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Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into the variety of sperm storage in oviduct of egg layers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101087. [PMID: 33887680 PMCID: PMC8082553 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In birds, the sperm storage tubules (SST) are dispersed in uterovaginal junction (UVJ) and highly correlated with differential capacity of sperm storage (SS) in and among species with unspecified mechanisms. Here, the SS duration of 252 egg layer breeders was evaluated in 5 rounds with 3 phenotypic traits to screen high- and low-SS individuals, respectively, followed with transcriptome of UVJ tissues and metabolome of serum (high-SS vs. low-SS) to decipher the candidate genes and biochemical markers correlated with differential SS capacity. Histological characterization suggested slightly higher density of SST in UVJ (high-SS vs. low-SS). Transcriptome analyses identified 596 differentially expressed genes (336 upregulated vs. 260 downregulated), which were mainly enriched in gene ontology terms of homeostasis, steroid and lipid metabolism and hormone activity, and 12 significant pathways (P < 0.05) represented by calcium, steroid, and lipid metabolism. Immunohistochemical staining of GNAQ, ST6GAL1, ADFP, and PCNA showed similar distribution in UVJ tissues between 2 groups. Several candidates (HSD11B2, DIO2, AQP3, GNAQ, NANS, ST6GAL1) combined with 4 (11β-prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin B1, 7α-hydroxytestosterone, and N-acetylneuraminic acid) of 40 differential metabolites enriched in serum metabolome were considered as regulators and biomarkers of SS duration in egg layer breeders. The integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses of chicken breeder hens will provide novel insights for exploration and improvement of differential SS capacity in birds.
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Kanasaki H, Tumurbaatar T, Tumurgan Z, Oride A, Okada H, Kyo S. Effect of relaxin-3 on Kiss-1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin subunit gene expression. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:397-404. [PMID: 31607801 PMCID: PMC6780024 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Relaxin-3 is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that belongs to the insulin superfamily. We examined whether relaxin-3 could affect hypothalamic Kiss-1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and pituitary gonadotropin subunit gene expression. METHODS Mouse hypothalamic cell models, mHypoA-50 (originated from the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular region), mHypoA-55 (originated from arcuate nucleus), and GT1-7, and the mouse pituitary gonadotroph LβT2 were used. Expression of Kiss-1, GnRH, and luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β-subunits was determined after stimulation with relaxin-3. RESULTS RXFP3, a principle relaxin-3 receptor, was expressed in these cell models. In mHypoA-50 cells, relaxin-3 did not exert a significant effect on Kiss-1 expression. In contrast, the Kiss-1 gene in mHypoA-55 was significantly increased by 1 nmol/L relaxin-3. These cells also express GnRH mRNA, and its expression was significantly stimulated by relaxin-3. In GT1-7 cells, relaxin-3 significantly upregulated Kiss-1 expression; however, GnRH mRNA expression in GT1-7 cells was not altered. In primary cultures of fetal rat neuronal cells, 100 nmol/L relaxin-3 significantly increased GnRH expression. In pituitary gonadotroph LβT2, both LHβ- and FSHβ-subunit were significantly increased by 1 nmol/L relaxin-3. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that relaxin-3 exerts its effect by modulating the expression of Kiss-1, GnRH, and gonadotropin subunits, all of which are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShimane University School of MedicineIzumoJapan
| | | | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShimane University School of MedicineIzumoJapan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShimane University School of MedicineIzumoJapan
| | - Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShimane University School of MedicineIzumoJapan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShimane University School of MedicineIzumoJapan
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Huvet A, Béguel JP, Cavaleiro NP, Thomas Y, Quillien V, Boudry P, Alunno-Bruscia M, Fabioux C. Disruption of amylase genes by RNA interference affects reproduction in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1740-7. [PMID: 25883379 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Feeding strategies and digestive capacities can have important implications for variation in energetic pathways associated with ecological and economically important traits, such as growth or reproduction in bivalve species. Here, we investigated the role of amylase in the digestive processes of Crassostrea gigas, using in vivo RNA interference. This approach also allowed us to investigate the relationship between energy intake by feeding and gametogenesis in oysters. Double-stranded (ds)RNA designed to target the two α-amylase genes A and B was injected in vivo into the visceral mass of oysters at two doses. These treatments caused significant reductions in mean mRNA levels of the amylase genes: -50.7% and -59% mRNA A, and -71.9% and -70.6% mRNA B in 15 and 75 µg dsRNA-injected oysters, respectively, relative to controls. Interestingly, reproductive knock-down phenotypes were observed for both sexes at 48 days post-injection, with a significant reduction of the gonad area (-22.5% relative to controls) and germ cell under-proliferation revealed by histology. In response to the higher dose of dsRNA, we also observed reductions in amylase activity (-53%) and absorption efficiency (-5%). Based on these data, dynamic energy budget modeling showed that the limitation of energy intake by feeding that was induced by injection of amylase dsRNA was insufficient to affect gonadic development at the level observed in the present study. This finding suggests that other driving mechanisms, such as endogenous hormonal modulation, might significantly change energy allocation to reproduction, and increase the maintenance rate in oysters in response to dsRNA injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Béguel
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Nathalia Pereira Cavaleiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Rua Getúlio Vargas 333, 25651-071 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yoann Thomas
- Université de Nantes, Mer Molécules Santé EA 2160, Nantes 44322, Cedex 3, France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Marianne Alunno-Bruscia
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Plouzané 29280, France
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Wang F, Chen W, Lin H, Li W. Cloning, expression, and ligand-binding characterization of two neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1693-1707. [PMID: 25007879 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important multifunctional peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) performs its physiological functions through different subtype receptors. In this study, full-length cDNAs of two NPY receptors (YRs) in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) were cloned and named npy8br (y8b) and npy2r (y2). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Y8b receptor is an ortholog of the teleostean Y8b receptor, which belongs to the Y1 subfamily, and the Y2 receptor is an ortholog of the teleostean Y2 receptor, which belongs to the Y2 subfamily. Both of the YRs have G protein-coupled receptor family profiles. Multiple alignments demonstrate that the extracellular loop regions of YRs have distinctive residues of each species. Expression profile analysis revealed that the grouper Y8b receptor mRNA is primarily expressed in the brain, stomach and intestine, while the grouper Y2 receptor mRNA is primarily expressed in the brain, ovary, liver and heart. Double immunofluorescence analysis determined that the grouper YRs interact with the grouper NPY around the human embryonic kidney 293T cell surface. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis in a phage display system revealed that Asp(6.59) might be a common NPY-binding site, while Asp(2.68) of the Y8b receptor and Glu(5.24) of the Y2 receptor could be likely involved in subtype-specific binding. Combining the expression profile and ligand-binding feature, the grouper Y8b receptor could be involved in regulating food intake via the brain-gut axis and the grouper Y2 receptor might play a role in balancing the regulatory activity of the Y8b receptor and participate in metabolism in the liver and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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Goebel-Stengel M, Stengel A, Wang L, Taché Y. Orexigenic response to tail pinch: role of brain NPY(1) and corticotropin releasing factor receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R164-74. [PMID: 24338440 PMCID: PMC3921301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tail pinch stimulates food intake in rats. We investigated brain mechanisms of this response and the influence of repeated exposure. Sprague-Dawley rats received acute (5 min) or repeated (5 min/day for 14 days) tail pinch using a padded clip. Acute tail pinch increased 5-min food intake compared with control (0.92 ± 0.2 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 g, P < 0.01). This response was inhibited by 76% by intracerebroventricular injection of BIBP-3226, a neuropeptide Y1 (NPY1) receptor antagonist, increased by 48% by astressin-B, a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist, and not modified by S-406-028, a somatostatin subtype 2 antagonist. After the 5-min tail pinch without food, blood glucose rose by 21% (P < 0.01) while changes in plasma acyl ghrelin (+41%) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (+37%) were not significant. Two tail pinches (45 min apart) activate pontine and hindbrain catecholaminergic and hypothalamic paraventricular CRF neurons. After 14 days of repeated tail pinch, the 5-min orexigenic response was not significantly different from days 2 to 11 but reduced by 50% thereafter (P < 0.001). Simultaneously, the 5-min fecal pellet output increased during the last 5 days compared with the first 5 days (+58%, P < 0.05). At day 14, the body weight gain was reduced by 22%, with a 99% inhibition of fat gain and a 25% reduction in lean mass (P < 0.05). The orexigenic response to acute 5-min tail pinch is likely to involve the activation of brain NPY1 signaling, whereas that of CRF tends to dampen the acute response and may contribute to increased defecation and decreased body weight gain induced by repeated tail pinch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, at University of California Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Di Yorio MP, Bilbao MG, Faletti AG. Neuropeptide Y regulates the leptin receptors in rat hypothalamic and pituitary explant cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 188:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mori RCT, Telles MM, Guimarães RB, Novo NF, Juliano Y, Nascimento CMO, Ribeiro EB. Feeding Induced by Increasing Doses of Neuropeptide Y: Dual Effect on Hypothalamic Serotonin Release in Normal Rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:235-9. [PMID: 15682650 DOI: 10.1080/10284150400012794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels increase during fasting and before dark onset in rats. The feeding that follows these states elicits the release of serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), as part of the physiological mechanisms controlling satiety. With the hypothesis that exogenous NPY-induced feeding should also stimulate serotonin, we measured its release in the LH of non-fasted rats, which received a single intracerebroventricular injection of either 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 microg of NPY. After 1.0 microg, the cumulative 2-h intake was of 13 g and serotonin release significantly increased (54% peak). These feeding and serotonergic responses were highly similar to the ones we observed in a previous study, in which feeding followed an overnight fast. Thus, the 1.0 microg NPY dose stimulated intake while preserving the normal serotonergic activation. Contrarily, as the NPY dose was increased to either 2.0 or 5.0 microg, the cumulative 2-h intakes were of 18 g, but the serotonergic stimulation was absent. It is suggested that this dual NPY effect relies on a finely tuned control mechanism, reflecting the existence of a narrow range of NPY levels within which the serotonergic stimulation resembles those seen in physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana C T Mori
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
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Latent modulation: a basis for non-disruptive promotion of two incompatible behaviors by a single network state. J Neurosci 2013; 33:3786-98. [PMID: 23447591 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5371-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral states often preferentially enhance specific classes of behavior and suppress incompatible behaviors. In the nervous system, this may involve upregulation of the efficacy of neural modules that mediate responses to one stimulus and suppression of modules that generate antagonistic or incompatible responses to another stimulus. In Aplysia, prestimulation of egestive inputs [esophageal nerve (EN)] facilitates subsequent EN-elicited egestive responses and weakens ingestive responses to ingestive inputs [Cerebral-Buccal Interneuron (CBI-2)]. However, a single state can also promote incompatible behaviors in response to different stimuli. This is the case in Aplysia, where prestimulation of CBI-2 inputs not only enhances subsequent CBI-2-elicited ingestive responses, but also strengthens EN-elicited egestive responses. We used the modularly organized feeding network of Aplysia to characterize the organizational principles that allow a single network state to promote two opposing behaviors, ingestion and egestion, without the two interfering with each other. We found that the CBI-2 prestimulation-induced state upregulates the excitability of neuron B65 which, as a member of the egestive module, increases the strength of egestive responses. Furthermore, we found that this upregulation is likely mediated by the actions of the neuropeptides FCAP (Feeding Circuit Activating Peptide) and CP2 (Cerebral Peptide 2). This increased excitability is mediated by a form of modulation that we refer to as "latent modulation" because it is established during stimulation of CBI-2, which does not activate B65. However, when B65 is recruited into EN-elicited egestive responses, the effects of the latent modulation are expressed as a higher B65 firing rate and a resultant strengthening of the egestive response.
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Bowers ME, Choi DC, Ressler KJ. Neuropeptide regulation of fear and anxiety: Implications of cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and neuropeptide Y. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:699-710. [PMID: 22429904 PMCID: PMC3532931 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuitry of fear likely underlies anxiety and fear-related disorders such as specific and social phobia, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The primary pharmacological treatments currently utilized for these disorders include benzodiazepines, which act on the GABAergic receptor system, and antidepressants, which modulate the monamine systems. However, recent work on the regulation of fear neural circuitry suggests that specific neuropeptide modulation of this system is of critical importance. Recent reviews have examined the roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis neuropeptides as well as the roles of neurotrophic factors in regulating fear. The present review, instead, will focus on three neuropeptide systems which have received less attention in recent years but which are clearly involved in regulating fear and its extinction. The endogenous opioid system, particularly activating the μ opioid receptors, has been demonstrated to regulate fear expression and extinction, possibly through functioning as an error signal within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to mark unreinforced conditioned stimuli. The cholecystokinin (CCK) system initially led to much excitement through its potential role in panic disorder. More recent work in the CCK neuropeptide pathway suggests that it may act in concordance with the endogenous cannabinoid system in the modulation of fear inhibition and extinction. Finally, older as well as very recent data suggests that neuropeptide Y (NPY) may play a very interesting role in counteracting stress effects, enhancing extinction, and enhancing resilience in fear and stress preclinical models. Future work in understanding the mechanisms of neuropeptide functioning, particularly within well-known behavioral circuits, are likely to provide fascinating new clues into the understanding of fear behavior as well as suggesting novel therapeutics for treating disorders of anxiety and fear dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory E Bowers
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Abstract
When administered into the brain, NPY acts at Y1 and Y5 receptors to increase food intake. The response occurs with a short latency and is quite robust, such that exogenous NPY is generally considered to be the most potent of a growing list of orexigenic compounds that act in the brain. The role of endogenous NPY is not so straightforward, however. Evidence from diverse types of experiments suggests that rather than initiating behavioral eating per se, endogenous NPY elicits autonomic responses that prepare the individual to better cope with consuming a calorically large meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Chambers
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Do Rego JL, Seong JY, Burel D, Leprince J, Vaudry D, Luu-The V, Tonon MC, Tsutsui K, Pelletier G, Vaudry H. Regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:4. [PMID: 22654849 PMCID: PMC3356045 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic pathways leading to the synthesis of bioactive steroids in the brain are now almost completely elucidated in various groups of vertebrates and, during the last decade, the neuronal mechanisms involved in the regulation of neurosteroid production have received increasing attention. This report reviews the current knowledge concerning the effects of neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and neuropeptides on the biosynthesis of neurosteroids. Anatomical studies have been carried out to visualize the neurotransmitter- or neuropeptide-containing fibers contacting steroid-synthesizing neurons as well as the neurotransmitter, peptide hormones, or neuropeptide receptors expressed in these neurons. Biochemical experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, or neuropeptides on neurosteroid biosynthesis, and to characterize the type of receptors involved. Thus, it has been found that glutamate, acting through kainate and/or AMPA receptors, rapidly inactivates P450arom, and that melatonin produced by the pineal gland and eye inhibits the biosynthesis of 7α-hydroxypregnenolone (7α-OH-Δ(5)P), while prolactin produced by the adenohypophysis enhances the formation of 7α-OH-Δ(5)P. It has also been demonstrated that the biosynthesis of neurosteroids is inhibited by GABA, acting through GABA(A) receptors, and neuropeptide Y, acting through Y1 receptors. In contrast, it has been shown that the octadecaneuropetide ODN, acting through central-type benzodiazepine receptors, the triakontatetraneuropeptide TTN, acting though peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors, and vasotocin, acting through V1a-like receptors, stimulate the production of neurosteroids. Since neurosteroids are implicated in the control of various neurophysiological and behavioral processes, these data suggest that some of the neurophysiological effects exerted by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may be mediated via the regulation of neurosteroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Luc Do Rego
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Laboratory of G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Delphine Burel
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U982, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jerôme Leprince
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U982, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U982, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Van Luu-The
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Genetics, Laval University Hospital CenterQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U982, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan
- Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Georges Pelletier
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Genetics, Laval University Hospital CenterQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERMMont-Saint-Aignan France
- European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging, PRIMACEN, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de ChamplainMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U982, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- *Correspondence: Hubert Vaudry, INSERM U982, European Institute for Peptide Research, IFRMP 23, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. e-mail:
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Dalvi PS, Nazarians-Armavil A, Tung S, Belsham DD. Immortalized neurons for the study of hypothalamic function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1030-52. [PMID: 21248304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00649.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a vital part of the central nervous system: it harbors control systems implicated in regulation of a wide range of homeostatic processes, including energy balance and reproduction. Structurally, the hypothalamus is a complex neuroendocrine tissue composed of a multitude of unique neuronal cell types that express a number of neuromodulators, including hormones, classical neurotransmitters, and specific neuropeptides that play a critical role in mediating hypothalamic function. However, neuropeptide and receptor gene expression, second messenger activation, and electrophysiological and secretory properties of these hypothalamic neurons are not yet fully defined, primarily because the heterogeneity and complex neuronal architecture of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus make such studies challenging to perform in vivo. To circumvent this problem, our research group recently generated embryonic- and adult-derived hypothalamic neuronal cell models by utilizing the novel molecular techniques of ciliary neurotrophic factor-induced neurogenesis and SV40 T antigen transfer to primary hypothalamic neuronal cell cultures. Significant research with these cell lines has demonstrated their value as a potential tool for use in molecular genetic analysis of hypothalamic neuronal function. Insights gained from hypothalamic immortalized cells used in conjunction with in vivo models will enhance our understanding of hypothalamic functions such as neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, glucose sensing, energy homeostasis, circadian rhythms, and reproduction. This review discusses the generation and use of hypothalamic cell models to study mechanisms underlying the function of individual hypothalamic neurons and to gain a more complete understanding of the overall physiology of the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Dalvi
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Homeostasis: Update on New Insights. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 181:17-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)81002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Proper nutrition, avoidance of ingesting substances that are harmful to the whole organism, and maintenance of energy homeostasis are crucial for living organisms. Additionally, mammals possess a sophisticated system to control the types and content of food that we swallow. Gustation is a vital sensory skill for determining which food stuffs to ingest and which to avoid, and for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It is becoming apparent that there is a strong link between metabolic control and flavor perception. Although the gustatory system critically influences food preference, food intake, and metabolic homeostasis, the mechanisms for modulating taste sensitivity by metabolic hormones are just now being explored. It is likely that hormones produced in the tongue influence the amounts and types of food that we eat: the hormones that we associate with appetite control, glucose homeostasis and satiety, such as glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin, and neuropeptide Y are also produced locally in taste buds. In this report, we will provide an overview of the peptidergic endocrine hormone factors that are present or are known to have effects within the gustatory system, and we will discuss their roles, where known, in taste signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyong Shin
- Diabetes Section/NIA/NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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15
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Lang RP, Bayne CJ, Camara MD, Cunningham C, Jenny MJ, Langdon CJ. Transcriptome profiling of selectively bred Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:650-68. [PMID: 19205802 PMCID: PMC2882249 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sessile inhabitants of marine intertidal environments commonly face heat stress, an important component of summer mortality syndrome in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Marker-aided selection programs would be useful for developing oyster strains that resist summer mortality; however, there is currently a need to identify candidate genes associated with stress tolerance and to develop molecular markers associated with those genes. To identify candidate genes for further study, we used cDNA microarrays to test the hypothesis that oyster families that had high (>64%) or low (<29%) survival of heat shock (43 degrees C, 1 h) differ in their transcriptional responses to stress. Based upon data generated by the microarray and by real-time quantitative PCR, we found that transcription after heat shock increased for genes putatively encoding heat shock proteins and genes for proteins that synthesize lipids, protect against bacterial infection, and regulate spawning, whereas transcription decreased for genes for proteins that mobilize lipids and detoxify reactive oxygen species. RNAs putatively identified as heat shock protein 27, collagen, peroxinectin, S-crystallin, and two genes with no match in Genbank had higher transcript concentrations in low-surviving families than in high-surviving families, whereas concentration of putative cystatin B mRNA was greater in high-surviving families. These ESTs should be studied further for use in marker-aided selection programs. Low survival of heat shock could result from a complex interaction of cell damage, opportunistic infection, and metabolic exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paul Lang
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA.
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16
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Hilke S, Holm L, Man K, Hökfelt T, Theodorsson E. Rapid change of neuropeptide Y levels and gene-expression in the brain of ovariectomized mice after administration of 17beta-estradiol. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:327-32. [PMID: 19481799 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen alters excitability and changes synaptic morphology in the rat hippocampal formation. We have compared, by means of radioimmunoassay and in situ hybridization, the effects of short-term treatment with 17beta-estradiol on neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain of ovariectomized mice. A highly significant reduction in concentrations of NPY-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in the hippocampal formation, some cortical areas and the caudate nucleus 1h after administration of 17beta-estradiol as compared to the control group. In contrast, NPY transcript levels increased in the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus) and the caudate nucleus, possibly representing a compensatory increase of NPY synthesis following increased estradiol-induced NPY release. These data suggest that 17beta-estradiol, via membrane-related mechanisms, increases NPY release and synthesis in forebrain areas involved in cognition, mood and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hilke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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17
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Do Rego JL, Seong JY, Burel D, Leprince J, Luu-The V, Tsutsui K, Tonon MC, Pelletier G, Vaudry H. Neurosteroid biosynthesis: enzymatic pathways and neuroendocrine regulation by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:259-301. [PMID: 19505496 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids synthesized in neuronal tissue, referred to as neurosteroids, are implicated in proliferation, differentiation, activity and survival of nerve cells. Neurosteroids are also involved in the control of a number of behavioral, neuroendocrine and metabolic processes such as regulation of food intake, locomotor activity, sexual activity, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, body temperature and blood pressure. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the existence, neuroanatomical distribution and biological activity of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain of vertebrates, and we review the neuronal mechanisms that control the activity of these enzymes. The observation that the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes is finely tuned by various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides strongly suggests that some of the central effects of these neuromodulators may be mediated via the regulation of neurosteroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Luc Do Rego
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 413, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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18
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Gruber KA, Fan W, Akerberg H, Larhammar D, Chee MJS, Colmers WF, Cone RD. Neuropeptide Y and gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) share a common pressor mechanism of action. Endocrine 2009; 35:312-24. [PMID: 19363600 PMCID: PMC2714906 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central circuits known to regulate food intake and energy expenditure also affect central cardiovascular regulation. For example, both the melanocortin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) peptide families, known to regulate food intake, also produce central hypertensive effects. Members of both families share a similar C-terminal amino acid residue sequence, RF(Y) amide, a sequence distinct from that required for melanocortin receptor binding. A recently delineated family of RFamide receptors recognizes both of these C-terminal motifs. We now present evidence that an antagonist with Y1 and RFamide receptor activity, BIBO3304, will attenuate the central cardiovascular effects of both gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) and NPY. The use of synthetic melanocortin and NPY peptide analogs excluded an interaction with melanocortin or Y family receptors. We suggest that the anatomical convergence of NPY and melanocortin neurons on cardiovascular control centers may have pathophysiological implications through a common or similar RFamide receptor(s), much as they converge on other nuclei to coordinately control energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Gruber
- The Center for the Study of Weight Regulation and Associated Disorders and The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- The Center for the Study of Weight Regulation and Associated Disorders and The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Helena Akerberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Roger D. Cone
- The Center for the Study of Weight Regulation and Associated Disorders and The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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19
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Minor RK, Chang JW, de Cabo R. Hungry for life: How the arcuate nucleus and neuropeptide Y may play a critical role in mediating the benefits of calorie restriction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:79-88. [PMID: 19041366 PMCID: PMC2668104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory studies consistently demonstrate extended lifespan in animals on calorie restriction (CR), where total caloric intake is reduced by 10-40% but adequate nutrition is otherwise maintained. CR has been further shown to delay the onset and severity of chronic diseases associated with aging such as cancer, and to extend the functional health span of important faculties like cognition. Less understood are the underlying mechanisms through which CR might act to induce such alterations. One theory postulates that CR's beneficial effects are intimately tied to the neuroendocrine response to low energy availability, of which the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neurotransmitter in the front line of the arcuate response to low energy availability, is the primary hunger signal affected by CR and therefore may be a critical mechanism for lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin K. Minor
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy W. Chang
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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20
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Södersten P, Nergårdh R, Bergh C, Zandian M, Scheurink A. Behavioral neuroendocrinology and treatment of anorexia nervosa. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:445-62. [PMID: 18602416 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Outcome in anorexia nervosa remains poor and a new way of looking at this condition is therefore needed. To this aim, we review the effects of food restriction and starvation in humans. It is suggested that body weight remains stable and relatively low when the access to food requires a considerable amount of physical activity. In this condition, the human homeostatic phenotype, body fat content is also low and as a consequence, the synthesis and release of brain neurotransmitters are modified. As an example, the role of neuropeptide Y is analyzed in rat models of this state. It is suggested that the normal behavioral role of neuropeptide Y is to facilitate the search for food and switch attention from sexual stimuli to food. Descriptive neuroendocrine studies on patients with anorexia nervosa have not contributed to the management of the patients and the few studies in which hormones have been administered have, at best, reversed an endocrine consequence secondary to starvation. In a modified framework for understanding the etiology and treatment of anorexia nervosa it is suggested that the condition emerges because neural mechanisms of reward and attention are engaged. The neural neuropeptide Y receptor system may be involved in the maintenance of the behavior of eating disorder patients because the localization of these receptors overlaps with the neural systems engaged in cue-conditioned eating in limbic and cortical areas. The eating behavior of patients with anorexia nervosa, and other eating disorders as well, is viewed as a cause of the psychological changes of the patients. Patients are trained to re-learn normal eating habits using external support and as they do, their symptoms, including the psychological symptoms, dissolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Södersten
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, AB Mando Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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21
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McGowan BM, Stanley SA, Donovan J, Thompson EL, Patterson M, Semjonous NM, Gardiner JV, Murphy KG, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Relaxin-3 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E278-86. [PMID: 18492777 PMCID: PMC2519759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00028.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of both energy homeostasis and reproduction. Evidence suggests that relaxin-3, a recently discovered member of the insulin superfamily, is an orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide. Relaxin-3 is thought to act in the brain via the RXFP3 receptor, although the RXFP1 receptor may also play a role. Relaxin-3, RXFP3, and RXFP1 are present in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, an area with a well-characterized role in the regulation of energy balance that also modulates reproductive function by providing inputs to hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Other members of the relaxin family are known to play a role in the regulation of reproduction. However, the effects of relaxin-3 on reproductive function are unknown. We studied the role of relaxin-3 in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Intracerebroventricular (5 nmol) and intraparaventricular (540-1,620 pmol) administration of human relaxin-3 (H3) in adult male Wistar rats significantly increased plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) 30 min postinjection. This effect was blocked by pretreatment with a peripheral GnRH antagonist. Central administration of human relaxin-2 showed no significant effect on plasma LH. H3 dose-dependently stimulated the release of GnRH from hypothalamic explants and GT(1)-7 cells, which express RXFP1 and RXFP3, but did not influence LH or follicle-stimulating hormone release from pituitary fragments in vitro. We have demonstrated a novel role for relaxin-3 in the stimulation of the HPG axis, putatively via hypothalamic GnRH neurons. Relaxin-3 may act as a central signal linking nutritional status and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M McGowan
- Dept. of Investigative Medicine, Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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22
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Lee NJ, Enriquez RF, Boey D, Lin S, Slack K, Baldock PA, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. Synergistic attenuation of obesity by Y2- and Y4-receptor double knockout in ob/ob mice. Nutrition 2008; 24:892-9. [PMID: 18662863 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y regulates numerous processes including food intake, body composition, and reproduction by at least five different Y receptors. We previously demonstrated a synergistic interaction between Y2 and Y4 receptors in reducing adiposity in chow- or fat-fed Y2Y4-receptor double-knockout mice. In the present study, we investigated whether this synergy could reduce the massive obesity of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. METHODS Mice with germline deletions of Y2 and Y4 receptors were crossed onto the ob/ob strain. Body weight was measured weekly until 15-18 wk of age before decapitation for collection of trunk blood and tissues. RESULTS Male and female Y24ob triple mutants showed highly significant reductions in body weight and white adipose tissue mass compared with ob/ob mice. This reduction in body weight was not evident in Y2ob or Y4ob double mutants, and the effect on adiposity was significantly greater than that seen in Y2ob or Y4ob mice. These changes were associated with significant attenuation of the increased brown adipose tissue mass and small intestinal hypertrophy seen in ob/ob mice and with normalization of the low circulating free thyroxine concentrations seen in female ob/ob mice and the high circulating corticosterone concentrations seen in male ob/ob mice. CONCLUSION These data reveal a synergistic interaction between Y2 and Y4 receptors in attenuating the massive obesity of ob/ob mice, possibly mediated by stimulation of thyroid function and inhibition of intestinal nutrient absorption. Dual pharmacologic antagonism of Y2 and Y4 receptors could help people to attain and maintain a healthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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24
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Fetissov SO, Hamze Sinno M, Coëffier M, Bole-Feysot C, Ducrotté P, Hökfelt T, Déchelotte P. Autoantibodies against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides: putative modulation by gut microflora. Nutrition 2008; 24:348-59. [PMID: 18262391 PMCID: PMC7126273 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Peptide hormones synthesized in gastrointestinal and adipose tissues in addition to neuropeptides regulate appetite and body weight. Previously, autoantibodies directed against melanocortin peptides were found in patients with eating disorders; however, it remains unknown whether autoantibodies directed against other appetite-regulating peptides are present in human sera and whether their levels are influenced by gut-related antigens. Methods Healthy women were studied for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA autoantibodies directed against 14 key appetite-regulating peptides. The concept of molecular mimicry was applied to search in silico whether bacteria, viruses, or fungi contain proteins with amino acid sequences identical to appetite-regulating peptides. In addition, autoantibodies serum levels were studied in germ-free and specific pathogen-free rats. Results We found these IgG and IgA autoantibodies directed against leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY, neuropeptide Y, and other appetite-regulating peptides are present in human sera at levels of 100–900 ng/mL. Numerous cases of sequence homology with these peptides were identified among commensal and pathogenic micro-organisms including Lactobacilli, bacteroides, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, and Candida species. Decreased levels of IgA autoantibodies directed against several appetite-regulating peptides and increased levels of antighrelin IgG were found in germ-free rats compared with specific pathogen-free rats. Conclusion Healthy humans and rats display autoantibodies directed against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides, suggesting that these autoantibodies may have physiologic implications in hunger and satiety pathways. Gut-related antigens including the intestinal microflora may influence production of theses autoantibodies, suggesting a new link between the gut and appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA3234), Institute of Biomedical Research, Rouen University and Hospital, IFRMP23, Rouen, France.
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25
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Pinilla L, Fernández-Fernández R, Roa J, Castellano JM, Tena-Sempere M, Aguilar E. Selective role of neuropeptide Y receptor subtype Y2 in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1385-92. [PMID: 17785504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00274.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different signals with key roles in energy homeostasis regulate the reproductive axis. These include neuropeptide Y and polypeptide YY(3-36), whose type Y(2) receptor is the most abundant of this family in the brain. We evaluated herein the putative roles of Y(2) receptors in the control of gonadotropin secretion by means of central administration of PYY(13-36) (agonist of Y(2) receptors) and BIIE 0246 (antagonist of Y(2) receptors) to intact and orchidectomized male rats. In addition, the ability of PYY(13-36) to elicit GnRH and gonadotropin secretion in vitro and the impact of fasting on LH responses to PYY(13-36) in vivo were also monitored. Central administration of PYY(13-36) significantly decreased the circulating levels of both gonadotropins, an effect that was observed in prepubertal and adult rats. Yet a dual action of Y(2) receptors in the control of male gonadotropic axis was evidenced as their activation induced 1) stimulation of gonadotropin responses to GnRH at the pituitary but 2) inhibition of GnRH secretion at the hypothalamus. Antagonization of Y(2) receptors failed to modify basal LH secretion in intact males either after being fed ad libitum or after being fasted. In contrast, their central blockade in orchidectomized rats evoked a significant increase in circulating LH and FSH level, suggesting the constitutive activation of Y(2) receptor in such stimulated conditions. In summary, our data evidence a complex mode of action of Y(2) receptors in the control of gonadotropic axis, with stimulatory and inhibitory actions at different levels of the system that are sensitive to the gonadal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pinilla
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract
Obesity is a serious public health problem throughout the world, affecting both developed societies and developing countries. The central nervous system has developed a meticulously interconnected circuitry in order to keep us fed and in an adequate nutritional state. One of these consequences is that an energy-dense environment favors the development of obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed peptides in the central nervous system of both rodents and humans and has been implicated in a variety of physiological actions. Within the hypothalamus, NPY plays an essential role in the control of food intake and body weight. Centrally administered NPY causes robust increases in food intake and body weight and, with chronic administration, can eventually produce obesity. NPY activates a population of at least six G protein-coupled Y receptors. NPY analogs exhibit varying degrees of affinity and specificity for these Y receptors. There has been renewed speculation that ligands for Y receptors may be of benefit for the treatment of obesity. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of Y(1), Y(2), Y(4), and Y(5) receptor agonists and antagonists as additional intervention to treat human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kamiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Campus 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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27
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Luque RM, Kineman RD, Tena-Sempere M. Regulation of hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes by metabolic factors: analyses using mouse models and a cell line. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4601-11. [PMID: 17595226 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that reproductive function is metabolically gated. However, the mechanisms whereby energy stores and metabolic cues influence fertility are yet to be completely deciphered. Recently, the hypothalamic KiSS-1/GPR54 system has emerged as a fundamental regulator of the gonadotropic axis, which conveys the modulatory actions of sex steroids to GnRH neurons. Evidence is also mounting that KiSS-1 neurons may also represent the link between systemic metabolic signals and central control of reproduction. To further explore this possibility, we examined the impact of changes in energy status and key metabolic regulators on the hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes, using different mouse models and the hypothalamic cell line N6. Time-course analysis of the effects of short-term fasting revealed a rapid (12- and 24-h) decline in KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA levels, which preceded that of GnRH (48 h). In contrast, diet-induced obesity or obesity associated with leptin deficiency (ob/ob vs. wild-type mice) failed to induce overt changes in hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes. However, leptin infusion of ob/ob mice evoked a significant increase in KiSS-1 and GPR54 mRNA levels compared with pair-fed controls. Moreover, leptin, but not insulin or IGF-I, stimulated KiSS-1 mRNA expression in the mouse hypothalamic cell line N6. In addition, neuropeptide Y (NPY) null mice showed decreased KiSS-1 mRNA levels at the hypothalamus, whereas exposure to NPY increased expression of KiSS-1 in hypothalamic N6 cells. In sum, our present data further characterize the functional relevance and putative key mediators (such as leptin and NPY) of the metabolic regulation of the hypothalamic KiSS-1 system in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M Luque
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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28
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Jing J, Vilim FS, Horn CC, Alexeeva V, Hatcher NG, Sasaki K, Yashina I, Zhurov Y, Kupfermann I, Sweedler JV, Weiss KR. From hunger to satiety: reconfiguration of a feeding network by Aplysia neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3490-502. [PMID: 17392465 PMCID: PMC6672127 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0334-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift in motivational state often produces behavioral change, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, feeding-induced transition from a hunger to satiation state leads to a slowdown and an eventual termination of feeding. Because the multifunctional feeding network generates both ingestion and the competing response, egestion, it is possible that the transition from a hunger to a satiety state is associated with network reconfiguration that results in production of fewer ingestive and more egestive responses. Chronic electrophysiological recordings in free-feeding Aplysia showed that as the meal progressed, food elicited fewer ingestive responses and simultaneously increased the number of egestive responses. Injections of Aplysia neuropeptide Y (apNPY) reduced food intake and slowed down the rate of ingestion. apNPY was localized to buccal-ganglion afferents originating in the gut-innervating esophageal nerve (EN), a nerve involved both in satiation and in the generation of egestive programs. During EN stimulation, apNPY was released in the feeding circuit. Importantly, stimulation of the cerebral-buccal interneuron-2, a command-like interneuron that is activated by food and normally elicits ingestive responses, elicited egestive responses in the presence of apNPY. This was accompanied by increased activity of the egestion-promoting interneuron B20 and decreased activity in the ingestion-promoting interneuron B40. Thus, apNPYergic reconfiguration of the feeding central pattern generator plays a role in the gradual transition from hunger to satiety states. More generally, changes in the motivational states may involve not only simple network inhibition but may also require network reconfiguration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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29
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Lebrethon MC, Aganina A, Fournier M, Gérard A, Parent AS, Bourguignon JP. Effects of in vivo and in vitro administration of ghrelin, leptin and neuropeptide mediators on pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion from male rat hypothalamus before and after puberty. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19:181-8. [PMID: 17280591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of leptin and ghrelin on pulsatile pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in vitro with emphasis on neuropeptide mediators and changes between prepuberty (15 days) and sexual maturity (50 days) in the male rat. When hypothalamic explants were studied 90 min after an intraperitoneal injection of leptin, ghrelin or agouti-related protein (AgRP) at 15 days, the GnRH interpulse interval (IPI) was significantly increased by ghrelin and AgRP and decreased by leptin. At 50 days, an increase in GnRH IPI was also caused by ghrelin and AgRP. When the peptides were directly incubated with the explants, the effects of leptin and AgRP in vitro were consistent with those seen after in vivo administration. By contrast, ghrelin resulted in a reduction of GnRH IPI and this was observed at 15 days only. To delineate the neuropeptide mediators of leptin and the effects of ghrelin in the hypothalamus, various hypothalamic neuropeptides and antagonists were used in vitro. At 15 days, the GnRH IPI was significantly decreased after incubation with cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). The reduction of GnRH IPI caused by leptin was partially prevented by either an anti-CART antiserum or SHU 9119, a melanocortin MC3/MC4 receptor antagonist or a CRF receptor antagonist. The NPY-Y5 receptor antagonist did not influence the effects of leptin whereas that antagonist totally prevented the decrease in GnRH IPI caused by ghrelin. The ghrelin-induced reduction of GnRH IPI was partially prevented by SHU 9119. When used alone, SHU 9119 or a CRF-receptor antagonist resulted in increased GnRH IPI at 50 days while they had no effects at 15 days. The NPY-Y5 receptor antagonist resulted in increased GnRH IPI at 15 and 50 days. In conclusion, leptin and ghrelin show opposing effects on pulsatile GnRH secretion after administration in vivo whereas they both have stimulatory effects in vitro. Such effects involve consistently the anorectic peptides CART and CRF for leptin that are mainly active at 15 days. The melanocortigenic system appears to mediate the effects of both leptin and ghrelin. The effects of ghrelin also involve NPY receptors and operate effectively before and at sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lebrethon
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, Center of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Ambulatory Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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Lin EJD, Sainsbury A, Lee NJ, Boey D, Couzens M, Enriquez R, Slack K, Bland R, During MJ, Herzog H. Combined deletion of Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors prevents hypothalamic neuropeptide Y overexpression-induced hyperinsulinemia despite persistence of hyperphagia and obesity. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5094-101. [PMID: 16873543 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a key regulator of energy homeostasis and is implicated in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Whereas it is known that hypothalamic administration of exogenous NPY peptides leads to increased body weight gain, hyperphagia, and many hormonal and metabolic changes characteristic of an obesity syndrome, the Y receptor(s) mediating these effects is disputed and unclear. To investigate the role of different Y receptors in the NPY-induced obesity syndrome, we used recombinant adeno-associated viral vector to overexpress NPY in mice deficient of selective single or multiple Y receptors (including Y1, Y2, and Y4). Results from this study demonstrated that long-term hypothalamic overexpression of NPY lead to marked hyperphagia, hypogonadism, body weight gain, enhanced adipose tissue accumulation, hyperinsulinemia, and other hormonal changes characteristic of an obesity syndrome. NPY-induced hyperphagia, hypogonadism, and obesity syndrome persisted in all genotypes studied (Y1(-/-), Y2(-/-), Y2Y4(-/-), and Y1Y2Y4(-/-) mice). However, triple deletion of Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors prevented NPY-induced hyperinsulinemia. These findings suggest that Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors under this condition are not crucially involved in NPY's hyperphagic, hypogonadal, and obesogenic effects, but they are responsible for the central regulation of circulating insulin levels by NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ju D Lin
- Neuroscience Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
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Pinilla L, Fernández-Fernández R, Vigo E, Navarro VM, Roa J, Castellano JM, Pineda R, Tena-Sempere M, Aguilar E. Stimulatory effect of PYY-(3-36) on gonadotropin secretion is potentiated in fasted rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1162-71. [PMID: 16390861 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00469.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development and normal function of the reproductive axis requires a precise degree of body energy stores. Polypeptide YY-(3-36) [PYY-(3-36)] is a gastrointestinal secreted molecule recently shown to be involved in the control of food intake with agonistic activity on neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes Y2 and Y5. Notably, PYY-(3-36) has been recently demonstrated as putative regulator of gonadotropin secretion in the rat. However, the "reproductive" facet of this factor remains to be fully elucidated. In this context, we report herein our analyses of the influence of the nutritional status on the effects of PYY-(3-36) upon GnRH and gonadotropin secretion. The major findings of our study are 1) the stimulatory effect of central administration of PYY-(3-36) on LH secretion was significantly enhanced after fasting and blocked by a GnRH antagonist; 2) besides central effects, PYY-(3-36) elicited LH and FSH secretion directly at the pituitary level, a response that is also augmented by fasting; 3) PYY-(3-36) inhibited GnRH secretion by hypothalamic fragments from male rats fed ad libitum, whereas a significant stimulatory effect was observed after fasting; and 4) the increase in the gonadotropin responsiveness to PYY-(3-36) in fasting was not associated with changes in the expression of Y2 and Y5 receptor genes at hypothalamus and/or pituitary. In conclusion, our study extends our previous observations suggesting a relevant, mostly stimulatory, role of PYY-(3-36) in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Strikingly, such an effect was significantly enhanced by fasting. Considering the proposed decrease in PYY-(3-36) levels after fasting, the possibility that reduced PYY-(3-36) secretion might contribute to defective function of the gonadotropic axis after food deprivation merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pinilla
- Physiology Section, Dept. of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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32
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Larsson TA, Larson ET, Fredriksson R, Conlon JM, Larhammar D. Characterization of NPY receptor subtypes Y2 and Y7 in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Peptides 2006; 27:1320-7. [PMID: 16359756 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning and pharmacological characterization of two neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes, Y2 and Y7, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These subtypes are approximately 50% identical to each other and belong to the Y2 subfamily of NPY receptors. The binding properties of the receptors were investigated after expression in human HEK-293 EBNA cells. Both receptors bound the three zebrafish peptides NPY, PYYa, and PYYb, as well as porcine NPY and PYY, with affinities in the nanomolar range that are similar to mammalian Y2. The affinity of the truncated porcine NPY fragments, NPY 13-36 and NPY 18-36 was markedly lower compared to mammalian and chicken Y2. This suggests that mammalian and chicken Y2 are unique among NPY receptors in their ability to bind truncated peptide fragments. The antagonist BIIE0246, developed for mammalian Y2, did not bind either of the two rainbow trout receptors. Our results support the proposed expansion of this gene family by duplications before the gnathostome radiation. They also reveal appreciable differences in the repertoire and characteristics of NPY receptors between fish and tetrapods stressing the importance of lineage-specific gene loss as well as sequence divergence after duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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Kalra SP, Kalra PS. Subjugation of hypothalamic NPY and cohorts with central leptin gene therapy alleviates dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity for life-time. EXS 2006:157-69. [PMID: 16383005 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An interactive network comprised of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cohorts is obligatory in the hypothalamic integration of appetite and energy expenditure on a minute-to-minute basis. High or low abundance of NPY and cognate receptors dysregulates the homeostatic milieu engendering hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, obesity and attendant metabolic syndrome cluster of dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, risk factors for type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Increasing the supply of the endogenous repressor hormone leptin locally in the hypothalamus with the aid of leptin gene therapy, blocked age-related and dietary obesities, and the sequential development of dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Thus, sustained repression of NPY signaling with increased leptin selectively in the hypothalamus can avert environmental obesity and the risks of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Kalra
- University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0244, USA.
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Copps J, Murphy RF, Lovas S. Avian pancreatic polypeptide fragments refold to native aPP conformation when combined in solution: A CD and VCD study. Biopolymers 2006; 83:32-8. [PMID: 16628551 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An equimolar mixture of avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) fragments aPP(1-11)-NH2 and Ac-aPP(12-36) had an electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum that was similar to that of whole aPP in H2O and even more so in 30% (v/v) trifluoroethanol (TFE) in 15 mM Na2HPO4, but was different from the sum of the spectra of the individual fragments. The vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectrum of the combined fragments in 30% (v/v) TFE in 15 mM Na2HPO4 in D2O was also similar to that of the intact aPP and unlike the sum of the VCD spectra of the fragments. The interaction of these fragments is thus sufficient to support the conformation of whole aPP. This study demonstrates that VCD, in combination with ECD, is useful for the study of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Dumont Y, Gaudreau P, Mazzuferi M, Langlois D, Chabot JG, Fournier A, Simonato M, Quirion R. BODIPY-conjugated neuropeptide Y ligands: new fluorescent tools to tag Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146:1069-81. [PMID: 16231000 PMCID: PMC1751241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal labelled fluorescent BODIPY-NPY peptide analogues were tested in Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor-binding assays performed in rat brain membrane preparations and HEK293 cells expressing the rat Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptors. BODIPY TMR/FL-[Leu31, Pro34]NPY/PYY were able to compete for specific [125][Leu31, Pro34]PYY-binding sites with an affinity similar to that observed for the native peptide at the Y1 (Ki=1-6 nM), Y2 (Ki>1000 nM), Y4 (Ki=10 nM) and Y5 (Ki=1-4 nM) receptor subtypes. BODIPY FL-PYY(3-36) was able to compete for specific Y2 (Ki=10 nM) and Y5 (Ki=30 nM) binding sites, but had almost no affinity in Y1 and Y4 assays. BODIPY FL-hPP was able to compete with high affinity (Ki; 1 and 15 nM) only in Y4 and Y5 receptor-binding assays. BODIPY TMR-[cPP(1-7), NPY(19-23), Ala31, Aib32, Gln34]hPP and BODIPY TMR-[hPP(1-17), Ala31, Aib32]NPY were potent competitors only on specific Y5-binding sites (Ki=0.1-0.6 nM). As expected, these fluorescent peptides inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, demonstrating that they retained their agonist properties. When tested in confocal microscopy imaging, fluorescent Y1 and Y5 agonists internalized in a time-dependent manner in Y1 and Y5 transfected cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that BODIPY-conjugated NPY analogues retain their selectivity, affinity and agonist properties for the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes, respectively. Thus, they represent novel tools to study and visualize NPY receptors in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of Aging, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Manuela Mazzuferi
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Section of Pharmacology) and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniel Langlois
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of Aging, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Jean-Guy Chabot
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Alain Fournier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada H9R 1G6
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Section of Pharmacology) and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rémi Quirion
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
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Israel Y, Kandov Y, Khaimova E, Kest A, Lewis SR, Pasternak GW, Pan YX, Rossi GC, Bodnar RJ. NPY-induced feeding: pharmacological characterization using selective opioid antagonists and antisense probes in rats. Peptides 2005; 26:1167-75. [PMID: 15949635 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neuropeptide Y to potently stimulate food intake is dependent in part upon the functioning of mu and kappa opioid receptors. The combined use of selective opioid antagonists directed against mu, delta or kappa receptors and antisense probes directed against specific exons of the MOR-1, DOR-1, KOR-1 and KOR-3/ORL-1 opioid receptor genes has been successful in characterizing the precise receptor subpopulations mediating feeding elicited by opioid peptides and agonists as well as homeostatic challenges. The present study examined the dose-dependent (5-80 nmol) cerebroventricular actions of general and selective mu, delta, and kappa1 opioid receptor antagonists together with antisense probes directed against each of the four exons of the MOR-1 opioid receptor gene and each of the three exons of the DOR-1, KOR-1, and KOR-3/ORL-1 opioid receptor genes upon feeding elicited by cerebroventricular NPY (0.47 nmol, 2 ug). NPY-induced feeding was dose-dependently decreased and sometimes eliminated following pretreatment with general, mu, delta, and kappa1 opioid receptor antagonists. Moreover, NPY-induced feeding was significantly and markedly reduced by antisense probes directed against exons 1, 2, and 3 of the MOR-1 gene, exons 1 and 2 of the DOR-1 gene, exons 1, 2, and 3 of the KOR-1 gene, and exon 3 of the KOR-3/ORL-1 gene. Thus, whereas the opioid peptides, beta-endorphin and dynorphin A(1-17) elicit feeding responses that are respectively more dependent upon mu and kappa opioid receptors and their genes, the opioid mediation of NPY-induced feeding appears to involve all three major opioid receptor subtypes in a manner similar to that observed for feeding responses following glucoprivation or lipoprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Israel
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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Dumont Y, Moyse E, Fournier A, Quirion R. Evidence for the existence of an additional class of neuropeptide Y receptor sites in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:99-108. [PMID: 15947033 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.089300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five distinct neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors have been cloned thus far. Selective agonists and antagonists have recently been developed allowing for detailed functional studies as to the pathophysiological role of a given subtype as well as receptor binding characteristics and distribution. To precisely investigate the discrete localization and ligand selectivity profile of Y4 and Y5 receptors, a series of selective molecules were used as radioligands and competitors in rat brain tissues. Binding data revealed that Y4 and Y5 receptor-related agonists and antagonists competed with high affinity for specific 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]human peptide YY (hPYY) binding in the presence of BIBO3304 [(R)-N-[[4-(aminocarbonylaminomethyl)-phenyl]-methyl]-N2-(diphenylacetyl)-argininamide trifluoroacetate] to mask Y1 sites as well as specific 125I-labeled human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) binding. Competition binding profiles were best fitted to a two-site model for both radioligands, suggesting the likely recognition of the Y4 and Y5 subtypes. We were surprised to find that the visualization of these specific binding sites by receptor autoradiography clearly revealed the distinct distribution of specific 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]hPYY (in presence of Y1 and Y5 blockers) and 125I-hPP (in presence of Y5 blocker) binding sites. Moreover, significant amounts of specific 125I-hPP binding were observed in the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, and various brainstem nuclei, even after masking Y4 and Y5 receptors. Similar results were obtained using 125I-hPYY(3-36) in presence of Y2 and Y5 blockers. These results suggest the possible existence of at least one additional subtype of NPY receptor sites in the rat brain, with enrichment seen in midbrain and brainstem areas involved in the regulation of food intake and cardiorespiratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Zoccali C. Neuropeptide Y as a far-reaching neuromediator: from energy balance and cardiovascular regulation to central integration of weight and bone mass control mechanisms. Implications for human diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:25-32. [PMID: 15586012 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200501000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW I review recent knowledge on the interference of neuropeptide Y with energy balance and cardiovascular and renal disease and on the central regulation of bone mass. RECENT FINDINGS Although neuropeptide Y is mainly seen as a vasoconstrictor, rats overexpressing the neuropeptide Y gene show reduced blood pressure and longer life span in comparison with control rats. Due to its strong mitogenic effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, neuropeptide Y induces occlusive lesions in a rat model of atherosclerosis induced by balloon angioplasty. The involvement of neuropeptide Y in experimental atherosclerosis is complex and may include also favourable, compensatory, mechanisms because, at physiological concentrations, it also activates a potent neoangiogenic response to ischemia. Subjects with a common genotype in the neuropeptide Y gene, which underlies increased intracellular neuropeptide Y storage, display slightly raised blood pressure, high serum cholesterol and increased carotid intima media thickness. In patients with end-stage renal disease high neuropeptide Y in plasma has been associated consistently with concentric left-ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, recent studies have shown that neuropeptide Y constitutes an important central regulator of bone mass and that it may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. SUMMARY Evidence has accrued in experimental animals that altered neuropeptide Y is involved in obesity and the attendant metabolic complications. Recent data also suggest that this peptide may play a role in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IBIM Epidemiologia Clinica e Fisiopatologia delle Malattie Renali e dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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Kalra SP, Kalra PS. NPY and cohorts in regulating appetite, obesity and metabolic syndrome: beneficial effects of gene therapy. Neuropeptides 2004; 38:201-11. [PMID: 15337372 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y is the most potent physiological appetite transducer known. The NPY network is the conductor of the hypothalamic appetite regulating orchestra in the arcuate nucleus-paraventricular nucleus (ARC-PVN) of the hypothalamus. NPY and cohorts, AgrP, GABA and adrenergic transmitters, initiate appetitive drive directly through Y1, Y5, GABAA and alpha1 receptors, co-expressed in the magnocellular PVN (mPVN) and ARC neurons and by simultaneously repressing anorexigenic melanocortin signaling in the ARC-PVN axis. The circadian and ultradian rhythmicities in NPY secretion imprint the daily circadian and episodic feeding patterns. Although a number of afferent hormonal signals from the periphery can directly modulate NPYergic signaling, the reciprocal circadian and ultradian rhythmicities of anorexigenic leptin from adipocytes and orexigenic ghrelin from stomach, encode a corresponding pattern of NPY discharge for daily meal patterning. Subtle and progressive derangements produced by environmental and genetic factors in this exquisitely intricate temporal relationship between the two opposing humoral signals and the NPY network promote hyperphagia and abnormal rate of weight gain culminating in obesity and attendant metabolic disorders. Newer insights at cellular and molecular levels demonstrate that a breakdown of the integrated circuit due both to high and low abundance of NPY at target sites, underlies hyperphagia and increased adiposity. Consequently, interruption of NPYergic signaling at a single locus with NPY receptor antagonists may not be the most efficacious therapy to suppress hyperphagia and obesity. Central leptin gene therapy in rodents has been shown to subjugate, i.e. bring under homeostatic control, NPYergic signaling and suppress the age-related and dietary obesity for extended periods and thus shows promise as a newer treatment modality to curb the pandemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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