1
|
Zhao D, Long X, Wang J. Association of dietary vitamin C intake with depression in adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES from 2005 to 2020. J Affect Disord 2024; 358:113-120. [PMID: 38710330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary vitamin C intake and depression in adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2005 to 2020. Logistic regressions and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were used to assess the association between dietary vitamin C intake and depression. Additionally, we performed stratified and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the stability of the results. RESULTS This study included 38,157 participants, with 3448 (9.04 %) of them experiencing depression. The vitamin C intake was negatively associated with depression after adjusting for all covariates (OR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.88-0.94, P < 0.001). Similar inverse associations were observed when vitamin C intake was transformed into categorical variables. Individuals in higher quartiles of dietary vitamin C intake (Q2, Q3, and Q4) had lower odds ratios (ORs) compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1), as indicated by adjusted ORs of 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.71-0.87, P < 0.001), 0.74 (95 % CI: 0.67-0.82, P < 0.001), and 0.73 (95 % CI: 0.65-0.81, P < 0.001), respectively. The RCS analysis found an L-shaped nonlinear relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and depression, after adjusting for all covariates (P for non-linearity<0.001). Consumption of vitamin C was inversely associated with depression (OR = 0.994, 95%CI: 0.993-0.996, P < 0.001) for intakes below 93.61 mg, but there was no association between dietary vitamin C intake and depression (P = 0.980) for intakes of 93.61 mg or higher. The inverse associations between vitamin C intake and depression remained robust in stratified and sensitivity analyses. LIMITATIONS This study was a cross-sectional study, and therefore unable to establish a causal relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and depression. We are unable to fully eliminate the confounding effects resulted from other unmeasured or unknown factors. CONCLUSION The study revealed a negative association between dietary vitamin C intake and depression, as well as an L-shaped nonlinear relationship between vitamin C intake and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Long
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou L, Zhang C, Xie Z, Yu Q, Wang J, Gong Y, Zhao J, Bai S, Yang L, Deng D, Zhang R, Shi Y. Neural Circuit Mechanisms of Sinisan formula for the Treatment of adolescent Depression: prefrontal cortex to dorsal raphe nucleus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118529. [PMID: 38972528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sinisan formula (SNSF), documented in the classic books Shanghan Lun, is known for its ability to regulate liver-qi and treat depression. However, its underlying mechanism, particularly its effects on dynamic real-time neuron activity and circuits remains to be fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of SNSF and its central nervous system mechanism on depression-like behaviors, focusing on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neural circuit in a stress-induced adolescent animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS SNSF comprised four herbs, the root of Bupleurum chinense DC., the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., the fruit of Citrus aurantium L., the rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., in equal propotions. The adolescent depression animal model was induced by maternal separation (MS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS). In-vivo multichannel physiological electrodes were implanted into the PFC on PND 28 and animals were recorded 5 times during PND 35-46. From PND 47, the behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of SNSF. Subsequently, brain tissue was collected for Western blot and immunofluorescence staining analysis. Retro virus was injected into the DRN to explore sources of projections received by serotonergic (5-HTergic) neurons. And the PFC-to-DRN circuit was activated or inhibited through chemogenetic techniques to investigate the effects of SNSF on depression-like behaviors. RESULTS Administration of SNSF for 18 days effectively alleviated depression-like behaviors in MS&CRS adolescent mice. The PFC emerged as the primary glutamatergic projection source of the DRN5-HT neurons. Following SNSF administration for 13/15/18 days, there was an increase in the firing rate of excitatory neurons and excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in the PFC. MS&CRS stress let to a reduction in the density of 5-HT+ and CaMKII + neurons in the DRN, accompanied by an increase in the density of GAD + neurons in the DRN, while SNSF administration reversed the alterations. Chemogenetic activation of the PFC-to-DRN circuit rescued the depression-like behaviors induced by MS&CRS, whereas suppression of this circuit attenuated the antidepressant effect of SNSF. CONCLUSIONS SNSF significantly mitigated depression-like behaviors in MS&CRS mice. SNSF exerts its antidepressant effects by increasing the E/I ratio in the PFC and enhancing glutamatergic projections from the PFC to the DRN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuchang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Outpatient Department, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zedan Xie
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingying Yu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuwen Gong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinlan Zhao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shasha Bai
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Di Deng
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marashli S, Janz P, Redondo RL. Auditory brainstem responses are resistant to pharmacological modulation in Sprague Dawley wild-type and Neurexin1α knockout rats. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:18. [PMID: 38491350 PMCID: PMC10941391 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing in the auditory brainstem can be studied with auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) across species. There is, however, a limited understanding of ABRs as tools to assess the effect of pharmacological interventions. Therefore, we set out to understand how pharmacological agents that target key transmitter systems of the auditory brainstem circuitry affect ABRs in rats. Given previous studies, demonstrating that Nrxn1α KO Sprague Dawley rats show substantial auditory processing deficits and altered sensitivity to GABAergic modulators, we used both Nrxn1α KO and wild-type littermates in our study. First, we probed how different commonly used anesthetics (isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, medetomidine) affect ABRs. In the next step, we assessed the effects of different pharmacological compounds (diazepam, gaboxadol, retigabine, nicotine, baclofen, and bitopertin) either under isoflurane or medetomidine anesthesia. We found that under our experimental conditions, ABRs are largely unaffected by diverse pharmacological modulation. Significant modulation was observed with (i) nicotine, affecting the late ABRs components at 90 dB stimulus intensity under isoflurane anesthesia in both genotypes and (ii) retigabine, showing a slight decrease in late ABRs deflections at 80 dB stimulus intensity, mainly in isoflurane anesthetized Nrxn1α KO rats. Our study suggests that ABRs in anesthetized rats are resistant to a wide range of pharmacological modulators, which has important implications for the applicability of ABRs to study auditory brainstem physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Marashli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Janz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger L Redondo
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Darabi Z, Sangouni AA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khayyatzadeh SS. The association between lifelines diet score (LLDS) with depression and quality of life in Iranian adolescent girls. Nutr J 2024; 23:19. [PMID: 38355569 PMCID: PMC10868061 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that a greater degree of adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of depression and a poor quality of life (QoL). The Lifelines diet score (LLDS) is a new, evidence-base scoring system to define the quality of diet. We designed a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between LLDS with depression and QoL in Iranian adolescent girls. METHODS A total of 733 female adolescents were recruited from Mashhad and Sabzevar cities, Iran. Depression and QoL were assessed utilizing the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and SF-12v2 questionnaires, respectively. The LLDS was defined by dividing intakes of 12 food groups with negative or positive health effects into quintiles ranging 12 to 60 points. To explore the association between LLDS with QoL and depression, logistic regression was used in crude and adjusted models. RESULTS The prevalence of depression and poor QoL was 24% and 49%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, adolescent girls in the highest quartile of LLDS compared with the participants in the lowest quartile had a 42% lower probability of reporting depressive symptoms (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35-0.97, P = 0.03). In addition, the participants in the highest quartile of LLDS had lower odds of poor QoL compared with the subjects in the lowest quartile (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.42-0.92, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS There is an inverse relationship between LLDS with risk of depression and poor QoL. Prospective and interventional investigations are needed to reach a clear vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Darabi
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- International UNESCO center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Sayyed Saeid Khayyatzadeh
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Piao J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhao J, Lv Q, Ruan M, Yu Q, Li B. Antidepressant-like Effects of Representative Types of Food and Their Possible Mechanisms. Molecules 2023; 28:6992. [PMID: 37836833 PMCID: PMC10574116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood, lack of motivation, negative cognitive outlook, and sleep problems. Suicide may occur in severe cases, although suicidal thoughts are not seen in all cases. Globally, an estimated 350 million individuals grapple with depression, as reported by the World Health Organization. At present, drug and psychological treatments are the main treatments, but they produce insufficient responses in many patients and fail to work at all in many others. Consequently, treating depression has long been an important topic in society. Given the escalating prevalence of depression, a comprehensive strategy for managing its symptoms and impacts has garnered significant attention. In this context, nutritional psychiatry emerges as a promising avenue. Extensive research has underscored the potential benefits of a well-rounded diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and meat in alleviating depressive symptoms. However, the intricate mechanisms linking dietary interventions to brain function alterations remain largely unexplored. This review delves into the intricate relationship between dietary patterns and depression, while exploring the plausible mechanisms underlying the impact of dietary interventions on depression management. As we endeavor to unveil the pathways through which nutrition influences mental well-being, a holistic perspective that encompasses multidisciplinary strategies gains prominence, potentially reshaping how we approach and address depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Piao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Changchun Zhuoyi Biological Co., Ltd., Changchun 130616, China;
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qianyu Lv
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Mengyu Ruan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Target of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Anti-Depressive Effect, Changchun 130041, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mehta N, Pokharna P, Shetty SR. Unwinding the potentials of vitamin C in COVID-19 and other diseases: An updated review. Nutr Health 2023; 29:415-433. [PMID: 36445072 PMCID: PMC9713540 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The discovery of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is related to the ancient history of persistent research on the origins of the haemorrhagic disease scurvy. Vitamin C is an important nutrient that aids in a variety of biological and physiological processes. Scientists have been researching the function of vitamin C in the prevention and ailment of sepsis and pneumonia for decades. This has created a potential platform for applying these results to individuals suffering from severe coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin C's ability to activate and enhance the immune system makes it a promising treatment in the present COVID-19 pandemic. Vitamin C also aids in the activation of vitamin B, the production of certain neurotransmitters, and the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids. Hence, vitamin C is used for the treatment of many diseases. Aim: This review highlights the Vitamin C investigations that are performed by various researchers on patients with COVID 19 infection, the clinical studies and their observations. The authors have additionally updated information on the significance of vitamin C insufficiency, as well as its relevance and involvement in diseases such as cancer, wound healing, iron deficiency anaemia, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss them with the references. Methods: The method used in order to perform literature search was done using SciFinder, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Results: There is a potential role of vitamin C in various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19 and other diseases and the results are highlighted in the review with the help of clinical and preclinical data. Conclusion: More research on vitamin C and the undergoing clinical trials might prove a potential role of vitamin C in protecting the population from current COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Pokharna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Saritha R Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muniz MS, Maia MES, Araruna ICA, Martins RX, Rocha TL, Farias D. A review on the ecotoxicity of macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazoles on aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54257-54279. [PMID: 36929260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite its wide production and several applications, veterinary antiparasitics from macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazole classes have not received much scientific attention concerning their environmental risks. Thus, we aimed to provide insights into the state of the environmental research on macrocyclic lactone and benzimidazole parasiticides, emphasizing their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. We searched for relevant information on these pharmaceutical classes on PubMed and Web of Science. Our search yielded a total of 45 research articles. Most articles corresponded to toxicity testing (n = 29), followed by environmental fate (n = 14) and other issues (n = 2) of selected parasiticides. Macrocyclic lactones were the most studied chemical group (65% of studies). Studies were conducted mainly with invertebrate taxa (70%), with crustaceans being the most predominant group (n = 27; 51%). Daphnia magna was the most used species (n = 8; 15%). Besides, it also proved to be the most sensitive organism, yielding the lowest toxicity measure (EC50 0.25 μg/L for decreased mobility after 48 h-abamectin exposure) reported. Moreover, most studies were performed in laboratory settings, tracking a limited number of endpoints (acute mortality, immobility, and community disturbance). We posit that macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazoles warrant coordinated action to understand their environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Silva Muniz
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58050-085, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Souza Maia
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58050-085, Brazil
| | - Igor Cauê Alves Araruna
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58050-085, Brazil
| | - Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58050-085, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, 58050-085, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Johnston JN, Kadriu B, Allen J, Gilbert JR, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics: An update on the mechanisms and biosignatures underlying rapid-acting antidepressant treatment. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109422. [PMID: 36646310 PMCID: PMC9983360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant spurred significant research to understand its underlying mechanisms of action and to identify other novel compounds that may act similarly. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) have shown initial promise in treating depression, though the challenge of conducting randomized controlled trials with SPs and the necessity of long-term clinical observation are important limitations. This review summarizes the similarities and differences between the psychoactive effects associated with both ketamine and SPs and the mechanisms of action of these compounds, with a focus on the monoaminergic, glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, opioid, and inflammatory systems. Both molecular and neuroimaging aspects are considered. While their main mechanisms of action differ-SPs increase serotonergic signaling while ketamine is a glutamatergic modulator-evidence suggests that the downstream mechanisms of action of both ketamine and SPs include mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and downstream GABAA receptor activity. The similarities in downstream mechanisms may explain why ketamine, and potentially SPs, exert rapid-acting antidepressant effects. However, research on SPs is still in its infancy compared to the ongoing research that has been conducted with ketamine. For both therapeutics, issues with regulation and proper controls should be addressed before more widespread implementation. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ketamine and its Metabolites".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Josh Allen
- The Alfred Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jessica R Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
d'Andrea G, Pettorruso M, Lorenzo GD, Mancusi G, McIntyre RS, Martinotti G. Rethinking ketamine and esketamine action: Are they antidepressants with mood-stabilizing properties? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 70:49-55. [PMID: 36867895 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine and esketamine, the S-enantiomer of the racemic mixture, have recently generated considerable interest as potential therapeutic agents for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), a complex disorder that includes various psychopathological dimensions and distinct clinical profiles (e.g., comorbid personality disorder, bipolar spectrum, dysthymic disorder). This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of the action of ketamine/esketamine from a dimensional point of view, taking into account the high prevalence of bipolarity in TRD and the evidence of the efficacy of these substances on mixed features, anxiety, dysphoric mood, and, generally, bipolar traits. Additionally, the article underscores the complexity of the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action of ketamine/esketamine, which goes beyond the non-competitive antagonism of NMDA-R. The need for further research and evidence is highlighted, mainly to evaluate the efficacy of esketamine nasal spray in bipolar depression, the presence of bipolar elements as a predictor of response, and the potential role of these substances as mood stabilizers. The article implies that, in the future, ketamine/esketamine could be used with fewer limitations, not only as antidepressants for the most severe form of depression but also as valuable tools to stabilize subjects with mixed symptoms or bipolar spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo d'Andrea
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mancusi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
From antioxidant to neuromodulator: The role of ascorbate in the management of major depression disorder. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Viktorov M, Wilkinson MP, Elston VCE, Stone M, Robinson ESJ. A systematic review of studies investigating the acute effects of N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor antagonists on behavioural despair in normal animals suggests poor predictive validity. Brain Neurosci Adv 2022; 6:23982128221081645. [PMID: 35299619 PMCID: PMC8922211 DOI: 10.1177/23982128221081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine to induce a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect has led to a surge in pre-clinical studies investigating underlying mechanisms and seeking novel treatments. Animal models are key to this research as they can provide a behavioural readout linking underlying mechanisms to clinical benefits. However, quantifying depression-related behaviours in rodents represents a major challenge with the validity of traditional methods such as models of behavioural despair (forced swim test and tail suspension test) a topic of debate. While there is good evidence to support the value of using these behavioural readouts to study the effects of stress, these approaches have largely failed to detect reliable phenotypic effects in other disease models. In this systematic review, we identified publications which had tested N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in normal animals using either the forced swim test or tail suspension test. We compared findings for different doses and time points and also drugs with different clinical profiles to investigate how well the outcomes in the rodent model predicted their effects in the clinic. Despite clear evidence that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists reduce immobility time and hence exhibit an antidepressant profile in these tasks, we found similar effects with both clinically effective drugs as well as those which have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. These findings suggest that behavioural despair tests in normal animals do not provide a good method to predict clinical efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Viktorov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew P. Wilkinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Victoria C. E. Elston
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Medi Stone
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma S. J. Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhou H, Wen T, Wang J. Depression-like symptoms due to Dcf1 deficiency are alleviated by intestinal transplantation of Lactobacillus murine and Lactobacillus reuteri. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 593:137-143. [PMID: 35066403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Depression, characterized by low mood, is a complex mental disorder that is a serious threat to human health. Depression is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental and psychological factors. However, the pathophysiology of depression remains unclear. In the present study, we found that Dcf1 knockout (KO) mice had depression-like symptoms and disruptive changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and GABA receptor expression were found in the hippocampus of Dcf1 KO and WT mice. Furthermore, the gut microbiota composition of Dcf1 KO mice was significantly different from that of wildtype (WT) mice and Dcf1 KO mice showed lower Firmicutes and Lactobacillus content compared to WT mice. In addition, the depression-like behavior of Dcf1 KO mice was alleviated by the administration of microbiota. More surprisingly, after treatment with Lactobacillus murine and Lactobacillus reuteri, two Lactobacillus species with proportionally greater differences in content between the WT and KO groups, KO mice showed similar GABA content, as well as restored GABA-related receptor expression, as the WT group. Our data elucidated a possible mechanism of depression induction by gut microbiota in Dcf1 KO mice and provide a new avenue to explore the treatment of depression by gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haicong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China.
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scotton E, Antqueviezc B, Vasconcelos M, Dalpiaz G, Paul Géa L, Ferraz Goularte J, Colombo R, Ribeiro Rosa A. Is (R)-ketamine a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Treatment-Resistant Depression with Less Detrimental Side Effects? A Review of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ketamine and its Enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114963. [PMID: 35182519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder are resistant to conventional antidepressants (i.e., monoamine-based therapies), and, even among respondents, a proper therapeutic effect may require weeks of treatment. Ketamine, a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers, (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and has been shown to have rapid-acting antidepressant properties in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although (R)-ketamine has a lower affinity for NMDAR, it presents greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant properties, with no major side effects, than racemic ketamine or (S)-ketamine in preclinical findings. Thereby, ketamine and its enantiomers have not only an antagonistic effect on NMDAR but also a strong synaptogenic-modulatory effect, which is impaired in TRD pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the modulation of neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neural network activity as putative mechanisms of these rapid-acting antidepressants, highlighting differences on intracellular signaling pathways of synaptic proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, we discuss probable mechanisms involved in the side effects of ketamine and its enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Scotton
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Antqueviezc
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Dalpiaz
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Paul Géa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Jéferson Ferraz Goularte
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Elias E, Zhang AY, Manners MT. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Depression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020196. [PMID: 35207483 PMCID: PMC8879976 DOI: 10.3390/life12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. Monoamine-based antidepressants were the first drugs developed to treat major depressive disorder. More recently, ketamine and other analogues were introduced as fast-acting antidepressants. Unfortunately, currently available therapeutics are inadequate; lack of efficacy, adverse effects, and risks leave patients with limited treatment options. Efforts are now focused on understanding the etiology of depression and identifying novel targets for pharmacological treatment. In this review, we discuss promising novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Targeting receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 39, metabotropic glutamate receptors, galanin and opioid receptors has potential antidepressant effects. Compounds targeting biological processes: inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, and gut microbiota have also shown therapeutic potential. Additionally, natural products including plants, herbs, and fatty acids improved depressive symptoms and behaviors. In this review, a brief history of clinically available antidepressants will be provided, with a primary focus on novel pharmaceutical approaches with promising antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, acts at the ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors, and the metabotropic GABAB receptor. This chapter summarizes the studies that have investigated the role of the GABAB receptor in stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety and mood disorders. Overall, clinical and preclinical evidences strongly suggest that the GABAB receptor is a therapeutic candidate for depression and anxiety disorders. However, the clinical development of GABAB receptor-based drugs to treat these disorders has been hampered by their potential side-effects, particularly those of agonists. Nevertheless, the discovery of novel GABAB receptor allosteric modulators, and increasing understanding of the influence of specific intracellular GABAB receptor-associated proteins on GABAB receptor activity, may now pave the way towards GABAB receptor therapeutics in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felice
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gallay CC, Forsyth G, Can AT, Dutton M, Jamieson D, Jensen E, Hermens DF, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J. Six-week oral ketamine treatment for chronic suicidality is associated with increased grey matter volume. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111369. [PMID: 34461430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic suicidality has been associated with neuronal atrophy in cortico-striato-limbic regions and is thought to be mediated via a glutamatergic imbalance. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been posited to exert anti-suicidal effects by promoting neurogenesis via modulation of glutamatergic transmission. This voxel-based morphometry study examined the effect of ketamine on whole brain grey matter in adults with chronic suicidality. Grey matter in the periaqueductal grey, nucleus accumbens, putamen, caudate, and thalamus was significantly increased following 6 weeks of low dose oral ketamine treatment. These results support the notion that ketamine rapidly enhances synaptic plasticity within striato-limbic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrana C Gallay
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grace Forsyth
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adem T Can
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan Dutton
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Jamieson
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Jensen
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alesci A, Fumia A, Lo Cascio P, Miller A, Cicero N. Immunostimulant and Antidepressant Effect of Natural Compounds in the Management of Covid-19 Symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:840-854. [PMID: 34550044 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1965503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of natural compounds as adjuvant treatments and alternatives to traditional pharmacological therapies has become increasingly popular. These compounds have a wide range of biological effects, such as: antioxidant, anti-aging, hypocholesterolizing, hypoglycemic, antitumoral, antidepressant, anxiolytic activity, etc. Almost all of these compounds are easily available and are contained in different foods. At the end of 2019 the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 appeared in China and quickly spread throughout the world, causing a pandemic. The most common symptoms of this infection are dry cough, fever, dyspnea, and in severe cases bilateral interstitial pneumonia, with consequences that can lead to death. The nations, in trying to prevent the spread of infection, have imposed social distancing and lockdown measures on their citizens. This had a strong psychological-social impact, leading to phobic, anxious and depressive states. Pharmacological therapy could be accompanied by treatment with several natural compounds, such as vitamins, baicalein, zinc and essential oils. These compounds possess marked immunostimulant activity, strengthening the immune response and mitigating interactions between the virus and the host cell. They also have an antidepressant effect, acting on certain neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moretti M, Rodrigues ALS. Functional role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: a focus on neurogenic and synaptogenic processes. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2431-2441. [PMID: 34493165 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1956848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble vitamin, is highly concentrated in the brain and participates in neuronal modulation and regulation of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Ascorbic acid has emerged as a neuroprotective compound against neurotoxicants and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, it improves behavioral and biochemical alterations in psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, anxiety, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. Some recent studies have advanced the knowledge on the mechanisms associated with the preventive and therapeutic effects of ascorbic acid by showing that they are linked to improved neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. This review shows that ascorbic acid has the potential to regulate positively stem cell generation and proliferation. Moreover, it improves neuronal differentiation of precursors cells, promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and has synaptogenic effects that are possibly linked to its protective or therapeutic effects in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hossain R, Al-Khafaji K, Khan RA, Sarkar C, Islam MS, Dey D, Jain D, Faria F, Akbor R, Atolani O, Oliveira SMR, Siyadatpanah A, Pereira MDL, Islam MT. Quercetin and/or Ascorbic Acid Modulatory Effect on Phenobarbital-Induced Sleeping Mice Possibly through GABA A and GABA B Receptor Interaction Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080721. [PMID: 34451819 PMCID: PMC8398796 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorder is a recurrent illness that affects large numbers of the general population worldwide. In recent years, the goal of depression treatment has moved from symptomatic response to that of full remission. However, treatment-resistant depression is a major challenge in the treatment of depression or depression-related disorders. Consensus opinion, therefore, suggests that effective combined aggressive initial treatment is the most appropriate strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin (QUR) and/or ascorbic acid (AA) on Phenobarbital-induced sleeping mice. QUR (50 mg/kg) and/or AA (25 mg/kg) with or without intraperitoneally pre-treated with GABA receptor agonist (diazepam: 2 mg/kg, i.p.) or antagonist (Flumazenil: 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to underscore the effects, as well as the possible involvement of the GABA receptor in the modulatory action of QUR and AA in sleeping mice. Additionally, an in silico study was undertaken to predict the involvement of GABA receptors in the sleep mechanism. Findings suggest that the pretreatment of QUR and AA modulated the onset and duration of action of the standard drugs in experimental animals. The acute administration of QUR and/or AA significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the DZP-mediated onset of action and slightly reversed the duration of sleep time in comparison to the vehicle (control) group. A further combination of QUR or AA with the FLU resulted in an enhancement of the onset of action while reducing the duration of action, suggesting a FLU-like effect on the test animals. In in silico studies, AA and QUR showed good to moderate binding affinities with GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both QUR and AA produced a stimulatory-like effect on mice, possibly through the GABAA and GABAB receptor interaction pathways. Further studies are necessary to verify this activity and clarify the exact mechanism of action(s) involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey;
| | - Rasel Ahmed Khan
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9280, Bangladesh;
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Md. Shahazul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Dipta Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalgonj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Divya Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Farhana Faria
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Rukaya Akbor
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Olubunmi Atolani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria;
| | - Sónia M. R. Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.P.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh; (R.H.); (C.S.); (M.S.I.); (F.F.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.P.); (M.T.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tveden-Nyborg P. Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain-Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34063417 PMCID: PMC8156420 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and long-term vitamin C deficiency can lead to fatal scurvy, which is fortunately considered rare today. However, a moderate state of vitamin C (vitC) deficiency (hypovitaminosis C)-defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM-is estimated to affect up to 10% of the population in the Western world, albeit clinical hallmarks in addition to scurvy have not been linked to vitC deficiency. The brain maintains a high vitC content and uniquely high levels during deficiency, supporting vitC's importance in the brain. Actions include both antioxidant and co-factor functions, rendering vitamin C deficiency likely to affect several targets in the brain, and it could be particularly significant during development where a high cellular metabolism and an immature antioxidant system might increase sensitivity. However, investigations of a non-scorbutic state of vitC deficiency and effects on the developing young brain are scarce. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex mechanisms that regulate vitC homeostasis in vivo and in the brain in particular. Functions of vitC in the brain and the potential consequences of deficiency during brain development are highlighted, based primarily on findings from experimental animal models. Perspectives for future investigations of vitC are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zou HW, Li ZL, Jing XY, Wang Y, Liu YJ, Li LF. The GABA(B1) receptor within the infralimbic cortex is implicated in stress resilience and vulnerability in mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113240. [PMID: 33727046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is the capacity to maintain normal psychological and physical functions in the face of stress and adversity. Understanding how one can develop and enhance resilience is of great relevance to not only promoting coping mechanisms but also mitigating maladaptive stress responses in psychiatric illnesses such as depression. Preclinical studies suggest that GABA(B) receptors (GABA(B1) and GABA(B2)) are potential targets for the treatment of major depression. In this study, we assessed the functional role of GABA(B) receptors in stress resilience and vulnerability by using a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model in mice. As the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in the top-down modulation of stress responses, we focused our study on this brain structure. Our results showed that only approximately 41.9% of subjects exhibited anxiety- or despair-like behaviors after exposure to CUS. The vulnerable mice showed higher c-Fos expression in the infralimbic cortex (IL) subregion of the mPFC when exposed to a social stressor. Moreover, the expression of GABA(B1) but not GABA(B2) receptors was significantly downregulated in IL subregion of susceptible mice. Finally, we found that intra-IL administration of baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, rapidly relieved the social avoidance symptoms of the "stress-susceptible" mice. Taken together, our results show that the GABA(B1) receptor within the IL may play an important role in stress resilience and vulnerability, and thus open an avenue to develop novel, personalized approaches to promote stress resilience and treat stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Jing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Ying-Juan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China.
| | - Lai-Fu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li ZL, Wang Y, Zou HW, Jing XY, Liu YJ, Li LF. GABA(B) receptors within the lateral habenula modulate stress resilience and vulnerability in mice. Physiol Behav 2021; 230:113311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Deng SL, Hu ZL, Mao L, Gao B, Yang Q, Wang F, Chen JG. The effects of Kctd12, an auxiliary subunit of GABA B receptor in dentate gyrus on behavioral response to chronic social defeat stress in mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105355. [PMID: 33285230 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to stress are critical to enhance physical and mental well-being, but excessive or prolonged stress may cause inadaptability and increase the risks of psychiatric disorders, such as depression. GABABR signaling is fundamental to brain function and has been identified in neuropsychiatric disorders. KCTD12 is a critical auxiliary subunit in GABABR signaling, but its role in mental disorders, such as depression is unclear. In the present study, we used a well-validated mice model, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) to investigate behavioral responses to stress and explore the role of Kctd12 in stress response, as well as the relevant mechanisms. We found that CSDS increased the expression of Kctd12 in the dentate gyrus (DG), a subregion of hippocampus. Overexpression of Kctd12 in DG induced higher responsiveness to acute stress and increased vulnerability to social stress in mice, whereas knock-down of Kctd12 in DG prevented the social avoidance. Furthermore, an increased expression of GABAB receptor 2 (GB2) in the DG of CSDS-treated mice was observed, and CGP35348, an antagonist of GABABR, improved the stress-induced behavior responses along with suppressing the excess expression of Kctd12. In addition, Kctd12 regulated the excitability of granule cell in DG, and the stimulation of neuronal activity by silencing Kctd12 contributed to the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine. These findings identify that the Kctd12 in DG works as a critical mediator of stress responses, providing a promising therapeutic target in stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Long Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation (HUST), Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation (HUST), Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation (HUST), Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:202-277. [PMID: 33328244 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Korczak M, Kurowski P, Leśniak A, Grönbladh A, Filipowska A, Bujalska-Zadrożny M. GABA B receptor intracellular signaling: novel pathways for depressive disorder treatment? Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173531. [PMID: 32871173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Affecting over 320 million people around the world, depression has become a formidable challenge for modern medicine. In addition, an increasing number of studies cast doubt on the monoamine theory of depressive disorder and, worryingly, antidepressant medications only significantly benefit patients with severe depression. Thus, it is not surprising that researchers have shown an increased interest in new theories attempting to explain the pathogenesis of this disease. One example is the excitatory/inhibitory transmission imbalance theory. These abnormalities involve glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling. Studies on GABAB receptors and their antagonists are particularly promising for the treatment of depressive disorders. In this paper, intracellular pathways controlled by GABAB receptors and their links to depression are described, including the impact of ketamine on GABAergic synaptic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Korczak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kurowski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, The Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Filipowska
- Department of Biosensors and Processing of Biomedical Signals, The Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dafre AL, Rosa JM, Rodrigues ALS, Cunha MP. Multiple cellular targets involved in the antidepressant-like effect of glutathione. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109195. [PMID: 32707044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that glutathione (GSH) produces specific antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test (FST), a predictive test of antidepressant activity. The present study investigated the involvement of multiple cellular targets implicated in the antidepressant-like effect of GSH in the FST. The antidepressant-like effect of GSH (300 nmol/site, icv) lasted up to 3 h when mice were submitted to FST. The central administration of oxidized GSH (GSSG, 3-300 nmol/site) did not alter the behavior of mice submitted to the FST. Furthermore, the combined treatment of sub-effective doses of GSH (100 nmol/site, icv) with a sub-effective dose of classical antidepressants (fluoxetine 10 mg/kg, and imipramine 5 mg/kg, ip) presented synergistic effect by decreasing the immobility time in the FST. The antidepressant-like effect of GSH was abolished by prazosin (1 mg/kg, ip, α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), baclofen (1 mg/kg, ip, GABAB receptor agonist), bicuculline (1 mg/kg, ip, GABAA receptor antagonist), l-arginine (750 mg/kg, ip, NO precursor), SNAP (25 μg/site, icv, NO donor), but not by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, ip, α2-adrenoceptor antagonist). The NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801(0.001 mg/kg, ip) or GMP (0.5 mg/kg, ip), potentiated the effect of a sub-effective dose of GSH in the FST. These results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect induced by GSH is connected to the activation of α1 adrenergic and GABAA receptors, as well as the inhibition of GABAB and NMDA receptors and NO biosyntesis. We speculate that redox-mediated signaling on the extracelular portion of cell membrane receptors would be a common mechanism of action of GSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Peña Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moritz B, Schmitz AE, Rodrigues ALS, Dafre AL, Cunha MP. The role of vitamin C in stress-related disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108459. [PMID: 32745879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as depression and anxiety, present marked deficits in behavioral and cognitive functions related to reward. These are highly prevalent disabling conditions with high social and economic costs. Furthermore, a significant percentage of affected individuals cannot benefit from clinical intervention, opening space for new treatments. Although the literature data have reported limited and variable results regarding oxidative stress-related endpoints in stress-related disorders, the possible neuroprotective effect of antioxidant compounds, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), emerges as a possible therapy strategy for psychiatric diseases. Here, we briefly present background information on biological activity of ascorbic acid, particularly functions related to the CNS homeostasis. Additionaly, we reviewed the available information on the role of ascorbic acid in stress-related diseases, focusing on supplementation and depletion studies. The vitamin C deficiency is widely associated to stress-related diseases. Although the efficacy of this vitamin in anxiety spectrum disorders is less stablished, several studies showed that ascorbic acid supplementation produces antidepressant effect and improves mood. Interestingly, the modulation of monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems is postulated as pivotal target for the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of this vitamin. Given that ascorbic acid supplementation produces fast therapeutic response with low toxicity and high tolerance, it can be considered as a putative candidate for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, especially those that are refractory to current treatments. Herein, the literature was reviewed considering the potential use of ascorbic acid as an adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Moritz
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ariana E Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mauricio P Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, He W, Zhang H, Yao Z, Che F, Cao Y, Sun H. mGluR5 mediates ketamine antidepressant response in susceptible rats exposed to prenatal stress. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:398-408. [PMID: 32553383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New insights have recently been gained into ketamine's potential anti-depressive effects. However, the mechanisms that underlie ketamine's rapid antidepressant activity still remain a mystery. METHODS We used a rat prenatal stress (PS) model of depression to explore the functional role of mGluR5 in ketamine's rapidly induced antidepressant activity. Effects of the antidepressants imipramine, escitalopram, ketamine, and fluoxetine were compared. AAV-mGluR5 and AAV-shRNA-mGluR5 were constructed to overexpress and knockdown hippocampal mGluR5 respectively. RESULTS This study shows that mGluR5, which is associated with depression-like behaviors, is increased in susceptible rats exposed to prenatal stress, and that ketamine could significantly alleviate these stress-induced effects. RU-38486 down-regulated expression of mGluR5 and up-regulated NR1. MPEP and CHPG also altered expression of both mGluR5 and NR1. Notably, hippocampal overexpression of mGluR5 in wild type rats changed NR1 and PSD-95 expression and induced depression-like behavior that could be blocked by ketamine activity. Further, knockdown of hippocampal mGluR5 in PS-S rats restored normal levels of mGluR5, NR1, and PSD-95, and alleviated depression-like behavior. LIMITATIONS The entire rat hippocampus was used for this study, but the role of mGluR5 may vary by sub-region. CONCLUSION These results suggest that hippocampal mGluR5 may play a key role in mediating the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine in a prenatal stress model of depression. This provides a novel therapeutic target in clinical treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China
| | - Fengyu Che
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710069, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital (The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, P.R. China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710061, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The involvement of GABAergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of agmatine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1931-1939. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
30
|
Cortical and raphe GABAA, AMPA receptors and glial GLT-1 glutamate transporter contribute to the sustained antidepressant activity of ketamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
31
|
Fraga DB, Costa AP, Olescowicz G, Camargo A, Pazini FL, E Freitas A, Moretti M, S Brocardo P, S Rodrigues AL. Ascorbic acid presents rapid behavioral and hippocampal synaptic plasticity effects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109757. [PMID: 31476335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that ascorbic acid may exhibit rapid anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. In this study the effects of a single administration of ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.), ketamine (1 mg/kg, i.p., a fast-acting antidepressant) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o., conventional antidepressant) were investigated on: a) behavioral performance in the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test; b) hippocampal synaptic protein immunocontent; c) dendritic spine density and morphology in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and d) hippocampal dendritic arborization. Ascorbic acid or ketamine, but not fluoxetine, decreased the latency to feed in the NSF test in mice. This effect was accompanied by increased p70S6K (Thr389) phosphorylation 1 h after ascorbic acid or ketamine treatment, although only ascorbic acid increased synapsin I immunocontent. Ketamine administration increased the dendritic spine density in the dorsal DG, but none of the treatments affected the maturation of dendritic spines in this region. In addition, both ascorbic acid and ketamine increased the dendritic spine density in the ventral DG, particularly the mature spines. Sholl analysis demonstrated no effect of any treatment on hippocampal dendritic arborization. Altogether, the results provide evidence that the behavioral and synaptic responses observed following ascorbic acid administration might occur via the upregulation of synaptic proteins, dendritic spine density, and maturation in the ventral DG, similar to ketamine. These findings contribute to understand the cellular targets implicated in its antidepressant/anxiolytic behavioral responses and support the notion that ascorbic acid may share with ketamine the ability to increase synaptic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane B Fraga
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Olescowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moretti M, Rodrigues ALS. Ascorbic acid as an antioxidant and applications to the central nervous system. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Moretti M, Werle I, da Rosa PB, Neis VB, Platt N, Souza SV, Rodrigues ALS. A single coadministration of subeffective doses of ascorbic acid and ketamine reverses the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable stress in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
34
|
Bonnet U. The sour side of vitamin C might mediate neuroprotective, anticonvulsive and antidepressant-like effects. Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
35
|
Pham TH, Gardier AM. Fast-acting antidepressant activity of ketamine: highlights on brain serotonin, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmission in preclinical studies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:58-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
36
|
Ballaz SJ, Rebec GV. Neurobiology of vitamin C: Expanding the focus from antioxidant to endogenous neuromodulator. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104321. [PMID: 31229562 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is a water-soluble vitamin (C) found in all bodily organs. Most mammals synthesize it, humans are required to eat it, but all mammals need it for healthy functioning. AA reaches its highest concentration in the brain where both neurons and glia rely on tightly regulated uptake from blood via the glucose transport system and sodium-coupled active transport to accumulate and maintain AA at millimolar levels. As a prototype antioxidant, AA is not only neuroprotective, but also functions as a cofactor in redox-coupled reactions essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and norepinephrine) and paracrine lipid mediators (e.g., epoxiecoisatrienoic acids) as well as the epigenetic regulation of DNA. Although redox capacity led to the promotion of AA in high doses as potential treatment for various neuropathological and psychiatric conditions, ample evidence has not supported this therapeutic strategy. Here, we focus on some long-neglected aspects of AA neurobiology, including its modulatory role in synaptic transmission as demonstrated by the long-established link between release of endogenous AA in brain extracellular fluid and the clearance of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid. Evidence that this link can be disrupted in animal models of Huntington´s disease is revealing opportunities for new research pathways and therapeutic applications (e.g., epilepsy and pain management). In fact, we suggest that improved understanding of the regulation of endogenous AA and its interaction with key brain neurotransmitter systems, rather than administration of AA in excess, should be the target of future brain-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Ballaz
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuqui, Ecuador.
| | - George V Rebec
- Program in Neuroscience, Department Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fogaça MV, Duman RS. Cortical GABAergic Dysfunction in Stress and Depression: New Insights for Therapeutic Interventions. Front Cell Neurosci 2019. [PMID: 30914923 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00087/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by neuroanatomical and functional alterations in limbic structures, notably the prefrontal cortex (PFC), that can be precipitated by exposure to chronic stress. For decades, the monoaminergic deficit hypothesis of depression provided the conceptual framework to understand the pathophysiology of MDD. However, accumulating evidence suggests that MDD and chronic stress are associated with an imbalance of excitation-inhibition (E:I) within the PFC, generated by a deficit of inhibitory synaptic transmission onto principal glutamatergic neurons. MDD patients and chronically stressed animals show a reduction in GABA and GAD67 levels in the brain, decreased expression of GABAergic interneuron markers, and alterations in GABAA and GABAB receptor levels. Moreover, genetically modified animals with deletion of specific GABA receptors subunits or interneuron function show depressive-like behaviors. Here, we provide further evidence supporting the role of cortical GABAergic interneurons, mainly somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing cells, required for the optimal E:I balance in the PFC and discuss how the malfunction of these cells can result in depression-related behaviors. Finally, considering the relatively low efficacy of current available medications, we review new fast-acting pharmacological approaches that target the GABAergic system to treat MDD. We conclude that deficits in cortical inhibitory neurotransmission and interneuron function resulting from chronic stress exposure can compromise the integrity of neurocircuits and result in the development of MDD and other stress-related disorders. Drugs that can establish a new E:I balance in the PFC by targeting the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems show promising as fast-acting antidepressants and represent breakthrough strategies for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoela V Fogaça
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fogaça MV, Duman RS. Cortical GABAergic Dysfunction in Stress and Depression: New Insights for Therapeutic Interventions. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:87. [PMID: 30914923 PMCID: PMC6422907 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by neuroanatomical and functional alterations in limbic structures, notably the prefrontal cortex (PFC), that can be precipitated by exposure to chronic stress. For decades, the monoaminergic deficit hypothesis of depression provided the conceptual framework to understand the pathophysiology of MDD. However, accumulating evidence suggests that MDD and chronic stress are associated with an imbalance of excitation-inhibition (E:I) within the PFC, generated by a deficit of inhibitory synaptic transmission onto principal glutamatergic neurons. MDD patients and chronically stressed animals show a reduction in GABA and GAD67 levels in the brain, decreased expression of GABAergic interneuron markers, and alterations in GABAA and GABAB receptor levels. Moreover, genetically modified animals with deletion of specific GABA receptors subunits or interneuron function show depressive-like behaviors. Here, we provide further evidence supporting the role of cortical GABAergic interneurons, mainly somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing cells, required for the optimal E:I balance in the PFC and discuss how the malfunction of these cells can result in depression-related behaviors. Finally, considering the relatively low efficacy of current available medications, we review new fast-acting pharmacological approaches that target the GABAergic system to treat MDD. We conclude that deficits in cortical inhibitory neurotransmission and interneuron function resulting from chronic stress exposure can compromise the integrity of neurocircuits and result in the development of MDD and other stress-related disorders. Drugs that can establish a new E:I balance in the PFC by targeting the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems show promising as fast-acting antidepressants and represent breakthrough strategies for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoela V Fogaça
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dome P, Tombor L, Lazary J, Gonda X, Rihmer Z. Natural health products, dietary minerals and over-the-counter medications as add-on therapies to antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a review. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:51-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
40
|
Camargo A, Rodrigues ALS. Novel Targets for Fast Antidepressant Responses: Possible Role of Endogenous Neuromodulators. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2019; 3:2470547019858083. [PMID: 32440595 PMCID: PMC7219953 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019858083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The available medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder have limitations, particularly their limited efficacy, delayed therapeutic effects, and the side effects associated with treatment. These issues highlight the need for better therapeutic agents that provide more efficacious and faster effects for the management of this disorder. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is the prototype for novel glutamate-based antidepressants that has been shown to cause a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect even in severe refractory depressive patients. Considering the importance of these findings, several studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular targets for ketamine's effect. In addition, efforts are under way to characterize ketamine-like drugs. This review focuses particularly on evidence that endogenous glutamatergic neuromodulators may be able to modulate mood and to elicit fast antidepressant responses. Among these molecules, agmatine and creatine stand out as those with more published evidence of similarities with ketamine, but guanosine and ascorbic acid have also provided promising results. The possibility that these neuromodulators and ketamine have common neurobiological mechanisms, mainly the ability to activate mechanistic target of rapamycin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling, and synthesis of synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex and/or hippocampus is presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program,
Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of
Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,
Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, Gould TD. Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:621-660. [PMID: 29945898 PMCID: PMC6020109 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)- and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine also exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant actions. We provide a comprehensive review of these therapeutic uses, emphasizing drug dose, route of administration, and the time course of these effects. Dissociative, psychotomimetic, cognitive, and peripheral side effects associated with short-term or prolonged exposure, as well as recreational ketamine use, are also discussed. We further describe ketamine's pharmacokinetics, including its rapid and extensive metabolism to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine, and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Whereas the anesthetic and analgesic properties of ketamine are generally attributed to direct ketamine-induced inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, other putative lower-affinity pharmacological targets of ketamine include, but are not limited to, γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, sigma, opioid, and cholinergic receptors, as well as voltage-gated sodium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. We examine the evidence supporting the relevance of these targets of ketamine and its metabolites to the clinical effects of the drug. Ketamine metabolites may have broader clinical relevance than was previously considered, given that HNK metabolites have antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies. Overall, pharmacological target deconvolution of ketamine and its metabolites will provide insight critical to the development of new pharmacotherapies that possess the desirable clinical effects of ketamine, but limit undesirable side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panos Zanos
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Patrick J Morris
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Lace M Riggs
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Jaclyn N Highland
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Todd D Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cheng J, Dong S, Yi L, Geng D, Liu Q. Magnolol abrogates chronic mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
43
|
Jiang N, Zhang BY, Dong LM, Lv JW, Lu C, Wang Q, Fan LX, Zhang HX, Pan RL, Liu XM. Antidepressant effects of dammarane sapogenins in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive mice. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1023-1029. [PMID: 29468732 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common, dysthymic, and psychiatric disorder, resulting in enormous social and economic burden. Dammarane sapogenins (DS), an active fraction from oriental ginseng, has shown antidepressant-like effects in chronic restraint rats and sleep interruption-induced mice, and the present study aimed to further confirm the antidepressant effects of DS in a model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and to explore the underlying mechanism. Oral administration of DS (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) markedly improved depressant-like behaviors, increasing the sucrose intake in the sucrose preference test and reducing the latency in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, and decreasing the immobility time in both the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, compared with the CUMS mice. Biochemical analysis of brain tissue and serum showed that DS treatment restored the decreased hippocampal neurotransmitter concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and gamma-aminobutyric acid, and decreased the elevated of serum hormone levels (corticotrophin releasing factor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and corticosterone) induced by CUMS. Our findings confirm that DS exerts an antidepressant-like effect in the CUMS model of depression in mice, and suggest it may be mediated by regulation of neurotransmitters and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bei-Yue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Li-Ming Dong
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Jing-Wei Lv
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lin-Xi Fan
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Hunan university of Chinese medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
- Hunan university of Chinese medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jacobson LH, Vlachou S, Slattery DA, Li X, Cryan JF. The Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor in Depression and Reward. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:963-976. [PMID: 29759132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor was the first described obligate G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer and continues to set the stage for discoveries in G protein-coupled receptor signaling complexity. In this review, dedicated to the life and work of Athina Markou, we explore the role of GABAB receptors in depression, reward, and the convergence of these domains in anhedonia, a shared symptom of major depressive disorder and withdrawal from drugs of abuse. GABAB receptor expression and function are enhanced by antidepressants and reduced in animal models of depression. Generally, GABAB receptor antagonists are antidepressant-like and agonists are pro-depressive. Exceptions to this rule likely reflect the differential influence of GABAB1 isoforms in depression-related behavior and neurobiology, including the anhedonic effects of social stress. A wealth of data implicate GABAB receptors in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. We focus on nicotine as an example. GABAB receptor activation attenuates, and deactivation enhances, nicotine reward and associated neurobiological changes. In nicotine withdrawal, however, GABAB receptor agonists, antagonists, and positive allosteric modulators enhance anhedonia, perhaps owing to differential effects of GABAB1 isoforms on the dopaminergic system. Nicotine cue-induced reinstatement is more reliably attenuated by GABAB receptor activation. Separation of desirable and undesirable side effects of agonists is achievable with positive allosteric modulators, which are poised to enter clinical studies for drug abuse. GABAB1 isoforms are key to understanding the neurobiology of anhedonia, whereas allosteric modulators may offer a mechanism for targeting specific brain regions and processes associated with reward and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Styliani Vlachou
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin
| | - David A Slattery
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Anxiolytic effects of ascorbic acid and ketamine in mice. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 100:16-23. [PMID: 29475017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have demonstrated that ascorbic acid, similarly to ketamine, exhibits antidepressant-like effects mediated, at least in part, by modulation of the glutamatergic system. Despite the involvement of glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, the ability of ascorbic acid and ketamine to elicit anxiolytic effects in animal models remains to be established. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of a single administration of ascorbic acid, ketamine or diazepam (positive control) in different animal models of anxiety. Mice were treated with ascorbic acid (1, 3 and 10 mg∕kg, p.o.), ketamine (1 and 10 mg∕kg, i.p.) or diazepam (2 mg∕kg, p.o) and their behavioral responses were assessed in the elevated plus maze, open field test (OFT), ligh∕dark preference test and marble burying test. Ascorbic acid increased total time spent in the open arms of elevated plus maze, increased total time in the center of the OFT, decreased rearing responses, increased the latency to grooming, decreased the rostral grooming, but did not affect body grooming. Furthermore, ascorbic acid increased the latency time and total time in light area in the ligh∕dark preference test, but did not affect the performance of mice in the marble burying test. Ketamine demonstrated an anxiolytic-like effect in elevated plus maze, OFT, and ligh∕dark preference test. Diazepam exhibited an anxiolytic-like effect in all the behavioral tests. Altogether, the results indicate the potential anxiolytic effect of ascorbic acid and ketamine, providing a possible new avenue for the management of anxiety-related disorders.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sorel M, Zrek N, Locko B, Armessen C, Ayache SS, Lefaucheur JP. A reappraisal of the mechanisms of action of ketamine to treat complex regional pain syndrome in the light of cortical excitability changes. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:990-1000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.02.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
47
|
Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3232080. [PMID: 29849880 PMCID: PMC5904770 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3232080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley grass powder is the best functional food that provides nutrition and eliminates toxins from cells in human beings; however, its functional ingredients have played an important role as health benefit. In order to better cognize the preventive and therapeutic role of barley grass for chronic diseases, we carried out the systematic strategies for functional ingredients of barley grass, based on the comprehensive databases, especially the PubMed, Baidu, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, between 2008 and 2017. Barley grass is rich in functional ingredients, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), flavonoids, saponarin, lutonarin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), K, Ca, Se, tryptophan, chlorophyll, vitamins (A, B1, C, and E), dietary fiber, polysaccharide, alkaloid, metallothioneins, and polyphenols. Barley grass promotes sleep; has antidiabetic effect; regulates blood pressure; enhances immunity; protects liver; has anti-acne/detoxifying and antidepressant effects; improves gastrointestinal function; has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antigout effects; reduces hyperuricemia; prevents hypoxia, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, and constipation; alleviates atopic dermatitis; is a calcium supplement; improves cognition; and so on. These results support that barley grass may be one of the best functional foods for preventive chronic diseases and the best raw material of modern diet structure in promoting the development of large health industry and further reveal that GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan mechanism of barley grass have preventive and therapeutic role for chronic diseases. This paper can be used as a scientific evidence for developing functional foods and novel drugs for barley grass for preventive chronic diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C in Mental Disorders. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:1-10. [PMID: 30074145 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the involvement of vitamin C in mental disorders by presenting available evidence on its pharmacological effects in animal models as well as in clinical studies. Vitamin C, especially its reduced form, has gained interest for its multiple functions in various tissues and organs, including central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin C protects the neuron against oxidative stress, alleviates inflammation, regulates the neurotransmission, affects neuronal development and controls epigenetic function. All of these processes are closely associated with psychopathology. In the past few decades, scientists have revealed that the deficiency of vitamin C may lead to motor deficit, cognitive impairment and aberrant behaviors, whereas supplement of vitamin C has a potential preventive and therapeutic effect on mental illness, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several studies support a possible role of vitamin C against mental disorders, more researches are essential to accelerate the knowledge and investigate the mechanism in this field.
Collapse
|
49
|
Evidence for the involvement of opioid system in the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 391:169-176. [PMID: 29222646 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the involvement of the opioid system in major depressive disorder (MDD), mainly concerning refractory MDD, and the evidence that ascorbic acid may exert a beneficial effect for the treatment of this disorder, this study investigated the involvement of the opioid system in the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid in the tail suspension test (TST). Treatment of Swiss mice with the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the reduced immobility time caused by ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.) in the TST. Additionally, administration of the selective μ1-opioid receptor antagonist, naloxonazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), also abolished the antidepressant-like action of the same dose of ascorbic acid in the TST. We also investigated the possible relationship between the opioid system and NMDA receptors in the mechanism of action of ascorbic acid or ketamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) in the TST. Treatment of mice with naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the synergistic antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/kg. p.o.) and MK-801 (0.001 mg/kg, p.o., a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist) in the TST. Combined administration of ketamine and MK-801 induced a synergistic antidepressant-like action, and naloxone partially abolished this effect. Our results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid in the TST appears to be dependent on the activation of the opioid system, especially μ1-opioid receptors, which might be an indirect consequence of NMDA receptor inhibition elicited by ascorbic acid administration.
Collapse
|
50
|
Antidepressant, anticonvulsant and antinociceptive effects of 3′-methoxy-6-methylflavone and 3′-hydroxy-6-methylflavone may involve GABAergic mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1014-1020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|