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Nazari A, Hosseinnia M, Torkian S, Garmaroudi G. Social media and mental health in students: a cross-sectional study during the Covid-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:458. [PMID: 37349682 PMCID: PMC10286331 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media causes increased use and problems due to their attractions. Hence, it can affect mental health, especially in students. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between the use of social media and the mental health of students. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on 781 university students in Lorestan province, who were selected by the Convenience Sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, social media, problematic use of social media, and mental health (DASS-21). Data were analyzed in SPSS-26 software. RESULTS Shows that marital status, major, and household income are significantly associated with lower DASS21 scores (a lower DASS21 score means better mental health status). Also, problematic use of social media (β = 3.54, 95% CI: (3.23, 3.85)) was significantly associated with higher mental health scores (a higher DASS21 score means worse mental health status). Income and social media use (β = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.25) were significantly associated with higher DASS21 scores (a higher DASS21 score means worse mental health status). Major was significantly associated with lower DASS21 scores (a lower DASS21 score means better mental health status). CONCLUSION This study indicated that social media had a direct relationship with mental health. Despite the large amount of evidence suggesting that social media harms mental health, more research is still necessary to determine the cause and how social media can be used without harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Nazari
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151 Iran
| | - Maede Hosseinnia
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Torkian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151 Iran
| | - Gholamreza Garmaroudi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151 Iran
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Maria Michael J, Reyes MES. Online Mindfulness-Based Logotherapy Program: A Pilot Study Targeting Depressive Symptoms of Cyberbullied Adolescents During the Covid-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023; 8:1-9. [PMID: 36117749 PMCID: PMC9464054 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-022-00279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has led to the intensive use of the internet for educational and recreational purposes, leading adolescents to be more exposed to cyberbullying. Empirical studies indicate that cyberbullying has become a pervasive problem among adolescents causing negative consequences like depression. Moreover, the global pandemic lockdown and quarantine measures gave rise to the demand for telepsychology and teletherapy to virtually address the psychological needs of netizens. Thus, utilizing Conklin's program development model, we created and experimentally tested an online intervention program to target the depressive symptoms experienced by cyberbullied adolescents. We integrated logotherapy and mindfulness to develop an eight-modular, Online Mindfulness-based Logotherapy Program (OnlineMLP). After being validated by experts in various disciplines, we experimentally pilot tested the efficacy of the OnlineMLP in a 3-h session per module in four weeks to a group (N = 10) of cyberbullied adolescents in Tamilnadu, India. The pilot study showed significantly that the OnlineMLP had a positive effect on the participants reducing their depressive symptoms. Furthermore, it confirmed that the online program's concepts and structure are reliable, feasible, and efficacious for testing a more extensive base of cyberbullied adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Eric S. Reyes
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
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Issa T, Alqahtani S, Issa T, Iahad NA, Peldon P, Kim S, Saurabh S, Pervaizz S, Yoo SJ. Asia-Pacific Students' Awareness and Behaviour Regarding Social Networking in the Education Sector. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.4018/jgim.2019100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Social networking (SN) technology has been presented to human beings as a means of communicating, collaborating, connecting, and cooperating to exchange knowledge, skills, news, chat, and to maintain contact with peers world-wide. This article examines SN awareness in the Asia-Pacific (AP) education sector (ES) with a specific focus on the advantages and disadvantages of SN; and investigated whether AP culture influences SN adoption by the ES. An online survey was distributed to 1014 AP students and a total of 826 students responded. Several new advantages of adoption emerged from the data analysis. SN enabled students to accomplish their study tasks more quickly; it allowed them to communicate and collaborate with peers world-wide; and it fostered sustainability. The disadvantages perceived by students include depression, loneliness, and distraction, lack of interest in pursuing traditional activities, and security and privacy concerns. Finally, culture does influence SN adoption by ES institutions in AP countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peldon Peldon
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
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Resnik F, Bellmore A. Connecting Online and Offline Social Skills to Adolescents' Peer Victimization and Psychological Adjustment. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:386-398. [PMID: 30390194 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peer victimization is a common experience among high school students and is associated with many negative adjustment outcomes, making it necessary to investigate the individual and contextual factors that may ameliorate the consequences of peer victimization. The current study explores whether social competence offline and online mediates the relationship between peer victimization and psychological adjustment for adolescents. High school students (n = 303, Mage = 15.83, 65.2% female) reported about their peer victimization experiences, social skills, perceptions of peers' acceptance offline and social media acceptance, and self-worth. By considering both online and offline contexts, the underlying assumption that there are important differences between the two contexts and that these differences have a unique impact on teens who experience peer victimization was tested. The results indicate that teens who experience peer-victimization have deficits in both their offline and online social competence. Path analysis revealed that offline social skills mediate the relationship between peer victimization and self-worth. Also, there was a modest correlation between the indicators of offline social skills and online social skills indicating that they are not identical and have different associations with self-worth. Since teens are interacting with social media as another context of their everyday life, the implications for interventions aimed at targets of peer-victimization are meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Resnik
- University of Wisconsin, 1025W Johnson St Rm 863G, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Amy Bellmore
- University of Wisconsin, 1025W Johnson St Rm 863G, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Borghi CA, Szylit R, Ichikawa CRDF, Baliza MF, Camara UTJ, Frizzo HCF. Use of social networking websites as a care instrument for hospitalized adolescents. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2017-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective: This study aimed to understand how social networking websites are used by adolescents and their importance during the hospitalization process. Method: A descriptive and qualitative study was supported by the virtual ethnographic method and resorted to the symbolic interactionism as theoretical framework. Eleven hospitalized adolescents were interviewed. Results: Three categories were identified based on the analysis of interviews and posts: Being able to use social networking websites during hospitalization; Using the Facebook® chat to keep connected to friends; Seeking support from friends through social networking websites. Final considerations: Facebook® was the social networking website that adolescents used the most, standing out as an important form of entertainment during hospitalization that facilitates communication and social support. Healthcare professionals should value the use of social networking websites by hospitalized adolescents and encourage access to these tools, providing hospital resources to expand and facilitate this access.
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Bedell GM, Wade SL, Turkstra LS, Haarbauer-Krupa J, King JA. Informing design of an app-based coaching intervention to promote social participation of teenagers with traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurorehabil 2017; 20:408-417. [PMID: 27792407 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2016.1237584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine perspectives of multiple stakeholders to inform the design of an app-based coaching intervention to promote social participation in teenagers with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Teenagers and college students with and without TBI and parents of teenagers with TBI were recruited from two children's hospitals and two universities in the USA (n = 39). Data were collected via interviews, focus groups, and surveys and examined using descriptive statistics and content analyses. RESULTS Teenagers with TBI reported more social participation barriers and fewer strategies for addressing these barriers than teenagers without TBI. There was consensus across groups about the value of college student coaches and use of smartphones and apps. Participants expressed mixed views on the use of chat rooms and degree of parent involvement. CONCLUSION Results provided insights about the possible benefits of the intervention, and informed its initial design (e.g., desired coach qualities, and type of coach training and supervision).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Bedell
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Shari L Wade
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Lyn S Turkstra
- c Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Neuroscience Training Program, Department of Surgery , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa
- d Division of Rehabilitation Services , Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Jessica A King
- b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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Landry M, Turner M, Vyas A, Wood S. Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link? JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017; 3:e28. [PMID: 28526670 PMCID: PMC5457530 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent sexual risk taking and its consequences remain a global public health concern. Empirical evidence on the impact that social media has on sexual health behaviors among youth is sparse. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to examine the relationship between social media and the change in sexual risk over time and whether parental monitoring moderates this relationship. METHODS This study comprised a sample of 555 Latino youth aged 13-19 years from Maryland, United States completing baseline and follow-up surveys. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to examine the relationship between social media and the change in sexual risk over time and whether parental monitoring moderated the relationship. RESULTS Sexual risk behaviors significantly increased between baseline (T1) and follow up (T2) (mean=0.432 vs mean=0.734, P<.001). Youth sending more than 100 text messages per day had significantly higher sexual risk scores (beta=1.008, P<.001) but significantly larger declines in sexual risk scores for higher levels of parental monitoring (beta=-.237, P=.009). CONCLUSIONS Although adolescents exchange SMS at high rates, parental monitoring remains vital to parent-child relationships and can moderate SMS frequency and sexual risk behaviors, despite parental influence diminishing and peer pressure and social influences increasing during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Landry
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthDepartment of Prevention and Community HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DCUnited States
| | - Monique Turner
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthDepartment of Prevention and Community HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DCUnited States
| | - Amita Vyas
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthDepartment of Prevention and Community HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DCUnited States
| | - Susan Wood
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthDepartment of Health PolicyThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DCUnited States
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Condran B, Gahagan J, Isfeld-Kiely H. A scoping review of social media as a platform for multi-level sexual health promotion interventions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.261-a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
While social media can present unique opportunities for sexual health promotion interventions that target social ecological levels beyond the intrapersonal, health promotion as a discipline has not yet fully realized the potential of these platforms. The following scoping review focuses on the use of social media in the delivery of sexual health interventions targeting the interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy levels of the social ecological model for change. A total of 398 articles on social media-based sexual health promotion interventions were identified. From this, 67 articles were reviewed in-depth, and 24 met the criteria for inclusion. Of these, four articles described interventions that focused on changing the knowledge, attitudes or behaviour of participants at the intrapersonal level. The remaining 20 articles targeted levels beyond the intrapersonal, with an emphasis on promoting change at broader levels to create environments that support sustained behavioural change. The examples provided by the 24 studies reviewed in this scoping review demonstrate how social media can offer unique health promotion tools for creating social networks and communities to support or deliver intervention activities, as well as for connecting individuals with appropriate and contextually responsive sexual health services. This scoping review provides valuable insights into potential strategies for developing and conducting multi-level social media-based sexual health promotion interventions and identifies areas where outcome and evaluative data are needed to demonstrate impact and potential for scale-up of intervention strategies.
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Radovic A, Gmelin T, Stein BD, Miller E. Depressed adolescents' positive and negative use of social media. J Adolesc 2017; 55:5-15. [PMID: 27997851 PMCID: PMC5485251 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study examined descriptions of social media use among 23 adolescents (18 female, 5 male) who were diagnosed with depression to explore how social media use may influence and be influenced by psychological distress. Adolescents described both positive and negative use of social media. Positive use included searching for positive content (i.e. for entertainment, humor, content creation) or for social connection. Negative use included sharing risky behaviors, cyberbullying, and for making self-denigrating comparisons with others. Adolescents described three types of use in further detail including "oversharing" (sharing updates at a high frequency or too much personal information), "stressed posting" (sharing negative updates with a social network), and encountering "triggering posts." In the context of treatment, these adolescents shifted their social media use patterns from what they perceived as negative to more positive use. Implications for clinicians counseling depressed adolescents on social media use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Radovic
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Oakland Medical Building, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Theresa Gmelin
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Oakland Medical Building, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Bradley D Stein
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Oakland Medical Building, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
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Ceglarek PJ, Ward LM. A tool for help or harm? How associations between social networking use, social support, and mental health differ for sexual minority and heterosexual youth. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Barman-Adhikari A, Rice E, Bender K, Lengnick-Hall R, Yoshioka-Maxwell A, Rhoades H. Social Networking Technology Use and Engagement in HIV-Related Risk and Protective Behaviors Among Homeless Youth. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 21:809-817. [PMID: 27337044 PMCID: PMC5158181 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1177139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies with homeless youth have found surprisingly pervasive social media use and suggest that youth's online interactions may be associated with their HIV-related risk and protective behaviors. As homeless youth are transient and difficult to engage in place-based services, social media may represent a novel venue for intervention. A critical 1st step in intervention development is gaining greater understanding of how homeless youth use social media, especially as it relates to who they connect to and around what topics. Given the salience of social networking sites in the lives of these otherwise difficult-to-reach adolescents, and their potential to disseminate prevention interventions, this study assessed associations between online social networking technology use and HIV risk behaviors among homeless youth in Los Angeles, California. Homeless youth ages 13 through 24 (N = 1,046) were recruited through 3 drop-in centers and surveyed about their social media use and self-reported HIV-related risk behaviors. Results suggest that social media use is widely prevalent among this population, and the content of these online interactions is associated with whether youth engage in risk or protective behaviors. Implications for interventions and further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Rice
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - Harmony Rhoades
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Doornwaard SM, ter Bogt TFM, Reitz E, van den Eijnden RJJM. Sex-Related Online Behaviors, Perceived Peer Norms and Adolescents' Experience with Sexual Behavior: Testing an Integrative Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127787. [PMID: 26086606 PMCID: PMC4472963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the role of sex-related Internet use in adolescents' sexual development has often isolated the Internet and online behaviors from other, offline influencing factors in adolescents' lives, such as processes in the peer domain. The aim of this study was to test an integrative model explaining how receptive (i.e., use of sexually explicit Internet material [SEIM]) and interactive (i.e., use of social networking sites [SNS]) sex-related online behaviors interrelate with perceived peer norms in predicting adolescents' experience with sexual behavior. Structural equation modeling on longitudinal data from 1,132 Dutch adolescents (M(age) T1 = 13.95; range 11-17; 52.7% boys) demonstrated concurrent, direct, and indirect effects between sex-related online behaviors, perceived peer norms, and experience with sexual behavior. SEIM use (among boys) and SNS use (among boys and girls) predicted increases in adolescents' perceptions of peer approval of sexual behavior and/or in their estimates of the numbers of sexually active peers. These perceptions, in turn, predicted increases in adolescents' level of experience with sexual behavior at the end of the study. Boys' SNS use also directly predicted increased levels of experience with sexual behavior. These findings highlight the need for multisystemic research and intervention development to promote adolescents' sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M. Doornwaard
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom F. M. ter Bogt
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Reitz
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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The impact of social media on the sexual and social wellness of adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:2-5. [PMID: 25555296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For most adolescents in the United States, the use of social media is an integral part of daily life. While the advent of the Internet has enhanced information dispersal and communication worldwide, it has also had a negative impact on the sexual and social wellness of many of its adolescent users. The objective of this review is to describe the role of social media in the evolution of social norms, to illustrate how online activity can negatively impact adolescent self-esteem and contribute to high-risk adolescent behaviors, to elucidate how this activity can result in real-world consequences with life-long results, and to provide guidance regarding social media use for those who care for adolescents. Although research is now aimed at use of social media for positive health and wellness interventions, much work needs to be done to determine the utility of these programs. Adolescent healthcare providers are important contributors to this new field of study and must resolve to stay informed and to engage this up-and-coming generation on the benefits and risks of social media use.
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Tiggemann M, Slater A. NetGirls: the Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:630-3. [PMID: 23712456 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to examine the relationship between Internet exposure and body image concern in adolescent girls, with a particular focus on the social networking site of Facebook. METHOD A sample of 1,087 girls in the first two years (Years 8 and 9) of high school (aged 13-15 years) completed questionnaire measures of Internet consumption and body image concerns. RESULTS The overwhelming majority of girls (95.9%) had access to the Internet in their home. Time spent on the Internet was significantly related to internalization of the thin ideal, body surveillance, and drive for thinness. Further, 75% of the girls had a Facebook profile, and spent an average of 1.5 hours there daily. Facebook users scored significantly more highly on all body image concern measures than non-users. DISCUSSION It was concluded that the Internet represents a potent socio-cultural medium of relevance to the body image of adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Tiggemann
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
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