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Plackett ARG, Hibberd JM. Rice bundle sheath cell shape is regulated by the timing of light exposure during leaf development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2597-2613. [PMID: 38549236 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaves contain multiple cell types which achieve distinct characteristics whilst still coordinating development within the leaf. The bundle sheath possesses larger individual cells and lower chloroplast content than the adjacent mesophyll, but how this morphology is achieved remains unknown. To identify regulatory mechanisms determining bundle sheath cell morphology we tested the effects of perturbing environmental (light) and endogenous signals (hormones) during leaf development of Oryza sativa (rice). Total chloroplast area in bundle sheath cells was found to increase with cell size as in the mesophyll but did not maintain a 'set-point' relationship, with the longest bundle sheath cells demonstrating the lowest chloroplast content. Application of exogenous cytokinin and gibberellin significantly altered the relationship between cell size and chloroplast biosynthesis in the bundle sheath, increasing chloroplast content of the longest cells. Delayed exposure to light reduced the mean length of bundle sheath cells but increased corresponding leaf length, whereas premature light reduced final leaf length but did not affect bundle sheath cells. This suggests that the plant hormones cytokinin and gibberellin are regulators of the bundle sheath cell-chloroplast relationship and that final bundle sheath length may potentially be affected by light-mediated control of exit from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Shen N, Han L, Liu Z, Deng X, Zhu S, Liu C, Tang D, Li Y. The Microtubule End Binding Protein Mal3 Is Essential for the Dynamic Assembly of Microtubules during Magnaporthe oryzae Growth and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2672. [PMID: 38473921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) play crucial roles in many aspects of life processes in eukaryotic organisms. They dynamically assemble physiologically important MT arrays under different cell conditions. Currently, aspects of MT assembly underlying the development and pathogenesis of the model plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) are unclear. In this study, we characterized the MT plus end binding protein MoMal3 in M. oryzae. We found that knockout of MoMal3 results in defects in hyphal polar growth, appressorium-mediated host penetration and nucleus division. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging, we further found that the MoMal3 mutant assembled a rigid MT in parallel with the MT during hyphal polar growth, the cage-like network in the appressorium and the stick-like spindle in nuclear division. These aberrant MT organization patterns in the MoMal3 mutant impaired actin-based cell growth and host infection. Taken together, these findings showed that M. oryzae relies on MoMal3 to assemble elaborate MT arrays for growth and infection. The results also revealed the assembly mode of MTs in M. oryzae, indicating that MTs are pivotal for M. oryzae growth and host infection and may be new targets for devastating fungus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xianya Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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3
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Lasok H, Nziengui H, Kochersperger P, Ditengou FA. Arabidopsis Root Development Regulation by the Endogenous Folate Precursor, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, via Modulation of the Root Cell Cycle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 38140403 PMCID: PMC10748309 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots depends on their ability to maintain a balanced ratio between cell production and cell differentiation at the tip. This process is regulated by the hormonal balance of cytokinin and auxin. However, other important regulators, such as plant folates, also play a regulatory role. In this study, we investigated the impact of the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on root development. Using pharmacological, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is repressed by either supplementing the growth medium with PABA or overexpressing the PABA synthesis gene GAT-ADCS. This is associated with a smaller root meristem consisting of fewer cells. Conversely, reducing the levels of free root endogenous PABA results in longer roots with extended meristems. We provide evidence that PABA represses Arabidopsis root growth in a folate-independent manner and likely acts through two mechanisms: (i) the G2/M transition of cell division in the root apical meristem and (ii) promoting premature cell differentiation in the transition zone. These data collectively suggest that PABA plays a role in Arabidopsis root growth at the intersection between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lasok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology University of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon;
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Bio Imaging Core Light Microscopy (BiMiC), Institute for Disease Modelling and Targeted Medicine (IMITATE), Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Goldman IL, Wang Y, Alfaro AV, Brainard S, Oravec MW, McGregor CE, van der Knaap E. Form and contour: breeding and genetics of organ shape from wild relatives to modern vegetable crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257707. [PMID: 37841632 PMCID: PMC10568141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Shape is a primary determinant of consumer preference for many horticultural crops and it is also associated with many aspects of marketing, harvest mechanics, and postharvest handling. Perceptions of quality and preference often map to specific shapes of fruits, tubers, leaves, flowers, roots, and other plant organs. As a result, humans have greatly expanded the palette of shapes available for horticultural crops, in many cases creating a series of market classes where particular shapes predominate. Crop wild relatives possess organs shaped by natural selection, while domesticated species possess organs shaped by human desires. Selection for visually-pleasing shapes in vegetable crops resulted from a number of opportunistic factors, including modification of supernumerary cambia, allelic variation at loci that control fundamental processes such as cell division, cell elongation, transposon-mediated variation, and partitioning of photosynthate. Genes that control cell division patterning may be universal shape regulators in horticultural crops, influencing the form of fruits, tubers, and grains in disparate species. Crop wild relatives are often considered less relevant for modern breeding efforts when it comes to characteristics such as shape, however this view may be unnecessarily limiting. Useful allelic variation in wild species may not have been examined or exploited with respect to shape modifications, and newly emergent information on key genes and proteins may provide additional opportunities to regulate the form and contour of vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin L. Goldman
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Andrey Vega Alfaro
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Scott Brainard
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Madeline W. Oravec
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cecilia Elizabeth McGregor
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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5
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Allsman LA, Bellinger MA, Huang V, Duong M, Contreras A, Romero AN, Verboonen B, Sidhu S, Zhang X, Steinkraus H, Uyehara AN, Martinez SE, Sinclair RM, Soriano GS, Diep B, Byrd V. D, Noriega A, Drakakaki G, Sylvester AW, Rasmussen CG. Subcellular positioning during cell division and cell plate formation in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204889. [PMID: 37484472 PMCID: PMC10360171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During proliferative plant cell division, the new cell wall, called the cell plate, is first built in the middle of the cell and then expands outward to complete cytokinesis. This dynamic process requires coordinated movement and arrangement of the cytoskeleton and organelles. Methods Here we use live-cell markers to track the dynamic reorganization of microtubules, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and endomembrane compartments during division and the formation of the cell plate in maize leaf epidermal cells. Results The microtubule plus-end localized protein END BINDING1 (EB1) highlighted increasing microtubule dynamicity during mitosis to support rapid changes in microtubule structures. The localization of the cell-plate specific syntaxin KNOLLE, several RAB-GTPases, as well as two plasma membrane localized proteins was assessed after treatment with the cytokinesis-specific callose-deposition inhibitor Endosidin7 (ES7) and the microtubule-disrupting herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC). While ES7 caused cell plate defects in Arabidopsis thaliana, it did not alter callose accumulation, or disrupt cell plate formation in maize. In contrast, CIPC treatment of maize epidermal cells occasionally produced irregular cell plates that split or fragmented, but did not otherwise disrupt the accumulation of cell-plate localized proteins. Discussion Together, these markers provide a robust suite of tools to examine subcellular trafficking and organellar organization during mitosis and cell plate formation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marschal A. Bellinger
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Duong
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alondra Contreras
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea N. Romero
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Verboonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sukhmani Sidhu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Holly Steinkraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rosalie M. Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela Salazar Soriano
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Beatrice Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dawson Byrd V.
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Noriega
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anne W. Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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6
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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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8
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Dhar S, Kim J, Yoon EK, Jang S, Ko K, Lim J. SHORT-ROOT Controls Cell Elongation in the Etiolated Arabidopsis Hypocotyl. Mol Cells 2022; 45:243-256. [PMID: 35249891 PMCID: PMC9001151 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation, a core component of gene regulatory networks, plays a key role in controlling individual organism's growth and development. To understand how plants modulate cellular processes for growth and development, the identification and characterization of gene regulatory networks are of importance. The SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor is known for its role in cell divisions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, whether SHR is involved in hypocotyl cell elongation remains unknown. Here, we reveal that SHR controls hypocotyl cell elongation via the transcriptional regulation of XTH18, XTH22, and XTH24, which encode cell wall remodeling enzymes called xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). Interestingly, SHR activates transcription of the XTH genes, independently of its partner SCARECROW (SCR), which is different from the known mode of action. In addition, overexpression of the XTH genes can promote cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl. Moreover, confinement of SHR protein in the stele still induces cell elongation, despite the aberrant organization in the hypocotyl ground tissue. Therefore, it is likely that SHR-mediated growth is uncoupled from SHR-mediated radial patterning in the etiolated hypocotyl. Our findings also suggest that intertissue communication between stele and endodermis plays a role in coordinating hypocotyl cell elongation of the Arabidopsis seedling. Taken together, our study identifies SHR as a new crucial regulator that is necessary for cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dhar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinkwon Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Sejeong Jang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kangseok Ko
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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9
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Schütz LM, Louveaux M, Vilches Barro A, Bouziri S, Cerrone L, Wolny A, Kreshuk A, Hamprecht FA, Maizel A. Integration of Cell Growth and Asymmetric Division during Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1269-1279. [PMID: 33725093 PMCID: PMC8579162 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation determines to a large extent the ability of plants to forage their environment and thus their growth. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms, lateral root initiation requires radial cell expansion and several rounds of anticlinal cell divisions that give rise to a central core of small cells, which express different markers than the larger surrounding cells. These small central cells then switch their plane of divisions to periclinal and give rise to seemingly morphologically similar daughter cells that have different identities and establish the different cell types of the new root. Although the execution of these anticlinal and periclinal divisions is tightly regulated and essential for the correct development of the lateral root, we know little about their geometrical features. Here, we generate a four-dimensional reconstruction of the first stages of lateral root formation and analyze the geometric features of the anticlinal and periclinal divisions. We identify that the periclinal divisions of the small central cells are morphologically dissimilar and asymmetric. We show that mother cell volume is different when looking at anticlinal vs. periclinal divisions and the repeated anticlinal divisions do not lead to reduction in cell volume, although cells are shorter. Finally, we show that cells undergoing a periclinal division are characterized by a strong cell expansion. Our results indicate that cells integrate growth and division to precisely partition their volume upon division during the first two stages of lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Marie Schütz
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Agrilution Systems GmbH, Munich 81249, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Institut Pasteur, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sami Bouziri
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Wolny
- HCI-IWR, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Pasternak T, Pérez-Pérez JM. Methods of In Situ Quantitative Root Biology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2399. [PMID: 34834762 PMCID: PMC8625443 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When dealing with plant roots, a multiscale description of the functional root structure is needed. Since the beginning of 21st century, new devices such as laser confocal microscopes have been accessible for coarse root structure measurements, including three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Most researchers are familiar with using simple 2D geometry visualization that does not allow quantitative determination of key morphological features from an organ-like perspective. We provide here a detailed description of the quantitative methods available for 3D analysis of root features at single-cell resolution, including root asymmetry, lateral root analysis, cell size and nuclear organization, cell-cycle kinetics, and chromatin structure analysis. Quantitative maps of the root apical meristem (RAM) are shown for different species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.), Heynh, Nicotiana tabacum L., Medicago sativa L., and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. The 3D analysis of the RAM in these species showed divergence in chromatin organization and cell volume distribution that might be used to study root zonation for each root tissue. Detailed protocols and possible pitfalls in the usage of the marker lines are discussed. Therefore, researchers who need to improve their quantitative root biology portfolio can use them as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Pasternak
- Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Zhao F, Zhang J, Weng L, Li M, Wang Q, Xiao H. Fruit size control by a zinc finger protein regulating pericarp cell size in tomato. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:6. [PMID: 37789485 PMCID: PMC10515234 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit size is largely defined by the number and size of cells in the fruit. Endoreduplication - a specialized cell cycle - is highly associated with cell expansion during tomato fruit growth. However, how endoreduplication coupled with cell size is regulated remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a zinc finger gene SlPZF1 (Solanum lycopersicum PERICARP-ASSOCIATED ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 1) that was highly expressed in the pericarp of developing fruits. Plants with altered SlPZF1 expression produced smaller fruits due to the reduction in cell size associated with weakened endoreduplication. Overexpressing SlPZF1 delayed cell division phase by enhancing early expression of several key cell cycle regulators including SlCYCD3;1 and two plant specific mitotic cyclin-dependent protein kinase (SlCDKB1 and SlCDKB2) in the pericarp tissue. Furthermore, we identified 14 putative SlPZF1 interacting proteins (PZFIs) via yeast two hybrid screening. Several PZFIs, including Pre-mRNA-splicing factor (SlSMP1/PZFI4), PAPA-1-like conserved region family protein (PZFI6), Fanconi anemia complex components (PZFI3 and PZFI10) and bHLH transcription factor LONESOME HIGHWAY (SlLHW/PZFI14), are putatively involved in cell cycle regulation. Our results demonstrate that fruit growth in tomato requires balanced expression of the novel cell size regulator SlPZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiajing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Life and Environment Science College, Shanghai Normal University, No.100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Lin Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Life and Environment Science College, Shanghai Normal University, No.100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Han Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Bobrovskikh A, Doroshkov A, Mazzoleni S, Cartenì F, Giannino F, Zubairova U. A Sight on Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Plants Through the Prism of Cell-Based Computational Modeling Approaches: Benefits and Challenges for Data Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:652974. [PMID: 34093652 PMCID: PMC8176226 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell technology is a relatively new and promising way to obtain high-resolution transcriptomic data mostly used for animals during the last decade. However, several scientific groups developed and applied the protocols for some plant tissues. Together with deeply-developed cell-resolution imaging techniques, this achievement opens up new horizons for studying the complex mechanisms of plant tissue architecture formation. While the opportunities for integrating data from transcriptomic to morphogenetic levels in a unified system still present several difficulties, plant tissues have some additional peculiarities. One of the plants' features is that cell-to-cell communication topology through plasmodesmata forms during tissue growth and morphogenesis and results in mutual regulation of expression between neighboring cells affecting internal processes and cell domain development. Undoubtedly, we must take this fact into account when analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data. Cell-based computational modeling approaches successfully used in plant morphogenesis studies promise to be an efficient way to summarize such novel multiscale data. The inverse problem's solutions for these models computed on the real tissue templates can shed light on the restoration of individual cells' spatial localization in the initial plant organ-one of the most ambiguous and challenging stages in single-cell transcriptomic data analysis. This review summarizes new opportunities for advanced plant morphogenesis models, which become possible thanks to single-cell transcriptome data. Besides, we show the prospects of microscopy and cell-resolution imaging techniques to solve several spatial problems in single-cell transcriptomic data analysis and enhance the hybrid modeling framework opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Bobrovskikh
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Biomechanics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alexey Doroshkov
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Biomechanics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulyana Zubairova
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Biomechanics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Zhang X, Man Y, Zhuang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yu M, Xing J, Wang G, Lian N, Hu Z, Ma L, Shen W, Yang S, Xu H, Bian J, Jing Y, Li X, Li R, Mao T, Jiao Y, Sodmergen, Ren H, Lin J. Plant multiscale networks: charting plant connectivity by multi-level analysis and imaging techniques. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1392-1422. [PMID: 33974222 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular and even single-celled organisms, individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation. Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes. Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project. In plant science, network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular, subcellular, cellular, organic, and organism levels. Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype. In this review, we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities. We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants. Finally, we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Man
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457004, China
| | - Guangchao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijian Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunyao Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Bian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sodmergen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Véron E, Vernoux T, Coudert Y. Phyllotaxis from a Single Apical Cell. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:124-131. [PMID: 33097400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the geometry of leaf arrangement around stems, determines plant architecture. Molecular interactions coordinating the formation of phyllotactic patterns have mainly been studied in multicellular shoot apical meristems of flowering plants. Phyllotaxis evolved independently in the major land plant lineages. In mosses, it arises from a single apical cell, raising the question of how asymmetric divisions of a single-celled meristem create phyllotactic patterns and whether associated genetic processes are shared across lineages. We present an overview of the mechanisms governing shoot apical cell specification and activity in the model moss, Physcomitrium patens, and argue that similar molecular regulatory modules have been deployed repeatedly across evolution to operate at different scales and drive apical function in convergent shoot forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Véron
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
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15
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Balancing of the mitotic exit network and cell wall integrity signaling governs the development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009080. [PMID: 33411855 PMCID: PMC7817018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall plays an essential role in maintaining cell morphology, transmitting external signals, controlling cell growth, and even virulence. Relaxation and irreversible stretching of the cell wall are the prerequisites of cell division and development, but they also inevitably cause cell wall stress. Both Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) and Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) are signaling pathways that govern cell division and cell stress response, respectively, how these pathways cross talk to govern and coordinate cellular growth, development, and pathogenicity remains not fully understood. We have identified MoSep1, MoDbf2, and MoMob1 as the conserved components of MEN from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We have found that blocking cell division results in abnormal CWI signaling. In addition, we discovered that MoSep1 targets MoMkk1, a conserved key MAP kinase of the CWI pathway, through protein phosphorylation that promotes CWI signaling. Moreover, we provided evidence demonstrating that MoSep1-dependent MoMkk1 phosphorylation is essential for balancing cell division with CWI that maintains the dynamic stability required for virulence of the blast fungus. The cell wall is a relatively rigid structure for supporting the cell shape and against extracellular stresses. However, it also maintains plasticity to cope with cell division, growth, and differentiation. In the rice blast pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, such differentiation corresponds directly to its virulence. Thus, how to balance the “strong for shaping” with the “malleable for growth and virulence” poses as an important question of both basic- and applied science of significance. We here report that the protein kinase MoSep1 links the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) to the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) signaling through the phosphorylation of the CWI MAP kinase kinase MoMkk1. We found that the MoSep1-dependent phosphorylation of MoMkk1 relieves the cell wall stress caused by cell division and that the MEN-CWI-mediated balance of rigid and remodeling of the cell wall is important in the growth, development, and virulence of the blast fungus. Our study provides a new evidence on how the blast fungus adapts to self-generated stress for growth and virulence and it sheds new light on the crosstalk between MEN and CWI signaling.
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16
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Serra L, Perrot-Rechenmann C. Spatiotemporal control of cell growth by CUC3 shapes leaf margins. Development 2020; 147:dev183277. [PMID: 32094116 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
How a shape arises from the coordinated behavior of cells is one of the most fascinating questions in developmental biology. In plants, fine spatial and temporal controls of cell proliferation and cell expansion sustain differential growth that defines organ shape and size. At the leaf margin of Arabidopsis thaliana, interplay between auxin transport and transcription factors named CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUCs), which are involved in the establishment of boundary domain identity, were reported to trigger differential growth, leading to serration. Cellular behaviors behind these differential growths remain scarcely described. Here, we used 3D and time lapse imaging on young leaves at different stages of development to determine the sequence of cellular events resulting in leaf serrations. In addition, we showed that the transcription factor CUC3 is a negative regulator of cell growth and that its expression dynamics in a small number of cells at the leaf margin is tightly associated with the control of differential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Serra
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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17
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Winnicki K. The Winner Takes It All: Auxin-The Main Player during Plant Embryogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:E606. [PMID: 32138372 PMCID: PMC7140527 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the first asymmetrical division of a zygote leads to the formation of two cells with different developmental fates. The establishment of various patterns relies on spatial and temporal gene expression, however the precise mechanism responsible for embryonic patterning still needs elucidation. Auxin seems to be the main player which regulates embryo development and controls expression of various genes in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, local auxin maxima and minima which are provided by polar auxin transport underlie cell fate specification. Diverse auxin concentrations in various regions of an embryo would easily explain distinct cell identities, however the question about the mechanism of cellular patterning in cells exposed to similar auxin concentrations still remains open. Thus, specification of cell fate might result not only from the cell position within an embryo but also from events occurring before and during mitosis. This review presents the impact of auxin on the orientation of the cell division plane and discusses the mechanism of auxin-dependent cytoskeleton alignment. Furthermore, close attention is paid to auxin-induced calcium fluxes, which regulate the activity of MAPKs during postembryonic development and which possibly might also underlie cellular patterning during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
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18
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Snouffer A, Kraus C, van der Knaap E. The shape of things to come: ovate family proteins regulate plant organ shape. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:98-105. [PMID: 31837627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The shape of produce is an important agronomic trait. The knowledge of the cellular regulation of organ shapes can be implemented in the improvement of a variety of crops. The plant-specific Ovate Family Proteins (OFPs) regulate organ shape in Arabidopsis and many crops including rice, tomato, and melon. Although OFPs were previously described as transcriptional repressors, recent data support a role for the family in organ shape regulation through control of subcellular localization of protein complexes. OFPs interact with TONNEAU1 RECRUITMENT MOTIF (TRMs) and together they regulate cell division patterns in tomato fruit development. OFPs also respond to changes in plant hormones and responses to stress. The OFP-TRM interaction may work in conjunction with additional shape regulators such as IQ67 Domain (IQD) proteins to modulate the response to tissue level cues as well as external stimuli and stressors to form reproducible organ shapes by regulating cytoskeleton activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Snouffer
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA, 30602 United States
| | - Carmen Kraus
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA, 30602 United States
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA, 30602 United States; Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA, 30602 United States; Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens GA, 30602 United States.
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19
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Delgado D, Sánchez-Bermejo E, de Marcos A, Martín-Jimenez C, Fenoll C, Alonso-Blanco C, Mena M. A Genetic Dissection of Natural Variation for Stomatal Abundance Traits in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1392. [PMID: 31781138 PMCID: PMC6859887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal abundance varies widely across natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana, and presumably affects plant performance because it influences water and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and thence photosynthesis and transpiration. In order to determine the genetic basis of this natural variation, we have analyzed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the wild accession Ll-0 and the reference strain Landsberg erecta (Ler), which show low and high stomatal abundance, respectively. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of stomatal index, stomatal density, and pavement cell density measured in the adaxial cotyledon epidermis, identified five loci. Three of the genomic regions affect all traits and were named MID (Modulator of Cell Index and Density) 1 to 3. MID2 is a large-effect QTL overlapping with ERECTA (ER), the er-1 allele from Ler increasing all trait values. Additional analyses of natural and induced loss-of-function er mutations in different genetic backgrounds revealed that ER dysfunctions have differential and opposite effects on the stomatal index in adaxial and abaxial cotyledon epidermis and confirmed that ER is the gene underlying MID2. Ll-0 alleles at MID1 and MID3 displayed moderate and positive effects on the various traits. Furthermore, detailed developmental studies tracking primary and satellite stomatal lineages show that MID3-Ll-0 allele promotes the spacing divisions that initiate satellite lineages, while the ER allele limits them. Finally, expression analyses suggest that ER and MID3 modulate satellization through partly different regulatory pathways. Our characterization of MID3 indicates that genetic modulation of satellization contributes to the variation for stomatal abundance in natural populations, and subsequently that this trait might be involved in plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Bermejo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Jimenez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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20
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Vaahtera L, Schulz J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:924-932. [PMID: 31506641 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are highly dynamic structures that provide mechanical support for plant cells during growth, development and adaptation to a changing environment. Thus, it is important for plants to monitor the state of their cell walls and ensure their functional integrity at all times. This monitoring involves perception of physical forces at the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase. These forces are altered during cell division and morphogenesis, as well as in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Mechanisms responsible for the perception of physical stimuli involved in these processes have been difficult to separate from other regulatory mechanisms perceiving chemical signals such as hormones, peptides or cell wall fragments. However, recently developed technologies in combination with more established genetic and biochemical approaches are beginning to open up this exciting field of study. Here, we will review our current knowledge of plant cell wall integrity signalling using selected recent findings and highlight how the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase can act as a venue for sensing changes in the physical forces affecting plant development and stress responses. More importantly, we discuss how these signals may be integrated with chemical signals derived from established signalling cascades to control specific adaptive responses during exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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21
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Asada T. Preprophase-band positioning in isolated tobacco BY-2 cells: evidence for a principal role of nucleus-cell cortex interaction in default division-plane selection. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:721-729. [PMID: 30478505 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-01331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In some plant tissue types, new cross-walls tend to divide parental cells equally and to meet parental walls at right angles while tending to have minimal surface area. A previously proposed model that I call the reach model suggests that this feature originates from the tendency of premitotic division-plane selection or of the positioning of microtubule preprophase bands (PPBs) which predict the cortical division site, and that default division-plane selection involves nuclear centering and subsequent PPB microtubule assembly on the cell wall parts closest to the nucleus. In an initial effort to characterize truly default division-plane selection, the present study quantified division orientation and PPB positioning in protoplast-derived isolated elongate tobacco BY-2 cells. In this system, PPB-predicted and actual division planes were mostly oriented transversely, as predicted based on the reach model. Some sample elongate cells had asymmetric shapes that came from clear terminal-size differences and, in those cells, PPB-marked planes tended to be displaced from the centers of centrally located nuclei toward the narrower cell end, again as predicted based on the reach model. Such PPB positioning typically forecasted volumetrically asymmetric transverse division that would produce a smaller daughter cell from a parental cell part including the narrower cell end. These results provide experimental evidence that default division-plane selection tends to be close to or the same as the selection using the reach model's criterion, and that it does not use any criterion that specifically prioritizes the equality or verticality of division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Asada
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
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22
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Jackson MDB, Duran-Nebreda S, Kierzkowski D, Strauss S, Xu H, Landrein B, Hamant O, Smith RS, Johnston IG, Bassel GW. Global Topological Order Emerges through Local Mechanical Control of Cell Divisions in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem. Cell Syst 2019; 8:53-65.e3. [PMID: 30660611 PMCID: PMC6345583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell position and division act in concert to dictate multicellular organization in tissues and organs. How these processes shape global order and molecular movement across organs is an outstanding problem in biology. Using live 3D imaging and computational analyses, we extracted networks capturing cellular connectivity dynamics across the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem (SAM) and topologically analyzed the local and global properties of cellular architecture. Locally generated cell division rules lead to the emergence of global tissue-scale organization of the SAM, facilitating robust global communication. Cells that lie upon more shorter paths have an increased propensity to divide, with division plane placement acting to limit the number of shortest paths their daughter cells lie upon. Cell shape heterogeneity and global cellular organization requires KATANIN, providing a multiscale link between cell geometry, mechanical cell-cell interactions, and global tissue order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Plant Science Research Institute, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Soeren Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Landrein
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Iain G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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23
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Vőfély RV, Gallagher J, Pisano GD, Bartlett M, Braybrook SA. Of puzzles and pavements: a quantitative exploration of leaf epidermal cell shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:540-552. [PMID: 30281798 PMCID: PMC6585845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of leaves are diverse: tabular pavement cells, trichomes, and stomatal complexes. Pavement cells from the monocot Zea mays (maize) and the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) have highly undulate anticlinal walls. The molecular basis for generating these undulating margins has been extensively investigated in these species. This has led to two assumptions: first, that particular plant lineages are characterized by particular pavement cell shapes; and second, that undulatory cell shapes are common enough to be model shapes. To test these assumptions, we quantified pavement cell shape in epidermides from the leaves of 278 vascular plant taxa. We found that monocot pavement cells tended to have weakly undulating margins, fern cells had strongly undulating margins, and eudicot cells showed no particular undulation degree. Cells with highly undulating margins, like those of Arabidopsis and maize, were in the minority. We also found a trend towards more undulating cell margins on abaxial leaf surfaces; and that highly elongated leaves in ferns, monocots and gymnosperms tended to have highly elongated cells. Our results reveal the diversity of pavement cell shapes, and lays the quantitative groundwork for testing hypotheses about pavement cell form and function within a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róza V. Vőfély
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Grace D. Pisano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Siobhan A. Braybrook
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los Angeles610 Charles E Young Dr. SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California at Los Angeles611 Charles E. Young Drive EastLos AngelesCA90095‐1570USA
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Koch G, Rolland G, Dauzat M, Bédiée A, Baldazzi V, Bertin N, Guédon Y, Granier C. Are compound leaves more complex than simple ones? A multi-scale analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1173-1185. [PMID: 29982438 PMCID: PMC6324747 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The question of which cellular mechanisms determine the variation in leaf size has been addressed mainly in plants with simple leaves. It is addressed here in tomato taking into consideration the expected complexity added by the several lateral appendages making up the compound leaf, the leaflets. Methods Leaf and leaflet areas, epidermal cell number and areas, and endoreduplication (co-) variations were analysed in Solanum lycopersicum considering heteroblastic series in a wild type (Wva106) and an antisense mutant, the Pro35S:Slccs52AAS line, and upon drought treatments. All plants were grown in an automated phenotyping platform, PHENOPSIS, adapted to host plants grown in 7 L pots. Key Results Leaf area, leaflet area and cell number increased with leaf rank until reaching a plateau. In contrast, cell area slightly decreased and endoreduplication did not follow any trend. In the transgenic line, leaf area, leaflet areas and cell number of basal leaves were lower than in the wild type, but higher in upper leaves. Reciprocally, cell area was higher in basal leaves and lower in upper leaves. When scaled up at the whole sympodial unit, all these traits did not differ significantly between the transgenic line and the wild type. In response to drought, leaf area was reduced, with a clear dose effect that was also reported for all size-related traits, including endoreduplication. Conclusions These results provide evidence that all leaflets have the same cellular phenotypes as the leaf they belong to. Consistent with results reported for simple leaves, they show that cell number rather than cell size determines the final leaf areas and that endoreduplication can be uncoupled from leaf and cell sizes. Finally, they re-question a whole-plant control of cell division and expansion in leaves when the Wva106 and the Pro35S:Slccs52AAS lines are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garance Koch
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UR PSH, Avignon, France
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bédiée
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentina Baldazzi
- INRA, UR PSH, Avignon, France
- ISA, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, France
- BIOCORE, Inria, INRA, CNRS, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Université Côte d’Azur, France
| | | | - Yann Guédon
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Granier
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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25
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Liao C, Weijers D. A toolkit for studying cellular reorganization during early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:963-976. [PMID: 29383853 PMCID: PMC5887935 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the influence of physical and genetic factors on the patterns of cell division in various model systems. However, how each of these factors directs changes in subcellular structures has remained unclear. Generic machineries for the execution of cell expansion and division have been characterized, but how these are influenced by genetic regulators and physical cell properties remains an open question. To a large degree, the complexity of growing post-embryonic tissues and a lack of precise predictability have prevented the extraction of rigid correlations between subcellular structures and future orientation of cell division. The Arabidopsis embryo offers an exquisitely predictable and simple model for studying such correlations, but so far the tools and methodology for studying subcellular structures in the early embryo have been lacking. Here, we describe a set of markers to visualize a range of subcellular structures in the early Arabidopsis embryo. We have designed a series of fluorescent cellular reporters optimized for embryos, and demonstrate the effectiveness of using these 'ACE' reporters with simple three-dimensional imaging procedures that preserve delicate cellular structures. We describe the ontogeny of subcellular structures in the early embryo and find that central/peripheral cell polarity is established much earlier than suspected. In addition, we show that the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton has distinct topologies in the embryo. These tools and methods will allow detailed analysis of the events of cellular reorganization that underlie morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Yang Liao
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
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26
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Smant G, Helder J, Goverse A. Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:686-702. [PMID: 29277939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant-feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
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27
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Chakrabortty B, Blilou I, Scheres B, Mulder BM. A computational framework for cortical microtubule dynamics in realistically shaped plant cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005959. [PMID: 29394250 PMCID: PMC5812663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is strongly dependent on the directional growth and the subsequent oriented division of individual cells. It has been shown that the plant cortical microtubule array plays a key role in controlling both these processes. This ordered structure emerges as the collective result of stochastic interactions between large numbers of dynamic microtubules. To elucidate this complex self-organization process a number of analytical and computational approaches to study the dynamics of cortical microtubules have been proposed. To date, however, these models have been restricted to two dimensional planes or geometrically simple surfaces in three dimensions, which strongly limits their applicability as plant cells display a wide variety of shapes. This limitation is even more acute, as both local as well as global geometrical features of cells are expected to influence the overall organization of the array. Here we describe a framework for efficiently simulating microtubule dynamics on triangulated approximations of arbitrary three dimensional surfaces. This allows the study of microtubule array organization on realistic cell surfaces obtained by segmentation of microscopic images. We validate the framework against expected or known results for the spherical and cubical geometry. We then use it to systematically study the individual contributions of global geometry, cell-edge induced catastrophes and cell-face induced stability to array organization in a cuboidal geometry. Finally, we apply our framework to analyze the highly non-trivial geometry of leaf pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and Hedera helix. We show that our simulations can predict multiple features of the microtubule array structure in these cells, revealing, among others, strong constraints on the orientation of division planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandan Chakrabortty
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Living Matter, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Laboratory of plant cell and developmental biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bela M. Mulder
- Department of Living Matter, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Buendía-Monreal M, Gillmor CS. The Times They Are A-Changin': Heterochrony in Plant Development and Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1349. [PMID: 30283473 PMCID: PMC6157392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the timing of developmental programs during evolution, that lead to changes in the shape, or size of organs, are known as heterochrony. Heterochrony has been widely studied in animals, but has often been neglected in plants. During plant evolution, heterochronic shifts have played a key role in the origin and diversification of leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits. Heterochrony that results in a juvenile or simpler outcome is known as paedomorphosis, while an adult or more complex outcome is called peramorphosis. Mechanisms that alter developmental timing at the cellular level affect cell proliferation or differentiation, while those acting at the tissue or organismal level change endogenous aging pathways, morphogen signaling, and metabolism. We believe that wider consideration of heterochrony in the context of evolution will contribute to a better understanding of plant development.
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Strnad M, Vaahtera L, Khan GA, Jamoune A, Alipanah L, Novák O, Persson S, Hejatko J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity modulates Arabidopsis thaliana cell cycle gene expression in a cytokinin- and nitrate reductase-dependent manner. Development 2018; 145:dev.166678. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During plant growth and defense, cell cycle activity needs to be coordinated with cell wall integrity. Little is known about how coordination is achieved. Here we investigated coordination in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by studying the impact of cell wall damage (CWD, caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition) on cytokinin homeostasis, cell cycle gene expression and shape in root tips. CWD inhibited cell cycle gene expression and increased transition zone cell width in an osmo-sensitive manner. These results were correlated with CWD-induced, osmo-sensitive changes in cytokinin homeostasis. Expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE2 and 3 (CKX2, CKX3), encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes was induced by CWD and reduced by osmoticum treatment. In nitrate reductase1 nitrate reductase2 (nia1 nia2) seedlings, neither CKX2 and CKX3 transcript levels were increased nor cell cycle gene expression repressed by CWD. Moreover, established CWD-induced responses like jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and lignin production, were also absent, implying a central role of NIA1- and NIA2-mediated processes in regulation of CWD responses. These results suggest that CWD enhances cytokinin degradation rates through a NIA1 and NIA2-mediated process, subsequently attenuating cell cycle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Amel Jamoune
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leila Alipanah
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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30
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Velappan Y, Signorelli S, Considine MJ. Cell cycle arrest in plants: what distinguishes quiescence, dormancy and differentiated G1? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:495-509. [PMID: 28981580 PMCID: PMC5737280 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quiescence is a fundamental feature of plant life, which enables plasticity, renewal and fidelity of the somatic cell line. Cellular quiescence is defined by arrest in a particular phase of the cell cycle, typically G1 or G2; however, the regulation of quiescence and proliferation can also be considered across wider scales in space and time. As such, quiescence is a defining feature of plant development and phenology, from meristematic stem cell progenitors to terminally differentiated cells, as well as dormant or suppressed seeds and buds. While the physiology of each of these states differs considerably, each is referred to as 'cell cycle arrest' or 'G1 arrest'. SCOPE Here the physiology and molecular regulation of (1) meristematic quiescence, (2) dormancy and (3) terminal differentiation (cell cycle exit) are considered in order to determine whether and how the molecular decisions guiding these nuclear states are distinct. A brief overview of the canonical cell cycle regulators is provided, and the genetic and genomic, as well as physiological, evidence is considered regarding two primary questions: (1) Are the canonical cell cycle regulators superior or subordinate in the regulation of quiescence? (2) Are these three modes of quiescence governed by distinct molecular controls? CONCLUSION Meristematic quiescence, dormancy and terminal differentiation are each predominantly characterized by G1 arrest but regulated distinctly, at a level largely superior to the canonical cell cycle. Meristematic quiescence is intrinsically linked to non-cell-autonomous regulation of meristem cell identity, and particularly through the influence of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, in partnership with reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid and auxin. The regulation of terminal differentiation shares analogous features with meristematic quiescence, albeit with specific activators and a greater role for cytokinin signalling. Dormancy meanwhile appears to be regulated at the level of chromatin accessibility, by Polycomb group-type histone modifications of particular dormancy genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12900, Uruguay
| | - Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- For correspondence. Email
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31
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Qi J, Wu B, Feng S, Lü S, Guan C, Zhang X, Qiu D, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Li C, Long M, Jiao Y. Mechanical regulation of organ asymmetry in leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:724-733. [PMID: 29150691 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
How appendages, such as plant leaves or animal limbs, develop asymmetric shapes remains a fundamental question in biology. Although ongoing research has revealed the genetic regulation of organ pattern formation, how gene activity ultimately directs organ shape remains unclear. Here, we show that leaf dorsoventral (adaxial-abaxial) polarity signals lead to mechanical heterogeneity of the cell wall, related to the methyl-esterification of cell-wall pectins in tomato and Arabidopsis. Numerical simulations predicate that mechanical heterogeneity is sufficient to produce the asymmetry seen in planar leaves. Experimental tests that alter pectin methyl-esterification, and therefore cell wall mechanical properties, support this model and lead to polar changes in gene expression, suggesting the existence of a feedback mechanism for mechanical signals in morphogenesis. Thus, mechanical heterogeneity within tissue may underlie organ shape asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Dengli Qiu
- Bruker Nano Surfaces Business, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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