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Kapoor D, Sharma P, Shukla D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2024; 29:113-126. [PMID: 38603466 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2024.2339899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex keratitis stands as a prominent factor contributing to infectious blindness among developed nations. On a global scale, over 60% of the population tests positive for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Despite these statistics, there is currently no vaccine available for the virus. Moreover, the conventional nucleoside drugs prescribed to patients are proving ineffective in addressing issues related to drug resistance, recurrence, latency, and the escalating risk of vision loss. Hence, it is imperative to continually explore all potential avenues to restrict the virus. This review article centers on the present treatment methods for HSV-1 keratitis (HSK), highlighting the ongoing clinical trials. It delves into the emerging drugs, their mode-of-action and future therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on the significance of a variety of small molecules targeting HSV-1 lifecycle at multiple steps. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and clinical trial websites. EXPERT OPINION The exploration of small molecules that target specific pathways within the herpes lifecycle holds the potential for substantial impact on the antiviral pharmaceutical market. Simultaneously, the pursuit of disease-specific biomarkers has the capacity to usher in a transformative era in diagnostics within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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de Mariz E Miranda LS. The synergy between nucleotide biosynthesis inhibitors and antiviral nucleosides: New opportunities against viral infections? Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200217. [PMID: 36122181 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5'-Phosphorylated nucleoside derivatives are molecules that can be found in all living organisms and viruses. Over the last century, the development of structural analogs that could disrupt the transcription and translation of genetic information culminated in the development of clinically relevant anticancer and antiviral drugs. However, clinically effective broad-spectrum antiviral compounds or treatments are lacking. This viewpoint proposes that molecules that inhibit nucleotide biosynthesis may sensitize virus-infected cells toward direct-acting antiviral nucleosides. Such potentially synergistic combinations might allow the repurposing of drugs, leading to the development of new combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S de Mariz E Miranda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Alshawwa SZ, Kassem AA, Farid RM, Mostafa SK, Labib GS. Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems: Characterization, Limitations, Future Perspectives and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:883. [PMID: 35456717 PMCID: PMC9026217 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing demand for the development of nanocarriers targeting multiple diseases with a broad range of properties. Due to their tiny size, giant surface area and feasible targetability, nanocarriers have optimized efficacy, decreased side effects and improved stability over conventional drug dosage forms. There are diverse types of nanocarriers that have been synthesized for drug delivery, including dendrimers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, polymer-drug conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, peptide nanoparticles, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, nanocapsules, nanoshells, carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, etc. Several characterization techniques have been proposed and used over the past few decades to control and predict the behavior of nanocarriers both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we describe some fundamental in vitro, ex vivo, in situ and in vivo characterization methods for most nanocarriers, emphasizing their advantages and limitations, as well as the safety, regulatory and manufacturing aspects that hinder the transfer of nanocarriers from the laboratory to the clinic. Moreover, integration of artificial intelligence with nanotechnology, as well as the advantages and problems of artificial intelligence in the development and optimization of nanocarriers, are also discussed, along with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Abeer Ahmed Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21523, Egypt; (R.M.F.); (G.S.L.)
| | - Ragwa Mohamed Farid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21523, Egypt; (R.M.F.); (G.S.L.)
| | - Shaimaa Khamis Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt;
| | - Gihan Salah Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21523, Egypt; (R.M.F.); (G.S.L.)
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Modiwala M, Jadav T, Sahu AK, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. A Critical Review on Advancement in Analytical Strategies for the Quantification of Clinically Relevant Biological Transporters. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1557-1571. [PMID: 33691566 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1891859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Success of a drug discovery program is highly dependent on rapid scientific advancement and periodic inclusion of sensitive and specific analytical techniques. Biological membrane transporters can significantly alter the bioavailability of a molecule in its actual site of action. Expression of transporter proteins responsible for drug transport is extremely low in the biological system. Therefore, proper scientific planning in selection of their quantitative analytical technique is essential. This article discusses critical advancement in the analytical strategies for quantification of clinically relevant biological transporters for the drugs. Article cross-talked key planning and execution strategies concerning analytical quantification of the transporters during drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Modiwala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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5
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Substrates and Inhibitors of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs) and Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter (PMAT) and Therapeutic Implications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:119-167. [PMID: 34495395 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gene products of the SLC22A gene family (hOCT1, hOCT2, and hOCT3) and of the SLC29A4 gene (hPMAT or hENT4) are all polyspecific organic cation transporters. Human OCTs (including hPMAT) are expressed in peripheral tissues such as small intestine, liver, and kidney involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In the human brain, all four transporters are expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), hOCT2 is additionally expressed in neurons, and hOCT3 and hPMAT in glia. More than 40% of the presently used drugs are organic cations. This chapter lists and discusses all known drugs acting as substrates or inhibitors of these four organic cation transporters, independently of whether the transporter is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) or in peripheral tissues. Of interest is their involvement in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion as well as potential OCT-associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with a focus on drugs that act in the CNS.
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Devanathan AS, Fallon JK, White NR, Schauer AP, Van Horne B, Blake K, Sykes C, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Remling-Mulder L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Pirone JR, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Penetration and Drug Transporter Concentrations in the Spleens of Three Preclinical Animal Models and Humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01384-20. [PMID: 32661005 PMCID: PMC7508597 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01384-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate antiretroviral (ARV) concentrations in lymphoid tissues are critical for optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the spleen contains 25% of the body's lymphocytes, there are minimal data on ARV penetration in this organ. This study quantified total and protein-unbound splenic ARV concentrations and determined whether drug transporters, sex, or infection status were modifiers of these concentrations in animal models and humans. Two humanized mice models (hu-HSC-Rag [n = 36; 18 HIV-positive (HIV+) and 18 HIV-negative (HIV-)] and bone marrow-liver-thymus [n = 13; 7 HIV+ and 6 HIV-]) and one nonhuman primate (NHP) model (rhesus macaque [n = 18; 10 SHIV+ and 8 SHIV-]) were dosed to steady state with ARV combinations. HIV+ human spleens (n = 14) from the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium were analyzed postmortem (up to 24 h postdose). ARV concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), drug transporter concentrations were measured with LC-MS proteomics, and protein binding in NHP spleens was determined by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Mice generally had the lowest splenic concentrations of the three species. Protein binding in splenic tissue was 6 to 96%, compared to 76 to 99% in blood plasma. NHPs had quantifiable Mrp4, Bcrp, and Ent1 concentrations, and humans had quantifiable ENT1 concentrations. None significantly correlated with tissue ARV concentrations. There was also no observable influence of infection status or sex. With these dosing strategies, NHP splenic penetration most closely resembled that of humans. These data can inform tissue pharmacokinetic scaling to humans to target HIV reservoirs by identifying important species-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Devanathan
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole R White
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Van Horne
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimberly Blake
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martina Kovarova
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Luciw
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason R Pirone
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Gong J, Chen Y, Pu F, Sun P, He F, Zhang L, Li Y, Ma Z, Wang H. Understanding Membrane Protein Drug Targets in Computational Perspective. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:551-564. [PMID: 30516106 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204164721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins play crucial physiological roles in vivo and are the major category of drug targets for pharmaceuticals. The research on membrane protein is a significant part in the drug discovery. The biological process is a cycled network, and the membrane protein is a vital hub in the network since most drugs achieve the therapeutic effect via interacting with the membrane protein. In this review, typical membrane protein targets are described, including GPCRs, transporters and ion channels. Also, we conclude network servers and databases that are referring to the drug, drug-target information and their relevant data. Furthermore, we chiefly introduce the development and practice of modern medicines, particularly demonstrating a series of state-of-the-art computational models for the prediction of drug-target interaction containing network-based approach and machine-learningbased approach as well as showing current achievements. Finally, we discuss the prospective orientation of drug repurposing and drug discovery as well as propose some improved framework in bioactivity data, created or improved predicted approaches, alternative understanding approaches of drugs bioactivity and their biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Gong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Pu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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8
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Xie CY, Wang Q, Li G, Fan Z, Wang H, Wu X. Dietary supplement with nucleotides in the form of uridine monophosphate or uridine stimulate intestinal development and promote nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6108-6113. [PMID: 31177538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotides are key constituents of milk, where they are utilized in cell replication, although there are limited studies for weaned piglets. This study evaluated the effects of uridine monophosphate (UMP) with uridine (UR) feed supplementation on the intestinal development and nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. RESULTS Supplementation with UMP significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, and UR supplementation significantly reduced (0.05 < P < 0.10) the plasma total cholesterol (TC) of piglets when compared with that of the control group, although non-significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth performance was observed among three groups. Piglets fed supplementary UR exhibited greater (P < 0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum when compared with those in the supplementary UMP and control groups. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results revealed that UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the relative mRNA levels of genes encoding the transmembrane proteins ZO-1 and occludin in the duodenum mucosa, and ZO-1 in the jejunum mucosa (P < 0.05). Similarly, UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) expression of solute carriers SLC28A1 and SLC29A1 in the duodenum mucosa. Conversely, claudin-1 expression in the duodenum mucosa was inhibited (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation with UMP or UR. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data indicated that dietary supplementation with UMP or UR was conducive to stimulating intestinal development and promoting nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Meiya Hai'an Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hai'an, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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9
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Gutierrez MDM, Mateo MG, Corbacho N, Vidal F, Domingo P. Drug-drug interactions when treating HIV-related metabolic disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:787-802. [PMID: 31512529 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1667334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Drug-drug interactions (DDI) between antiretroviral drugs and drugs for the treatment of metabolic disturbances in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) have represented a problem of paramount importance in the recent times. The problem has been mainly driven by sharing common metabolizing pathways. This problem has classically been worsened by the frequent use of pharmacokinetic boosters to enhance protease inhibitors and some integrase inhibitors plasma levels. Areas covered: This article focuses on the interactions between antiretroviral drugs and those drugs used to treat metabolic disturbances which frequently appear in PLWH. These include dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and finally, drugs for the treatment of overweight and clinical obesity. References from PubMed, Embase, or Web of Science, among others, were reviewed. Expert opinion: The advent of safer drugs, in terms of DDI, in the antiretroviral and the metabolic field,such as non-boosted antiretrovirals and drugs with divergent metabolizing paths. Besides, learning by the caregivers on how to decrease and manage DDI, together with the extensive use of online updated DDI databases, has undoubtedly minimized the problem. The foreseeable increase in the burden of HIV-associated comorbidities and their associated treatments anticipates further complexities in the management of DDI in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Gutierrez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mª Gracia Mateo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Noemí Corbacho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- HIV Infection Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Institut de Recerca Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona , Spain
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10
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Burgunder E, Fallon JK, White N, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymph Nodes: A Cross-Species Comparison of the Effect of Drug Transporter Expression, Viral Infection, and Sex in Humanized Mice, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:360-368. [PMID: 31235531 PMCID: PMC6695867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a "kick and kill" strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node are important to prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, the factors responsible for drug distribution and concentration into these tissues are largely unknown. Although humanized mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are crucial to HIV research, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across species. This study investigated the influence of drug transporter expression, viral infection, and sex on ARV penetration within lymph nodes of animal models and humans. Six ARVs were dosed for 10 days in humanized mice and NHPs. Plasma and lymph nodes were collected at necropsy, 24 hours after the last dose. Human lymph node tissue and plasma from deceased patients were collected from tissue banks. ARV, active metabolite, and endogenous nucleotide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and drug transporter expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. In NHPs and humans, lymph node ARV concentrations were greater than or equal to plasma, and tenofovir diphosphate/deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration ratios achieved efficacy targets in lymph nodes from all three species. There was no effect of infection or sex on ARV concentrations. Low drug transporter expression existed in lymph nodes from all species, and no predictive relationships were found between transporter gene/protein expression and ARV penetration. Overall, common preclinical models of HIV infection were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes, and low transporter expression suggests primarily passive drug distribution in these tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across preclinical species used for HIV eradication research, and the influence of drug transporters, HIV infection, and sex on ARV distribution and concentration into the lymph node is largely unknown. Here we show that two animal models of HIV infection (humanized mice and nonhuman primates) were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes. Additionally, we found that drug transporter expression was minimal and-along with viral infection and sex-did not affect ARV penetration into lymph nodes from any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burgunder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Paul Luciw
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
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11
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Mirza AZ. Advancement in the development of heterocyclic nucleosides for the treatment of cancer - A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:836-857. [PMID: 31135268 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1615623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diseases are widely recognised as an important medical problem and killing millions of people in a year. Chemotherapeutic drugs are successful against cancer in many cases and different compounds, including the analogues of natural substances, may be used for anticancer agents. Nucleoside analogues also have become a necessity for the treatment of cancer diseases. Nucleoside, nucleotide and base analogues have been utilised for decades for the treatment of viral pathogens, neoplasms and in anticancer chemotherapy. This review focuses on the different types of nucleosides and their potential role as anticancer agents. It also discusses the nucleoside analogues approved by FDA and in process of approval. The effect of the substitution on the nucleoside analogues and their pharmacological role is also discussed in the review. Owing to the advances in computational chemistry, it concludes with the future advancement and possible outcome of the nucleoside analogues. Also, it depicts the development of heterocyclic nucleoside analogues, explores the QSAR of the synthesised compounds and discusses the 3 D QSAR pharmacophore modelling in order to examine their potential anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha Zeeshan Mirza
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia.,Research Laboratories Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
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12
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Kigen G, Edwards G. Enhancement of saquinavir absorption and accumulation through the formation of solid drug nanoparticles. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:79. [PMID: 30509316 PMCID: PMC6278041 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanotechnology is now considered a promising drug delivery method for orally administered hydrophobic drugs to their sites of action. The effect of nanodispersion on cellular transport and accumulation of saquinavir (SQV) was investigated. Methods The transport of five solid drug nanoparticle (SDN) SQV formulations along Caco-2 cell monolayers (CCM) was compared to that of standard SQV. The SDNs were prepared using SQV mesylate (20%), Pluronic F127 (10%) plus five other excipients (HPMC, PVP, PVA, Lecithin S75 and Span 80) in different proportions. Cellular accumulation in CEM parental and CEMVBL (P-gp overexpressing) cells was conducted to ascertain the effect of nanodispersion on P-gp mediated efflux of SQV. All SDN formulations were dissolved in water, whereas SQV in DMSO to improve solubility. Quantification was via HPLC. Results From transport results, an SDN sample composed of SQV mesylate/Pluronic F127 plus HPMC (70%) and had a 24% increase in apparent absorption compared to standard SQV, largely driven by a 38% reduction in basolateral to apical permeation. Additionally, the formulation and two others (SQV mesylate/Pluronic F127 alone; and + HPMC (65%)/Lecithin [5%]) accumulated more significantly in CEM cells, suggesting enhanced delivery to these cells. Moreover, accumulation and transport of the three SDNs compared well to that of SQV despite being dissolved in water, suggestive of improved dissolution. The inclusion of PVA resulted in increased efflux. Conclusion The use of HPMC and Pluronic F127 produced SQV SDNs with improved permeation in Caco-2 cells and improved accumulation in CEM cells, but negative effects with PVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kigen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret, 30100, Kenya. .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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13
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Keller T, Gorboulev V, Mueller TD, Dötsch V, Bernhard F, Koepsell H. Rat Organic Cation Transporter 1 Contains Three Binding Sites for Substrate 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium per Monomer. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:169-182. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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14
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Moketla MB, Wadley AL, Kamerman P, de Assis Rosa D. Pharmacogenetic variation influences sensory neuropathy occurrence in Southern Africans treated with stavudine-containing antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204111. [PMID: 30273369 PMCID: PMC6166924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of the HIV antiretroviral drug stavudine (d4T), a thymidine analogue, is associated with the development of mitochondrial toxicities such as sensory neuropathy (SN). Genetic variation in genes relating to d4T transport and metabolism, as well as genetic variation in the thymidine synthesis pathway, could influence occurrence of d4T-related toxicity. METHODS We examined this hypothesis in a cohort of HIV-positive South African adults exposed to d4T, including 143 cases with SN and 120 controls without SN. Ten SNPs in four genes associated with stavudine transport, and 16 SNPs in seven genes of the thymidine synthesis / phosphorylation pathway were genotyped using Agena mass spectrometry methods. Associations between sensory neuropathy and genetic variants were evaluated using PLINK by univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Age and height were significantly associated with SN occurrence. Using logistic regression with age and height as covariates, and uncorrected empirical p-values, genetic variation in SLC28A1, SAMHD1, MTHFR and RRM2B was associated with SN in South Africans using d4T. CONCLUSION Variation in genes relating to d4T transport and metabolism, as well as genetic variation in the thymidine synthesis pathway may influence occurrence of d4T-related SN. These data contribute to the characterisation of African pharmacogenetic variation and its role in adverse response to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Blessings Moketla
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Antonia L. Wadley
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter Kamerman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Debra de Assis Rosa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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15
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Mu Y, Kodidela S, Wang Y, Kumar S, Cory TJ. The dawn of precision medicine in HIV: state of the art of pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1581-1595. [PMID: 30234392 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1515916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces viral load to under the limit of detection, successfully decreasing HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Due to viral mutations, complex drug combinations and different patient response, there is an increasing demand for individualized treatment options for patients. AREAS COVERED This review first summarizes the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of clinical first-line drugs, which serves as guidance for antiretroviral precision medicine. Factors which have influential effects on drug efficacy and thus precision medicine are discussed: patients' pharmacogenetic information, virus mutations, comorbidities, and immune recovery. Furthermore, strategies to improve the application of precision medicine are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Precision medicine for ART requires comprehensive information on the drug, virus, and clinical data from the patients. The clinically available genetic tests are a good starting point. To better apply precision medicine, deeper knowledge of drug concentrations, HIV reservoirs, and efficacy associated genes, such as polymorphisms of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes, are required. With advanced computer-based prediction systems which integrate more comprehensive information on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, and the clinically relevant information of the patients, precision medicine will lead to better treatment choices and improved disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy , Memphis , USA
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16
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Who Is Who in Adenosine Transport. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:627. [PMID: 29962948 PMCID: PMC6010718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Cusato J, Allegra S, Nicolò AD, Calcagno A, D'Avolio A. Precision medicine for HIV: where are we? Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:145-165. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in HIV-affected patients, but the individualization of such a life-long therapy may be advised. This review briefly summarizes the main factors involved in the potential personalization of antiretroviral treatment. Relevant articles in English were identified by PubMed and recent congresses’ abstracts. Foremost influences concerning pharmacodynamics, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacogenetics, comorbidities, immune recovery and viral characteristics affecting the healthcare of HIV-positive patients are listed here. Furthermore, pharmacoeconomic aspects are mentioned. Applying pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic knowledge may be informative and guide the better choice of treatment in order to achieve long-term efficacy and avoid adverse events. Randomized investigations of the clinical relevance of tailored antiretroviral regimens are needed in order to obtain a better management of HIV/AIDS-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cusato
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin – ASL ‘Città di Torino’ Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics; Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Allegra
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin – ASL ‘Città di Torino’ Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics; Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin – ASL ‘Città di Torino’ Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics; Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin – ASL ‘Città di Torino’ Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics; Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin – ASL ‘Città di Torino’ Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics; Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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18
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Ogedengbe OO, Naidu ECS, Azu OO. Antiretroviral Therapy and Alcohol Interactions: X-raying Testicular and Seminal Parameters Under the HAART Era. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 43:121-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Population Pharmacokinetic Model Linking Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Concentrations of Efavirenz and Its Metabolite, 8-Hydroxy-Efavirenz, in HIV Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00207-17. [PMID: 28559276 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00207-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of efavirenz (EFV) and 8-hydroxy-efavirenz (8OHEFV) in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to explore covariates affecting the PK parameters. Fifty-one patients had steady-state 0-to-24-h concentrations of EFV and 8OHEFV in plasma with corresponding concentrations in PBMCs, while 261 patients had one or two sparse concentrations at 16 ± 1 h postdose at weeks 4 and/or 16. The pharmacogenetic markers CYP2B6*6, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6, UGT2B7*2, ABCB1 (3435C→T, 3842A→G), OATP1B1*1B, and OATP1B1*5, the presence of a rifampin-based antituberculosis (anti-TB) regimen, baseline body weight and organ function values, and demographic factors were explored as covariates. EFV concentration data were well described by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption (Ka ) and absorption lag time (Alag) (Ka = 0.2 h-1; Alag = 0.83 h; central compartment clearance [CLc/F] for CYP2B6*1/*1 = 18 liters/h, for CYP2B6*1/*6 = 14 liters/h, and for CYP2B6*6/*6 = 8.6 liters/h) and PBMCs as a peripheral compartment. EFV transfer from plasma to PBMCs was first order (CLp/F = 32 liters/h), followed by capacity-limited return (Vmax = 4,400 ng/ml/h; Km = 710 ng/ml). Similarly, 8OHEFV displayed a first-order elimination and distribution to PBMCs, with a capacity-limited return to plasma. No covariate relationships resulted in a significant explanation of interindividual variability (IIV) on the estimated PK parameters of EFV and 8OHEFV, except for CYP2B6*6 genotypes, which were consistent with prior evidence. Both EFV and 8OHEFV accumulated to higher concentrations in PBMCs than in plasma and were well described by first-order input and Michaelis-Menten kinetics removal from PBMCs. CYP2B6*6 genotype polymorphisms were associated with decreased EFV and 8OHEFV clearance.
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B. Shekhawat P, B. Pokharkar V. Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:260-280. [PMID: 28540164 PMCID: PMC5430883 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AP, absorption potential
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AZT, azidothymidine
- BA/BE, bioavailability/bioequivalence
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- BDDS, biopharmaceutical drug disposition system
- BSP, bromosulfophthalein
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CDER, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CNT, Na+-dependent concentrative transporter
- CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- D:S, dose:solubility
- E217G, estradiol 17β-glucuronide
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter
- FATP, fatty acid transporter protein
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- Factors affecting absorption
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation strategies
- GIS, gastrointestinal simulator
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- GITA, gastrointestinal transit and absorption
- GLUT, sodium-independent facilitated diffusion transporter
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HIV, human immunodeficiency disease
- HPC-SL, LBDDS, lipid based drug delivery system
- HUGO, Human Genome Organization
- ICH, International Council of Harmonization
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- IR, immediate release
- ISBT, sodium dependent bile salt transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MPP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier
- NME, new molecular entity
- NTCP, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- OAT, organic anion transporter
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cationic transporter
- OCTN, organic cationic/carnitine transporter
- OMM, ordered mesoporous material
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEPT, peptide transporter
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycoside
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transport
- PSA, polar surface area
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Peff, effective permeability
- Permeability
- Psi, porous silicon
- RFC, reduced folate transporter
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SGLT, sodium dependent secondary active transporter
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLCO, solute carrier organic anion
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SMVT, sodium dependent multivitamin transporter
- SPIP, single pass intestinal perfusion
- SUPAC, scale-up and post approval changes
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- Solubility
- TEOS, tetraethylortho silicate
- UWL, unstirred water layer
- VDAD, volume to dissolve applied dose
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- vit. E TPGS, vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
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Mathebula SD, Makunyane PS. Loss of amplitude of accommodation in pre-presbyopic HIV and AIDS patients under treatment with antiretrovirals. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v76i1.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of HIV and AIDS is causing an enormous public health burden. Its manifestations spare no organ. Ocular complications are mainly attributed to various opportunistic infections which are directly or indirectly caused by immune deficiency.Purpose and aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of HIV and AIDS on subjective amplitude of accommodation of patients under treatment with antiretrovirals and then to compare their results to those of control subjects.Methods: The study took place over a period of 10 months. A quantitative study was carried out on 58 subjects (29 ± 5.5 years) with HIV and AIDS and 35 (28.67 ± 4.6 years) controls of similar age. Amplitude of accommodation was measured using the subjective Royal Air Force push-up method. The influence of CD4+ cell count was also recorded.Results: People with HIV and AIDS had lower mean amplitude of accommodation (5.69 ± 0.88 D) compared to controls (8.53 ± 1.2 D). The decrease in amplitude of accommodation did not show any correlation with the CD4+ cell count. Lower amplitude of accommodation exists in people living with HIV and AIDS when compared with age-related healthy people.Conclusion: The results suggest that patients with HIV and AIDS on antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have reduced amplitude of accommodation and might experience presbyopia earlier in life than participants without HIV and AIDS. The reduced amplitude of accommodation could be the initial presentation of HIV infection before the systemic manifestation. The possible causes could be the direct neuronal infection by HIV-1, ARVs use, pathological changes of the lens and ciliary muscle or the sensory component of the visual system. It is unknown whether the reduced amplitude of accommodation occurred prior to antiretroviral therapy or represents an ongoing injury to the eye and visual system by the HIV.
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Zhou T, Hu M, Pearlman A, Rohan LC. Expression, regulation, and function of drug transporters in cervicovaginal tissues of a mouse model used for microbicide testing. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:162-75. [PMID: 27453435 PMCID: PMC5362249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) are three efflux transporters that play key roles in the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs used in the pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV sexual transmission. In this study, we investigated the expression, regulation, and function of these transporters in cervicovaginal tissues of a mouse model. Expression and regulation were examined using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining, in the mouse tissues harvested at estrus and diestrus stages under natural cycling or after hormone synchronization. The three transporters were expressed at moderate to high levels compared to the liver. Transporter proteins were localized in various cell types in different tissue segments. Estrous cycle and exogenous hormone treatment affected transporter mRNA and protein expression, in a tissue- and transporter-dependent manner. Depo-Provera-synchronized mice were dosed vaginally or intraperitoneally with (3)H-TFV, with or without MK571 co-administration, to delineate the function of cervicovaginal Mrp4. Co-administration of MK571 significantly increased the concentration of vaginally-administered TFV in endocervix and vagina. MK571 increased the concentration of intraperitoneally-administered TFV in the cervicovaginal lavage and vagina by several fold. Overall, P-gp, Bcrp, and Mrp4 were positively expressed in mouse cervicovaginal tissues, and their expression can be regulated by the estrous cycle or by exogenous hormones. In this model, the Mrp4 transporter impacted TFV distribution in cervicovaginal tissues.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Line
- Cervix Uteri/cytology
- Cervix Uteri/drug effects
- Cervix Uteri/metabolism
- Diestrus/drug effects
- Diestrus/metabolism
- Estrus/drug effects
- Estrus/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Propionates/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Reproductive Control Agents/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
- Tenofovir/metabolism
- Tenofovir/pharmacokinetics
- Tissue Distribution/drug effects
- Vagina/cytology
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/metabolism
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Pearlman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Alam C, Whyte-Allman SK, Omeragic A, Bendayan R. Role and modulation of drug transporters in HIV-1 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:121-143. [PMID: 27181050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that target different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This strategy is commonly referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Membrane-associated drug transporters expressed ubiquitously in mammalian systems play a crucial role in modulating ARV disposition during HIV-1 infection. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamilies have been shown to interact with ARVs, including those that are used as part of first-line treatment regimens. As a result, the functional expression of drug transporters can influence the distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection. In addition, pathological factors related to HIV-1 infection and/or ARV therapy itself can alter transporter expression and activity, thus further contributing to changes in ARV disposition and the effectiveness of HAART. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of drug transporters in regulating ARV transport in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
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McFaul K, Liptrott N, Cox A, Martin P, Egan D, Owen A, Kelly S, Karolia Z, Shaw K, Bower M, Boffito M. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and the evolution of cellular and viral resistance to antiretroviral therapy in HIV- infected individuals with lymphoma. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2016; 17:197-203. [PMID: 27454119 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2016.1210719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and cytotoxic chemotherapy for HIV-associated lymphoma runs the risks of inducing HIV drug resistance. This study examined two possible mechanisms: altered expression of membrane drug transporter protein (MTP) and acquisition of mutations in pro-viral DNA. METHODS Expression levels of MTP and pro-viral DNA resistance mutation analysis were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before, during, and after chemotherapy. RESULTS Twenty nine patients completed the three time point estimations. There were no significant variations before, during, and after chemotherapy in the expression of four MTPs: ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, and SLCO3A1 (OATP3A1). Pro-viral DNA sequencing revealed that only one patient developed a new nucleos/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated mutation (184V) during the course of the study, giving a mutation rate of 0.0027 per person per year. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, concomitant administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy and cART does not induce expression of MTP. Furthermore, no significant changes in viral resistance were observed pre- and post-chemotherapy, suggesting mutagenic cytotoxic chemotherapy seems not to induce mutations in HIV pro-viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie McFaul
- a Imperial College Faculty of Medicine , London , UK.,c Chelsea and Westmsinter/Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK.,e Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Neill Liptrott
- b Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Alison Cox
- c Chelsea and Westmsinter/Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Phillip Martin
- b Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Deirdre Egan
- b Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- b Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Sarah Kelly
- d National Centre for HIV Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Zeenat Karolia
- d National Centre for HIV Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Kate Shaw
- d National Centre for HIV Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Mark Bower
- a Imperial College Faculty of Medicine , London , UK.,d National Centre for HIV Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
| | - Marta Boffito
- a Imperial College Faculty of Medicine , London , UK.,d National Centre for HIV Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital , London , UK
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25
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Wang L, Yu DL, Zhang HW, He LY, Wu L. Ortho-topolin riboside induces apoptosis in Acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Minuesa G, Arimany-Nardi C, Erkizia I, Cedeño S, Moltó J, Clotet B, Pastor-Anglada M, Martinez-Picado J. P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) activity decreases raltegravir disposition in primary CD4+P-gphigh cells and correlates with HIV-1 viral load. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2782-92. [PMID: 27334660 PMCID: PMC5031918 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug-resistant-protein 1 (MRP1) on raltegravir intracellular drug disposition in CD4+ T cells, investigate the effect of HIV-1 infection on P-gp expression and correlate HIV-1 viraemia with P-gp activity in primary CD4+ T cell subsets. Methods The cellular accumulation ratio of [3H]raltegravir was quantified in CD4+ T cell lines overexpressing either P-gp (CEM-P-gp) or MRP1 (CEM-MRP1) and in primary CD3+CD4+ T cells with high (P-gphigh) and low P-gp activity (P-gplow); inhibition of efflux transporters was confirmed by the intracellular retention of calcein-AM. The correlation of P-gp activity with HIV-1 viraemia was assessed in naive and memory T cell subsets from 21 HIV-1-infected treatment-naive subjects. Results [3H]Raltegravir cellular accumulation ratio decreased in CEM-P-gp cells (P < 0.0001). XR9051 (a P-gp inhibitor) and HIV-1 PIs reversed this phenomenon. Primary CD4+P-gphigh cells accumulated less raltegravir (38.4% ± 9.6%) than P-gplow cells, whereas XR9051 also reversed this effect. In vitro HIV-1 infection of PBMCs and stimulation of CD4+ T cells increased P-gp mRNA and P-gp activity, respectively, while primary CD4+P-gphigh T cells sustained a higher HIV-1 replication than P-gplow cells. A significant correlation between HIV-1 viraemia and P-gp activity was found in different CD4+ T cell subsets, particularly memory CD4+ T cells (r = 0.792, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Raltegravir is a substrate of P-gp in CD4+ T cells. Primary CD4+P-gphigh T cells eliminate intracellular raltegravir more readily than P-gplow cells and HIV-1 viraemia correlates with P-gp overall activity. Specific CD4+P-gphigh T cell subsets could facilitate the persistence of viral replication in vivo and ultimately promote the appearance of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Minuesa
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Arimany-Nardi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Erkizia
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Samandhy Cedeño
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain Universitat de Vic, Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
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Wagner DJ, Hu T, Wang J. Polyspecific organic cation transporters and their impact on drug intracellular levels and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:237-246. [PMID: 27317943 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs are intended to act on molecular targets residing within a specific tissue or cell type. Therefore, the drug concentration within the target tissue or cells is most relevant to its pharmacological effect. Increasing evidences suggest that drug transporters not only play a significant role in governing systemic drug levels, but are also an important gate keeper for intra-tissue and intracellular drug concentrations. This review focuses on polyspecific organic cation transporters, which include the organic cation transporters 1-3 (OCT1-3), the multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1-2 (MATE1-2) and the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT). Following an overview of the tissue distribution, transport mechanisms, and functional characteristics of these transporters, we highlight the studies demonstrating the ability of locally expressed OCTs to impact intracellular drug concentrations and directly influence their pharmacological and toxicological activities. Specifically, OCT1-mediated metformin access to its site of action in the liver is impacted by genetic polymorphisms and chemical inhibition of OCT1. The impact of renal OCT2 and MATE1/2-K in cisplatin intrarenal accumulation and nephrotoxicity is reviewed. New data demonstrating the role of OCT3 in salivary drug accumulation and secretion is discussed. Whenever possible, the pharmacodynamic response and toxicological effects is presented and discussed in light of intra-tissue and intracellular drug exposure. Current challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research directions are discussed. Understanding the impact of transporters on intra-tissue and intracellular drug concentrations has important implications for rational-based optimization of drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Antitubercular Agent Delamanid and Metabolites as Substrates and Inhibitors of ABC and Solute Carrier Transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3497-508. [PMID: 27021329 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03049-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Delamanid (Deltyba, OPC-67683) is the first approved drug in a novel class of nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazoles developed for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Patients with tuberculosis require treatment with multiple drugs, several of which have known drug-drug interactions. Transporters regulate drug absorption, distribution, and excretion; therefore, the inhibition of transport by one agent may alter the pharmacokinetics of another, leading to unexpected adverse events. Therefore, it is important to understand how delamanid affects transport activity. In the present study, the potencies of delamanid and its main metabolites as the substrates and inhibitors of various transporters were evaluated in vitro Delamanid was not transported by the efflux ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp; MDR1/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), solute carrier (SLC) transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptides, or organic cation transporter 1. Similarly, metabolite 1 (M1) was not a substrate for any of these transporters except P-gp. Delamanid showed no inhibitory effect on ABC transporters MDR1, BCRP, and bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11), SLC transporters, or organic anion transporters. M1 and M2 inhibited P-gp- and BCRP-mediated transport but did so only at the 50% inhibitory concentrations (M1, 4.65 and 5.71 μmol/liter, respectively; M2, 7.80 and 6.02 μmol/liter, respectively), well above the corresponding maximum concentration in plasma values observed following the administration of multiple doses in clinical trials. M3 and M4 did not affect the activities of any of the transporters tested. These in vitro data suggest that delamanid is unlikely to have clinically relevant interactions with drugs for which absorption and disposition are mediated by this group of transporters.
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Mandíková J, Volková M, Pávek P, Navrátilová L, Hyršová L, Janeba Z, Pavlík J, Bárta P, Trejtnar F. Entecavir Interacts with Influx Transporters hOAT1, hCNT2, hCNT3, but Not with hOCT2: The Potential for Renal Transporter-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Drug-Drug Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:304. [PMID: 26779022 PMCID: PMC4700268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Entecavir (ETV) is one of the most potent agents for the treatment of the hepatitis B viral infection. The drug is principally eliminated by the kidney. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of ETV to interact in vitro with the renal SLC transporters hOAT1, hOCT2, hCNT2 and hCNT3. Potential drug–drug interactions of ETV at the renal transporters with antiviral drugs known to be excreted by the kidney (adefovir, tenofovir, cidofovir) as well as transporter-dependent cytotoxicity were also examined. Interactions with the selected transporters along with cytotoxicity were studied in several transiently transfected cellular models using specific substrates and inhibitors. ETV was found to be both a substrate and inhibitor of hOAT1 (IC50 = 175.3 μM), hCNT2 (IC50 = 241.9 μM) and hCNT3 (IC50 = 278.4 μM) transporters, although it interacted with the transporters with relatively low affinities. ETV inhibited the cellular uptake of adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir by hOAT1; however, effective inhibition was shown at ETV concentrations exceeding therapeutic levels. In comparison with adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir, ETV displayed no transporter-mediated cytotoxicity in cells transfected with hOAT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3. No significant interaction of ETV with hOCT2 was detected. The study demonstrates interactions of ETV with several human renal transporters. For the first time, an interaction of ETV with the hCNTs was proved. We show that the potency of ETV to cause nephrotoxicity and/or clinically significant drug-drug interactions related to the tested transporters is considerably lower than that of adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mandíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Volková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Navrátilová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hyršová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pavlík
- Cayman Pharma Ltd. Neratovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Trejtnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Implications of Pharmacogenetics for Antimicrobial Prescribing. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu M, Patel SK, Zhou T, Rohan LC. Drug transporters in tissues and cells relevant to sexual transmission of HIV: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:681-696. [PMID: 26278511 PMCID: PMC4656065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Efflux and uptake transporters of drugs are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics of many antiretroviral drugs. A growing body of literature has revealed the expression and functionality of multiple transporters in female genital tract (FGT), colorectal tissue, and immune cells. Drug transporters could play a significant role in the efficacy of preventative strategies for HIV-1 acquisition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising strategy, which utilizes topically (vaginally or rectally), orally or other systemically administered antiretroviral drugs to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV to receptive partners. The drug concentration in the receptive mucosal tissues and target immune cells for HIV is critical for PrEP effectiveness. Hence, there is an emerging interest in utilizing transporter information to explain tissue disposition patterns of PrEP drugs, to interpret inter-individual variability in PrEP drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness, and to improve tissue drug exposure through modulation of the cervicovaginal, colorectal, or immune cell transporters. In this review, the existing literature on transporter expression, functionality and regulation in the transmission-related tissues and cells is summarized. In addition, the relevance of transporter function for drug delivery and strategies that could exploit transporters for increased drug concentration at target locales is discussed. The overall goal is to facilitate an understanding of drug transporters for PrEP optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Fernández‐Calotti P, Casulleras O, Antolin M, Guarner F, Pastor‐Anglada M. Galectin‐4 interacts with the drug transporter human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 to regulate its function. FASEB J 2015; 30:544-54. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández‐Calotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Olga Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María Antolin
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marçal Pastor‐Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Deeken JF, Beumer JH, Anders NM, Wanjiku T, Rusnak M, Rudek MA. Preclinical assessment of the interactions between the antiretroviral drugs, ritonavir and efavirenz, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:813-9. [PMID: 26330331 PMCID: PMC4577782 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prevalence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) has increased in the era of potent antiretroviral treatments. Incidence rates of NADCs now exceed AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-positive patients. Treatment of NADCs may be complicated by interactions between antiretrovirals and chemotherapy mostly via inhibition or induction of CYP3A4. Erlotinib is used to treat non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancer and is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into multiple products including the active metabolite (OSI-420). Preclinical in vivo assessment was performed to gain a better understanding of CYP3A4-mediated interactions between antiretrovirals and erlotinib. METHODS Erlotinib (50 mg/kg p.o.) was administered to male FVB mice in the presence and absence of dexamethasone (10 mg/kg p.o. QDx4), efavirenz (25 mg/kg p.o. QDx4), ketoconazole (50 mg/kg p.o.), or ritonavir (12.5 mg/kg p.o.). Blood samples were collected to characterize exposure (AUC). RESULTS Administration of erlotinib with CYP3A4 inducers (dexamethasone) and inhibitors (ketoconazole and ritonavir) resulted in significant alterations in erlotinib exposure. Ketoconazole and ritonavir resulted in a 1.7- and 3.0-fold increase in erlotinib AUC, respectively, while dexamethasone results in a 0.6-fold decrease in erlotinib AUC. The CYP3A4 inducer efavirenz did not have a significant effect on erlotinib exposure. CONCLUSION CYP3A4 inducers and inhibitors altered the exposure of erlotinib. Until a definitive clinical trial is performed, erlotinib should be used with caution in patients on a ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen, while standard doses may be appropriate for patients on an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Deeken
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- INOVA Comprehensive Cancer and Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, INOVA Campus, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. Room 1M52, Baltimore, MD, 21231-1000, USA
| | - Teresia Wanjiku
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. Room 1M52, Baltimore, MD, 21231-1000, USA
| | - Milan Rusnak
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Bldg. Room 1M52, Baltimore, MD, 21231-1000, USA.
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Aung AK, Haas DW, Hulgan T, Phillips EJ. Pharmacogenomics of antimicrobial agents. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1903-30. [PMID: 25495412 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity varies between individuals owing to multiple factors. Genetic variants that affect drug-metabolizing enzymes may influence antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thereby determining efficacy and/or toxicity. In addition, many severe immune-mediated reactions have been associated with HLA class I and class II genes. In the last two decades, understanding of pharmacogenomic factors that influence antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity has rapidly evolved, leading to translational success such as the routine use of HLA-B*57:01 screening to prevent abacavir hypersensitivity reactions. This article examines recent advances in the field of antimicrobial pharmacogenomics that potentially affect treatment efficacy and toxicity, and challenges that exist between pharmacogenomic discovery and translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar Kar Aung
- Department of General Medicine & Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Siccardi M, Olagunju A, Simiele M, D'Avolio A, Calcagno A, Di Perri G, Bonora S, Owen A. Class-specific relative genetic contribution for key antiretroviral drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26221018 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics is defined by numerous factors affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Biological processes underpinning drug distribution are only partially characterized and multiple genetic factors generate cumulative or antagonistic interactions, which complicates the implementation of pharmacogenetic markers. The aim of this study was to assess the degree to which heredity influences pharmacokinetics through the quantification of the relative genetic contribution (rGC) for key antiretrovirals. METHODS A total of 407 patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, atazanavir, efavirenz, nevirapine, etravirine, maraviroc, tenofovir or raltegravir were included. Intra-patient variability (SDw) and inter-patient (SDb) variability were measured in patients with plasma concentrations available from more than two visits. The rGC was calculated using the following equation: 1 - (1 / F) where F = SDb(2) / SDw(2). RESULTS Mean (95% CI) rGC was calculated to be 0.81 (0.72-0.88) for efavirenz, 0.74 (0.61-0.84) for nevirapine, 0.67 (0.49-0.78) for etravirine, 0.65 (0.41-0.79) for tenofovir, 0.59 (0.38-0.74) for atazanavir, 0.47 (0.27-0.60) for atazanavir/ritonavir, 0.36 (0.01-0.48) for maraviroc, 0.15 (0.01-0.44) for lopinavir/ritonavir and 0 (0-0.33) for raltegravir. CONCLUSIONS The rank order for genetic contribution to variability in plasma concentrations for the study drugs was efavirenz > nevirapine > etravirine > tenofovir > atazanavir > atazanavir/ritonavir > maraviroc > lopinavir/ritonavir > raltegravir, indicating that class-specific differences exist. The rGC strategy represents a useful tool to rationalize future investigations as drugs with higher rGC scores may represent better candidates for pharmacogenetic-pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siccardi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Marco Simiele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrew Owen
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Foy M, Sperati CJ, Lucas GM, Estrella MM. Drug interactions and antiretroviral drug monitoring. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015; 11:212-22. [PMID: 24950731 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the improved longevity afforded by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-infected individuals are developing several non-AIDS-related comorbid conditions. Consequently, medical management of the HIV-infected population is increasingly complex, with a growing list of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This article reviews some of the most relevant and emerging potential interactions between antiretroviral medications and other agents. The most common DDIs are those involving protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which alter the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and/or drug transporters such as p-glycoprotein. Of note are the new agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. These new classes of drugs and others drugs that are increasingly used in this patient population represent a significant challenge with regard to achieving the goals of effective HIV suppression and minimization of drug-related toxicities. Awareness of DDIs and a multidisciplinary approach are imperative in reaching these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Foy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70805, USA
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38
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25713533 PMCID: PMC4322540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na+ coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed. Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show “transceptor” functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
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Huynh N, Dickson C, Zencak D, Hilko DH, Mackay-Sim A, Poulsen SA. Labeling of Cellular DNA with aCyclosal Phosphotriester Pronucleotide Analog of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:400-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huynh
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Charlotte Dickson
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Dusan Zencak
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - David H. Hilko
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Sally-Ann Poulsen
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Don Young Road Nathan Qld 4111 Australia
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40
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Arimany-Nardi C, Montraveta A, Lee-Vergés E, Puente XS, Koepsell H, Campo E, Colomer D, Pastor-Anglada M. Human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) as a mediator of bendamustine uptake and cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:363-71. [PMID: 25582574 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bendamustine is used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Routes for bendamustine entry into target cells are unknown. This study aimed at identifying transporter proteins implicated in bendamustine uptake. Our results showed that hOCT1 is a bendamustine transporter, as bendamustine could cis-inhibit the uptake of a canonical hOCT1 substrate, with a Ki in the micromolar range, consistent with the EC50 values of the cytotoxicity triggered by this drug in HEK293 cells expressing hOCT1. hOCT1 polymorphic variants determining impaired bendamustine-transporter interaction, consistently reduced bendamustine cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells stably expressing them. Exome genotyping of the SLC22A1 gene, encoding hOCT1, was undertaken in a cohort of 241 CLL patients. Ex vivo cytotoxicity to bendamustine was measured in a subset of cases and shown to correlate with SLC22A1 polymorphic variants. In conclusion, hOCT1 is a suitable bendamustine transporter, thereby contributing to its cytotoxic effect depending upon the hOCT1 genetic variants expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Montraveta
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Lee-Vergés
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - X S Puente
- Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - H Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Insitute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Colomer
- 1] Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain [2] Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pastor-Anglada
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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42
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Zhou T, Hu M, Pearlman A, Patton D, Rohan L. Expression and localization of p-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 4, and breast cancer resistance protein in the female lower genital tract of human and pigtailed macaque. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1106-16. [PMID: 24803409 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drug absorption and disposition in cervicovaginal tissue is important for the effectiveness of vaginally or orally administered drug products in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV-1 sexual transmission to women. Therefore, it is imperative to understand critical determinants of cervicovaginal tissue pharmacokinetics. This study aimed to examine the mRNA expression and protein localization of three efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), in the lower genital tract of premenopausal women and pigtailed macaques. Along the human lower genital tract, the three transporters were moderately to highly expressed compared to colorectal tissue and liver, as revealed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In a given genital tract segment, the transporter with the highest expression level was either BCRP or P-gp, while MRP4 was always expressed at the lowest level among the three transporters tested. The immunohistochemical staining showed that P-gp and MRP4 were localized in multiple cell types including epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. BCRP was predominantly localized in the vascular endothelial cells. Differences in transporter mRNA level and localization were observed among endocervix, ectocervix, and vagina. Compared to human tissues, the macaque cervicovaginal tissues displayed comparable expression and localization patterns of the three transporters, although subtle differences were observed between the two species. The role of these cervicovaginal transporters in drug absorption and disposition warrants further studies. The resemblance between human and pigtailed macaque in transporter expression and localization suggests the utility of the macaque model in the studies of human cervicovaginal transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Dorothy Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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43
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Rationale employment of cell culture versus conventional techniques in pharmaceutical appraisal of nanocarriers. J Control Release 2014; 194:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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Wojtal KA, Cee A, Lang S, Götze O, Frühauf H, Geier A, Pastor-Anglada M, Torres-Torronteras J, Martí R, Fried M, Lutz TA, Maggiorini M, Gassmann M, Rogler G, Vavricka SR. Downregulation of duodenal SLC transporters and activation of proinflammatory signaling constitute the early response to high altitude in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G673-88. [PMID: 24970780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00353.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate the uptake of biologically active compounds in the intestine. Reduced oxygenation (hypoxia) is an important factor influencing intestinal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological consequences of hypoxia on the expression and function of SLCs in human intestine. Hypoxia was induced in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro (0.2; 1% O2 or CoCl2). For human in vivo studies, duodenal biopsies and serum samples were obtained from individuals (n = 16) acutely exposed to 4,554 meters above sea levels. Expression of relevant targets was analyzed by quantitative PCR, Western blotting, or immunofluorescence. Serum levels of inflammatory mediators and nucleosides were determined by ELISA and LC/MS-MS, respectively. In the duodenum of volunteers exposed to high altitude we observed decreased mRNA levels of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), concentrative nucleoside transporters 1/2 (CNT1/2), organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1), organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), serotonin transporter (SERT), and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17A. Serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and serotonin were elevated, whereas the levels of uridine decreased upon exposure to hypoxia. Hypoxic IECs showed reduced levels of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2), OCTN2, and SERT mRNAs in vitro, which was confirmed on the protein level and was accompanied by activation of ERK1/2, increase of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins, and production of IL-8 mRNA. Costimulation with IFN-γ and IL-6 during hypoxia further decreased the expression of SERT, ENT2, and CNT2 in vitro. Reduced oxygen supply affects the expression pattern of duodenal SLCs that is accompanied by changes in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and biologically active compounds demonstrating that intestinal transport is affected during systemic exposure to hypoxia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper A Wojtal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Alexandra Cee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Götze
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Frühauf
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease (CIBER EHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Unit, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Unit, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Maggiorini
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Lima, Peru; and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
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Hunt CM, Yuen NA, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Suzuki A. Age-related differences in reporting of drug-associated liver injury: data-mining of WHO Safety Report Database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:519-26. [PMID: 25236535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Age-differences in the frequency and manifestations of drug-induced liver injury are not fully characterized. Data-mining analyses were performed to assess the impact of age on liver event reporting frequency with different phenotypes and agents. METHODS 236 drugs associated with hepatotoxicity were evaluated using the Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM) of the relative reporting ratio with 90% confidence interval (EB05 and EB95) calculated for the age groups: 0-17, 18-64, and⩾65years (or elderly), for overall, serious (acute liver failure), hepatocellular, and cholestatic liver injury, using the WHO Safety Report Database. RESULTS Overall, cases of age 0-17, 18-64, and 65years or older comprised 6%, 62%, and 32% of liver event reports. Acute liver failure and hepatocellular injury were more frequently reported among children compared to adults and the elderly while reports with cholestatic injury were more frequent among the elderly (p<0.00001). A potential to cause mitochondrial dysfunction was more prevalent among the drugs with increased pediatric reporting frequency while high lipophilicity and biliary excretion were more common among the drugs associated with higher reporting frequency in the elderly. CONCLUSION Age-specific phenotypes and potential drug properties associated with age-specific hepatotoxicity were identified in reported liver events; further analyses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Hunt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Nancy A Yuen
- Global Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Chauvin B, Drouot S, Barrail-Tran A, Taburet AM. Drug-drug interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and antiviral protease inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:815-31. [PMID: 23703578 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are a class of drugs also known as statins. These drugs are effective and widely prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Seven statins are currently available: atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin. Although these drugs are generally well tolerated, skeletal muscle abnormalities from myalgia to severe lethal rhabdomyolysis can occur. Factors that increase statin concentrations such as drug-drug interactions can increase the risk of these adverse events. Drug-drug interactions are dependent on statins' pharmacokinetic profile: simvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin are metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, while the metabolism of the other statins is independent of this CYP. All statins are substrate of organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1, an uptake transporter expressed in hepatocyte membrane that may also explain some drug-drug interactions. Many HIV-infected patients have dyslipidemia and comorbidities that may require statin treatment. HIV-protease inhibitors (HIV PIs) are part of recommended antiretroviral treatment in combination with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors. All HIV PIs except nelfinavir are coadministered with a low dose of ritonavir, a potent CYP3A inhibitor to improve their pharmacokinetic properties. Cobicistat is a new potent CYP3A inhibitor that is combined with elvitegravir and will be combined with HIV-PIs in the future. The HCV-PIs boceprevir and telaprevir are both, to different extents, inhibitors of CYP3A. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetic properties of statins and PIs with emphasis on their metabolic pathways explaining clinically important drug-drug interactions. Simvastatin and lovastatin metabolized through CYP3A have the highest potency for drug-drug interaction with potent CYP3A inhibitors such as ritonavir- or cobicistat-boosted HIV-PI or the hepatitis C virus (HCV) PI, telaprevir or boceprevir, and therefore their coadministration is contraindicated. Atorvastatin is also a CYP3A substrate, but less potent drug-drug interactions have been reported with CYP3A inhibitors. Non-CYP3A-dependent statin concentrations are also affected although to a lesser extent when coadministered with HIV or HCV PIs, mainly through interaction with OATP1B1, and treatment should start with the lowest available statin dose. Effectiveness and occurrence of adverse effects should be monitored at regular time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chauvin
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud AP/HP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Rudek MA, Chang CY, Steadman K, Johnson MD, Desai N, Deeken JF. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) component ritonavir significantly alters docetaxel exposure. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:729-36. [PMID: 24488374 PMCID: PMC3968228 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) now exceed rates of AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-positive patients. Treatment of NADCs may be complicated by drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and chemotherapy. Docetaxel is a widely used anticancer agent that is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes and used to treat NADCs. A preclinical in vivo assessment was performed to gain a better understanding of CYP3-mediated drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and docetaxel, as well as to assess any alterations in gene expression with these combinations. METHODS Docetaxel (20 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to male FVB mice in the presence and absence of dexamethasone (10 mg/kg p.o. ×4d), efavirenz (25 mg/kg p.o. ×4d), ketoconazole (50 mg/kg p.o.), or ritonavir (12.5 mg/kg p.o.). At various time points, plasma and liver tissue were harvested. Docetaxel concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Liver tissue RNA was used to evaluate alterations in Cyp3a11 and Abcb1a gene expression. RESULTS Docetaxel exposure was altered by CYP3A4 inhibitors but not by inducers. The CYP3A4 inducers efavirenz and dexamethasone did not have a significant effect on docetaxel exposure (AUC). However, the CYP3A4 inhibitors ritonavir and ketoconazole resulted in a 6.9- and 3.1-fold increase in AUC, respectively. Alterations in gene expression did not account for the altered docetaxel exposure. CONCLUSIONS Docetaxel exposure was significantly altered by CYP3A4 inhibitors. Until a definitive clinical trial is performed, docetaxel should be used with caution in patients on a ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen or an alternative antineoplastic therapy or antiretroviral regimen should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 1M52, Baltimore, MD, 21231-1000, USA,
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Ma C, Dong X, Li R, Liu L. A computational study identifies HIV progression-related genes using mRMR and shortest path tracing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78057. [PMID: 24244287 PMCID: PMC3823927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since statistical relationships between HIV load and CD4+ T cell loss have been demonstrated to be weak, searching for host factors contributing to the pathogenesis of HIV infection becomes a key point for both understanding the disease pathology and developing treatments. We applied Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy (mRMR) algorithm to a set of microarray data generated from the CD4+ T cells of viremic non-progressors (VNPs) and rapid progressors (RPs) to identify host factors associated with the different responses to HIV infection. Using mRMR algorithm, 147 gene had been identified. Furthermore, we constructed a weighted molecular interaction network with the existing protein-protein interaction data from STRING database and identified 1331 genes on the shortest-paths among the genes identified with mRMR. Functional analysis shows that the functions relating to apoptosis play important roles during the pathogenesis of HIV infection. These results bring new insights of understanding HIV progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rudong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Zhou T, Hu M, Cost M, Poloyac S, Rohan L. Short communication: expression of transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the female lower genital tract: implications for microbicide research. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1496-503. [PMID: 23607746 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical vaginal microbicides have been considered a promising option for preventing the male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV; however, clinical trials to date have not clearly demonstrated robust and reproducible effectiveness results. While multiple approaches may help enhance product effectiveness observed in clinical trials, increasing the drug exposure in lower genital tract tissues is a compelling option, given the difficulty in achieving sufficient drug exposure and positive correlation between tissue exposure and microbicide efficacy. Since many microbicide drug candidates are substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes, there is emerging interest in improving microbicide exposure and efficacy through local modulation of transporters and enzymes in the female lower genital tract. However, no systematic information on transporter/enzyme expression is available for ectocervical and vaginal tissues of premenopausal women, the genital sites most relevant to microbicide drug delivery. The current study utilized reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine the mRNA expression profile of 22 transporters and 19 metabolizing enzymes in premenopausal normal human ectocervix and vagina. Efflux and uptake transporters important for antiretroviral drugs, such as P-gp, BCRP, OCT2, and ENT1, were found to be moderately or highly expressed in the lower genital tract as compared to liver. Among the metabolizing enzymes examined, most CYP isoforms were not detected while a number of UGTs such as UGT1A1 were highly expressed. Moderate to high expression of select transporters and enzymes was also observed in mouse cervix and vagina. The implications of this information on microbicide research is also discussed, including microbicide pharmacokinetics, the utilization of the mouse model in microbicide screening, as well as the in vivo functional studies of cervicovaginal transporters and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marilyn Cost
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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