds through GABA degradation in the gut microbiome. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the sodium valerate holds promise as an innovative therapeutic avenue for the reduction of habitual binge drinking, potentially through multifaceted mechanisms.
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Dharavath RN, Pina-Leblanc C, Tang VM, Sloan ME, Nikolova YS, Pangarov P, Ruocco AC, Shield K, Voineskos D, Blumberger DM, Boileau I, Bozinoff N, Gerretsen P, Vieira E, Melamed OC, Sibille E, Quilty LC, Prevot TD. GABAergic signaling in alcohol use disorder and withdrawal: pathological involvement and therapeutic potential. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1218737. [PMID: 37929054 PMCID: PMC10623140 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1218737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the most widely used substances. Alcohol use accounts for 5.1% of the global disease burden, contributes substantially to societal and economic costs, and leads to approximately 3 million global deaths yearly. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) includes various drinking behavior patterns that lead to short-term or long-lasting effects on health. Ethanol, the main psychoactive molecule acting in alcoholic beverages, directly impacts the GABAergic system, contributing to GABAergic dysregulations that vary depending on the intensity and duration of alcohol consumption. A small number of interventions have been developed that target the GABAergic system, but there are promising future therapeutic avenues to explore. This review provides an overview of the impact of alcohol on the GABAergic system, the current interventions available for AUD that target the GABAergic system, and the novel interventions being explored that in the future could be included among first-line therapies for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celeste Pina-Leblanc
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor M. Tang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Addiction Division, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosciences and Clinical Translation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Sloan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Addiction Division, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosciences and Clinical Translation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuliya S. Nikolova
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Pangarov
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony C. Ruocco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Shield
- Institute of Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daphne Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikki Bozinoff
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erica Vieira
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Osnat C. Melamed
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lena C. Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cruz B, Borgonetti V, Bajo M, Roberto M. Sex-dependent factors of alcohol and neuroimmune mechanisms. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100562. [PMID: 37601537 PMCID: PMC10432974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use disrupts neuroimmune signaling across various cell types, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. The present review focuses on recent, albeit limited, evidence of sex differences in biological factors that mediate neuroimmune responses to alcohol and underlying neuroimmune systems that may influence alcohol drinking behaviors. Females are more vulnerable than males to the neurotoxic and negative consequences of chronic alcohol drinking, reflected by elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Differences in cytokine, microglial, astrocytic, genomic, and transcriptomic evidence suggest females are more reactive than males to neuroinflammatory changes after chronic alcohol exposure. The growing body of evidence supports that innate immune factors modulate synaptic transmission, providing a mechanistic framework to examine sex differences across neurocircuitry. Targeting neuroimmune signaling may be a viable strategy for treating AUD, but more research is needed to understand sex-specific differences in alcohol drinking and neuroimmune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
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Kintu TM, Kaggwa MM, Namagembe R, Muganzi DJ, Kihumuro BR, Luyinda GS, Nabwana BW, Moses M, Nnyombi M, Kirega A, Kabakyenga JK, Maling S. Alcohol use disorder among healthcare professional students: a structural equation model describing its effect on depression, anxiety, and risky sexual behavior. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:505. [PMID: 37438721 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and alcohol use disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Among university students, alcohol use and poor mental health are associated with risky sexual behavior. Given the syndemic occurrence of these disorders most especially in young adults, we describe the relationship between them so as to guide and intensify current interventions on reducing their burden in this population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on an online survey among healthcare professional university students that captured sociodemographic characteristics, risky sexual behavior, alcohol use disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. Structural equation modelling was used to describe the relationship between these variables using RStudio. RESULTS We enrolled a total of 351 participants of which 11% (37/351) had Alcohol Use Disorder, 33% (117/351) had depressive symptoms and 32% (111/351) had symptoms of anxiety. A model describing the relationship between these variables was found to fit well both descriptively and statistically [χ2 = 44.437, df = 21, p-value = 0.01, CFI = 0.989, TFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.056]. All observed variables were found to fit significantly and positively onto their respective latent factors (AUD, anxiety, depression and risky sexual behavior). AUD was found to be significantly associated with risky sexual behavior (β = 0.381, P < 0.001), depression (β = 0.152, P = 0.004), and anxiety (β = 0.137, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION AUD, depression and anxiety are a significant burden in this health professional student population and there's need to consider screening for anxiety and depression in students reporting with AUD so as to ensure appropriate interventions. A lot of attention and efforts should be focused on the effect of AUD on risky sexual behavior and continued health education is still required even among health professional students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Mwanje Kintu
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Mark Mohan Kaggwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robinah Namagembe
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Jolly Muganzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Bernard Raymond Kihumuro
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Garvin Ssali Luyinda
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Muwanguzi Moses
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Marvin Nnyombi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Alex Kirega
- Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Jerome Kahuma Kabakyenga
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Samuel Maling
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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Matsunaga W, Shinoe T, Hirono M. GAD65 deficient mice are susceptible to ethanol-induced impairment of motor coordination and facilitation of cerebellar neuronal firing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286031. [PMID: 37216370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and its concentrations in the brain could be associated with EtOH-induced impairment of motor coordination. GABA is synthesized by two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. Mice deficient in GAD65 (GAD65-KO) can grow up to adulthood, and show that GABA concentration in their adult brains was 50-75% that of wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT). Although a previous study showed that there was no difference in recovery from the motor-incoordination effect of acute intraperitoneally administered injections of 2.0 g/kg EtOH between WT and GAD65-KO, the sensitivity of GAD65-KO to acute EtOH-induced ataxia has not been fully understood. Here, we sought to determine whether motor coordination and spontaneous firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in GAD65-KO are more sensitive to the effect of EtOH than in WT. Motor performance in WT and GAD65-KO was examined by rotarod and open-field tests following acute administration of EtOH at lower-doses, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g/kg. In a rotarod test, there was no significant difference between WT and GAD65-KO in terms of baseline motor coordination. However, only the KO mice showed a significant decrease in rotarod performance of 1.2 g/kg EtOH. In the open-field test, GAD65-KO showed a significant increase in locomotor activity after 1.2 and 1.6 g/kg EtOH injections, but not WT. In in vitro studies of cerebellar slices, the firing rate of PCs was increased by 50 mM EtOH in GAD65-KO compared with WT, whereas no difference was observed in the effect of EtOH at more than 100 mM between the genotypes. Taken together, GAD65-KO are more susceptible to the effect of acute EtOH exposure on motor coordination and PC firing than WT. This different sensitivity could be attributed to the basal low GABA concentration in the brain of GAD65-KO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Shinoe
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Friedman N, Seltzer J, Harvey H, Ly B, Schneir A. Severe Alcohol Withdrawal in an Adolescent Male. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:428-430. [PMID: 37090224 PMCID: PMC10114507 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol remains one of the most frequently abused agents by adolescents, exceeding all others except for vaping nicotine, and use is rising. With increased ethanol use comes a greater risk for dependence and potential for alcohol withdrawal syndromes (AWS). Pediatric AWS is extremely rare and poorly characterized in the literature. Pediatric acute care practitioners may have limited exposure to AWS. We report the case of a 16-year-old male with a history of polysubstance abuse who presented with mild AWS and progressed rapidly to delirium tremens. His withdrawal was initially refractory to high dose benzodiazepine therapy but responded well to phenobarbital. This case highlights how rapidly and dangerously AWS can progress if not aggressively treated. Given the rise in adolescent alcohol use and potential for life threatening symptoms, practitioners, especially in acute care specialties such as emergency medicine, critical care, and hospital medicine, would benefit from additional familiarity with AWS diagnoses and management strategies.
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Cruise TM, Kotlo K, Malovic E, Pandey SC. Advances in DNA, histone, and RNA methylation mechanisms in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:10871. [PMID: 38389820 PMCID: PMC10880780 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a complex, multifactorial etiology involving dysregulation across several brain regions and peripheral organs. Acute and chronic alcohol consumption cause epigenetic modifications in these systems, which underlie changes in gene expression and subsequently, the emergence of pathophysiological phenotypes associated with AUD. One such epigenetic mechanism is methylation, which can occur on DNA, histones, and RNA. Methylation relies on one carbon metabolism to generate methyl groups, which can then be transferred to acceptor substrates. While DNA methylation of particular genes generally represses transcription, methylation of histones and RNA can have bidirectional effects on gene expression. This review summarizes one carbon metabolism and the mechanisms behind methylation of DNA, histones, and RNA. We discuss the field's findings regarding alcohol's global and gene-specific effects on methylation in the brain and liver and the resulting phenotypes characteristic of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Cruise
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kumar Kotlo
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Emir Malovic
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Williams J, Collins L, Norman A, O'Neill H, Lloyd-Jones M, Ogden E, Bonomo Y, Pastor A. A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of Vigabatrin in the Management of Acute Alcohol Withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:40-45. [PMID: 36161306 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To undertake a double blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor, as a benzodiazepine sparing agent in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome in a residential setting. METHODS We enrolled 120 patients with alcohol use disorder who were randomly assigned to either treatment with vigabatrin (2g/day for 4 days) or placebo. The primary outcome was defined as the number of participants in each treatment arm needing diazepam for withdrawal management. A secondary outcome prespecified was the total dose of diazepam received by participants in each treatment arm. Participants were recruited on admission to a residential withdrawal unit at St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne from December 2014 to April 2019. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the number of participants requiring benzodiazepines during their residential withdrawal stay with 44 participants (78.6%) in placebo arm requiring at least one dose of diazepam compared to 38 (66.7%) in vigabatrin arm (p = .156). An 18.1% difference was observed between the proportion of participants who received a total dose of >100mg of diazepam during their residential withdrawal stay in placebo arm (32.1%), compared to vigabatrin arm (14.0%, p = .022). There were higher rates of reported adverse events in placebo arm with nine (15.0%) participants reporting adverse events compared with two (3.3%) participants in vigabatrin arm (p = .027). CONCLUSION Vigabatrin significantly reduced the number of participants requiring >100mg diazepam over the course of their alcohol withdrawal and was associated with a reduction in adverse effects when compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Williams
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Lisa Collins
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Amanda Norman
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Helen O'Neill
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Martyn Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Edward Ogden
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Yvonne Bonomo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Adam Pastor
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Muhammad S, Yousaf S, Nassar M, Ilyas U, Hosna AU, Parikh A, Bhangal R, Ahmed N, Ariyaratnam J, Trandafirescu T. Phenobarbital and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e33695. [PMID: 36788902 PMCID: PMC9922035 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a complication frequently encountered among patients who are chronic alcohol abusers. It is considered to have a significant impact on the United States healthcare system. It not only has a toll on the healthcare spending but also contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. Benzodiazepines are considered first line in the treatment of AWS. Since patients with alcohol use disorder have downregulated gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, this often leads to benzodiazepine resistance. Phenobarbital is also used in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Here we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of the drug. We conducted an electronic database search for relevant studies published between the inception of the project and November 20, 2022, in three databases, including Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Our study included all original studies with prime focus on the baseline characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for alcohol withdrawal syndrome and management/monitoring protocol implemented for its treatment. The primary outcomes that were the focus of our study consisted of changes in the length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, and changes in scoring systems (for alcohol withdrawal assessment and monitoring) following the implementation of phenobarbital. The secondary outcomes included complications such as intubation and mortality. Based on our analysis, the mean difference in hospital stay was statistically significant at -2.6 (95% CI, -4.48, -0.72, P=0.007) for phenobarbital compared to the benzodiazepine group. We were unable to comment on the heterogeneity in our meta-analysis due to the standard deviation not being reported in one study. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the length of stay in the intensive care unit compared to the control/comparative arm, with a mean difference of -1.17 (95% CI, -1.17, 0.09, P=0.07), with considerable heterogeneity (I2=77%, P=0.002). Our meta-analysis also investigated the risk of intubation between the phenobarbital and the control/comparative group. There was statistically significant difference in the incidence of intubation, relative risk (RR) 0.52 (95% CI, 0.25, 1.08, P=0.08), with considerable heterogeneity (I2=80%, P=0.0001). Our study concludes that phenobarbital is an effective tool in the management of AWS in an ICU setting. However, various studies have reported contradictory results, and vital information appears to be lacking. Moreover, there is a lack of uniformity in terms of phenobarbital dosing. Drug administration should be adapted according to the severity of the symptoms. Further studies need to be conducted discussing the safety profile and adverse effects of the drug when it comes to the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
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Floris G, Asuni GP, Talani G, Biggio F, Pisu MG, Zanda MT, Contu L, Maciocco E, Serra M, Follesa P. Increased Voluntary Alcohol Consumption in Mice Lacking GABA B(1) Is Associated With Functional Changes in Hippocampal GABA A Receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:893835. [PMID: 35755407 PMCID: PMC9218813 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.893835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABABR) has been extensively involved in alcohol use disorders; however, the mechanisms by which this receptor modulates alcohol drinking behavior remain murky. In this study, we investigate alcohol consumption and preference in mice lacking functional GABABR using the 2-bottle choice paradigm. We found that GABAB(1), knockout (KO), and heterozygous (HZ) mice drank higher amounts of an alcoholic solution, preferred alcohol to water, and reached higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. The GABABR agonist GHB significantly reduced alcohol consumption in the GABAB(1) HZ and WT but not in the KO mice. Next, because of a functional crosstalk between GABABR and δ-containing GABAA receptor (δ-GABAAR), we profiled δ subunit mRNA expression levels in brain regions in which the crosstalk was characterized. We found a loss of the alcohol-sensitive GABAAR δ subunit in the hippocampus of the GABAB(1) KO alcohol-naïve mice that was associated with increased ɣ2 subunit abundance. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that these molecular changes were associated with increased phasic inhibition, suggesting a potential gain of synaptic GABAAR responsiveness to alcohol that has been previously described in an animal model of excessive alcohol drinking. Interestingly, voluntary alcohol consumption did not revert the dramatic loss of hippocampal δ-GABAAR occurring in the GABAB(1) KO mice but rather exacerbated this condition. Finally, we profiled hippocampal neuroactive steroids levels following acute alcohols administration in the GABAB(1) KO and WT mice because of previous involvement of GABABR in the regulation of cerebral levels of these compounds. We found that systemic administration of alcohol (1.5 g/kg) did not produce alcohol-induced neurosteroid response in the GABAB(1) KO mice but elicited an expected increase in the hippocampal level of progesterone and 3α,5α-THP in the WT controls. In conclusion, we show that genetic ablation of the GABAB(1) subunit results in increased alcohol consumption and preference that were associated with functional changes in hippocampal GABAAR, suggesting a potential mechanism by which preference for alcohol consumption is maintained in the GABAB(1) KO mice. In addition, we documented that GABAB(1) deficiency results in lack of alcohol-induced neurosteroids, and we discussed the potential implications of this finding in the context of alcohol drinking and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Floris
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gino Paolo Asuni
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Talani
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Biggio
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Mary Tresa Zanda
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liliana Contu
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Maciocco
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Serra
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Follesa
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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13
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Marinkovic K, Alderson Myers AB, Arienzo D, Sereno MI, Mason GF. Cortical GABA levels are reduced in young adult binge drinkers: Association with recent alcohol consumption and sex. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103091. [PMID: 35753236 PMCID: PMC9240858 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking refers to a pattern of alcohol intake that raises blood alcohol concentration to or above legal intoxication levels. It is common among young adults and is associated with health risks that scale up with alcohol intake. Acute intoxication depresses neural activity via complex signaling mechanisms by enhancing inhibition mediated by gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and by decreasing excitatory glutamatergic effects. Evidence primarily rooted in animal research indicates that the brain compensates for the acute depressant effects under the conditions of habitual heavy use. These neuroadaptive changes are reflected in neural hyperexcitability via downregulated inhibitory signaling, which becomes apparent as withdrawal symptoms. However, human evidence on the compensatory reduction in GABA signaling is scant. The neurochemical aspect of this mechanistic model was evaluated in the present study with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) which is sensitive to GABA plus macromolecule signal (GABA + ). Furthermore, we examined sex differences in GABA + levels as a function of a recent history of binge drinking, given interactions between endogenous neurosteroids, GABA signaling, and alcohol. The study recruited young adult women and men (22.2 ± 2.8 years of age) who were classified as binge drinkers (BDs, N = 52) if they reported ≥ 5 binge episodes in the previous six months. Light drinkers (LDs, N = 49) reported drinking regularly, but not exceeding ≤ 2 binge episodes in the past six months. GABA-edited 1H-MR spectra were acquired from the occipital cortex at 3 T with the MEGA-PRESS sequence. GABA + signal was analyzed relative to water and total creatine (Cr) levels as a function of binge drinking history and sex. Controlling for within-voxel tissue composition, both GABA + indices showed decreased GABA + levels in BDs relative to LDs. The reduced GABA + concentration was associated with occasional high-intensity drinking in the BD group. This evidence is consistent with compensatory GABA downregulation that accompanies alcohol misuse, tipping the excitation/inhibition balance towards hyperexcitability. Analysis of the time course of GABA + neuroplasticity indicated that GABA + was lowest when measured one day after the last drinking occasion in BDs. While the BD vs LD differences were primarily driven by LD women, there was no interaction between Sex and a history of binge drinking. GABA + was higher in LD women compared to LD men. Aligned with the allostasis model, the mechanistic compensatory GABA downregulation observed in young emerging adults engaging in occasional binge drinking complements direct neural measures of hyperexcitability in BDs. Notably, these results suggest that neuroadaptation to alcohol is detectable at the levels of consumption that are within a normative range, and may contribute to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Austin B Alderson Myers
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, N-141 TAC-MRRC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Alcohol Use Disorder: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051192. [PMID: 35625928 PMCID: PMC9139063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) encompasses the dysregulation of multiple brain circuits involved in executive function leading to excessive consumption of alcohol, despite negative health and social consequences and feelings of withdrawal when access to alcohol is prevented. Ethanol exerts its toxicity through changes to multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid systems. These neurotransmitter imbalances result in dysregulation of brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, decision making, affect, and the stress response. Despite serious health and psychosocial consequences, this disorder still remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Treatment options include both psychological and pharmacological interventions, which are aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and/or promoting abstinence while also addressing dysfunctional behaviours and impaired functioning. However, stigma and social barriers to accessing care continue to impact many individuals. AUD treatment should focus not only on restoring the physiological and neurological impairment directly caused by alcohol toxicity but also on addressing psychosocial factors associated with AUD that often prevent access to treatment. This review summarizes the impact of alcohol toxicity on brain neurocircuitry in the context of AUD and discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies currently available to treat this addiction disorder.
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15
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Naim‐Feil J, Fitzgerald PB, Rubinson M, Lubman DI, Sheppard DM, Bradshaw JL, Levit‐Binnun N, Moses E. Anomalies in global network connectivity associated with early recovery from alcohol dependence: A network transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13146. [PMID: 35229941 PMCID: PMC9285956 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research in alcohol dependent populations identified alterations within local structures of the addiction ‘reward’ circuitry, there is limited research into global features of this network, especially in early recovery. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is capable of non‐invasively perturbing the brain network while electroencephalography (EEG) measures the network response. The current study is the first to apply a TMS inhibitory paradigm while utilising network science (graph theory) to quantify network anomalies associated with alcohol dependence. Eleven individuals with alcohol‐dependence (ALD) in early recovery and 16 healthy controls (HC) were administered 75 single pulses and 75 paired‐pulses (inhibitory paradigm) to both the left and right prefrontal cortex (PFC). For each participant, Pearson cross‐correlation was applied to the EEG data and correlation matrices constructed. Global network measures (mean degree, clustering coefficient, local efficiency and global efficiency) were extracted for comparison between groups. Following administration of the inhibitory paired‐pulse TMS to the left PFC, the ALD group exhibited altered mean degree, clustering coefficient, local efficiency and global efficiency compared to HC. Decreases in local efficiency increased the prediction of being in the ALD group, while all network metrics (following paired‐pulse left TMS) were able to adequately discriminate between the groups. In the ALD group, reduced mean degree and global clustering was associated with increased severity of past alcohol use. Our study provides preliminary evidence of altered network topology in patients with alcohol dependence in early recovery. Network anomalies were predictive of high alcohol use and correlated with clinical features of alcohol dependence. Further research using this novel brain mapping technique may identify useful network biomarkers of alcohol dependence and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Naim‐Feil
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya Israel
- Graeme Clark Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health Epworth Healthcare and Monash University Department of Psychiatry Camberwell Victoria Australia
| | - Mica Rubinson
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Dan I. Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University Victoria Australia
| | - Dianne M. Sheppard
- Monash University Accident Research Centre Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - John L. Bradshaw
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences Monash, University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nava Levit‐Binnun
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
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16
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Engin E. GABA A receptor subtypes and benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1060949. [PMID: 36713896 PMCID: PMC9879605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines have been in use for over half a century. While they remain highly prescribed, their unfavorable side-effect profile and abuse liability motivated a search for alternatives. Most of these efforts focused on the development of benzodiazepine-like drugs that are selective for specific GABAA receptor subtypes. While there is ample evidence that subtype-selective GABAA receptor ligands have great potential for providing symptom relief without typical benzodiazepine side-effects, it is less clear whether subtype-selective targeting strategies can also reduce misuse and abuse potential. This review focuses on the three benzodiazepine properties that are relevant to the DSM-5-TR criteria for Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder, namely, reinforcing properties of benzodiazepines, maladaptive behaviors related to benzodiazepine use, and benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence. We review existing evidence regarding the involvement of different GABAA receptor subtypes in each of these areas. The reviewed studies suggest that α1-containing GABAA receptors play an integral role in benzodiazepine-induced plasticity in reward-related brain areas and might be involved in the development of tolerance and dependence to benzodiazepines. However, a systematic comparison of the contributions of all benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors to these processes, a mechanistic understanding of how the positive modulation of each receptor subtype might contribute to the brain mechanisms underlying each of these processes, and a definitive answer to the question of whether specific chronic modulation of any given subtype would result in some or all of the benzodiazepine effects are currently lacking from the literature. Moreover, how non-selective benzodiazepines might lead to the maladaptive behaviors listed in DSM and how different GABAA receptor subtypes might be involved in the development of these behaviors remains unexplored. Considering the increasing burden of benzodiazepine abuse, the common practice of benzodiazepine misuse that leads to severe dependence, and the current efforts to generate side-effect free benzodiazepine alternatives, there is an urgent need for systematic, mechanistic research that provides a better understanding of the brain mechanisms of benzodiazepine misuse and abuse, including the involvement of specific GABAA receptor subtypes in these processes, to establish an informed foundation for preclinical and clinical efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Engin
- Stress Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Yorgason JT, Wadsworth HA, Anderson EJ, Williams BM, Brundage JN, Hedges DM, Stockard AL, Jones ST, Arthur SB, Hansen DM, Schilaty ND, Jang EY, Lee AM, Wallner M, Steffensen SC. Modulation of dopamine release by ethanol is mediated by atypical GABA A receptors on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13108. [PMID: 34713509 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that moderate-to-high ethanol (EtOH) concentrations enhance dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesolimbic DA system from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). However, voltammetry studies demonstrate that moderate-to-high EtOH concentrations decrease evoked DA release at NAc terminals. The involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAA Rs), glycine (GLY) receptors (GLYRs) and cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in mediating EtOH inhibition of evoked NAc DA release were examined. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry, electrophysiology, optogenetics and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic EtOH exposure on DA release and CIN activity in C57/BL6, CD-1, transgenic mice and δ-subunit knockout (KO) mice (δ-/-). Ethanol decreased DA release in mice with an IC50 of 80 mM ex vivo and 2.0 g/kg in vivo. GABA and GLY decreased evoked DA release at 1-10 mM. Typical GABAA R agonists inhibited DA release at high concentrations. Typical GABAA R antagonists had minimal effects on EtOH inhibition of evoked DA release. However, EtOH inhibition of DA release was blocked by the α4 β3 δ GABAA R antagonist Ro15-4513, the GLYR antagonist strychnine and by the GABA ρ1 (Rho-1) antagonist TPMPA (10 μM) and reduced significantly in GABAA R δ-/- mice. Rho-1 expression was observed in CINs. Ethanol inhibited GABAergic synaptic input to CINs from the VTA and enhanced firing rate, both of which were blocked by TPMPA. Results herein suggest that EtOH inhibition of DA release in the NAc is modulated by GLYRs and atypical GABAA Rs on CINs containing δ- and Rho-subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Yorgason
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Hillary A Wadsworth
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin M Williams
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - James N Brundage
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - David M Hedges
- Enterprise Information Management, Billings Clinic, Billings, Montana, USA
| | - Alyssa L Stockard
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen T Jones
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Summer B Arthur
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - David Micah Hansen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Nathan D Schilaty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Anna M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martin Wallner
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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18
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The interactions of alcohol and cocaine regulate the expression of genes involved in the GABAergic, glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems of male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108937. [PMID: 34965406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the pharmacological and behavioural interactions between cocaine and alcohol are well established, less is known about how polyconsumption of these drugs affects the neurotransmitter systems involved in their psychoactive effects and in particular, in the process of addiction. Here, rats of both sexes at two stages of development were studied under a chronic regime of intravenous cocaine and/or alcohol administration. Brain samples from the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala were extracted to analyse the mRNA expression of genes encoding subunits of the GABA, NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as the expression of the CB1 receptor, and that of enzymes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Moreover, two synaptic scaffold proteins related to GABA and NMDA receptors, gephyrin and PSD-95, were quantified in Western blots. Significant interactions between cocaine and alcohol were common, affecting the GABAergic and endocannabinoid systems in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala of young adults, whereas such interactions were evident in the glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems in adults, as well as a more pronounced sex effect. Significant interactions between these drugs affecting the scaffold proteins were evident in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of young adults, and in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of adults, but not in the hippocampus. These results highlight the importance of considering the interactions between cocaine and alcohol on neurotransmitter systems in the context of polyconsumption, specifically when treating problems of abuse of these two substances.
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19
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Smit DJA, Andreassen OA, Boomsma DI, Burwell SJ, Chorlian DB, de Geus EJC, Elvsåshagen T, Gordon RL, Harper J, Hegerl U, Hensch T, Iacono WG, Jawinski P, Jönsson EG, Luykx JJ, Magne CL, Malone SM, Medland SE, Meyers JL, Moberget T, Porjesz B, Sander C, Sisodiya SM, Thompson PM, van Beijsterveldt CEM, van Dellen E, Via M, Wright MJ. Large-scale collaboration in ENIGMA-EEG: A perspective on the meta-analytic approach to link neurological and psychiatric liability genes to electrophysiological brain activity. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02188. [PMID: 34291596 PMCID: PMC8413828 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ENIGMA-EEG working group was established to enable large-scale international collaborations among cohorts that investigate the genetics of brain function measured with electroencephalography (EEG). In this perspective, we will discuss why analyzing the genetics of functional brain activity may be crucial for understanding how neurological and psychiatric liability genes affect the brain. METHODS We summarize how we have performed our currently largest genome-wide association study of oscillatory brain activity in EEG recordings by meta-analyzing the results across five participating cohorts, resulting in the first genome-wide significant hits for oscillatory brain function located in/near genes that were previously associated with psychiatric disorders. We describe how we have tackled methodological issues surrounding genetic meta-analysis of EEG features. We discuss the importance of harmonizing EEG signal processing, cleaning, and feature extraction. Finally, we explain our selection of EEG features currently being investigated, including the temporal dynamics of oscillations and the connectivity network based on synchronization of oscillations. RESULTS We present data that show how to perform systematic quality control and evaluate how choices in reference electrode and montage affect individual differences in EEG parameters. CONCLUSION The long list of potential challenges to our large-scale meta-analytic approach requires extensive effort and organization between participating cohorts; however, our perspective shows that these challenges are surmountable. Our perspective argues that elucidating the genetic of EEG oscillatory activity is a worthwhile effort in order to elucidate the pathway from gene to disease liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott J Burwell
- Department of Psychology, Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David B Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,IU International University, Erfurt, Germany
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- TOP-Norment, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille L Magne
- Psychology Department, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.,Literacy Studies Ph.D. Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, UK
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | | | - Edwin van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Via
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, and Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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20
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Identification of Dihydromyricetin and Metabolites in Serum and Brain Associated with Acute Anti-Ethanol Intoxicating Effects in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147460. [PMID: 34299083 PMCID: PMC8307506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin is a natural bioactive flavonoid with unique GABAA receptor activity with a putative mechanism of action to reduce the intoxication effects of ethanol. Although dihydromyricetin's poor oral bioavailability limits clinical utility, the promise of this mechanism for the treatment of alcohol use disorder warrants further investigation into its specificity and druggable potential. These experiments investigated the bioavailability of dihydromyricetin in the brain and serum associated with acute anti-intoxicating effects in C57BL/6J mice. Dihydromyricetin (50 mg/kg IP) administered 0 or 15-min prior to ethanol (PO 5 g/kg) significantly reduced ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex. Total serum exposures (AUC0→24) of dihydromyricetin (PO 50 mg/kg) via oral (PO) administration were determined to be 2.5 µM × h (male) and 0.7 µM × h (female), while intraperitoneal (IP) administration led to 23.8-fold and 7.2- increases in AUC0→24 in male and female mice, respectively. Electrophysiology studies in α5β3γ2 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes suggest dihydromyricetin (10 µM) potentiates GABAergic activity (+43.2%), and the metabolite 4-O-methyl-dihydromyricetin (10 µM) negatively modulates GABAergic activity (-12.6%). Our results indicate that administration route and sex significantly impact DHM bioavailability in mice, which is limited by poor absorption and rapid clearance. This correlates with the observed short duration of DHM's anti-intoxicating properties and highlights the need for further investigation into mechanism of DHM's potential anti-intoxicating properties.
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Blanco-Gandía MDC, Ródenas-González F, Pascual M, Reguilón MD, Guerri C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Ketogenic Diet Decreases Alcohol Intake in Adult Male Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072167. [PMID: 34202492 PMCID: PMC8308435 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic ketogenic diet is a diet high in fat, low in carbohydrates, and well-adjusted proteins. The reduction in glucose levels induces changes in the body’s metabolism, since the main energy source happens to be ketone bodies. Recent studies have suggested that nutritional interventions may modulate drug addiction. The present work aimed to study the potential effects of a classic ketogenic diet in modulating alcohol consumption and its rewarding effects. Two groups of adult male mice were employed in this study, one exposed to a standard diet (SD, n = 15) and the other to a ketogenic diet (KD, n = 16). When a ketotic state was stable for 7 days, animals were exposed to the oral self-administration paradigm to evaluate the reinforcing and motivating effects of ethanol. Rt-PCR analyses were performed evaluating dopamine, adenosine, CB1, and Oprm gene expression. Our results showed that animals in a ketotic state displayed an overall decrease in ethanol consumption without changes in their motivation to drink. Gene expression analyses point to several alterations in the dopamine, adenosine, and cannabinoid systems. Our results suggest that nutritional interventions may be a useful complementary tool in treating alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ródenas-González
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - María Pascual
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Daiana Reguilón
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Miñarro
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (F.R.-G.); (M.P.); (M.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963864637
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Daack CW, Yeh D, Busch M, Kliethermes CL. GABAergic regulation of locomotion before and during an ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113369. [PMID: 34015397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol at low doses induces a locomotor stimulant response across a range of phylogenetically diverse species. In rodents, this response is commonly used as an index of ethanol's disinhibitory, anxiolytic, or reinforcing effects, and its expression is regulated by signaling through a number of conserved neurotransmitter systems. In the current experiments, we asked whether ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster might be mediated by ionotropic GABA receptors. We measured basal and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies expressing RNAi directed against three known subunits of ionotropic GABA receptors, and also examined the effects of picrotoxin feeding on these behaviors. We found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of a subunit of fly ionotropic GABA receptors, RDL, in all neurons resulted in an increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulant response, while knockdown of two other subunits, LCCH3 and GRD, did not affect the responses. The effect of pan neuronal RDL knockdown was recapitulated with selective RDL knockdown in cholinergic neurons, and increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation was also seen by feeding the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin to flies prior to behavioral testing. However, the increase in ethanol-stimulated locomotion in each of these experiments was largely accounted for by decreased baseline activity. Our results indicate that ionotropic GABA receptors might be a conserved mediator of the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol, but that alternative experimental approaches will be necessary to disentangle effects of GABAergic manipulations on baseline and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin W Daack
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Derek Yeh
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Marc Busch
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
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Burmeister M, Sen S. Genetic interactions with stressful environments in depression and addiction. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2021; 27:153-157. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2021.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYStress is the most important proximal precipitant of depression, yet most large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) do not include stress as a variable. Here, we review how gene × environment (G × E) interaction might impede the discovery of genetic factors, discuss two examples of G × E interaction in depression and addiction, studies incorporating high-stress environments, as well as upcoming waves of genome-wide environment interaction studies (GWEIS). We discuss recent studies which have shown that genetic distributions can be affected by social factors such as migrations and socioeconomic background. These distinctions are not just academic but have practical consequences. Owing to interaction with the environment, genetic predispositions to depression should not be viewed as unmodifiable destiny. Patients may genetically differ not just in their response to drugs, as in the now well-recognised field of pharmacogenetics, but also in how they react to stressful environments and how they are affected by behavioural therapies.
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Domi E, Domi A, Adermark L, Heilig M, Augier E. Neurobiology of alcohol seeking behavior. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1585-1614. [PMID: 33704789 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse consequences. A main challenge of addiction treatment is to prevent relapse, which occurs in more than >50% of newly abstinent patients with alcohol disorder within 3 months. In people suffering from alcohol addiction, stressful events, drug-associated cues and contexts, or re-exposure to a small amount of alcohol trigger a chain of behaviors that frequently culminates in relapse. In this review, we first present the preclinical models that were developed for the study of alcohol seeking behavior, namely the reinstatement model of alcohol relapse and compulsive alcohol seeking under a chained schedule of reinforcement. We then provide an overview of the neurobiological findings obtained using these animal models, focusing on the role of opioids systems, corticotropin-release hormone and neurokinins, followed by dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions in alcohol seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Domi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ana Domi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Augier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Scaplen KM, Petruccelli E. Receptors and Channels Associated with Alcohol Use: Contributions from Drosophila. Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211007441. [PMID: 33870197 PMCID: PMC8020223 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211007441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a debilitating disorder that manifests as problematic patterns of alcohol use. At the core of AUD's behavioral manifestations are the profound structural, physiological, cellular, and molecular effects of alcohol on the brain. While the field has made considerable progress in understanding the neuromolecular targets of alcohol we still lack a comprehensive understanding of alcohol's actions and effective treatment strategies. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for investigating the neuromolecular targets of alcohol because flies model many of the core behavioral elements of AUD and offer a rich genetic toolkit to precisely reveal the in vivo molecular actions of alcohol. In this review, we focus on receptors and channels that are often targeted by alcohol within the brain. We discuss the general roles of these proteins, their role in alcohol-associated behaviors across species, and propose ways in which Drosophila models can help advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Psychology, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA
- Center for Health and Behavioral Studies, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Petruccelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
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Potential therapeutic applications of AKAP disrupting peptides. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:3259-3282. [PMID: 33346357 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA pathway represents a major target for pharmacological intervention in multiple disease conditions. Although the last decade saw the concept of highly compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling consolidating, current means for the manipulation of this pathway still do not allow to specifically intervene on discrete cAMP/PKA microdomains. Since compartmentalization is crucial for action specificity, identifying new tools that allow local modulation of cAMP/PKA responses is an urgent need. Among key players of cAMP/PKA signaling compartmentalization, a major role is played by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that, by definition, anchor PKA, its substrates and its regulators within multiprotein complexes in well-confined subcellular compartments. Different tools have been conceived to interfere with AKAP-based protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and these primarily include peptides and peptidomimetics that disrupt AKAP-directed multiprotein complexes. While these molecules have been extensively used to understand the molecular mechanisms behind AKAP function in pathophysiological processes, less attention has been devoted to their potential application for therapy. In this review, we will discuss how AKAP-based PPIs can be pharmacologically targeted by synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics.
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Popescu A, Marian M, Drăgoi AM, Costea RV. Understanding the genetics and neurobiological pathways behind addiction (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:544. [PMID: 33815617 PMCID: PMC8014976 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis issued by modern medicine states that many diseases known to humans are genetically determined, influenced or not by environmental factors, which is applicable to most psychiatric disorders as well. This article focuses on two pending questions regarding addiction: Why do some individuals become addicted while others do not? along with Is it a learned behavior or is it genetically predefined? Recent data suggest that addiction is more than repeated exposure, it is the synchronicity between intrinsic factors (genotype, sex, age, preexisting addictive disorder, or other mental illness), extrinsic factors (childhood, level of education, socioeconomic status, social support, entourage, drug availability) and the nature of the addictive agent (pharmacokinetics, path of administration, psychoactive properties). The dopamine-mesolimbic motivation-reward-reinforcement cycle remains the most coherent physiological theory in addiction. While the common property of addictive substances is that they are dopamine-agonists, each class has individual mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and psychoactive potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Popescu
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Marian
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Miruna Drăgoi
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu-Virgil Costea
- Department of General Surgery, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Murphy JA, Curran BM, Gibbons WA, Harnica HM. Adjunctive Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Focused Literature Review. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 55:1515-1524. [PMID: 33678057 DOI: 10.1177/1060028021999821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature describing the use of adjunctive phenobarbital in the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). DATA SOURCES PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the following terms: phenobarbital, adjunct, refractory or treatment resistant, severe or complicated, and alcohol withdrawal delirium or alcohol withdrawal seizures. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies published in English. DATA SYNTHESIS Seven studies were identified in the emergency department (ED; RCT, n = 1; cohort, n = 2), general medicine ward (cohort, n = 1), and intensive care unit (ICU; cohort, n = 3) settings. For all studies set in the ED and general medicine ward and for 1 ICU study, phenobarbital plus symptom-guided benzodiazepine therapy was compared to symptom-guided benzodiazepine monotherapy. The other 2 ICU studies examined adjunctive phenobarbital before and after implementation of a protocol, meaning patients in both arms could have received phenobarbital. Overall risk of bias across all studies was low to moderate. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE The specific role of adjunctive phenobarbital in AWS is not clear because a majority of studies are retrospective cohorts with varying primary outcomes in different patient care settings. CONCLUSIONS In the ED and general medicine ward, phenobarbital demonstrated benzodiazepine-sparing effects. In the ICU, when a protocol guides phenobarbital use, the need for mechanical ventilation may be reduced. Adjunctive phenobarbital was well tolerated. Because of study limitations, it is challenging to provide specific recommendations for adjunctive phenobarbital use in severe AWS.
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29
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An Innovatory GABA Receptor Modulator and Liver Oxidase System Microsomal Cytochrome P450 Activator in Patients with Alcoholism. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dannenhoffer CA, Werner DF, Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure does not alter responsiveness to ifenprodil or expression of vesicular GABA and glutamate transporters. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:903-914. [PMID: 33511630 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure in the rat results in a retention of adolescent-like responsiveness to ethanol into adulthood characterized by enhanced sensitivity to socially facilitating and decreased sensitivity to socially suppressing and aversive effects. Similar pattern of responsiveness to social and aversive effects of the selective glutamate NMDA NR2B receptor antagonist ifenprodil is evident in adolescent rats, suggesting that AIE would also retain this pattern of ifenprodil sensitivity into adulthood. Social (Experiment 1) and aversive (measured via conditioned taste aversion; Experiment 2) effects of ifenprodil were assessed in adult male and female rats following AIE exposure. Sensitivity to the social and aversive effects of ifenprodil was not affected by AIE exposure. Experiment 3 assessed protein expression of vesicular transporters of GABA (vGAT) and glutamate (vGlut2) within the prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens in adolescents versus adults and in AIE adults versus controls. vGlut2 expression was higher in adolescents relative to adults within the PrL, but lower in the NAc. AIE adults did not retain these adolescent-typical ratios. These findings suggest that AIE is not associated with the retention of adolescent-typical sensitivity to NR2B receptor antagonism, along with no AIE-induced shift in vGlut2 to vGAT ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Dannenhoffer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David F Werner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Linda P Spear
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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García-Méndez N, Briceño-Santana M, Totomoch-Serra A, Manterola C, Otzen T, Valdez PS, Campos-Durán R, Reyna GC. The hemodynamic effects of diazepam versus dexmedetomidine in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 157:561-568. [PMID: 33423824 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an alpha-2 adrenergic drug used for short sedation and as an alternative to diazepam (DZP) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). PURPOSE This study aims to compare the hemodynamic effect of DZP versus DEX on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure in patients with AWS. METHODS Prospective randomized clinical trial that includes 40 patients with AWS from Mérida, Yucatán, México. RESULTS Forty patients were randomly divided into two groups: one group DZP (n=20) patients received diazepam (doses 5-20mg IV) and the other group (n=20) received DEX (dexmedetomidine infusion .2-.7mcg/kg/min). We obtained statistical significance in sedation with the DEX group in the degree of traumatic brain injury I/II (p=.003). The DEX group remained haemodynamically stable in the first 24h, the mean HR (73.85±8.39) was significant comparing both groups (p=.002). In the comparison of the figures for the DEX group with the DZP (143.85±2.30-137.95±5.62) the SBP was significant with a (p=.0001). Furthermore, DEX treatment was shorter. CONCLUSION Although DEX is not indicated for the routine treatment of AWS, this study proposes a positive effect on HR, SBP and fewer days of treatment compared to the standard DZP treatment for AWS. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT03877120-https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03877120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayely García-Méndez
- PhD Program in Medical Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza". Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Briceño-Santana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Agustín O'Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Armando Totomoch-Serra
- Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Manterola
- PhD Program in Medical Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tamara Otzen
- PhD Program in Medical Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Ramón Campos-Durán
- Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza". Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Careaga Reyna
- Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza". Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Chalmers J, Tung YCL, Liu CH, O'Kane CJ, O'Rahilly S, Yeo GSH. A multicomponent screen for feeding behaviour and nutritional status in Drosophila to interrogate mammalian appetite-related genes. Mol Metab 2021; 43:101127. [PMID: 33242659 PMCID: PMC7753202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than 300 genetic variants have been robustly associated with measures of human adiposity. Highly penetrant mutations causing human obesity do so largely by disrupting satiety pathways in the brain and increasing food intake. Most of the common obesity-predisposing variants are in, or near, genes expressed highly in the brain, but little is known of their function. Exploring the biology of these genes at scale in mammalian systems is challenging. We sought to establish and validate the use of a multicomponent screen for feeding behaviour phenotypes, taking advantage of the tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster. METHODS We validated a screen for feeding behaviour in Drosophila by comparing results after disrupting the expression of centrally expressed genes that influence energy balance in flies to those of 10 control genes. We then used this screen to explore the effects of disrupted expression of genes either a) implicated in energy homeostasis through human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or b) expressed and nutritionally responsive in specific populations of hypothalamic neurons with a known role in feeding/fasting. RESULTS Using data from the validation study to classify responses, we studied 53 Drosophila orthologues of genes implicated by human GWAS in body mass index and found that 15 significantly influenced feeding behaviour or energy homeostasis in the Drosophila screen. We then studied 50 Drosophila homologues of 47 murine genes reciprocally nutritionally regulated in POMC and agouti-related peptide neurons. Seven of these 50 genes were found by our screen to influence feeding behaviour in flies. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the utility of Drosophila as a tractable model organism in a high-throughput genetic screen for food intake phenotypes. This simple, cost-efficient strategy is ideal for high-throughput interrogation of genes implicated in feeding behaviour and obesity in mammals and will facilitate the process of reaching a functional understanding of obesity pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalmers
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Y C L Tung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - C H Liu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - C J O'Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - S O'Rahilly
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - G S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Goetjen A, Watson M, Lieberman R, Clinton K, Kranzler HR, Covault J. Induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming-associated methylation at the GABRA2 promoter and chr4p12 GABA A subunit gene expression in the context of alcohol use disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:464-474. [PMID: 33029895 PMCID: PMC8022112 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies indicate that there is a significant genetic contribution to the risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). With the exception of coding variants in ADH1B and ALDH2, little is known about the molecular effects of AUD-associated loci. We previously reported that the AUD-associated synonymous polymorphism rs279858 within the GABAA α2 receptor subunit gene, GABRA2, was associated with gene expression of the chr4p12 GABAA subunit gene cluster in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cultures. Based on this and other studies that showed changes in GABRA2 DNA methylation associated with schizophrenia and aging, we examined methylation in GABRA2. Specifically, using 69 iPSC lines and neural cultures derived from 47 of them, we examined whether GABRA2 rs279858 genotype predicted methylation levels and whether methylation was related to GABAA receptor subunit gene expression. We found that the GABRA2 CpG island undergoes random stochastic methylation during reprogramming and that methylation is associated with decreased GABRA2 gene expression, an effect that extends to the GABRB1 gene over 600 kb distal to GABRA2. Further, we identified additive effects of GABRA2 CpG methylation and GABRA2 rs279858 genotype on expression of the GABRB1 subunit gene in iPSC-derived neural cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Goetjen
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Maegan Watson
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Richard Lieberman
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kaitlin Clinton
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Mansouriyeh N, Mahmoud-Aliloo M, Rostami R. The Effect of High-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Reducing Depression and Anxiety in Methamphetamine Users. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2020; 12:278-286. [PMID: 33623647 PMCID: PMC7878001 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v12i4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use has been associated with higher rates of depression and anxiety. The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic reward system seems to play a crucial role in inducing depression and anxiety in methamphetamine users. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to alter dopaminergic neurotransmission considering the acute rewarding and reinforcing effects in the subcortical structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of rTMS in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms in methamphetamine users. METHODS In a single-subject method with concurrent multiple baseline designs, in 2017, in Iran, eight methamphetamine users were included, which compared 15 days of active versus placebo stimulation and control group. Two subjects received rTMS on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and two subjects received rTMS on the left DLPFC. We carried out the measurement using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) before, during, and after 15 and 30 days of the procedure. FINDINGS Right and left DLPFC stimulation significantly reduced depression and anxiety, but the reduction of depression and anxiety by the right DLPFC stimulation was noticeable in this study. CONCLUSION High-frequency rTMS is useful for the treatment of depression and anxiety in methamphetamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Mansouriyeh
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,Correspondence to: Nastaran Mansouriyeh; Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Tabriz
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Majid Mahmoud-Aliloo
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chouhan D, Uniyal A, Gadepalli A, Akhilesh, Tiwari V, Agrawal S, Roy TK, Shaw S, Purohit N, Tiwari V. Probing the Manipulated Neurochemical Drive in Alcohol Addiction and Novel Therapeutic Advancements. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1210-1217. [PMID: 32243128 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is one of the highly prevalent neurological disorders and a major threat to public health in the 21st century. Alcohol addiction affects people from all age groups and often leads to other serious comorbidities. The pathophysiology of alcohol addiction involves imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. These changes occur in various regions of the brain including reward circuit such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and prefrontal cortex. In this review, we have discussed several neurochemical circuitries which get manipulated and maladapted during alcohol addiction. To date there is no effective therapeutic intervention in clinics devoid of side effects that can successfully treat the patients suffering from alcohol addiction. Understanding the neurobiological intricacies of alcohol addiction is critical for the development of novel anti-addiction therapeutics. Apart from this, we have also discussed the recent therapeutic milestones for the management of alcohol addiction including vasopressin receptors, corticotrophin-releasing factor, GABA receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, brain stimulation and mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Somesh Agrawal
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Roy
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sneha Shaw
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Narendra Purohit
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Ranson DC, Ayoub SS, Corcoran O, Casalotti SO. Pharmacological targeting of the GABA B receptor alters Drosophila's behavioural responses to alcohol. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12725. [PMID: 30761704 PMCID: PMC7050513 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to ethanol, Drosophila melanogaster display a variety of addiction-like behaviours similar to those observed in mammals. Sensitivity to ethanol can be quantified by measuring the time at which 50% of the flies are sedated by ethanol exposure (ST50); an increase of ST50 following multiple ethanol exposures is widely interpreted as development of tolerance to ethanol. Sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol were measured after administration of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABAB ) agonist (SKF 97541) and antagonist (CGP 54626), when compared with flies treated with ethanol alone. Dose-dependent increases and decreases in sensitivity to ethanol were observed for both the agonist and antagonist respectively. Tolerance was recorded in the presence of GABAB drugs, but the rate of tolerance development was increased by SKF 97451 and unaltered in presence of CGP 54626. This indicates that the GABAB receptor contributes to both the sensitivity to ethanol and mechanisms by which tolerance develops. The data also reinforce the usefulness of Drosophila as a model for identifying the molecular components of addictive behaviours and for testing drugs that could potentially be used for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir S. Ayoub
- Medicines Research GroupUniversity of East London London UK
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37
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Early-life stress influences acute and sensitized responses of adult mice to cocaine by interacting with GABAA α2 receptor expression. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:272-281. [PMID: 30724801 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is known to exert long-term effects on brain function, with resulting deleterious consequences for several aspects of mental health, including the development of addiction to drugs of abuse. One potential mechanism in humans is suggested by findings that ELS interacts with polymorphisms of the GABRA2 gene, encoding α2 subunits of GABAA receptors, to increase the risk for both post-traumatic stress disorder and vulnerability to cocaine addiction. We used a mouse model, in which the amount of material for nest building was reduced during early postnatal life, to study interactions between ELS and expression of α2-containing GABAA receptors in influencing cocaine-related behaviour. Breeding of parents heterozygous for a deletion of α2 resulted in litters containing homozygous knockout (α2), heterozygous knockout (α2) and wild-type (α2) offspring. Following the ELS procedure, the mice were allowed to develop to adulthood before being tested for the acute effect of cocaine on locomotor stimulation, behavioural sensitization to repeated cocaine and to cocaine-conditioned activity. Exposure to ELS resulted in increased acute locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine across all genotypes, with the most marked effects in α2 mice (which also showed increased activity following vehicle). Repeated cocaine administration to nonstressed mice resulted in sensitization in α2 and α2 mice, but, in keeping with previous findings, not in α2 mice. Previous exposure to ELS reduced sensitization in α2 mice, albeit not significantly, and abolished sensitization in α2 mice. Conditioned activity was elevated following ELS in all animals, independently of genotype. Thus, while the enhanced acute effects of cocaine following ELS being most marked in α2 mice suggests a function of α2-containing GABAA receptors in protecting against stress, the interaction between ELS and genotype in influencing sensitization may be more in keeping with ELS reducing expression of α2-containing GABAA receptors. The ability of ELS to increase cocaine-conditioned locomotor activity appears to be independent of α2-containing GABAA receptors.
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Zeng K, Xie A, Dong X, Jiang J, Hao W, Jiang M, Liu X. GABA-Aα5 Might Be Involved in Learning-Memory Dysfunction in the Offsprings of Chronic Ethanol-Treated Rats via GABA-Aα5 Histone H3K9 Acetylation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1076. [PMID: 31680816 PMCID: PMC6813853 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have been focused on the relationship between GABA-A receptors and alcohol-induced spatial learning and memory deficits. GABA-Aα5, a subunit of GABA-A receptors, is considered to play an important role in alcohol-induced cognitive impairment, however, the mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we found that the expression of GABA-Aα5 increased in rats treated with chronic ethanol via histone H3K9 acetylation. Furthermore, this epigenetic modification could be inherited by the next generations, which eventually exhibit similar spatial learning and memory deficits in the offsprings. In summary, our results suggested that GABA-Aα5 might be involved in chronic ethanol treatment-induced learning-memory dysfunction and for the first time proved that learning-memory dysfunction could be inherited by the offsprings via histone H3K9 acetylation. Hopefully, in the near future, GABA-Aα5 inhibitors would be an effective way to treat alcohol-induced cognition impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zeng
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xie
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jia Jiang
- Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Liu
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China.,Applied Psychology, Marx College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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Deak JD, Gizer IR, Otto JM, Bizon C, Wilhelmsen KC. Effects of Common and Rare Chromosome 4 GABAergic Gene Variation on Alcohol Use and Antisocial Behavior. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:585-593. [PMID: 31790348 PMCID: PMC6900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological estimates suggest that nearly half of individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be diagnosed with another mental health disorder, with strong associations involving other externalizing disorders. Molecular genetic studies investigating the relation between alcohol use disorder and externalizing behaviors (e.g., antisocial behavior) have focused on a cluster of chromosome 4 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor genes (GABRG1-A2-A4-B1) but have generated varying results. METHOD The current study examined associations between common and rare variation in this region with alcohol use disorder and antisocial behavior using genetic sequencing data. Specifically, the University of California at San Francisco Family Alcoholism Sample (n = 1,610; 62% female) was used to conduct common and rare variant association tests in the GABRG1-A2-A4-B1 cluster with DSM-5 alcohol use disorder symptom counts, antisocial behavior, and a product term representing their interaction. RESULTS Gene-based analyses of rare variation resulted in a significant association between rare GABRA2 variation and the interaction term. Single-variant analysis yielded only nominally significant associations. The strongest association for alcohol use disorder (rs3756007) was located in GABRA2, the strongest association for antisocial behavior (rs11941860) was located in GABRG1, and the interaction term yielded top associations in GABRA2 (rs2119183) and the intergenic region between GABRA2 and GABRG1 (rs536599). Common and rare variant associations for the interaction remained similar when covarying for the effects of the other type of variation, suggesting that the significant rare variant signal is independent of common variant contributions. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that both rare and common variant associations in GABRA2 confer risk for alcohol use disorder and antisocial behaviors, indicating a potential liability toward externalizing behavior more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Deak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,Correspondence may be sent to Joseph D. Deak at the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, or via email at:
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jacqueline M. Otto
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chris Bizon
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Roberts AJ, Khom S, Bajo M, Vlkolinsky R, Polis I, Cates-Gatto C, Roberto M, Gruol DL. Increased IL-6 expression in astrocytes is associated with emotionality, alterations in central amygdala GABAergic transmission, and excitability during alcohol withdrawal. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:188-202. [PMID: 31437534 PMCID: PMC6800653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has implicated a role for the cytokine IL-6 in a variety of CNS diseases including anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as well as alcohol use disorder. Here we use homozygous and heterozygous transgenic mice expressing elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS due to increased astrocyte expression and non-transgenic littermates to examine a role for astrocyte-produced IL-6 in emotionality (response to novelty, anxiety-like, and depressive-like behaviors). Our results from homozygous IL-6 mice in a variety of behavioral tests (light/dark transfer, open field, digging, tail suspension, and forced swim tests) support a role for IL-6 in stress-coping behaviors. Ex vivo electrophysiological studies of neuronal excitability and inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of the homozygous transgenic mice revealed increased inhibitory GABAergic signaling and increased excitability of CeA neurons, suggesting a role for astrocyte produced IL-6 in the amygdala in exploratory drive and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, studies in the hippocampus of activation/expression of proteins associated with IL-6 signal transduction and inhibitory GABAergic mechanisms support a role for astrocyte produced IL-6 in depressive-like behaviors. Our studies indicate a complex and dose-dependent relationship between IL-6 and behavior and implicate IL-6 induced neuroadaptive changes in neuronal excitability and the inhibitory GABAergic system as important contributors to altered behavior associated with IL-6 expression in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Sophia Khom
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Michal Bajo
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Ilham Polis
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Chelsea Cates-Gatto
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A
| | - Donna L. Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 U.S.A,Corresponding Author: Dr. Donna L. Gruol, Neuroscience Department, SP30-1522, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Phone: (858) 784-7060, Fax: (858) 784-7393,
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López ME, Linderoth T, Norris A, Lhorente JP, Neira R, Yáñez JM. Multiple Selection Signatures in Farmed Atlantic Salmon Adapted to Different Environments Across Hemispheres. Front Genet 2019; 10:901. [PMID: 31632437 PMCID: PMC6786245 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestication of Atlantic salmon started approximately 40 years ago, using artificial selection through genetic improvement programs. Selection is likely to have imposed distinctive signatures on the salmon genome, which are often characterized by high genetic differentiation across population and/or reduction in genetic diversity in regions associated to traits under selection. The identification of such selection signatures may give insights into the candidate genomic regions of biological and commercial interest. Here, we used three complementary statistics to detect selection signatures, two haplotype-based (iHS and XP-EHH), and one FST-based method (BayeScan) among four populations of Atlantic salmon with a common genetic origin. Several regions were identified for these techniques that harbored genes, such as kind1 and chp2, which have been associated with growth-related traits or the kcnb2 gene related to immune system in Atlantic salmon, making them particularly relevant in the context of aquaculture. Our results provide candidate genes to inform the evolutionary and biological mechanisms controlling complex selected traits in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tyler Linderoth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ashie Norris
- Marine Harvest, Kindrum, Fanad, C. Donegal, Ireland
| | | | - Roberto Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile
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Russell MA, Schlomer GL, Cleveland HH, Feinberg ME, Greenberg MT, Spoth RL, Redmond C, Vandenbergh DJ. PROSPER Intervention Effects on Adolescents' Alcohol Misuse Vary by GABRA2 Genotype and Age. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:27-37. [PMID: 28185103 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preventive intervention effects on adolescent alcohol misuse may differ based on genotypes in gene-by-intervention (G x I) interactions, and these G x I interactions may vary as a function of age. The current study uses a novel statistical method, time-varying effect modeling (TVEM), to test an age-varying interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the GABRA2 gene (rs279845) and a preventive intervention in predicting alcohol misuse in a longitudinal study of adolescents (ages 11-20). The preventive intervention was PROSPER, a community-based system for delivery of family and school programs selected from a menu of evidence-based interventions. TVEM results revealed a significant age-varying GABRA2 x intervention interaction from ages 12 to 18, with the peak effect size seen around age 13 (IRR = 0.50). The intervention significantly reduced alcohol misuse for adolescents with the GABRA2 TT genotype from ages 12.5 to 17 but did not reduce alcohol use for adolescents with the GABRA2 A allele at any age. Differences in intervention effects by GABRA2 genotype were most pronounced from ages 13 to 16-a period when drinking is associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorder. Our findings provide additional evidence that intervention effects on adolescent alcohol misuse may differ by genotype, and provide novel evidence that the interaction between GABRA2 and intervention effects on alcohol use may vary with age. Implications for interventions targeting adolescent alcohol misuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Russell
- The Pennsylvania State University, 404 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | | | | | - Mark E Feinberg
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark T Greenberg
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Berro LF, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Cook JE, Golani LK, Li G, Jahan R, Rashid F, Cook JM, Rowlett JK, Platt DM. GABA A Receptor Subtypes and the Abuse-Related Effects of Ethanol in Rhesus Monkeys: Experiments with Selective Positive Allosteric Modulators. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:791-802. [PMID: 30861153 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have investigated α1GABAA and α5GABAA receptor mechanisms in the behavioral effects of ethanol (EtOH) in monkeys. However, genetic studies in humans and preclinical studies with mutant mice suggest a role for α2GABAA and/or α3GABAA receptors in the effects of EtOH. The development of novel positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with functional selectivity (i.e., selective efficacy) at α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors allows for probing of these subtypes in preclinical models of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of EtOH in rhesus macaques. METHODS In discrimination studies, subjects were trained to discriminate EtOH (2 g/kg, intragastrically) from water under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food delivery. In oral self-administration studies, subjects were trained to self-administer EtOH (2% w/v) or sucrose (0.3 to 1% w/v) under an FR schedule of solution availability. RESULTS In discrimination studies, functionally selective PAMs at α2GABAA and α3GABAA (HZ-166) or α3GABAA (YT-III-31) receptors substituted fully (maximum percentage of EtOH-lever responding ≥80%) for the discriminative stimulus effects of EtOH without altering response rates. Full substitution for EtOH also was engendered by a nonselective PAM (triazolam), an α5GABAA -preferring PAM (QH-ii-066) and a PAM at α2GABAA , α3GABAA , and α5GABAA receptors (L-838417). A partial (MRK-696) or an α1GABAA -preferring (zolpidem) PAM only engendered partial substitution (i.e., ~50 to 60% EtOH-lever responding). In self-administration studies, pretreatments with the functionally selective PAMs at α2GABAA and α3GABAA (XHe-II-053 and HZ-166) or α3GABAA (YT-III-31 and YT-III-271) receptors increased EtOH, but not sucrose, drinking at doses that had few, or no, observable sedative-motor effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm prior findings regarding the respective roles of α1GABAA and α5GABAA receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of EtOH and, further, suggest a key facilitatory role for α3GABAA and potentially α2GABAA receptors in several abuse-related effects of EtOH in monkeys. Moreover, they reveal a potential role for these latter subtypes in EtOH's sedative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais F Berro
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jemma E Cook
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James K Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Donna M Platt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Mulligan MK, Abreo T, Neuner SM, Parks C, Watkins CE, Houseal MT, Shapaker TM, Hook M, Tan H, Wang X, Ingels J, Peng J, Lu L, Kaczorowski CC, Bryant CD, Homanics GE, Williams RW. Identification of a Functional Non-coding Variant in the GABA A Receptor α2 Subunit of the C57BL/6J Mouse Reference Genome: Major Implications for Neuroscience Research. Front Genet 2019; 10:188. [PMID: 30984232 PMCID: PMC6449455 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA type-A (GABA-A) receptors containing the α2 subunit (GABRA2) are expressed in most brain regions and are critical in modulating inhibitory synaptic function. Genetic variation at the GABRA2 locus has been implicated in epilepsy, affective and psychiatric disorders, alcoholism and drug abuse. Gabra2 expression varies as a function of genotype and is modulated by sequence variants in several brain structures and populations, including F2 crosses originating from C57BL/6J (B6J) and the BXD recombinant inbred family derived from B6J and DBA/2J. Here we demonstrate a global reduction of GABRA2 brain protein and mRNA in the B6J strain relative to other inbred strains, and identify and validate the causal mutation in B6J. The mutation is a single base pair deletion located in an intron adjacent to a splice acceptor site that only occurs in the B6J reference genome. The deletion became fixed in B6J between 1976 and 1991 and is now pervasive in many engineered lines, BXD strains generated after 1991, the Collaborative Cross, and the majority of consomic lines. Repair of the deletion using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing on a B6J genetic background completely restored brain levels of GABRA2 protein and mRNA. Comparison of transcript expression in hippocampus, cortex, and striatum between B6J and repaired genotypes revealed alterations in GABA-A receptor subunit expression, especially in striatum. These results suggest that naturally occurring variation in GABRA2 levels between B6J and other substrains or inbred strains may also explain strain differences in anxiety-like or alcohol and drug response traits related to striatal function. Characterization of the B6J private mutation in the Gabra2 gene is of critical importance to molecular genetic studies in neurobiological research because this strain is widely used to generate genetically engineered mice and murine genetic populations, and is the most widely utilized strain for evaluation of anxiety-like, depression-like, pain, epilepsy, and drug response traits that may be partly modulated by GABRA2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Timothy Abreo
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sarah M Neuner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Cory Parks
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christine E Watkins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - M Trevor Houseal
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Thomas M Shapaker
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Michael Hook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jesse Ingels
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Neurobiology, and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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45
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Qiu B, Xu Y, Wang J, Liu M, Dou L, Deng R, Wang C, Williams KE, Stewart RB, Xie Z, Ren W, Zhao Z, Shou W, Liang T, Yong W. Loss of FKBP5 Affects Neuron Synaptic Plasticity: An Electrophysiology Insight. Neuroscience 2019; 402:23-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Nie H, Liu C, Chen J. Disrupted Brain Network Efficiency and Decreased Functional Connectivity in Multi-sensory Modality Regions in Male Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:513. [PMID: 30631268 PMCID: PMC6315123 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have reported altered efficiency in selective brain regions and functional networks in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Inefficient processing can reflect or arise from the disorganization of information being conveyed from place to place. However, it remains unknown whether the efficiency and functional connectivity are altered in large-scale topological organization of patients with AUD. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data were experimentally collected from 21 right-handed males with AUD and 21 right-handed, age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). Graph theory was used to investigate inter-group differences in the topological parameters (global and nodal) of networks and inter-regional functional connectivity. Correlations between group differences in network properties and clinical variables were also investigated in the AUD group. Results: The brain networks of the AUD group showed decreased global efficiency when compared with the HC group. Besides, increased nodal efficiency was found in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), while reduced nodal efficiency was observed in the right OFC, right fusiform gyrus (FFG), right superior temporal gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), and left insula. Moreover, hypo-connectivity was detected between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right superior occipital gyrus (SOG) in the AUD group when compared with the HC group. The nodal efficiency of the left OFC was associated with cognitive performance in the AUD group. Conclusions: AUD patients exhibited alterations in brain network efficiency and functional connectivity, particularly in regions linked to multi-sensory modalities. These disrupted topological properties may help to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of large-scale brain network activity. Furthermore, these data provide a potential neural mechanism of impaired cognition in individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Nie
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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47
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Salvatore JE, Dick DM. Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:91-101. [PMID: 27350097 PMCID: PMC5183514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a moderately heritable psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules. Genome-wide scans using linkage and association methods have identified a number of suggestive genomic regions that are pending replication. A small number of candidate genes (e.g., GABRA2, MAOA, SLC6A4, AVPR1A) are associated with CD related phenotypes across independent studies; however, failures to replicate also exist. Studies of gene-environment interplay show that CD genetic predispositions also contribute to selection into higher-risk environments, and that environmental factors can alter the importance of CD genetic factors and differentially methylate CD candidate genes. The field's understanding of CD etiology will benefit from larger, adequately powered studies in gene identification efforts; the incorporation of polygenic approaches in gene-environment interplay studies; attention to the mechanisms of risk from genes to brain to behavior; and the use of genetically informative data to test quasi-causal hypotheses about purported risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU PO Box 842018, 806 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, African American Studies, and Human & Molecular Genetics, VCU PO Box 842509, Richmond, VA 23284-2509, USA
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48
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Mooney SM, Varlinskaya EI. Enhanced sensitivity to socially facilitating and anxiolytic effects of ethanol in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats following acute prenatal ethanol exposure. Alcohol 2018; 69:25-32. [PMID: 29571047 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that deficits in social functioning and social anxiety are associated with adolescent alcohol use. Our previous research has shown that acute exposure to a high dose of ethanol on gestational day (G) 12 produces social alterations in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats. The present study assessed whether these social alterations can affect sensitivity to acute ethanol challenge during adolescence. Pregnant females were exposed intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ethanol (2.5 g/kg followed by 1.25 g/kg in 2 h) or saline on G12, and their male and female offspring were tested on postnatal day (P) 42. Rats were challenged i.p. with one of four ethanol doses (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 g/kg), and their social behavior was assessed in a modified social interaction test. Social alterations associated with prenatal ethanol exposure and indexed via decreases of social investigation, social preference, and play fighting were evident in males and females challenged with the 0 g/kg ethanol dose. Acute ethanol increased social investigation, social preference, and play fighting in animals prenatally exposed to ethanol. In contrast, rats prenatally exposed to saline, showing no social facilitation, demonstrated significant ethanol-induced (0.75 and 1.0 g/kg) decreases in social behavior. Given that late adolescents demonstrating social alterations induced by prenatal ethanol exposure become sensitive to the socially anxiolytic as well as socially facilitating effects of acute ethanol, it is possible that the attractiveness of ethanol to these adolescents may be based on its ability to alleviate anxiety under social circumstances and facilitate interactions with peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Mooney
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Elena I Varlinskaya
- Department of Psychology, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
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49
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García-Martín E, Ramos MI, Cornejo-García JA, Galván S, Perkins JR, Rodríguez-Santos L, Alonso-Navarro H, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Agúndez JAG. Missense Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Polymorphisms Are Associated with Reaction Time, Motor Time, and Ethanol Effects in Vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:10. [PMID: 29445327 PMCID: PMC5797743 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA-A receptor) is affected by ethanol concentrations equivalent to those reached during social drinking. At these concentrations, ethanol usually causes impairment in reaction and motor times in most, but not all, individuals. Objectives: To study the effect of GABA-A receptor variability in motor and reaction times, and the effect of low ethanol doses. Methods: Two hundred and fifty healthy subjects received one single dose of 0.5 g/Kg ethanol per os. Reaction and motor times were determined before ethanol challenge (basal), and when participants reached peak ethanol concentrations. We analyzed all common missense polymorphisms described in the 19 genes coding for the GABA-A receptor subunits by using TaqMan probes. Results: The GABRA6 rs4454083 T/C polymorphisms were related to motor times, with individuals carrying the C/C genotype having faster motor times, both, at basal and at peak ethanol concentrations. The GABRA4 rs2229940 T/T genotype was associated to faster reaction times and with lower ethanol effects, determined as the difference between basal reaction time and reaction time at peak concentrations. All these associations remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No significant associations were observed for the common missense SNPs GABRB3 rs12910925, GABRG2 rs211035, GABRE rs1139916, GABRP rs1063310, GABRQ rs3810651, GABRR1 rs12200969 or rs1186902, GABRR2 rs282129, and GABRR3 rs832032. Conclusions: This study provides novel information supporting a role of missense GABA-A receptor polymorphisms in reaction time, motor time and effects of low ethanol doses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,ARADyAL Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José A Cornejo-García
- ARADyAL Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Segismundo Galván
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - James R Perkins
- ARADyAL Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,ARADyAL Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Popoola DO, Cameron NM. Maternal care-related differences in males and females rats' sensitivity to ethanol and the associations between the GABAergic system and steroids in males. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:380-394. [PMID: 29442358 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of maternal care on adolescent ethanol consumption, sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis, as well as gonadal hormones and γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA ) systems. Long Evans rat dams were categorized by maternal licking/grooming (LG) frequency into High- and Low-LG mothers. Both female and male offspring from Low-LG rats demonstrated a greater sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis in the loss-of-righting-reflex test at ethanol doses of 3.0 and 3.5 g/kg during late-adolescence (postnatal Day 50) but not at mid-adolescence (postnatal Day 42). However, we found no effect of maternal care on consumption of a 5% ethanol solution in a two-bottle choice test. We further investigated the association between the observed variations in sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis and baseline hormonal levels in males. In male offspring from Low-LG mothers compared to High-LG mothers, baseline plasma corticosterone and progesterone levels were higher. GABAA α1 and δ subunit expressions were also higher in the cerebral cortex of Low-LG males but lower in the cerebellar synaptosomal fraction. Early environmental influences on adolescent sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis, consumption, and preference may be mediated by gonadal hormones and possibly through GABAergic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Popoola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.,Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nicole M Cameron
- Department of Psychology, Center for Developmental and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.,Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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