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Sisnande T, Brum FL, Matias DO, de Sá Ribeiro F, Moulin TB, Mohana-Borges R, de Magalhães MTQ, Lima LMTR. Spatially resolved distribution of pancreatic hormones proteoforms by MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115570. [PMID: 38763320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Zinc plays a crucial role both in the immune system and endocrine processes. Zinc restriction in the diet has been shown to lead to degeneration of the endocrine pancreas, resulting in hormonal imbalance within the β-cells. Proteostasismay vary depending on the stage of a pathophysiological process, which underscores the need for tools aimed at directly analyzing biological status. Among proteomics methods, MALDI-ToF-MS can serve as a rapid peptidomics tool for analyzing extracts or by histological imaging. Here we report the optimization of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis of histological thin sections from mouse pancreas. This optimization enables the identification of the major islet peptide hormones as well as the major accumulated precursors and/or proteolytic products of peptide hormones. Cross-validation of the identified peptide hormones was performed by LC-ESI-MS from pancreatic islet extracts. Mice subjected to a zinc-restricted diet exhibited a relatively lower amount of peptide intermediates compared to the control group. These findings provide evidence for a complex modulation of proteostasis by micronutrients imbalance, a phenomenon directly accessed by MALDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (pbiotech), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Lopes Brum
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural (LABGENEST), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Daiane O Matias
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (pbiotech), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Sá Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (pbiotech), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Thayana Beninatto Moulin
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (pbiotech), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural (LABGENEST), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Centro de Espectrometria de Massa de Biomoléculas (CEMBIO), Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana T Q de Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Macromoléculas (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (pbiotech), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Ampofo E, Pack M, Wrublewsky S, Boewe AS, Spigelman AF, Koch H, MacDonald PE, Laschke MW, Montenarh M, Götz C. CK2 activity is crucial for proper glucagon expression. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1368-1385. [PMID: 38503901 PMCID: PMC11153270 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Protein kinase CK2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells. This action is mainly mediated by phosphorylation of the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein 1 (PDX1). In pancreatic alpha cells, PDX1 acts in a reciprocal fashion on glucagon (GCG) expression. Therefore, we hypothesised that CK2 might positively regulate GCG expression in pancreatic alpha cells. METHODS We suppressed CK2 kinase activity in αTC1 cells by two pharmacological inhibitors and by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Subsequently, we analysed GCG expression and secretion by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, ELISA and DNA pull-down assays. We additionally studied paracrine effects on GCG secretion in pseudoislets, isolated murine islets and human islets. In vivo, we examined the effect of CK2 inhibition on blood glucose levels by systemic and alpha cell-specific CK2 inhibition. RESULTS We found that CK2 downregulation reduces GCG secretion in the murine alpha cell line αTC1 (e.g. from 1094±124 ng/l to 459±110 ng/l) by the use of the CK2-inhibitor SGC-CK2-1. This was due to a marked decrease in Gcg gene expression through alteration of the binding of paired box protein 6 (PAX6) and transcription factor MafB to the Gcg promoter. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that both transcription factors are displaced by PDX1. Ex vivo experiments in isolated murine islets and pseudoislets further demonstrated that CK2-mediated reduction in GCG secretion was only slightly affected by the higher insulin secretion after CK2 inhibition. The kidney capsule transplantation model showed the significance of CK2 for GCG expression and secretion in vivo. Finally, CK2 downregulation also reduced the GCG secretion in islets isolated from humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These novel findings not only indicate an important function of protein kinase CK2 for proper GCG expression but also demonstrate that CK2 may be a promising target for the development of novel glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanna Koch
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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3
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Liu L, Ei K, Dattaroy D, Barella LF, Cui Y, Gray SM, Guedikian C, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Knuth E, Jin E, Merrins MJ, Roman J, Kaestner KH, Doliba N, Campbell JE, Wess J. Intra-islet α-cell Gs signaling promotes glucagon release. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5129. [PMID: 38879678 PMCID: PMC11180188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon, a hormone released from pancreatic α-cells, is critical for maintaining euglycemia and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. To stimulate the development of new classes of therapeutic agents targeting glucagon release, key α-cell signaling pathways that regulate glucagon secretion need to be identified. Here, we focused on the potential importance of α-cell Gs signaling on modulating α-cell function. Studies with α-cell-specific mouse models showed that activation of α-cell Gs signaling causes a marked increase in glucagon secretion. We also found that intra-islet adenosine plays an unexpected autocrine/paracrine role in promoting glucagon release via activation of α-cell Gs-coupled A2A adenosine receptors. Studies with α-cell-specific Gαs knockout mice showed that α-cell Gs also plays an essential role in stimulating the activity of the Gcg gene, thus ensuring proper islet glucagon content. Our data suggest that α-cell enriched Gs-coupled receptors represent potential targets for modulating α-cell function for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Molecular Signaling Section, LBC, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kimberley Ei
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Molecular Signaling Section, LBC, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, LBC, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Molecular Signaling Section, LBC, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah M Gray
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Carla Guedikian
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Knuth
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Erli Jin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roman
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicolai Doliba
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, LBC, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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McGlone ER, Tan TMM. Glucagon-based therapy for people with diabetes and obesity: What is the sweet spot? Peptides 2024; 176:171219. [PMID: 38615717 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
People with obesity and type 2 diabetes have a high prevalence of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Glucagon increases hepatic glucose production; it also decreases hepatic fat accumulation, improves lipidemia and increases energy expenditure. Pharmaceutical strategies to antagonize the glucagon receptor improve glycemic outcomes in people with diabetes and obesity, but they increase hepatic steatosis and worsen dyslipidemia. Co-agonism of the glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors has emerged as a promising strategy to improve glycemia in people with diabetes and obesity. Addition of glucagon receptor agonism enhances weight loss, reduces liver fat and ameliorates dyslipidemia. Prior to clinical use, however, further studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of glucagon and GLP-1 receptor co-agonists in people with diabetes and obesity and related conditions, with specific concerns regarding a higher prevalence of gastrointestinal side effects, loss of muscle mass and increases in heart rate. Furthermore, co-agonists with differing ratios of glucagon:GLP-1 receptor activity vary in their clinical effect; the optimum balance is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rose McGlone
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Heckmann ND, Palmer R, Mayfield CK, Gucev G, Lieberman JR, Hong K. Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor-1 Agonists Used for Medically-Supervised Weight Loss in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Critical Considerations for the Arthroplasty Surgeon. Arthroplast Today 2024; 27:101327. [PMID: 39071832 PMCID: PMC11282421 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2024.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with morbid obesity and concomitant hip or knee osteoarthritis represent a challenging patient demographic to treat as these patients often present earlier in life, have more severe symptoms, and have worse surgical outcomes following total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Previously, bariatric and metabolic surgeries represented one of the few weight loss interventions that morbidly obese patients could undergo prior to total joint arthroplasty. However, data regarding the reduction in complications with preoperative bariatric surgery remain mixed. Glucagon-like peptide receptor-1 (GLP-1) agonists have emerged as an effective treatment option for obesity in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, recent data suggest these medications may serve as potential anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying agents for numerous chronic conditions, including osteoarthritis. This review will discuss the GLP-1 agonists and GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide dual agonists currently available, along with GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon triple agonists presently being developed to address the obesity epidemic. Furthermore, this review will address the potential problem of GLP-1-related delayed gastric emptying and its impact on the timing of elective total joint arthroplasty. The review aims to provide arthroplasty surgeons with a primer for implementing this class of medication in their current and future practice, including perioperative instructions and perioperative safety considerations when treating patients taking these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Heckmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory K. Mayfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gligor Gucev
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jay R. Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Hong
- Center for Clinical Nutrition, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kumar S, Sanap SN, Pandey P, Khopade A, Sawant KK. Glucagon: Delivery advancements for hypoglycemia management. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123785. [PMID: 38224759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
As the 100th anniversary of glucagon's discovery approaches, we reflect on the remarkable journey of understanding its pivotal role in glucose regulation. Advancements in glucagon delivery systems for managing hypoglycemia are unfolding with promise, albeit accompanied by formulation and implementation challenges. Recent developments include non-injectable methods like BAQSIMI® (Nasal glucagon) offers a user-friendly option, but stability, bioavailability, and rapid onset remain formulation hurdles. Closed-loop systems, combining glucagon with insulin, aim to automate glucose control, demanding stable and precise formulations compatible with complex algorithms. However, achieving co-delivery harmony and effective dual-hormone responses poses substantial challenges. Ogluo® and Gvoke HypoPen® are auto-injector pens, a ready-to-use solution that can rapidly control hypoglycemia and eliminate the need for mixing powder and liquid. GlucaGen® Hypokit® and Glucagon Emergency Kits are traditional deliveries that possess complexity during administration and are still widely used in clinical practice. In addition to this advancement, we have covered the recent patents and clinical trials of glucagon delivery. The synergy of patent innovation and clinical validation offers a glimpse into the transformative potential of glucagon delivery yet underscores the intricate path toward widespread adoption and improved diabetes care. Finally, this review will help the formulation scientist, clinicians, healthcare providers, and patient to manage hypoglycemia using glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth Kumar
- Formulation Research & Development-Non Orals, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara 390020, Gujrat, India; Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sachin N Sanap
- Formulation Research & Development-Non Orals, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara 390020, Gujrat, India
| | - Prachi Pandey
- Krishna School of Pharmacy & Research, KPGU, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajay Khopade
- Formulation Research & Development-Non Orals, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara 390020, Gujrat, India
| | - Krutika K Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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Lundqvist MH, Pereira MJ, Almby K, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. Regulation of the Cortisol Axis, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone by Glucose Is Altered in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e675-e688. [PMID: 37708362 PMCID: PMC10795937 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-antagonistic, counter-regulatory hormones have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether glucose-dependent regulation of such hormones differ in individuals with T2D, prediabetes (PD), and normoglycemia (NG). METHODS Fifty-four individuals with or without T2D underwent one hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic-hypoglycemic and one hyperglycemic clamp with repeated hormonal measurements. Participants with T2D (n = 19) were compared with a group-matched (age, sex, BMI) subset of participants without diabetes (ND, n = 17), and also with participants with PD (n = 18) and NG (n = 17). RESULTS In T2D vs ND, glucagon levels were higher and less suppressed during the hyperglycemic clamp whereas growth hormone (GH) levels were lower during hypoglycemia (P < .05). Augmented ACTH response to hypoglycemia was present in PD vs NG (P < .05), with no further elevation in T2D. In contrast, glucagon and GH alterations were more marked in T2D vs PD (P < .05).In the full cohort (n = 54), augmented responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH and attenuated responses of GH correlated with adiposity, dysglycemia, and insulin resistance. In multilinear regressions, insulin resistance was the strongest predictor of elevated hypoglycemic responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH. Conversely, fasting glucose and HbA1c were the strongest predictors of low GH levels during hypoglycemia and elevated, i.e. less suppressed glucagon levels during hyperglycemia, respectively. Notably, adiposity measures were also strongly associated with the responses above. CONCLUSIONS Altered counter-regulatory hormonal responses to glucose variations are observed at different stages of T2D development and may contribute to its progression by promoting insulin resistance and dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Lundqvist
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bang J, Lee SA, Koh G, Yoo S. Association of Glucagon to Insulin Ratio and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5806. [PMID: 37762748 PMCID: PMC10531641 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the role of glucagon in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon and insulin regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM. We investigated the association between glucagon to insulin ratio and metabolic syndrome in patients with T2DM. This is a cross-sectional study involving 317 people with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon and insulin levels were measured in a fasted state and 30 min after ingesting a standard mixed meal. The Criteria of the International Diabetes Federation defined metabolic syndrome. Two hundred nineteen (69%) of the subjects had metabolic syndrome. The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio was significantly lower in patients with metabolic syndrome (14.0 ± 9.7 vs. 17.3 ± 10.3, p < 0.05). The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio was significantly lowered as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased. In hierarchical logistic regression analysis, the fasting glucagon to insulin ratio significantly contributed to metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for other covariates. The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that glucagon-targeted therapeutics may reduce cardiovascular risk by improving metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanpyo Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
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9
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Nielsen BU, Mathiesen IHM, Møller R, Krogh-Madsen R, Katzenstein TL, Pressler T, Shaw JAM, Ritz C, Rickels MR, Stefanovski D, Almdal TP, Faurholt-Jepsen D. Characterization of impaired beta and alpha cell function in response to an oral glucose challenge in cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1249876. [PMID: 37720541 PMCID: PMC10501799 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1249876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of the study was to further elucidate the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) and potential drivers of hypoglycaemia. Hence, we aimed to describe and compare beta cell function (insulin and proinsulin) and alpha cell function (glucagon) in relation to glucose tolerance in adults with CF and to study whether hypoglycaemia following oral glucose challenge may represent an early sign of islet cell impairment. Methods Adults with CF (≥18 years) were included in a cross-sectional study using an extended (-10, -1, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min) or a standard (-1, 30, 60, and 120 min) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants were classified according to glucose tolerance status and hypoglycaemia was defined as 3-hour glucose <3.9 mmol/L in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and early glucose intolerance (EGI). Results Among 93 participants, 67 underwent an extended OGTT. In addition to worsening in insulin secretion, the progression to CFRD was associated with signs of beta cell stress, as the fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio incrementally increased (p-value for trend=0.013). The maximum proinsulin level (pmol/L) was positively associated with the nadir glucagon, as nadir glucagon increased 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 1.4-11.3%) for each unit increase in proinsulin. Those with hypoglycaemia had higher 60-min glucose, 120-min C-peptide, and 180-min glucagon levels (27.8% [11.3-46.7%], 42.9% [5.9-92.85%], and 80.3% [14.9-182.9%], respectively) and unaltered proinsulin-to-insulin ratio compared to those without hypoglycaemia. Conclusions The maximum proinsulin concentration was positively associated with nadir glucagon during the OGTT, suggesting that beta cell stress is associated with abnormal alpha cell function in adults with CF. In addition, hypoglycaemia seemed to be explained by a temporal mismatch between glucose and insulin levels rather than by an impaired glucagon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Uhre Nielsen
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Hee Mabuza Mathiesen
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Møller
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terese Lea Katzenstein
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tacjana Pressler
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James A. M. Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael R. Rickels
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Peter Almdal
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Copenhagen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Neumann J, Hofmann B, Dhein S, Gergs U. Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12829. [PMID: 37629010 PMCID: PMC10454195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon exerts effects on the mammalian heart. These effects include alterations in the force of contraction, beating rate, and changes in the cardiac conduction system axis. The cardiac effects of glucagon vary according to species, region, age, and concomitant disease. Depending on the species and region studied, the contractile effects of glucagon can be robust, modest, or even absent. Glucagon is detected in the mammalian heart and might act with an autocrine or paracrine effect on the cardiac glucagon receptors. The glucagon levels in the blood and glucagon receptor levels in the heart can change with disease or simultaneous drug application. Glucagon might signal via the glucagon receptors but, albeit less potently, glucagon might also signal via glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptors (GLP1-receptors). Glucagon receptors signal in a species- and region-dependent fashion. Small molecules or antibodies act as antagonists to glucagon receptors, which may become an additional treatment option for diabetes mellitus. Hence, a novel review of the role of glucagon and the glucagon receptors in the mammalian heart, with an eye on the mouse and human heart, appears relevant. Mouse hearts are addressed here because they can be easily genetically modified to generate mice that may serve as models for better studying the human glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mid-German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle, Ernst Grube Straße 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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11
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Yavuz A, Aydin MA, Ugur K, Aydin S, Senol A, Baykus Y, Deniz R, Sahin İ, Yalcin MH, Gencer BT, Deniz YK, Ustebay S, Karagoz ZK, Emre E, Aydin S. Betatrophin, elabela, asprosin, glucagon and subfatin peptides in breast tissue, blood and milk in gestational diabetes. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:243-254. [PMID: 36825397 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2176546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the presence of asprosin (ASP), betatrophin, elabela (ELA), glucagon and subfatin (SUB) in the milk of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and compared their levels with blood levels. We also investigated whether these peptides are synthesized by the breast. We investigated 12 volunteer mothers with GDM and 14 pregnant non-GDM control mothers. The peptides were measured using ELISA and their tissue localization was determined using immunohistochemistry. Breast milk contains ASP, betatrophin, ELA, glucagon and SUB. The amount of the peptides ranged from highest to the lowest in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. The amount of peptides in the milk was greater than for blood. The peptides, except for ELA, were increased in milk and blood by GDM. Betatrophin and ELA are synthesized in the connective tissue of the breast. ASP, glucagon and SUB are synthesized in the alveolar tissue of the breast. These peptides in breast milk may contribute to the development of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Yavuz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nigde Omer Halis Demir Research and Education Hospital, Nigde, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Ata Aydin
- Medical Student, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Kader Ugur
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Suna Aydin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Senol
- Department of Enfection Disease, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Yakup Baykus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Rulin Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Hanifi Yalcin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Berrin Tarakci Gencer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Yaprak Kandemir Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antalya Medicalpark Hospital Complex, Antalya, Turkiye
| | - Sefer Ustebay
- Department of Pediatrics, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Zuhal Karaca Karagoz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Elif Emre
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
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12
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Caruso I, Marrano N, Biondi G, Genchi VA, D'Oria R, Sorice GP, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Glucagon in type 2 diabetes: Friend or foe? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3609. [PMID: 36637256 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is one of the 'ominous' eight factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis by increasing hepatic glucose output to counterbalance insulin action. Long neglected, the introduction of dual and triple agonists exploiting glucagon signalling pathways has rekindled the interest in this hormone beyond its classic effect on glycaemia. Glucagon can promote weight loss by regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and brown and white adipose tissue functions through mechanisms still to be fully elucidated, thus its role in T2D pathogenesis should be further investigated. Moreover, the role of glucagon in the development of T2D micro- and macro-vascular complications is elusive. Mounting evidence suggests its beneficial effect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while few studies postulated its favourable role in peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy. Contrarily, glucagon receptor agonism might induce renal changes resembling diabetic nephropathy, and data concerning glucagon actions on the cardiovascular system are conflicting. This review aims to summarise the available findings on the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Further experimental and clinical data are warranted to better understand the implications of glucagon signalling modulation with new antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caruso
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marrano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Biondi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Annamaria Genchi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Jørgensen NT, Erichsen TM, Jørgensen MB, Idorn T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Holst JJ, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Klose M. Glucose metabolism, gut-brain hormones, and acromegaly treatment: an explorative single centre descriptive analysis. Pituitary 2023; 26:152-163. [PMID: 36609655 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active acromegaly is associated with impaired glucose metabolism, which improves upon treatment. Treatment options include surgery, medical therapy with somatostatin analogues (SSA) and Pegvisomant (PEG), and irradiation. The objective of the study was to describe the differential effect of various treatment regimens on the secretion of glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in patients with acromegaly. METHODS 23 surgically treated, non-diabetic patients with acromegaly and 12 healthy controls underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and subsequently isoglycaemic intravenous glucose infusion on a separate day. Baseline hormone concentrations, time-to-peak and area under the curve (AUC) on the OGTT-day and incretin effect were compared according to treatment regimens. RESULTS The patients treated with SSA (N = 15) had impaired GIP-response (AUC, P = 0.001), and numerical impairment of all other hormone responses (P > 0.3). Patients co-treated with PEG (SSA + PEG, N = 4) had increased secretion of insulin and glucagon compared to patients only treated with SSA (SSA ÷ PEG, N = 11) (insulinAUC mean ± SEM, SSA + PEG 49 ± 8.3 nmol/l*min vs SSA ÷ PEG 25 ± 3.4, P = 0.007; glucagonAUC, SSA + PEG 823 ± 194 pmol/l*min vs SSA ÷ PEG 332 ± 69, P = 0.009). GIP secretion remained significantly impaired, whereas GLP-1 secretion was numerically increased with PEG (SSA + PEG 3088 ± 366 pmol/l*min vs SSA ÷ PEG 2401 ± 239, P = 0.3). No difference was found in patients treated with/without radiotherapy nor substituted or not with hydrocortisone. CONCLUSION SSA impaired the insulin, glucagon, and incretin hormone secretions. Co-treatment with PEG seemed to counteract the somatostatinergic inhibition of the glucagon and insulin response to OGTT. We speculate that PEG may exert its action through GH-receptors on pancreatic δ-cells. Clinical trial registration NCT02005978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Thurmann Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Møller Erichsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Buus Jørgensen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Idorn
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Klose
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Plasma glucose is tightly regulated via the secretion of the two glucose-regulating hormones insulin and glucagon. Situated next to the insulin-secreting β-cells, the α-cells produce and secrete glucagon-one of the body's few blood glucose-increasing hormones. Diabetes is a bihormonal disorder, resulting from both inadequate insulin secretion and dysregulation of glucagon. The year 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon, making it particularly timely to highlight the roles of this systemic metabolic messenger in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Scheen AJ, Lefèbvre PJ. Glucagon, from past to present: a century of intensive research and controversies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:129-138. [PMID: 36566754 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2022 corresponds to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon. This TimeCapsule aims to recall the main steps leading to the discovery, characterisation, and clinical importance of the so-called second pancreatic hormone. We describe the early historical findings in basic research (ie, discovery, purification, structure, α-cell origin, radioimmunoassay, glucagon gene [GCG], and glucagon receptor [GLR]), in which three future Nobel Prize laureates were actively involved. Considered as an anti-insulin hormone, glucagon was rapidly used to treat insulin-induced hypoglycaemic coma episodes in people with type 1 diabetes. A key step in the story of glucagon was the discovery of its role and the role of α cells in the physiology and pathophysiology (ie, paracrinopathy) of type 2 diabetes. This concept led to the design of different strategies targeting glucagon, among which GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists were a major breakthrough, and combination of inhibition of glucagon secretion with stimulation of insulin secretion (both in a glucose-dependent manner). Taking advantage of the glucagon-induced increase in energy metabolism, biased coagonists were developed. Besides the GLP-1 receptor, these coagonists also target the glucagon receptor to further promote weight loss. Thus, the 100-year story of glucagon has most probably not come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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16
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Qin T, Liu M, Lv Y, Zheng A, Wang L, Wu Y, Kasianenko O, Wei X, Teng Z, Xia X, Hu J. Comprehensive Analysis of lncRNA and mRNA Expression Profile of Macrophage RAW264.7 Stimulated by Antimicrobial Peptide BSN-37. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:783-793. [PMID: 37587823 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666230816110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BSN-37, a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) containing 37 amino acid residues isolated from the bovine spleen, has not only antibacterial activity but also immunomodulatory activity. Recent evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating the activation and function of immune cells. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the lncRNA and mRNA expression profile of mouse macrophages RAW264.7 stimulated by bovine antimicrobial peptide BSN-37. METHODS The whole gene expression microarray was used to detect the differentially expressed lncRNA and mRNA between antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 activated RAW264.7 cells and normal RAW264.7 cells. KEGG pathway analysis and GO function annotation analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNA were carried out. Eight kinds of lncRNAs and nine kinds of mRNA with large differences were selected for qRT-PCR verification, respectively. RESULTS In the current study, we found that 1294 lncRNAs and 260 mRNAs were differentially expressed between antibacterial peptide BSN-37 treatment and control groups. Among them, Bcl2l12, Rab44, C1s, Cd101 and other genes were associated with immune responses and were all significantly up-regulated. Mest and Prkcz are related to cell growth, and other genes are related to glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, some immune-related terms were also found in the GO and KEGG analyses. At the same time, real-time quantitative PCR was used to verify selected lncRNA and mRNA with differential expression. The results of qRT-PCR verification were consistent with the sequencing results, indicating that our data were reliable. CONCLUSION This study provides the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 and helps to provide a reference value for subsequent studies on lncRNA regulation of antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Yanhe Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Airong Zheng
- Forage and Feed Station of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yundi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Oksana Kasianenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhanwei Teng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Mannino GC, Mancuso E, Sbrignadello S, Morettini M, Andreozzi F, Tura A. Chemical Compounds and Ambient Factors Affecting Pancreatic Alpha-Cells Mass and Function: What Evidence? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16489. [PMID: 36554367 PMCID: PMC9778390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to different substances present in the environment can affect the ability of the human body to maintain glucose homeostasis. Some review studies summarized the current evidence about the relationships between environment and insulin resistance or beta-cell dysfunction. Instead, no reviews focused on the relationships between the environment and the alpha cell, although in recent years clear indications have emerged for the pivotal role of the alpha cell in glucose regulation. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze the studies about the effects of chemical, biological, and physical environmental factors on the alpha cell. Notably, we found studies focusing on the effects of different categories of compounds, including air pollutants, compounds of known toxicity present in common objects, pharmacological agents, and compounds possibly present in food, plus studies on the effects of physical factors (mainly heat exposure). However, the overall number of relevant studies was limited, especially when compared to studies related to the environment and insulin sensitivity or beta-cell function. In our opinion, this was likely due to the underestimation of the alpha-cell role in glucose homeostasis, but since such a role has recently emerged with increasing strength, we expect several new studies about the environment and alpha-cell in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elettra Mancuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35127 Padova, Italy
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18
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Xu L, Jois S, Cui H. Metformin and Gegen Qinlian Decoction boost islet α-cell proliferation of the STZ induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35858880 PMCID: PMC9301855 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), as well as metformin, had been reported with anti-diabetic effects in clinical practice. Objective To verify whether these two medicines effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia caused by deficiency of islet β-cell mass which occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods SD rats were injected with a single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg) to induce β-cell destruction. The rats were then divided into control, diabetes, GQD and metformin group. GQD and metformin groups were administered with GQD extract or metformin for 6 weeks. The islet α-cell or β-cell mass changes were tested by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. The potential targets and mechanisms of GQD and metformin on cell proliferation were tested using in silico network pharmacology. Real-time PCR was performed to test the expression of islet cells related genes and targets related genes. Results Both GQD and metformin did not significantly reduce the FBG level caused by β-cell mass reduction, but alleviated liver and pancreas histopathology. Both GQD and metformin did not change the insulin positive cell mass but increased α-cell proliferation of the diabetic rats. Gene expression analysis showed that GQD and metformin significantly increased the targets gene cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and insulin receptor substrate (Irs1) level. Conclusion This research indicates that GQD and metformin significantly increased the α-cell proliferation of β-cell deficiency induced diabetic rats by restoring Cdk4 and Irs1 gene expression.
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19
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Story LH, Wilson LM. New Developments in Glucagon Treatment for Hypoglycemia. Drugs 2022; 82:1179-1191. [PMID: 35932416 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is essential for endogenous glucose regulation along with the paired hormone, insulin. Unlike insulin, pharmaceutical use of glucagon has been limited due to the unstable nature of the peptide. Glucagon has the potential to address hypoglycemia as a major limiting factor in the treatment of diabetes, which remains very common in the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent developments are poised to change this paradigm and expand the use of glucagon for people with diabetes. Glucagon emergency kits have major limitations for their use in treating severe hypoglycemia. A complicated reconstitution and injection process often results in incomplete or aborted administration. New preparations include intranasal glucagon with an easy-to-use and needle-free nasal applicator as well as two stable liquid formulations in pre-filled injection devices. These may ease the burden of severe hypoglycemia treatment. The liquid preparations may also have a role in the treatment of non-severe hypoglycemia. Despite potential benefits of expanded use of glucagon, undesirable side effects (nausea, vomiting), cost, and complexity of adding another medication may limit real-world use. Additionally, more long-term safety and outcome data are needed before widespread, frequent use of glucagon is recommended by providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- LesleAnn Hayward Story
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Leah M Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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20
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Godfrey J, Riscal R, Skuli N, Simon MC. Glucagon signaling via supraphysiologic GCGR can reduce cell viability without stimulating gluconeogenic gene expression in liver cancer cells. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35123542 PMCID: PMC8817478 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Deregulated glucose metabolism is a critical component of cancer growth and survival, clinically evident via FDG-PET imaging of enhanced glucose uptake in tumor nodules. Tumor cells utilize glucose in a variety of interconnected biochemical pathways to generate energy, anabolic precursors, and other metabolites necessary for growth. Glucagon-stimulated gluconeogenesis opposes glycolysis, potentially representing a pathway-specific strategy for targeting glucose metabolism in tumor cells. Here, we test the hypothesis of whether glucagon signaling can activate gluconeogenesis to reduce tumor proliferation in models of liver cancer.
Methods
The glucagon receptor, GCGR, was overexpressed in liver cancer cell lines consisting of a range of etiologies and genetic backgrounds. Glucagon signaling transduction was measured by cAMP ELISAs, western blots of phosphorylated PKA substrates, and qPCRs of relative mRNA expression of multiple gluconeogenic enzymes. Lastly, cell proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed to quantify the biological effect of glucagon/GCGR stimulation.
Results
Signaling analyses in SNU398 GCGR cells treated with glucagon revealed an increase in cAMP abundance and phosphorylation of downstream PKA substrates, including CREB. qPCR data indicated that none of the three major gluconeogenic genes, G6PC, FBP1, or PCK1, exhibit significantly higher mRNA levels in SNU398 GCGR cells when treated with glucagon; however, this could be partially increased with epigenetic inhibitors. In glucagon-treated SNU398 GCGR cells, flow cytometry analyses of apoptotic markers and growth assays reproducibly measured statistically significant reductions in cell viability. Finally, proliferation experiments employing siCREB inhibition showed no reversal of cell death in SNU398 GCGR cells treated with glucagon, indicating the effects of glucagon in this setting are independent of CREB.
Conclusions
For the first time, we report a potential tumor suppressive role for glucagon/GCGR in liver cancer. Specifically, we identified a novel cell line-specific phenotype, whereby glucagon signaling can induce apoptosis via an undetermined mechanism. Future studies should explore the potential effects of glucagon in diabetic liver cancer patients.
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Göbl C, Morettini M, Salvatori B, Alsalim W, Kahleova H, Ahrén B, Tura A. Temporal Patterns of Glucagon and Its Relationships with Glucose and Insulin following Ingestion of Different Classes of Macronutrients. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020376. [PMID: 35057557 PMCID: PMC8780023 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: glucagon secretion and inhibition should be mainly determined by glucose and insulin levels, but the relative relevance of each factor is not clarified, especially following ingestion of different macronutrients. We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma glucagon, glucose, and insulin after ingestion of single macronutrients or mixed-meal. Methods: thirty-six participants underwent four metabolic tests, based on administration of glucose, protein, fat, or mixed-meal. Glucagon, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured at fasting and for 300 min following food ingestion. We analyzed relationships between time samples of glucagon, glucose, and insulin in each individual, as well as between suprabasal area-under-the-curve of the same variables (ΔAUCGLUCA, ΔAUCGLU, ΔAUCINS) over the whole participants’ cohort. Results: in individuals, time samples of glucagon and glucose were related in only 26 cases (18 direct, 8 inverse relationships), whereas relationship with insulin was more frequent (60 and 5, p < 0.0001). The frequency of significant relationships was different among tests, especially for direct relationships (p ≤ 0.006). In the whole cohort, ΔAUCGLUCA was weakly related to ΔAUCGLU (p ≤ 0.02), but not to ΔAUCINS, though basal insulin secretion emerged as possible covariate. Conclusions: glucose and insulin are not general and exclusive determinants of glucagon secretion/inhibition after mixed-meal or macronutrients ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Göbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Wathik Alsalim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (W.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Hana Kahleova
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (W.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35127 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-829-5786
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22
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Wess J. In Vivo Metabolic Roles of G Proteins of the Gi Family Studied With Novel Mouse Models. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6453469. [PMID: 34871353 PMCID: PMC8691396 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the target of ~30% to 35% of all US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. The individual members of the GPCR superfamily couple to 1 or more functional classes of heterotrimeric G proteins. The physiological outcome of activating a particular GPCR in vivo depends on the pattern of receptor distribution and the type of G proteins activated by the receptor. Based on the structural and functional properties of their α-subunits, heterotrimeric G proteins are subclassified into 4 major families: Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13. Recent studies with genetically engineered mice have yielded important novel insights into the metabolic roles of Gi/o-type G proteins. For example, recent data indicate that Gi signaling in pancreatic α-cells plays a key role in regulating glucagon release and whole body glucose homeostasis. Receptor-mediated activation of hepatic Gi signaling stimulates hepatic glucose production, suggesting that inhibition of hepatic Gi signaling could prove clinically useful to reduce pathologically elevated blood glucose levels. Activation of adipocyte Gi signaling reduces plasma free fatty acid levels, thus leading to improved insulin sensitivity in obese, glucose-intolerant mice. These new data suggest that Gi-coupled receptors that are enriched in metabolically important cell types represent potential targets for the development of novel drugs useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
- Correspondence: Jürgen Wess, PhD, Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH-NIDDK, Bldg. 8A, Room B1A-05, 8 Center Drive MSC 0810, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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23
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Liu L, Dattaroy D, Simpson KF, Barella LF, Cui Y, Xiong Y, Jin J, König GM, Kostenis E, Roman JC, Kaestner KH, Doliba NM, Wess J. α-cell Gq signaling is critical for maintaining euglycemia. JCI Insight 2021; 6:152852. [PMID: 34752420 PMCID: PMC8783673 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon, a hormone released from pancreatic α cells, plays a key role in maintaining euglycemia. New insights into the signaling pathways that control glucagon secretion may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this study, we investigated the potential regulation of α cell function by G proteins of the Gq family. The use of a chemogenetic strategy allowed us to selectively activate Gq signaling in mouse α cells in vitro and in vivo. Acute stimulation of α cell Gq signaling led to elevated plasma glucagon levels, accompanied by increased insulin release and improved glucose tolerance. Moreover, chronic activation of this pathway greatly improved glucose tolerance in obese mice. We also identified an endogenous Gq-coupled receptor (vasopressin 1b receptor; V1bR) that was enriched in mouse and human α cells. Agonist-induced activation of the V1bR strongly stimulated glucagon release in a Gq-dependent fashion. In vivo studies indicated that V1bR-mediated glucagon release played a key role in the counterregulatory hyperglucagonemia under hypoglycemic and glucopenic conditions. These data indicate that α cell Gq signaling represents an important regulator of glucagon secretion, resulting in multiple beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, drugs that target α cell–enriched Gq-coupled receptors may prove useful to restore euglycemia in various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Katherine F Simpson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jefferey C Roman
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadeplhia, United States of America
| | - Nicolai M Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadeplhia, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, United States of America
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24
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Grøndahl MFG, Lund A, Bagger JI, Petersen TS, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Christensen MB, Knop FK. Glucagon Clearance is Preserved in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210024. [PMID: 34957488 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is a common observation in both obesity and type 2 diabetes, and the etiology is primarily thought to be hypersecretion of glucagon. We investigated whether altered elimination kinetics of glucagon could contribute to the hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Individuals with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function (8 with and 8 without obesity) and matched control individuals (8 with and 8 without obesity) were recruited. Each participant underwent a 1-hour glucagon infusion (4 ng/kg/min), achieving steady-state plasma glucagon concentrations, followed by a 1-hour wash-out period. Plasma levels, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), half-life (T½) and volume of distribution of glucagon were evaluated and a pharmacokinetic model was constructed. Glucagon MCR and volume of distribution were significantly higher in the type 2 diabetes group compared to the control group, while no significant differences between the groups were found in glucagon T½. Individuals with obesity had neither a significantly decreased MCR, T½, nor volume of distribution of glucagon. In our pharmacokinetic model, glucagon MCR associated positively with fasting plasma glucose and negatively with body weight. In conclusion, our results suggest that impaired glucagon clearance is not a fundamental part of the hyperglucagonemia observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus F G Grøndahl
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Tonny S Petersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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25
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Zhang Y, Ding J, Liu C, Luo S, Gao X, Wu Y, Wang J, Wang X, Wu X, Shen W, Zhu J. Genetics Responses to Hypoxia and Reoxygenation Stress in Larimichthys crocea Revealed via Transcriptome Analysis and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113021. [PMID: 34827754 PMCID: PMC8614329 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoxia, which occurs frequently in aquaculture, can cause serious harm to all aspects of the growth, reproduction and metabolism of cultured fish. Due to the intolerance of Larimichthys crocea to hypoxia, Larimichthys crocea often floats head or even dies under hypoxic environment. However, the molecular mechanism of hypoxia tolerance in Larimichthys crocea has not been fully described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the hub regulatory genes under hypoxic stress environment by transcriptome analysis of three key tissues (liver, blood and gill) in Larimichthys crocea. We identified a number of important genes that exercise different regulatory functions. Overall, this study will provide important clues to the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in Larimichthys crocea. Abstract The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is an important marine economic fish in China; however, its intolerance to hypoxia causes widespread mortality. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia tolerance in L. crocea, the transcriptome gene expression profiling of three different tissues (blood, gills, and liver) of L. crocea exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation stress were performed. In parallel, the gene relationships were investigated based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Accordingly, the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that several pathways (e.g., energy metabolism, signal transduction, oxygen transport, and osmotic regulation) may be involved in the response of L. crocea to hypoxia and reoxygenation stress. In addition, also, four key modules (darkorange, magenta, saddlebrown, and darkolivegreen) that were highly relevant to the samples were identified by WGCNA. Furthermore, some hub genes within the association module, including RPS16, EDRF1, KCNK5, SNAT2, PFKL, GSK-3β, and PIK3CD, were found. This is the first study to report the co-expression patterns of a gene network after hypoxia stress in marine fish. The results provide new clues for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia tolerance in L. crocea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Shengyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuanjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Xuelei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Weiliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Juxian Road, Ningbo 315103, China; (X.W.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-153-8137-7660 (W.S.); +86-139-5784-1679 (J.Z.)
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo 315832, China; (Y.Z.); (J.D.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-153-8137-7660 (W.S.); +86-139-5784-1679 (J.Z.)
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26
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Buckels EJ, Bloomfield FH, Oliver MH, Spiroski AM, Harding JE, Jaquiery AL. Sexually dimorphic changes in the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in young adulthood following intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment of growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E530-E542. [PMID: 34459219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00111.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with decreased insulin secretory capacity and decreased insulin sensitivity in muscle in adulthood. We investigated whether intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment in late gestation mitigated the adverse effects of FGR on the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle at 18 mo of age. Singleton-bearing ewes underwent uterine artery embolization between 103 and 107 days of gestational age, followed by 5 once-weekly intra-amniotic injections of 360-µg IGF-I (FGRI) or saline (FGRS) and were compared with an unmanipulated control group (CON). We measured offspring pancreatic endocrine cell mass and pancreatic and skeletal muscle mRNA expression at 18 mo of age (n = 7-9/sex/group). Total α-cell mass was increased ∼225% in FGRI males versus CON and FGRS males, whereas β-cell mass was not different between groups of either sex. Pancreatic mitochondria-related mRNA expression was increased in FGRS females versus CON (NRF1, MTATP6, UCP2), and FGRS males versus CON (TFAM, NRF1, UCP2) but was largely unchanged in FGRI males versus CON. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria-related mRNA expression was decreased in FGRS females versus CON (PPARGC1A, TFAM, NRF1, UCP2, MTATP6), FGRS males versus CON (NRF1 and UCP2), and FGRI females versus CON (TFAM and UCP2), with only MTATP6 expression decreased in FGRI males versus CON. Although the window during which IGF-I treatment was delivered was limited to the final 5 wk of gestation, IGF-I therapy of FGR altered the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in a sex-specific manner in young adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with compromised metabolic function throughout adulthood. Here, we explored the long-term effects of fetal IGF-I therapy on the adult pancreas and skeletal muscle. This is the first study demonstrating that IGF-I therapy of FGR has sex-specific long-term effects at both the tissue and molecular level on metabolically active tissues in adult sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Buckels
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark H Oliver
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jane E Harding
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne L Jaquiery
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Rabinovich A, Priefer R. Glucagon delivery - An overview of current and future devices. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102155. [PMID: 34198107 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon is crucial in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus due to the prevalence of hypoglycemia in patients with this disorder. Hypoglycemia can be life-threatening, leading to loss of consciousness, and requiring emergency glucagon to reverse the effects. Emergency kits are difficult to use, requiring reconstitution of glucagon, which itself is not stable for lengthy periods. Approaches have aimed to improve stability which has allowed for use in pens or pumps. Glucagon can now also be delivered intranasally. This review discusses the history of glucagon, its current delivery methods as well as some modern approaches being introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Rabinovich
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Ahrén B. Glucose-lowering action through targeting islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: Focus on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1128-1135. [PMID: 33949781 PMCID: PMC8264410 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition is a glucose-lowering medication for type 2 diabetes. It works through stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, resulting in lowered fasting and postprandial glycemia with low risk of hypoglycemia. As impaired insulin secretion and augmented glucagon secretion are key factors underlying hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, DPP-4 inhibition represents a therapy that targets the underlying mechanisms of the disease. If insufficient in monotherapy, it can preferably be used in combination with metformin, which targets insulin resistance, and also in combination with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition, thiazolidinediones and insulin, which target other mechanisms. In individuals of East Asian origin, islet dysfunction is of particular importance for the development of type 2 diabetes. Consequently, it has been shown in several studies that DPP-4 is efficient in these populations. This mini-review highlights the islet mechanisms of DPP-4 inhibition, islet dysfunction as a key factor for hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and that, consequently, DPP-4 is of particular value in populations where islet dysfunction is central, such as in individuals of East Asian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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29
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Cilvik SN, Wesolowski SR, Anthony RV, Brown LD, Rozance PJ. Late gestation fetal hyperglucagonaemia impairs placental function and results in diminished fetal protein accretion and decreased fetal growth. J Physiol 2021; 599:3403-3427. [PMID: 33878802 DOI: 10.1113/jp281288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fetal glucagon concentrations are elevated in the setting of placental insufficiency, hypoxia and elevated stress hormones. Chronically elevated glucagon concentrations in the adult result in profound decreases in amino acid concentrations and lean body mass. Experimental elevation of fetal glucagon concentrations in a late-gestation pregnant sheep results in lower fetal amino acid concentrations, lower protein accretion and lower fetal weight, in addition to decreased placental function. This study demonstrates a negative effect of glucagon on fetal protein accretion and growth, and also provides the first example of a fetal hormone that negatively regulates placental nutrient transport and blood flow. ABSTRACT Fetal glucagon concentrations are elevated in the setting of placental insufficiency and fetal stress. Postnatal studies have demonstrated the importance of glucagon in amino acid metabolism, and limited fetal studies have suggested that glucagon inhibits umbilical uptake of certain amino acids. We hypothesized that chronic fetal hyperglucagonaemia would decrease amino acid transfer and increase amino acid oxidation by the fetus. Late gestation singleton fetal sheep received a direct intravenous infusion of glucagon (GCG; 5 or 50 ng/kg/min; n = 7 and 5, respectively) or a vehicle control (n = 10) for 8-10 days. Fetal and maternal nutrient concentrations, uterine and umbilical blood flows, fetal leucine flux, nutrient uptake rates, placental secretion of chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH), and targeted placental gene expression were measured. GCG fetuses had 13% lower fetal weight compared to controls (P = 0.0239) and >28% lower concentrations of 16 out of 21 amino acids (P < 0.02). Additionally, protein synthesis was 49% lower (P = 0.0005), and protein accretion was 92% lower in GCG fetuses (P = 0.0006). Uterine blood flow was 33% lower in ewes with GCG fetuses (P = 0.0154), while umbilical blood flow was similar. Fetal hyperglucagonaemia lowered uterine uptake of 10 amino acids by >48% (P < 0.05) and umbilical uptake of seven amino acids by >29% (P < 0.04). Placental secretion of CSH into maternal circulation was reduced by 80% compared to controls (P = 0.0080). This study demonstrates a negative effect of glucagon on fetal protein accretion and growth. It also demonstrates that glucagon, a hormone of fetal origin, negatively regulates maternal placental nutrient transport function, placental CSH production and uterine blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Cilvik
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - Russ V Anthony
- Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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30
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Korenfeld N, Finkel M, Buchshtab N, Bar-Shimon M, Charni-Natan M, Goldstein I. Fasting Hormones Synergistically Induce Amino Acid Catabolism Genes to Promote Gluconeogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1021-1036. [PMID: 33957303 PMCID: PMC8346669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gluconeogenesis from amino acids (AAs) maintains glucose homeostasis during fasting. Although glucagon is known to regulate AA catabolism, the contribution of other hormones to it and the scope of transcriptional regulation dictating AA catabolism are unknown. We explored the role of the fasting hormones glucagon and glucocorticoids in transcriptional regulation of AA catabolism genes and AA-dependent gluconeogenesis. METHODS We tested the RNA expression of AA catabolism genes and glucose production in primary mouse hepatocytes treated with fasting hormones (glucagon, corticosterone) and feeding hormones (insulin, fibroblast growth factor 19). We analyzed genomic data of chromatin accessibility and chromatin immunoprecipitation in mice and primary mouse hepatocytes. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation in livers of fasted mice to show binding of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). RESULTS Fasting induced the expression of 31 genes with various roles in AA catabolism. Of them, 15 were synergistically induced by co-treatment of glucagon and corticosterone. Synergistic gene expression relied on the activity of both CREB and GR and was abolished by treatment with either insulin or fibroblast growth factor 19. Enhancers adjacent to synergistically induced genes became more accessible and were bound by CREB and GR on fasting. Akin to the gene expression pattern, gluconeogenesis from AAs was synergistically induced by glucagon and corticosterone in a CREB- and GR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional regulation of AA catabolism genes during fasting is widespread and is driven by glucagon (via CREB) and corticosterone (via GR). Glucose production in hepatocytes is also synergistically augmented, showing that glucagon alone is insufficient in fully activating gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Korenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Finkel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nufar Buchshtab
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meirav Bar-Shimon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Charni-Natan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ido Goldstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition. Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Chintala S, Friedman SH. A Light Activated Glucagon Trimer with Resistance to Fibrillation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1506-1514. [PMID: 33703874 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have brought the release of glucagon under the control of light. The aim of this approach is to allow minimally invasive, two-hormone control of blood glucose. Glucagon has two major challenges associated with its therapeutic application: (1) the required amount and timing of glucagon release is highly variable, and (2) glucagon rapidly fibrillates in solution, forming aggregates that are inactive. We have developed a light activated glucagon trimer, in which we have joined three glucagon molecules via light cleaved linkers. We demonstrated that this material can be stimulated by light to release glucagon in a predictable manner. In addition, we demonstrated that in the absence of light, the trimer does not form fibrils and thus releases normal unfibrillated glucagon upon irradiation. These qualities make this material ideal for incorporation into a two hormone light-activated artificial pancreas system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Chintala
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
| | - Simon H Friedman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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32
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Meister J, Wang L, Pydi SP, Wess J. Chemogenetic approaches to identify metabolically important GPCR signaling pathways: Therapeutic implications. J Neurochem 2021; 158:603-620. [PMID: 33540469 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by a Designer Drug) are designer G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are widely used in the neuroscience field to modulate neuronal activity. In this review, we will focus on DREADD studies carried out with genetically engineered mice aimed at elucidating signaling pathways important for maintaining proper glucose and energy homeostasis. The availability of muscarinic receptor-based DREADDs endowed with selectivity for one of the four major classes of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gs , Gi , Gq , and G12 ) has been instrumental in dissecting the physiological and pathophysiological roles of distinct G protein signaling pathways in metabolically important cell types. The novel insights gained from this work should inform the development of novel classes of drugs useful for the treatment of several metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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33
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Ahrén B, Yamada Y, Seino Y. The mediation by GLP-1 receptors of glucagon-induced insulin secretion revisited in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Peptides 2021; 135:170434. [PMID: 33172827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To study whether activation of GLP-1 receptors importantly contributes to the insulinotropic action of exogenously administered glucagon, we have performed whole animal experiments in normal mice and in mice with GLP-1 receptor knockout. Glucagon (1, 3 or 10 μg/kg), the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9-39 (30 nmol/kg), glucose (0.35 g/kg) or the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; 3 nmol/kg) was injected intravenously or glucose (75 mg) was given orally through gavage. Furthermore, islets were isolated and incubated in the presence of glucose with or without glucagon. It was found that the insulin response to intravenous glucagon was preserved in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice but that glucagon-induced insulin secretion was markedly suppressed in islets from GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Similarly, the GLP-1 receptor antagonist markedly suppressed glucagon-induced insulin secretion in wildtype mice. These data suggest that GLP-1 receptors contribute to the insulinotropic action of glucagon and that there is a compensatory mechanism in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice that counteracts a reduced effect of glucagon. Two potential compensatory mechanisms (glucose and GIP) were explored. However, neither of these seemed to explain why the insulin response to glucagon is not suppressed in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Based on these data we confirm the hypothesis that glucagon-induced insulin secretion is partially mediated by GLP-1 receptors on the beta cells and we propose that a compensatory mechanism, the nature of which remains to be established, is induced in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice to counteract the expected impaired insulin response to glucagon in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, C11 BMC, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
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Counter-regulatory responses to Telfairia occidentalis-induced hypoglycaemia. Metabol Open 2020; 8:100065. [PMID: 33235989 PMCID: PMC7670218 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Telfairia occidentalis (TO) has many biological activities including blood glucose regulation. Thus, it is being used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. TO has been shown to cause insulin-mediated hypoglycaemia, which leads to post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia. However, the mechanism involved in the post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia is still poorly understood. Objective This research was designed to determine the response of glucoregulatory hormones and enzymes to TO treatment. Methods Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into seven oral treatment groups (n = 5/group), which received either of 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg TO for 7-, 10- or 14 days. Results The 7-day treatment with TO significantly increased the levels of insulin, glucagon, and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity but decreased the levels of glucose, adrenaline, and glucokinase (GCK) activity. The 10-day treatment with 100 mg/kg TO increased glucose and decreased GCK activity while 200 mg/kg for the same duration increased glucose, insulin, GCK and G6Pase activities but reduced glucagon. The 14-day treatment with 100 mg/kg TO decreased glucose and glucagon but increased cortisol, while 200 mg/kg TO for same duration increased insulin, but reduced glucagon and GCK activity. Conclusion The TO's post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia results from increased glucagon and G6Pase activity, and reduced GCK activity. Moreover, the glucagon response mainly depends on glucose rather than insulin.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- Avidin-HRP, Avidin-Horseradish Peroxidase
- Counter-regulatory hormones
- EGP, Endogenous glucose production
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- G6P, Glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PD, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- G6Pase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
- GCK, Glucokinase
- Glucoregulatory enzymes
- Insulin
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- LSD, Least Significance Difference
- NAD, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- Plasma glucose
- SEM, Standard error of mean
- SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
- TO, Telfairia occidentalis
- Telfairia occidentalis
- cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Abbas G, Haq QMI, Hamaed A, Al-Sibani M, Hussain H. Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptors: Promising Therapeutic Targets for an Effective Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:501-508. [PMID: 32003684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200131143231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound proteins, which are responsible for the detection of extracellular stimuli and the origination of intracellular responses. Both glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors belong to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Along with insulin, glucagon and GLP-1 are critical hormones for maintaining normal serum glucose within the human body. Glucagon generally plays its role in the liver through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), where it compensates for the action of insulin. GLP-1 is secreted by the L-cells of the small intestine to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon action. Despite extensive research efforts and the multiple approaches adopted, the glycemic control in the case of type-2 diabetes mellitus remains a major challenge. Therefore, a deep understanding of the structure-function relationship of these receptors will have great implications for future therapies in order to maintain a normal glucose level for an extended period of time. The antagonists of glucagon receptors that can effectively block the hepatic glucose production, as a result of glucagon action, are highly desirable for the tuning of the hyperglycemic state in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the same manner, GLP-1R agonists act as important treatment modalities, thanks to their multiple anti-diabetic actions to attain normal glucose levels. In this review article, the structural diversity of glucagon and GLP-1 receptors along with their signaling pathways, site-directed mutations and significance in drug discovery against type-2 diabetes are illustrated. Moreover, the promising non-peptide antagonists of glucagon receptor and agonists of GLP-1 receptor, for the management of diabetes are presented with elaboration on the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Quazi M I Haq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmad Hamaed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al-Sibani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Salle) D-06120, Germany
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Direct Effects of D-Chiro-Inositol on Insulin Signaling and Glucagon Secretion of Pancreatic Alpha Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101404. [PMID: 33020399 PMCID: PMC7601246 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin resistance state of pancreatic α-cells seems to be related to glucagon hypersecretion in type 2 diabetes. Treatment that can improve the insulin sensitivity of α-cells could control glucagon levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive role of D-chiro-inositol (DCI), which has insulin receptor-sensitizer effects on insulin signaling pathways and glucagon secretion in pancreatic α-TC1 clone 6 cells. Cells were chronically treated with palmitate to induce insulin resistance in the presence/absence of DCI. DCI treatment improved the insulin signaling pathway and restored insulin-mediated glucagon suppression in α-TC1-6 cells exposed to palmitate. These results indicate that DCI treatment prevents the insulin resistance of α-TC1-6 cells chronically exposed to palmitate. Our data provide evidence that DCI could be useful to improve the insulin sensitivity of pancreatic α-cells in diabetes treatment.
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Sandru F, Carsote M, Albu SE, Valea A, Petca A, Dumitrascu MC. Glucagonoma: From skin lesions to the neuroendocrine component (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3389-3393. [PMID: 32905095 PMCID: PMC7465236 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagonoma is a hormonally active rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour causing an excess of glucagon. This is a narrative review based on a multidisciplinary approach of the tumour. Typically associated dermatosis is necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) which is most frequently seen at disease onset. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, depression, diarrhoea, deep vein thrombosis are also identified, as parts of so-called 'D' syndrome. Early diagnosis is life saving due to potential aggressive profile and high risk of liver metastasis. NME as paraneoplastic syndrome may be present for months and even years until adequate recognition and therapy; it is remitted after successful pancreatic surgery. Thus the level of practitioners' awareness is essential. If surgery is not curative, debulking techniques may improve the clinical aspects and even the outcome in association with other procedures such as embolization of hepatic metastasis; ablation of radiofrequency type; medical therapy including chemotherapy, targeted therapy with mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus, PRRT (peptide receptor radiotherapy), and somatostatin analogues (including combinations of medical treatments). Increased awareness of the condition involves multidisciplinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology,‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Elena Albu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Valea
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical County Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are ubiquitously prescribed for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and treatment. However, the use of statins has been linked to the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM), which could possibly increase future CVD risk. This phenomenon necessitates a clear discussion of the possible etiologies of this relationship and its broader clinical consequences. We discuss the reported incidence of NODM in statin users through a rigorous review of data from metaanalyses of randomized control trials examining this association. We also highlight the various possible mechanisms responsible for the development of statin-induced diabetes mellitus. Finally, we examine the clinical implications of this effect on future CVD risk and identify specific patient factors that can be used for risk-stratification strategies. Data from 14 randomized control trials metaanalyses suggest a 9-33% higher risk of NODM with statin use. Several cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms, as well as lifestyle habits, have been identified as potential underlying factors responsible for this elevated risk. The principle mode of the diabetogenic action of statins is still unclear, though it is likely the result of a complex interplay of pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects. It is understood that patient populations with a greater predisposition to diabetes mellitus, and those with thicker epicardial adiposity are more at risk for the development of statin-induced NODM. Despite these observations, robust data from a variety of investigations suggest that the CVD preventative benefits of statin treatment significantly outweigh the risks associated with the development of NODM. Nevertheless, further study must better identify the causative mechanisms involved in this process, its natural history, and the unique factors that will help clinicians risk stratify and appropriately monitor patients on statin therapy.
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Wang L, Zhu L, Meister J, Bone DBJ, Pydi SP, Rossi M, Wess J. Use of DREADD Technology to Identify Novel Targets for Antidiabetic Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:421-440. [PMID: 32746768 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a superfamily of plasma membrane receptors that couple to four major families of heterotrimeric G proteins, Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12. GPCRs represent excellent targets for drug therapy. Since the individual GPCRs are expressed by many different cell types, the in vivo metabolic roles of a specific GPCR expressed by a distinct cell type are not well understood. The development of designer GPCRs known as DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug) that selectively couple to distinct classes of heterotrimeric G proteins has greatly facilitated studies in this area. This review focuses on the use of DREADD technology to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of distinct GPCR/G protein cascades in several metabolically important cell types. The novel insights gained from these studies should stimulate the development of GPCR-based treatments for major metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Derek B J Bone
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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40
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Ng JCM, Schooling CM. Effect of Glucagon on Ischemic Heart Disease and Its Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5837127. [PMID: 32407514 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon acts reciprocally with insulin to regular blood glucose. However, the effect of glucagon on cardiovascular disease has not been widely studied. It has been suggested that insulin may increase the risk of ischemic heart disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether glucagon, the main counteracting hormone of insulin, plays a role in development of ischemic heart disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this 2-sample Mendelian randomization study, we estimated the causal effect of glucagon on ischemic heart disease and its risk factors using the inverse-variance weighted method with multiplicative random effects and multiple sensitivity analyses. Genetic associations with glucagon and ischemic heart disease and its risk factors, including type 2 diabetes and fasting insulin, were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Odds ratio for ischemic heart disease and its risk factors per 1 standard deviation change in genetically predicted glucagon. RESULTS Twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms strongly (P < 5 × 10-6) and independently (r2 < 0.05) predicting glucagon were obtained. Genetically predicted higher glucagon was associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (inverse-variance weighted odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.0003-1.05) but not with type 2 diabetes (inverse-variance weighted odds ratio, 0.998, 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.03), log-transformed fasting insulin (inverse-variance weighted beta, 0.002, 95% confidence interval, -0.01 to 0.01), other glycemic traits, blood pressure, reticulocyte, or lipids. CONCLUSION Glucagon might have an adverse impact on ischemic heart disease. Relevance of the underlying pathway to existing and potential interventions should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C M Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, USA
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41
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Guay C, Jacovetti C, Bayazit MB, Brozzi F, Rodriguez-Trejo A, Wu K, Regazzi R. Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Islet Biology. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:893-932. [PMID: 32941685 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that most mammalian genome sequences are transcribed to ribonucleic acids (RNA) has revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms governing key cellular processes and of the causes of human diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic islet cells were found to contain thousands of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including micro-RNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-associated RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, tRNA-derived fragments, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. While the involvement of miRNAs in islet function and in the etiology of diabetes is now well documented, there is emerging evidence indicating that other classes of ncRNAs are also participating in different aspects of islet physiology. The aim of this article will be to provide a comprehensive and updated view of the studies carried out in human samples and rodent models over the past 15 years on the role of ncRNAs in the control of α- and β-cell development and function and to highlight the recent discoveries in the field. We not only describe the role of ncRNAs in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion but also address the contribution of these regulatory molecules in the proliferation and survival of islet cells under physiological and pathological conditions. It is now well established that most cells release part of their ncRNAs inside small extracellular vesicles, allowing the delivery of genetic material to neighboring or distantly located target cells. The role of these secreted RNAs in cell-to-cell communication between β-cells and other metabolic tissues as well as their potential use as diabetes biomarkers will be discussed. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:893-932, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane Guay
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Jacovetti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Bilal Bayazit
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flora Brozzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Rodriguez-Trejo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kejing Wu
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wikarek T, Kocełak P, Owczarek AJ, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. Effect of Dietary Macronutrients on Postprandial Glucagon and Insulin Release in Obese and Normal-Weight Women. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:4603682. [PMID: 32411223 PMCID: PMC7210536 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4603682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dietary macronutrients on circulating glucagon and insulin levels in obese and normal-weight women. Potentially, the impaired release of glucagon may proceed abnormal glucose metabolism in obese patients ahead of overt diabetes. In 20 insulin-sensitive women (11 obese and 9 normal-weight), plasma concentrations of insulin and glucagon levels were assessed before and after 3 different macronutrient test meals. AUCtotal insulin in the obese group was increased after protein and carbohydrates compared to fatty test meal consumption (3981 ± 2171 and 4869 ± 2784 vs. 2349 ± 1004 μIU∗h/m, p < 0.05, respectively), but without a difference between protein and carbohydrates ingestion. However, in the normal-weight group, AUCtotal insulin was increased after carbohydrates compared to fatty test meal ingestion (3929 ± 1719 vs. 2231 ± 509 μIU∗h/ml, p < 0.05) and similar after carbohydrate and protein as well as after fatty and protein test meals (3929 ± 1719 vs. 2231 ± 509 vs. 3046 ± 1406 μIU∗h/ml, respectively). However, AUCtotal insulin was significantly increased in obese compared to normal-weight women only after carbohydrate test meal ingestion (4869 ± 2784 vs. 3929 ± 1719 μIU∗h/ml, p < 0.05). AUCtotal glucagon was similar after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals ingestion in obese and normal-weight women (921 ± 356 vs. 957 ± 368 vs. 926 ± 262 ng∗h/ml and 1196 ± 14 vs. 1360 ± 662 vs. 1792 ± 1176 ng∗h/ml, respectively). AUCtotal glucagon was significantly lower in obese than normal-weight women after a fatty meal (926 ± 262 vs. 1792 ± 1176 ng∗h/ml, p < 0.01). Postprandial glucagon secretion is not related to the macronutrient composition of the meal in normal-weight women since postprandial glucagon concentrations were stable and did not change after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals. Lower glucagon secretion was observed in obese subjects after fatty meal consumption when compared to normal-weight subjects. Postprandial insulin profile was significantly higher after carbohydrate than fatty test meal intake in the obese group and did not differ between obese and normal-weight groups after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals consumption. Impaired glucagon secretion after fatty meat suggests early pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction, after a carbohydrate meal is a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wikarek
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kocełak
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander J. Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Nakagawa T, Nagai Y, Yamamoto Y, Miyachi A, Hamajima H, Mieno E, Takahashi M, Inoue E, Tanaka Y. Effects of anagliptin on plasma glucagon levels and gastric emptying in patients with type 2 diabetes: An exploratory randomized controlled trial versus metformin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 158:107892. [PMID: 31669625 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glucagon has an important role in glucose homeostasis. Recently, a new plasma glucagon assay based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was developed. We evaluated the influence of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (anagliptin) on plasma glucagon levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes by using this new assay. METHODS Twenty-four patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in a prospective, single-center, randomized, open-label study and were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of treatment with metformin (1000 mg/day) or anagliptin (200 mg/day). A liquid test meal labeled with sodium [13C] acetate was ingested before and after the treatment period. Samples of blood and expired air were collected over 3 h. Plasma levels of glucose, glucagon, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured, and gastric emptying was also evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-two patients completed the study (metformin group: n = 10; anagliptin group: n = 12). Glycemic control showed similar improvement in both groups. In the anagliptin group, there was a slight decrease of the incremental area under the plasma concentration versus time curve for glucagon after the test meal (P = 0.048). In addition, the plasma level of active GLP-1 and GIP was increased, and plasma C-peptide was also increased versus baseline. Neither anagliptin nor metformin delayed gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes maintained endogenous insulin secretion, anagliptin increased the plasma level of active GLP-1 and GIP in association with a slight stimulation of insulin secretion and slight inhibition of glucagon secretion, but did not delay gastric emptying. Clinical Trial Registry: University hospital Medical Information Network UMIN000028293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nakagawa
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Nagai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Yamamoto
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Miyachi
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shisaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Hamajima
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shisaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan.
| | - Eri Mieno
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shisaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Medical Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Medical Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Tanaka
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
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44
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Urbano F, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Filippello A, Di Mauro S, Scamporrino A, Marchisello S, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Impaired glucagon suppression and reduced insulin sensitivity in subjects with prediabetes undergoing atorvastatin therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 181:579-590. [PMID: 31546230 PMCID: PMC6977939 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statin therapy has been linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in high-risk populations; however, the pathophysiology of this association remains to be clarified. We investigated glucagon suppression and its relationship with insulin resistance in prediabetic subjects undergoing atorvastatin therapy; in addition, we studied molecular insulin signaling in pancreatic α-cells exposed to atorvastatin in vitro. DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty subjects with prediabetes were divided into two groups based on atorvastatin therapy. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Early (0-30 min), late (30-120 min) and overall (0-120 min) glucagon suppression were evaluated. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by the insulin sensitivity index (ISI0-120). Insulin signaling pathway and insulin-mediated glucagon suppression were investigated in pancreatic αTC1-6 cells chronically exposed (24 or 48 h) to atorvastatin (100 ng/mL). RESULTS Individuals on statin therapy (n = 26) showed a significantly reduced early (0-30 min) (P = 0.003) and overall (0-120 min) (P = 0.01) glucagon suppression compared with controls (n = 24). In multivariate regression analysis, early glucagon suppression (0-30 min) exhibited a significant correlation with statin therapy. Regression analysis showed a significant association between ISI 0-120 and early0-30 (r = 0.33, P < 0.05) and overall0-120 (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) glucagon suppression. Moreover, in αTC1-6 cells atorvastatin treatment affected insulin-mediated glucagon suppression, insulin receptor phosphorylation and IRS-1-AKT pathway signaling. CONCLUSIONS Prediabetic patients undergoing statin therapy exhibit impaired glucagon suppression associated with lower insulin sensitivity. Our data revealed a new molecular aspect behind the deregulation of insulin sensitivity secondary to statin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Marchisello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to F Purrello;
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Koopman ADM, Beulens JW, van der Heijden A, Elders P, Dekker JM, Alssema M, Rutters F. A prospective study on glucagon responses to oral glucose and mixed meal and 7-year change in fasting glucose. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:82-86. [PMID: 30919467 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of insufficient glucagon suppression after an oral load in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between glucagon responses at baseline and fasting glucose levels 7 years later. METHODS Data of the Hoorn Meal Study were used, an observational cohort study among 121 persons without diabetes with a mean age of 61.1 ± 6.7 years and 50% being female. The glucagon response to an oral glucose tolerance test and mixed meal test was expressed as early and late incremental area under the curve. The association with change in fasting glucose levels at follow-up was assessed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS The early glucagon response following the mixed meal test was associated with an increase in fasting glucose levels of 0.18 mmol/L (95%-CI: 0.04-0.31, P = 0.01), per unit increase in the incremental area under the curve of glucagon, adjusted for confounders. No significant associations were observed for the late response after the mixed meal test or oral glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS Within a population without diabetes, relative lack of glucagon suppression early after a meal was associated with increased glucose levels over time, suggesting a role of insufficient glucagon suppression in the deterioration of glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra D M Koopman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber van der Heijden
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Elders
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Alssema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Insuela DBR, Azevedo CT, Coutinho DS, Magalhães NS, Ferrero MR, Ferreira TPT, Cascabulho CM, Henriques-Pons A, Olsen PC, Diaz BL, Silva PMR, Cordeiro RSB, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Glucagon reduces airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, and remodeling induced by ovalbumin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6478. [PMID: 31019244 PMCID: PMC6482309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon has been shown to be beneficial as a treatment for bronchospasm in asthmatics. Here, we investigate if glucagon would prevent airway hyperreactivity (AHR), lung inflammation, and remodeling in a murine model of asthma. Glucagon (10 and 100 µg/Kg, i.n.) significantly prevented AHR and eosinophilia in BAL and peribronchiolar region induced by ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, while only the dose of 100 µg/Kg of glucagon inhibited subepithelial fibrosis and T lymphocytes accumulation in BAL and lung. The inhibitory action of glucagon occurred in parallel with reduction of OVA-induced generation of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin-1/CCL11, and eotaxin-2/CCL24 but not MDC/CCL22 and TARC/CCL17. The inhibitory effect of glucagon (100 µg/Kg, i.n.) on OVA-induced AHR and collagen deposition was reversed by pre-treatment with indomethacin (10 mg/Kg, i.p.). Glucagon increased intracellular cAMP levels and inhibits anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-induced proliferation and production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF- α from TCD4+ cells in vitro. These findings suggest that glucagon reduces crucial features of asthma, including AHR, lung inflammation, and remodeling, in a mechanism probably associated with inhibition of eosinophils accumulation and TCD4+ cell proliferation and function. Glucagon should be further investigated as an option for asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella B R Insuela
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina T Azevedo
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego S Coutinho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Magalhães
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maximiliano R Ferrero
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Paula T Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia M Cascabulho
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C Olsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Immunology, Department of Toxicological and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Diaz
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia M R Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S B Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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47
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Galsgaard KD, Pedersen J, Knop FK, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:413. [PMID: 31068828 PMCID: PMC6491692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon is secreted from the pancreatic alpha cells upon hypoglycemia and stimulates hepatic glucose production. Type 2 diabetes is associated with dysregulated glucagon secretion, and increased glucagon concentrations contribute to the diabetic hyperglycemia. Antagonists of the glucagon receptor have been considered as glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes patients, but their clinical applicability has been questioned because of reports of therapy-induced increments in liver fat content and increased plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein. Conversely, in animal models, increased glucagon receptor signaling has been linked to improved lipid metabolism. Glucagon acts primarily on the liver and by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism glucagon may reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and decrease hepatic lipid secretion. Regarding whole-body lipid metabolism, it is controversial to what extent glucagon influences lipolysis in adipose tissue, particularly in humans. Glucagon receptor agonists combined with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (dual agonists) improve dyslipidemia and reduce hepatic steatosis. Collectively, emerging data support an essential role of glucagon for lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhu L, Dattaroy D, Pham J, Wang L, Barella LF, Cui Y, Wilkins KJ, Roth BL, Hochgeschwender U, Matschinsky FM, Kaestner KH, Doliba NM, Wess J. Intra-islet glucagon signaling is critical for maintaining glucose homeostasis. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127994. [PMID: 31012868 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon, a hormone released from pancreatic alpha-cells, plays a key role in maintaining proper glucose homeostasis and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes. In vitro studies suggest that intra-islet glucagon can modulate the function of pancreatic beta-cells. However, because of the lack of suitable experimental tools, the in vivo physiological role of this intra-islet cross-talk has remained elusive. To address this issue, we generated a novel mouse model that selectively expressed an inhibitory designer G protein-coupled receptor (Gi DREADD) in α-cells only. Drug-induced activation of this inhibitory designer receptor almost completely shut off glucagon secretion in vivo, resulting in significantly impaired insulin secretion, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Additional studies with mouse and human islets indicated that intra-islet glucagon stimulates insulin release primarily by activating β-cell GLP-1 receptors. These new findings strongly suggest that intra-islet glucagon signaling is essential for maintaining proper glucose homeostasis in vivo. Our work may pave the way toward the development of novel classes of antidiabetic drugs that act by modulating intra-islet cross-talk between α- and β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lingdi Wang
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Neuroscience Program and College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolai M Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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49
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Ahrén B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: A rational drug development. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:196-201. [PMID: 30099845 PMCID: PMC6400152 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are established glucose-lowering drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Their development emerged from the understanding that a combined islet dysfunction comprising of impaired insulin secretion and exaggerated glucagon secretion is the key defect of hyperglycemia. GLP-1 was shown to target these defects, and after the discovery that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inactivates native GLP-1, several different dipeptidyl peptidase-4-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed. They are administered subcutaneously, but show differences in molecular structure, molecular size and pharmacokinetics, the latter allowing twice-daily, once-daily or once-weekly administration. They have been shown to be efficient in reducing both glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight, and to be safe and highly tolerable. Cardiovascular outcomes trials have shown them to be neutral or beneficial. GLP-1 receptor agonists are positioned as add-ons to metformin alone or in combination with oral agents in the clinical paradigm. They are also efficient when combined with insulin, and fixed dose combinations with long-acting insulin have been developed. Recent development includes a very long administration schedule and oral availability. The research from the first demonstration of the antidiabetic action of GLP-1 in the early 1990s to the enormously accumulated data today represents a successful and rational development, which has been characterized by focused perseverance to establish this therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
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50
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Korsatko S, Jensen L, Brunner M, Sach‐Friedl S, Tarp MD, Holst AG, Heller SR, Pieber TR. Effect of once-weekly semaglutide on the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2565-2573. [PMID: 29893488 PMCID: PMC6221089 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of semaglutide vs placebo on glucagon and other counterregulatory hormones during hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial, we randomized 38 men and women (treated only with metformin) 1:1 to 2 12-week crossover periods of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide or placebo, each followed by a hypoglycaemic clamp procedure. The primary endpoint was change in glucagon concentration from target plasma glucose (PG) level 5.5 mmol/L to nadir (target 2.5 mmol/L). RESULTS The mean (range) participant age was 54.2 (41-64) years, body mass index 29.4 (23.3-36.1) kg/m2 , glycated haemoglobin 60.8 (44.3-83.6) mmol/mol (7.7 [6.2-9.8]%), and diabetes duration 4.5 (0.3-13.2) years. A total of 35 participants completed the trial and were included in the analyses. During the hypoglycaemic clamp from 5.5 mmol/L PG to nadir, the absolute change in mean glucagon concentration was similar for semaglutide vs placebo: 88.3 vs 83.1 pg/mL (estimated difference 5.2 pg/mL [95% confidence interval -7.7 to 18.1]). Concentrations of other counterregulatory hormones increased with both treatments, with a statistically significantly lower increase for noradrenaline and cortisol with semaglutide vs placebo. The glucose infusion rate to maintain constant clamp levels was similar for each treatment group, suggesting an overall similar counterregulatory response. The mean hypoglycaemic symptom score and proportion of participants recognizing hypoglycaemia during the study were lower for semaglutide vs placebo treatment at nadir, but cognitive function test results were similar. No new safety issues were observed for semaglutide. CONCLUSIONS Semaglutide treatment did not compromise the counterregulatory glucagon response during experimental hypoglycaemia in people with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Korsatko
- Department of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Martina Brunner
- Department of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Department of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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