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Dalefield ML, Scouller B, Bibi R, Kivell BM. The Kappa Opioid Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Multiple Pathologies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837671. [PMID: 35795569 PMCID: PMC9251383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system, where they modulate a range of physiological processes depending on their location, including stress, mood, reward, pain, inflammation, and remyelination. However, clinical use of KOR agonists is limited by adverse effects such as dysphoria, aversion, and sedation. Within the drug-development field KOR agonists have been extensively investigated for the treatment of many centrally mediated nociceptive disorders including pruritis and pain. KOR agonists are potential alternatives to mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists for the treatment of pain due to their anti-nociceptive effects, lack of abuse potential, and reduced respiratory depressive effects, however, dysphoric side-effects have limited their widespread clinical use. Other diseases for which KOR agonists hold promising therapeutic potential include pruritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, and ischemia. This review highlights recent drug-development efforts targeting KOR, including the development of G-protein–biased ligands, mixed opioid agonists, and peripherally restricted ligands to reduce side-effects. We also highlight the current KOR agonists that are in preclinical development or undergoing clinical trials.
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Dietary Bioactive Peptide Alanyl-Glutamine Attenuates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5543003. [PMID: 34046146 PMCID: PMC8128544 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disorder threatening human health. Di-peptide alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) has various beneficial effects on gut health. However, its role and functional mechanism in treating IBD are still not clear. Therefore, the protective effects of Ala-Gln and glutamine (Gln) on dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitic mice were investigated in this study. The results showed that oral supplementation of Ala-Gln or Gln significantly attenuated the colitis symptoms in mice, including body weight loss, colon length, disease activity index, histological scores, and tissue apoptosis. The concentrations of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase were significantly decreased, while the concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased by Ala-Gln or Gln supplementation. The expression of occludin and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was significantly increased by Ala-Gln or Gln. Interestingly, Ala-Gln had better beneficial effects than Gln in alleviating colitis. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the DSS-induced shifts of the microbiome (community diversity, evenness, richness, and composition) in the mouse colon were restored by Gln and Ala-Gln, including Lactobacillus, Bacteroides_acidifaciens, Bacteroidales, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Helicobacter, and Bacteroides. Correspondingly, the functions of the microflora metabolism pathways were also rescued by Ala-Gln, including fatty acid metabolism, membrane transporters, infectious diseases, and immune system. In conclusion, the results revealed that Ala-Gln can prevent colitis through PepT1, enhancing the intestinal barrier and modulating gut microbiota and microflora metabolites.
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Zandi N, Pazoki B, Rezaei A, Hashemi M, Momtaz S, Rahimi R, Shayan M, Dehpour AR, Abdolghaffari AH. Current overview of opioids in progression of inflammatory bowel disease; pharmacological and clinical considerations. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:855-874. [PMID: 33394234 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) belong to a subgroup of persistent, long-term, progressive, and relapsing inflammatory conditions. IBD may spontaneously develop in the colon, resulting in tumor lesions in inflamed regions of the intestine, such as invasive carcinoma. The benefit of opioids for IBD treatment is still questionable, thereby we investigated databases to provide an overview in this context. This review demonstrates the controversial role of opioids in IBD therapy, their physiological and pharmacological functions in attenuating the IBD symptoms, and in improving inflammatory, oxidative stress, and the quality of life factors in IBD subjects. Data were extracted from clinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies in English, between 1995 and 2019, from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library. Based on recent reports, there are promising opportunities to target the opioid system and control the IBD symptoms. This study suggests a novel approach for future treatment of functional and inflammatory disorders such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia Zandi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atiyeh Rezaei
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Hashemi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.,Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran. .,Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Zhu W, Ren L, Zhang L, Qiao Q, Farooq MZ, Xu Q. The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6817156. [PMID: 32963495 PMCID: PMC7499337 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6817156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can cause various chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases. Various food protein-derived bioactive peptides (BAPs) with anti-inflammatory activity have the potential to manage these diseases. The aim of this paper is to overview the mechanisms and the molecular targets of BAPs to exert anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, the in vitro and in vivo effects of BAPs on intestinal inflammation are highlighted. The mechanism, pathways, and future perspectives of BAPs as the potential sources of therapeutic treatments to alleviate intestinal inflammation are provided, including nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), finding that PepT1 and gut microbiota are the promising targets for BAPs to alleviate the intestinal inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary BAPs in attenuating inflammation and gives a novel direction in nutraceuticals for people or animals with intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhu
- Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze 274300, China
| | - Liying Ren
- Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze 274300, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze 274300, China
| | - Qinqin Qiao
- College of Information Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236000, China
| | - Muhammad Zahid Farooq
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Zielińska M, Szymaszkiewicz A, Jacenik D, Schodel L, Sałaga M, Zatorski H, Kordek R, Becker C, Krajewska WM, Fichna J. Cyclic derivative of morphiceptin Dmt-cyclo-(D-Lys-Phe-D-Pro-Asp)-NH2(P-317), a mixed agonist of MOP and KOP opioid receptors, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity in colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173463. [PMID: 32835668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid system is involved in the maintenance of the intestinal homeostasis. Recently, we proved that stimulation of opioid receptors using P-317, a cyclic morphiceptin analog, resulted in the alleviation of acute colitis in mice. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of P-317 during colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice. Colitis was induced by addition of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) into drinking water. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane (AOM) and subsequent addition of DSS into drinking water (week 2, 5, 8). During macroscopic damage evaluation the samples were collected and used for biochemical (MPO activity assay), molecular (qPCR and western blot) and histological studies. In experimental colitis, P-317 induced an anti-inflammatory response as indicated by macroscopic and microscopic scores. In the colitis-associated colorectal cancer model, a significant difference in colorectal tumor development was observed between vehicle- and P-317-treated mice. P-317 decreased the total number of colonic tumors and inhibited MPO activity. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed anti-tumor activity of P-317. The expression of TNF-α was decreased in P-317-treated mice as compared to the vehicle-treated group. P-317 decreased proliferation as well as β-catenin expression in tumors. P-317, a mixed MOP and KOP receptor agonist, induced an anti-inflammatory response in experimental colitis and decreased tumor development in colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Lena Schodel
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hubert Zatorski
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Digestive Diseases, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wanda M Krajewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Kim M, Chung KS, Hwang SJ, Yoon YS, Jang YP, Lee JK, Lee KT. Protective Effect of Cicer arietinum L. (Chickpea) Ethanol Extract in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020456. [PMID: 32059355 PMCID: PMC7071501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a major risk factor of colorectal cancer. Drugs currently used for IBD exhibit adverse effects including vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Naturally derived novel alternative therapies are required to overcome these limitations. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of ethanol extract of Cicer arietinum (CEE) in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model of colitis. CEE markedly improved DSS-induced clinical symptoms and histological status, such as the disease activity index, spleen weight, and colon length. Moreover, CEE-treated mice showed significant recovery of DSS-induced crypt damage and cell death. CEE suppressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and macrophage marker F4/80 mRNA expression in colonic tissue of mice with DSS-induced colitis, indicating neutrophil infiltration and macrophage accumulation, respectively. Although DSS upregulated pro-inflammatory mediators and activated transcription factors, CEE downregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Hence, our findings reveal that the anti-inflammatory properties of CEE, involving the downregulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators by inactivating NF-κB and STAT3 in DSS-induced colitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disease (Stroke Center), College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Se-Jung Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Ye Seul Yoon
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (S.-J.H.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0860; Fax: +82-2-966-3885
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Zielińska A, Sałaga M, Włodarczyk M, Fichna J. Focus on current and future management possibilities in inflammatory bowel disease-related chronic pain. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:217-227. [PMID: 30564910 PMCID: PMC6331746 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-3218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral pain is a symptom reported by over 70% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) sufferers. So far, a single, specific cause of this debilitating state has not been established. Chronic pain is one of the most important factors decreasing the quality of life in IBD course. Concurrently, management of pain is the most challenging issue encountered by clinicians in IBD treatment. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease-caused visceral pain and explores currently available approaches to its management. We also covered recent pharmacological developments in the field. CONCLUSIONS Pain-related disability has major effects on quality of life and on functional and social outcomes in IBD patients. Currently, there is no one standardized method of managing chronic visceral pain in IBD. Therefore, future development, focusing primarily on alleviating the pain, but also on reducing inflammation, is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland ,Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Mijan MA, Lim BO. Diets, functional foods, and nutraceuticals as alternative therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: Present status and future trends. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2673-2685. [PMID: 29991873 PMCID: PMC6034142 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious health concern among western societies. The disease is also on the rise in some East Asian countries and in Australia. Health professionals and dietitians around the world are facing an unprecedented challenge to prevent and control the increasing prevalence of IBD. The current therapeutic strategy that includes drugs and biological treatments is inefficient and are associated with adverse health consequences. In this context, the use of natural products is gaining worldwide attention. In vivo studies and clinical evidence suggest that well-planned dietary regimens with specific nutrients can alleviate gastrointestinal inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10. Alternatively, the avoidance of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets is regarded as an effective tool to eliminate the causes of IBD. Many functional foods and bioactive components have received attention for showing strong therapeutic effects against IBD. Both animal and human studies suggest that bioactive functional foods can ameliorate IBD by downregulating the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor κB, STAT1, STAT6, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α, and interferon γ. Therefore, functional foods and diets have the potential to alleviate IBD by modulating the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Future comprehensive studies are needed to corroborate the potential roles of functional foods and diets in the prevention and control of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Mijan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Beong Ou Lim
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
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Salaga M, Mokrowiecka A, Jacenik D, Cygankiewicz AI, Malecka-Panas E, Kordek R, Krajewska WM, Sobocinska MK, Kamysz E, Fichna J. Systemic Administration of Sialorphin Attenuates Experimental Colitis in Mice via Interaction With Mu and Kappa Opioid Receptors. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:988-998. [PMID: 28333341 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pharmacological treatment and/or maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is currently one of the biggest challenges in the field of gastroenterology. Here we aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect and the mechanism of action of sialorphin, the natural blocker of the endogenous opioid peptide-degrading enzymes neprilysin [NEP] and aminopeptidase N [APN], in mouse models of IBD and the changes in the expression of these enzymes in IBD patients. METHODS We used two models of experimental colitis in mice [2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid [TNBS]- and dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced]. Macroscopic score, ulcer score, colonic wall thickness, and myeloperoxidase [MPO] activity were recorded. Additionally, we measured the expression of NEP and APN in the colon of IBD patients and healthy controls. RESULTS We showed that sialorphin attenuated acute, semichronic, and relapsing TNBS-induced colitis in mice after systemic administration, and its anti-inflammatory action is associated with mu and kappa opioid receptors. CONCLUSIONS We show that indirect stimulation of opioid receptors by the blockade of NEP and APN is a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of IBD, and may become of greater importance than the use of classical opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salaga
- Department Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Mokrowiecka
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - D Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A I Cygankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Malecka-Panas
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - R Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine,Lodz, Poland
| | - W M Krajewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M K Sobocinska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Kamysz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Fichna
- Department Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Siczek K, Zatorski H, Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A, Pulit-Prociak J, Śmiech M, Kordek R, Tymczyna L, Banach M, Fichna J. Synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties of silver nanoparticle suspensions in experimental colitis in mice. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:538-547. [PMID: 27696734 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of newly developed silver nanoparticle aqueous suspensions NanoAg1 and NanoAg2 in the mouse models mimicking ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. NanoAg1 and NanoAg2 were synthesized in aqueous medium with the involvement of tannic acid. To elucidate their anti-inflammatory activity, semi-chronic mouse models of inflammation induced by dextrane sulfate sodium addition to drinking water and intracolonic (i.c.) administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid were used. NanoAg1 and NanoAg2 (500 mg/dm3, 100 μl/animal, i.c., once daily) significantly ameliorated colitis in dextrane sulfate sodium- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced mouse models of colonic inflammation, as indicated by reduced macroscopic, ulcer and microscopic scores. The anti-inflammatory effect was dependent on the shape and diameter of silver nanoparticles, as indicated by weaker effect of NanoAg1 than NanoAg2. In addition, administration of NanoAg2, but not NanoAg1, modulated colonic microbiota, as indicated by reduced number of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, and increased number of Lactobacillus sp. Summarizing, NanoAg1 and NanoAg2 after administered i.c. effectively alleviate colitis in experimental models of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in mice. Therefore, NanoAg1 and NanoAg2 administered i.c. have the potential to become valuable agents for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Siczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hubert Zatorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environment, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Agriculture in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Pulit-Prociak
- Institute of Chemistry and Inorganic Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Śmiech
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Tymczyna
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environment, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Agriculture in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Banach
- Institute of Chemistry and Inorganic Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Salaga M, Storr M, Martemyanov KA, Fichna J. RGS proteins as targets in the treatment of intestinal inflammation and visceral pain: New insights and future perspectives. Bioessays 2016; 38:344-54. [PMID: 26817719 PMCID: PMC4916644 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins provide timely termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responses. Serving as a central control point in GPCR signaling cascades, RGS proteins are promising targets for drug development. In this review, we discuss the involvement of RGS proteins in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal inflammation and their potential to become a target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically, we evaluate the emerging evidence for modulation of selected receptor families: opioid, cannabinoid and serotonin by RGS proteins. We discuss how the regulation of RGS protein level and activity may modulate immunological pathways involved in the development of intestinal inflammation. Finally, we propose that RGS proteins may serve as a prognostic factor for survival rate in colorectal cancer. The ideas introduced in this review set a novel conceptual framework for the utilization of RGS proteins in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation, a growing major concern worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin Storr
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill A. Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
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12
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Zielińska M, Jarmuż A, Sałaga M, Kordek R, Laudon M, Storr M, Fichna J. Melatonin, but not melatonin receptor agonists Neu-P11 and Neu-P67, attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:511-9. [PMID: 26899972 PMCID: PMC4823353 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is known as a strong antioxidant and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, melatonin was shown to improve colitis in animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the present study was to characterize the role of melatonin receptors (MT) in the anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin and to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of two novel MT receptor agonists, Neu-P11 and Neu-P67, in the mouse model of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Colitis was induced on day 1 by intracolonic (i.c.) administration of TNBS in 30 % ethanol in saline. Melatonin (4 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)), Neu-P11 (20 mg/kg, p.o.; 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), 50 mg/kg, i.c.), and Neu-P67 (20 mg/kg, p.o.) were given twice daily for 3 days. Luzindole (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 15 min prior to melatonin administration. On day 4, macroscopic and microscopic damage scores were assessed and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity quantified using O-dianisidine-based assay. Melatonin significantly attenuated colitis in mice, as indicated by the macroscopic score (1.90 ± 0.34 vs. 3.82 ± 0.62 for melatonin- and TNBS-treated mice, respectively), ulcer score (0.87 ± 0.18 vs. 1.31 ± 0.19, respectively), and MPO activity (4.68 ± 0.70 vs.6.26 ± 0.94, respectively). Luzindole, a MT receptor antagonist, did not inhibit the anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin (macroscopic score 1.12 ± 0.22, ulcer score 0.50 ± 0.16); however, luzindole increased MPO activity (7.57 ± 1.05). MT receptor agonists Neu-P11 and Neu-P67 did not improve inflammation induced by TNBS. Melatonin, but not MT receptor agonists, exerts potent anti-inflammatory action in acute TNBS-induced colitis. Our data suggests that melatonin attenuates colitis by additional, MT receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Jarmuż
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Martin Storr
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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13
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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14
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Antioxidant therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Does it work? Redox Biol 2015; 6:617-639. [PMID: 26520808 PMCID: PMC4637335 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as one of the etiologic factors involved in several signals and symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that include diarrhea, toxic megacolon and abdominal pain. This systematic review discusses approaches, challenges and perspectives into the use of nontraditional antioxidant therapy on IBD, including natural and synthetic compounds in both human and animal models. One hundred and thirty four papers were identified, of which only four were evaluated in humans. Some of the challenges identified in this review can shed light on this fact: lack of standardization of OS biomarkers, absence of safety data and clinical trials for the chemicals and biological molecules, as well as the fact that most of the compounds were not repeatedly tested in several situations, including acute and chronic colitis. This review hopes to stimulate researchers to become more involved in this fruitful area, to warrant investigation of novel, alternative and efficacious antioxidant-based therapies. Major biomarkers used for evaluation of antioxidant therapy were MPO, TBARS/MDA and glutathione levels. Challenges were identified for the yet poor use of antioxidant therapy in IBD. This review stimulates the investigation of alternative and efficacious antioxidant therapies.
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15
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Zielińska M, Ben Haddou T, Cami-Kobeci G, Sałaga M, Jarmuż A, Padysz M, Kordek R, Spetea M, Husbands SM, Fichna J. Anti-inflammatory effect of dual nociceptin and opioid receptor agonist, BU08070, in experimental colitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:582-90. [PMID: 26404500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid and nociceptin systems are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract where they seem to play a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. The aim of our study was to assess whether activation of nociceptin (NOP) and µ-opioid (MOP) receptors by a mixed NOP/MOP receptor agonist, BU08070, induces anti-inflammatory response in experimental colitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 (1 mg/kg i.p.) was characterized in the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, based on the assessment of the macroscopic and microscopic total damage scores and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and TNF-α level in the colon. The effect of BU08070 on cell viability and NF-κB was characterized in THP-1 Blue cell line. The antinociceptive activity of BU08070 was examined in mustard oil-induced mouse model of abdominal pain. A potent anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 (1 mg/kg i.p.) was observed as indicated by decrease in macroscopic damage score (1.88±0.39 vs. 5.19±0.43 units in TNBS alone treated mice), MPO activity (2.29±0.37 vs. 9.64±2.55 units) and TNF-α level in the colon (35.85±2.45 vs. 49.79±3.81 pg/ml). The anti-inflammatory effect of BU08070 was reversed by selective NOP and MOP receptor antagonists. BU08070 produced concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α and LPS-induced NF-κB activation. BU08070 exerted antinociceptive action in mice with experimental colitis. In conclusion, BU08070 significantly reduced the severity of colitis in TNBS-treated mice compared with controls. These results suggest that BU08070 is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tanila Ben Haddou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerta Cami-Kobeci
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Jarmuż
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Padysz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Zhao YJ, Wang XM, Su L, Zhu CH, Zhai JS, Zheng N, Zhang M, Li N. Effect of compound dracorhodin enema on pulmonary and colonic expression of interleukin-6 in mice with distal ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3352-3360. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i21.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect of compound dracorhodin enema on the lung and intestine of mice with distal ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: Sixty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15 each): a normal group, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) group, a compound dracorhodin enema group, and a DSS + compound dracorhodin enema group. After inducing UC, the normal group and DSS group were given 1 mL saline, and the other two groups were given compound dracorhodin enema [0.075 g/(kg•d), 1 mL] by gavage. After treatment, disease activity index (DAI) score, colonic histopathology score (HI), lung HI score, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used to evaluate the severity of inflammation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) assay were used to detect the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 in the lung and colon.
RESULTS: Compared with the normal group and compound dracorhodin enema group, DAI score, colonic HI score, and lung HI score were significantly higher in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the DSS + compound dracorhodin enema group, colonic and pulmonary tissue inflammation was significantly more severe and pulmonary and colonic expression of IL-6 was significantly higher in the DSS group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Compound dracorhodin enema can decrease the expression of IL-6 and therefore alleviate UC and UC related lung injury in mice.
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Sahu KK, Minz S, Kaurav M, Pandey RS. Proteins and peptides: The need to improve them as promising therapeutics for ulcerative colitis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:642-53. [PMID: 25379956 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.975239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly describes the nature, type and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, and explores the potential use of peptides and proteins in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis. Intestinal absorption and the barrier mechanism of peptide and protein drugs are also discussed, with special emphasis on various strategies which make these drugs better therapeutics having high specificity, potency and molecular targeting ability. However, the limitation of such therapeutics are oral administration, poor pharmacokinetic profile and decreased bioavailability. The recent findings illustrated in this review will be helpful in designing the peptide/protein drugs as a promising treatment of choice for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Sunita Minz
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Monika Kaurav
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
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18
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Sobczak M, Fabisiak A, Murawska N, Wesołowska E, Wierzbicka P, Wlazłowski M, Wójcikowska M, Zatorski H, Zwolińska M, Fichna J. Current overview of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in etiology and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:766-75. [PMID: 25149979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, relapsing disorders affecting gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated with intestinal mucosa damage and inflammation. The principal therapeutic goals in IBD include control of the intestinal inflammation and treatment of the major symptoms, mainly abdominal pain and diarrhea. Current therapeutic strategies for IBD rely on the use of non-specific anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. aminosalicylates, monoclonal antibodies, and antibiotics), which cause severe side effects, and - in a significant number of patients - do not induce long-term benefits. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and the most important risk factors of IBD, including genetic, immunological and environmental. Our main focus is to discuss pharmacological targets for current and future treatments of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sobczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Natalia Murawska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wesołowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Wierzbicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Wlazłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Wójcikowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hubert Zatorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Zwolińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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