Prostaglandins in asthma and allergic diseases

Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and bioinformatics strategies, the potential allergens and mechanisms of allergic reactions caused by Danshen injection were explored

The aim is to investigate the potential allergens and mechanisms underlying allergic-like reactions induced by Danshen injection (DSI). Utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), metabolomics, and bioinformatics, we identified the key allergens, targets, and metabolic pathways involved in DSI-induced allergic-like reactions, validating binding efficiency through molecular docking and molecular dynamics. A total of 45 compounds were identified within DSI, with 24 compounds exhibiting strong binding activity to the MrgprX2 activation site. DSI was found to cause changes in 89 endogenous metabolites, including arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, primarily affecting pathways such as phenylalanine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. The key allergens identified were Cryptotanshinone, Miltipolone, Neocryptotanshinone, Salvianolic acid B, and Isosalvianolic acid C, which primarily trigger allergic-like reactions by regulating upstream signaling targets such as ALOX5, PTGS1, PPARD, and LTB4R. Validation confirmed the high binding affinity and stability between key allergens and targets. These findings indicate that the allergic components in DSI primarily induce allergic-like reactions by modulating the aforementioned signaling targets, activating the AA metabolic pathway, promoting mast cell degranulation, and releasing downstream endogenous inflammatory mediators, subsequently eliciting allergic-like reactions.

Pulmonary surfactant and prostaglandin E2 in airway smooth muscle relaxation of human and male guinea pigs

Pulmonary surfactant serves as a barrier to respiratory epithelium but can also regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) tone. Surfactant (SF) relaxes contracted ASM, similar to β2-agonists, anticholinergics, nitric oxide, and prostanoids. The exact mechanism of surfactant relaxation and whether surfactant relaxes hyperresponsive ASM remains unknown. Based on previous research, relaxation requires an intact epithelium and prostanoid synthesis. We sought to examine the mechanisms by which surfactant causes ASM relaxation. Organ bath measurements of isometric tension of ASM of guinea pigs in response to exogenous surfactant revealed that surfactant reduces tension of healthy and hyperresponsive tracheal tissue. The relaxant effect of surfactant was reduced if prostanoid synthesis was inhibited and/or if prostaglandin E2-related EP2 receptors were antagonized. Atomic force microscopy revealed that human ASM cells stiffen during contraction and soften during relaxation. Surfactant softened ASM cells, similarly to the known bronchodilator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the cell softening was abolished when EP4 receptors for PGE2 were antagonized. Elevated levels of PGE2 were found in cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to pulmonary surfactant. We conclude that prostaglandin E2 and its EP2 and EP4 receptors are likely involved in the relaxant effect of pulmonary surfactant in airways.

A comprehensive review of the intersection between asthma and depression

OBJECTIVE

To emphasize the necessity for increased research in this field, incorporating depression into the preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations for asthma. Additionally, we seek to highlight upcoming advancements that can be applied to simultaneously address these comorbidities, ultimately improving the overall well-being and quality of life for individuals coping with these conditions.

METHODS

A rigorous search in PubMed using the MeSH terms "asthma" and "depression" was performed, and papers were screened by the authors in view of their eligibility to contribute to the study.

RESULTS

There exists a correlation between these two conditions, with specific biological mechanisms and genetic factors playing a crucial role in their concurrent occurrence. In this review, we present preclinical and clinical research data, shed light on the possible mechanisms contributing to the co-occurrence of symptoms associated with both asthma and depression, and explore the intricate relationship between both conditions.

CONCLUSION

The evidence presented here supports the existence of a correlation between asthma and depression. By acknowledging these shared biological mechanisms, genetic factors, and epidemiological trends, we can formulate more efficacious strategies for addressing the dual impact of asthma and depression.

The gut-airway microbiome axis in health and respiratory diseases

Communication between the gut and remote organs, such as the brain or the cardiovascular system, has been well established and recent studies provide evidence for a potential bidirectional gut-airway axis. Observations from animal and human studies indicate that respiratory insults influence the activity of the gut microbiome and that microbial ligands and metabolic products generated by the gut microbiome shape respiratory immunity. Information exchange between these two large mucosal surface areas regulates microorganism-immune interactions, with significant implications for the clinical and treatment outcomes of a range of respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. In this Review, we summarize the most recent data in this field, offering insights into mechanisms of gut-airway crosstalk across spatial and temporal gradients and their relevance for respiratory health.

Roles of prostaglandins in immunosuppression

Prostaglandins (PGs) play a crucial and multifaceted role in various physiological processes such as intercellular signaling, inflammation regulation, neurotransmission, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and reproductive functions. The diversity and biological significance of these effects are contingent upon the specific types or subtypes of PGs, with each PG playing a crucial role in distinct physiological and pathological processes. Particularly within the immune system, PGs are essential in modulating the function of immune cells and the magnitude and orientation of immune responses. Hence, a comprehensive comprehension of the functions PG signaling pathways in immunosuppressive regulation holds substantial clinical relevance for disease prevention and treatment strategies. The manuscript provides a review of recent developments in PG signaling in immunosuppressive regulation. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications of PGs in immunosuppression are also discussed. While research into the immunosuppressive effects of PGs required further exploration, targeted therapies against their immunosuppressive pathways might open new avenues for disease prevention and treatment.

Deciphering the Interplay between the Epithelial Barrier, Immune Cells, and Metabolic Mediators in Allergic Disease

Chronic exposure to harmful pollutants, chemicals, and pathogens from the environment can lead to pathological changes in the epithelial barrier, which increase the risk of developing an allergy. During allergic inflammation, epithelial cells send proinflammatory signals to group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2s) and eosinophils, which require energy and resources to mediate their activation, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and mobilization of other cells. This review aims to provide an overview of the metabolic regulation in allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic rhinitis (AR), highlighting its underlying mechanisms and phenotypes, and the potential metabolic regulatory roles of eosinophils and ILC2s. Eosinophils and ILC2s regulate allergic inflammation through lipid mediators, particularly cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites and Sphinosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are significant metabolic markers that indicate immune dysfunction and epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergy. Notably, eosinophils are promoters of allergic symptoms and exhibit greater metabolic plasticity compared to ILC2s, directly involved in promoting allergic symptoms. Our findings suggest that metabolomic analysis provides insights into the complex interactions between immune cells, epithelial cells, and environmental factors. Potential therapeutic targets have been highlighted to further understand the metabolic regulation of eosinophils and ILC2s in allergy. Future research in metabolomics can facilitate the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for future application.

Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players

BACKGROUND

Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases.

AIM OF REVIEW

Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.

Pathological and pharmacological functions of the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s in cancers

Oxylipins have garnered increasing attention because they were consistently shown to play pathological and/or pharmacological roles in the development of multiple cancers. Oxylipins are the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids via both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. The enzymes mediating the metabolism of PUFAs include but not limited to lipoxygenases (LOXs), cyclooxygenases (COXs), and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) pathways, as well as the down-stream enzymes. Here, we systematically summarized the pleiotropic effects of oxylipins in different cancers through pathological and pharmacological aspects, with specific reference to the enzyme-mediated oxylipins. We discussed the specific roles of oxylipins on cancer onset, growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the expression changes in the associated metabolic enzymes and the associated underlying mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the clinical application and potential of oxylipins and related metabolic enzymes as the targets for cancer prevention and treatment. We found the specific function of most oxylipins in cancers, especially the underlying mechanisms and clinic applications, deserves and needs further investigation. We believe that research on oxylipins will provide not only more therapeutic targets for various cancers but also dietary guidance for both cancer patients and healthy humans.

Metabolism, fibrosis, and apoptosis: The effect of lipids and their derivatives on keloid formation

Keloids, pathological scars resulting from skin trauma, have traditionally posed significant clinical management challenges due to their persistence and high recurrence rates. Our research elucidates the pivotal roles of lipids and their derivatives in keloid development, driven by underlying mechanisms of abnormal cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix deposition. Key findings suggest that abnormalities in arachidonic acid (AA) synthesis and non-essential fatty acid synthesis are integral to keloid formation. Further, a complex interplay exists between lipid derivatives, notably butyric acid (BA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), and the regulation of hyperfibrosis. Additionally, combinations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with BA and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 have exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effects. Among sphingolipids, ceramide (Cer) displayed limited pro-apoptotic effects in keloid fibroblasts (KFBs), whereas sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) was found to promote keloid hyperfibrosis, with its analogue, FTY720, demonstrating contrasting benefits. Both Vitamin D and hexadecylphosphorylcholine (HePC) showed potential antifibrotic and antiproliferative properties, suggesting their utility in keloid management. While keloids remain a prevalent concern in clinical practice, this study underscores the promising potential of targeting specific lipid molecules for the advancement of keloid therapeutic strategies.

No causal association between allergic rhinitis and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study

PURPOSE

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and migraine are among the most common public health problems worldwide. Observational studies on the correlation between AR and migraine have reported inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship of AR with migraine and its subtypes, including migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO).

METHODS

Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed with publicly available summary-level statistics of large genome-wide association studies to estimate the possible causal effects. The inverse variance-weighted method was selected for primary analysis and was supplemented with the weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger methods. The causal analysis using summary effect estimates (CAUSE) were further performed to verify the causality. Several sensitivity tests, including the leave-one-out, Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO tests, were performed to assess the robustness of the results.

RESULTS

AR did not exhibit a significant causal correlation with the elevated risk of any migraine (odd ratio (OR), 0.816; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.511-1.302; P = 0.394), MA (OR, 0.690; 95% CI 0.298-1.593; P = 0.384), or MO (OR, 1.022; 95% CI 0.490-2.131; P = 0.954). Consistently, reverse MR analysis did not reveal causal effects of any migraine or its subtypes on AR. Almost all sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the results.

CONCLUSIONS

This MR study did not reveal a clear causal association between AR and migraine risk. More research is warranted to reveal the complex association between AR and migraine.

Advances in mesenchymal stem cells therapy for tendinopathies

Tendinopathies are chronic diseases of an unknown etiology and associated with inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a viable therapeutic option to combat the pathological progression of tendinopathies, not only because of their potential for multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal, but also their excellent immunomodulatory properties. The immunomodulatory effects of MSCs are increasingly being recognized as playing a crucial role in the treatment of tendinopathies, with MSCs being pivotal in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the immune response, ultimately contributing to improved tissue repair. This review will discuss the current knowledge regarding the application of MSCs in tendinopathy treatments through the modulation of the immune response.

Potential causal association between aspirin use and the reduced risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis: a Mendelian randomization study

Background

The evidence from observational studies on the association between the use of aspirin and the risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis is conflicting, with a dearth of high-quality randomized controlled trials.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between aspirin use and the risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis.

Methods

We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression methods. We utilized publicly available summary statistics datasets from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses on aspirin use in individuals of European descent (n = 337,159) as the exposure variable, and a GWAS on doctor-diagnosed hayfever or allergic rhinitis in individuals from the UK Biobank (n = 83,529) as the outcome variable.

Results

We identified 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at genome-wide significance from the GWASs associated with aspirin use as instrumental variables (P<5×10-8; linkage disequilibrium r2 <0.1). The IVW method provided evidence supporting a causal association between aspirin use and reduced risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis (β = -0.349, SE = 0.1356, P = 0.01008). MR-Egger regression indicated no causal association between aspirin use and hayfever or allergic rhinitis (β = -0.3742, SE = 0.3809, P = 0.371), but the weighted median approach yielded evidence of a causal association (β = -0.4155, SE = 0.1657, P = 0.01216). Cochran's Q test and the funnel plot indicated no evidence of heterogeneity and asymmetry, indicating no directional pleiotropy.

Conclusion

The findings of the MR analysis support a potential causal relationship between aspirin use and the reduced risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis.

Update on the pathological roles of prostaglandin E2 in neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains largely unknown; however, inflammation of the spinal cord is a focus of ALS research and an important pathogenic process in ALS. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is a major lipid mediator generated by the arachidonic-acid cascade and is abundant at inflammatory sites. PGE₂ levels are increased in the postmortem spinal cords of ALS patients and in ALS model mice. Beneficial therapeutic effects have been obtained in ALS model mice using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGE₂, but the usefulness of this inhibitor has not yet been proven in clinical trials. In this review, we present current evidence on the involvement of PGE₂ in the progression of ALS and discuss the potential of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) and the prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid (EP) 2 as therapeutic targets for ALS. Signaling pathways involving prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects in the central nervous system. In some situations, however, the receptors mediate neuroprotective effects. Our recent studies demonstrated that levels of mPGES-1, which catalyzes the final step of PGE₂ biosynthesis, are increased at the early-symptomatic stage in the spinal cords of transgenic ALS model mice carrying the G93A variant of superoxide dismutase-1. In addition, in an experimental motor-neuron model used in studies of ALS, PGE₂ induces the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent caspase-3-dependent cytotoxicity through activation of the EP2 receptor. Moreover, this PGE₂-induced EP2 up-regulation in motor neurons plays a role in the death of motor neurons in ALS model mice. Further understanding of the pathophysiological role of PGE₂ in neurodegeneration may provide new insights to guide the development of novel therapies for ALS.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Interact with DPP10 Region Genotype in Association with Childhood Atopy

Associations of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) with allergic diseases are inconsistent, perhaps in part due to genetic variation. We sought to identify and validate genetic variants that modify associations of n-3 with childhood asthma or atopy in participants in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART) and the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC). Dietary n-3 was derived from food frequency questionnaires and plasma n-3 was measured via untargeted mass spectrometry in early childhood and children aged 6 years old. Interactions of genotype with n-3 in association with asthma or atopy at age 6 years were sought for six candidate genes/gene regions and genome-wide. Two SNPs in the region of DPP10 (rs958457 and rs1516311) interacted with plasma n-3 at age 3 years in VDAART (p = 0.007 and 0.003, respectively) and with plasma n-3 at age 18 months in COPSAC (p = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) in associationwith atopy. Another DPP10 region SNP, rs1367180, interacted with dietary n-3 at age 6 years in VDAART (p = 0.009) and with plasma n-3 at age 6 years in COPSAC (p = 0.004) in association with atopy. No replicated interactions were identified for asthma. The effect of n-3 on reducing childhood allergic disease may differ by individual factors, including genetic variation in the DPP10 region.

Effects of repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the mouse brain endocannabinoidome and gut microbiome

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Psychedelics elicit prosocial, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects via neuroplasticity, neurotransmission and neuro-immunomodulatory mechanisms. Whether psychedelics affect the brain endocannabinoid system and its extended version, the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) or the gut microbiome, remains unknown.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Adult C57BL/6N male mice were administered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or saline for 7 days. Sociability was assessed in the direct social interaction and three chambers tests. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like mediators and metabolites were quantified via high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Neurotransmitter levels were assessed via HPLC-UV/fluorescence. Gut microbiome changes were investigated by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.

KEY RESULTS

LSD increased social preference and novelty and decreased hippocampal levels of the N-acylethanolamines N-linoleoylethanolamine (LEA), anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA); the monoacylglycerol 1/2-docosahexaenoylglycerol (1/2-DHG); the prostaglandins D₂ (PGD₂ ) and F2α (PGF_2α ); thromboxane 2 and kynurenine. Prefrontal eCBome mediator and metabolite levels were less affected by the treatment. LSD decreased Shannon alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, prevented the decrease in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio observed in saline-treated mice and altered the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa Bifidobacterium, Ileibacterium, Dubosiella and Rikenellaceae RC9.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The prosocial effects elicited by repeated LSD administration are accompanied by alterations of hippocampal eCBome and kynurenine levels, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Modulation of the hippocampal eCBome and kynurenine pathway might represent a mechanism by which psychedelic compounds elicit prosocial effects and affect the gut microbiome.

Atorvastatin attenuates allergic inflammation by blocking prostaglandin biosynthesis in rats with allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Prostaglandins (PGs) are bioactive lipid mediators derived from the nuclear and plasma membranes via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. PGs bridge the interactions between various immunomodulatory cells in allergic rhinitis (AR) and are considered key players in regulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. AA conversion to PGs involves rate-limiting enzymes that may be blocked by statins. The mechanisms by which statins regulate these enzymes in AR remain unclear. We investigated the effects of oral atorvastatin on PGs production in AR.

METHODS

An ovalbumin-induced AR rat model was constructed and the changes in nasal symptom score and nasal mucosa histopathological characteristics of AR rats under different atorvastatin doses were assessed. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of rate-limiting enzymes and downstream molecules of AA metabolism in the nasal mucosa and liver.

RESULTS

Oral atorvastatin significantly alleviated symptoms and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and mast cell recruitment, and decreased mucus secretion in AR rats. Increasing atorvastatin dose increased the anti-inflammatory effects. High-dose atorvastatin inhibited upregulation of the inflammatory mediator PGD₂ in the nasal mucosa of AR rats. Compared to the control group, the mRNA and protein expression of the rate-limiting enzymes COX-2, PGDS, and PGES in AA metabolism in the AR group were upregulated but downregulated after the oral administration of high-dose atorvastatin. Atorvastatin also showed dose-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 and downstream NF-κB phosphorylation in the nasal mucosa and liver of AR rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Atorvastatin inhibited allergic inflammation and attenuated AR nasal symptoms by downregulating PGD₂ and rate-limiting enzyme expression in PGD₂ biosynthesis, possibly by blocking the RAS/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

A novel strategy for designing the magic shotguns for distantly related target pairs

Due to its promising capacity in improving drug efficacy, polypharmacology has emerged to be a new theme in the drug discovery of complex disease. In the process of novel multi-target drugs (MTDs) discovery, in silico strategies come to be quite essential for the advantage of high throughput and low cost. However, current researchers mostly aim at typical closely related target pairs. Because of the intricate pathogenesis networks of complex diseases, many distantly related targets are found to play crucial role in synergistic treatment. Therefore, an innovational method to develop drugs which could simultaneously target distantly related target pairs is of utmost importance. At the same time, reducing the false discovery rate in the design of MTDs remains to be the daunting technological difficulty. In this research, effective small molecule clustering in the positive dataset, together with a putative negative dataset generation strategy, was adopted in the process of model constructions. Through comprehensive assessment on 10 target pairs with hierarchical similarity-levels, the proposed strategy turned out to reduce the false discovery rate successfully. Constructed model types with much smaller numbers of inhibitor molecules gained considerable yields and showed better false-hit controllability than before. To further evaluate the generalization ability, an in-depth assessment of high-throughput virtual screening on ChEMBL database was conducted. As a result, this novel strategy could hierarchically improve the enrichment factors for each target pair (especially for those distantly related/unrelated target pairs), corresponding to target pair similarity-levels.

The Bronchoprotective Effects of Dual Pharmacology, Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist and β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Navafenterol in Human Small Airways

Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents are the mainstream treatments in chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The combination of β₂ adrenergic receptor (β₂AR) agonists and muscarinic antagonists shows superior bronchoprotective effects compared to these agents individually. Navafenterol (AZD8871) is a single-molecule, dual pharmacology agent combining muscarinic antagonist and β₂AR agonist functions, currently in development as a COPD therapeutic. In precision-cut human lung slices (hPCLS), we investigated the bronchoprotective effect of navafenterol against two non-muscarinic contractile agonists, histamine and thromboxane A₂ (TxA₂) analog (U46619). Navafenterol pre-treatment significantly attenuated histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and β₂AR antagonist propranolol reversed this inhibitory effect. TxA₂ analog-induced bronchoconstriction was attenuated by navafenterol pre-treatment, albeit to a lesser magnitude than that of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Propranolol completely reversed the inhibitory effect of navafenterol on TxA₂ analog-induced bronchoconstriction. In the presence of histamine or TxA₂ analog, navafenterol exhibits bronchoprotective effect in human airways and it is primarily mediated by β₂AR agonism of navafenterol.

In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (rs34377097) of TBXA2R gene and pollen induced bronchial asthma susceptibility in West Bengal population, India

Introduction

Prevalence of asthma is increasing steadily among general population in developing countries over past two decades. One of the causative agents of broncho-constriction in asthma is thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R). However few studies of TBXA2R polymorphism were performed so far. The present study aimed to assess potential association of TBXA2R rs34377097 polymorphism causing missense substitution of Arginine to Leucine (R60L) among 482 patients diagnosed with pollen-induced asthma and 122 control participants from West Bengal, India. Also we performed in-silico analysis of mutated TBXA2R protein (R60L) using homology modeling.

Methods

Clinical parameters like Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), FEV₁/Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were assessed using spirometry. Patients' sensitivity was measured by skin prick test (SPT) against 16 pollen allergens. Polymerase chain reaction-based Restriction fragment length polymorphism was done for genotyping. Structural model of wild type and homology model of polymorphic TBXA2R was generated using AlphaFold2 and MODELLER respectively. Electrostatic surface potential was calculated using APBS plugin in PyMol.

Results

Genotype frequencies differed significantly between the study groups (P=0.03). There was no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in control population (χ2=1.56). Asthmatic patients have significantly higher frequency of rs34377097TT genotype than control subjects (P=0.03). SPT of patients showed maximum sensitivity in A. indica (87.68%) followed by C. nusifera (83.29%) and C. pulcherima (74.94%). Significant difference existed for pollen sensitivity in adolescent and young adult (P=0.01) and between young and old adult (P=0.0003). Significant negative correlation was found between FEV1/FVC ratio and intensity of SPT reactions (P<0.0001). Significant association of FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC and PEFR was observed with pollen-induced asthma. Furthermore, risk allele T was found to be clinically correlated with lower FEV₁/FVC ratio (P=0.015) in patients. Our data showed R60L polymorphism, which was conserved across mammals, significantly reduced positive electrostatic charge of polymorphic protein in cytoplasmic domain thus altered downstream pathway and induced asthma response.

Discussion

The present in-silico study is the first one to report association of TBXA2R rs34377097 polymorphism in an Indian population. It may be used as prognostic marker of clinical response to asthma in West Bengal and possible target of therapeutics in future.

Strategies of Macrophages to Maintain Bone Homeostasis and Promote Bone Repair: A Narrative Review

Bone homeostasis (a healthy bone mass) is regulated by maintaining a delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. The regulation of physiological bone remodeling by a complex system that involves multiple cells in the skeleton is closely related to bone homeostasis. Loss of bone mass or repair of bone is always accompanied by changes in bone homeostasis. However, due to the complexity of bone homeostasis, we are currently unable to identify all the mechanisms that affect bone homeostasis. To date, bone macrophages have been considered a third cellular component in addition to osteogenic spectrum cells and osteoclasts. As confirmed by co-culture models or in vivo experiments, polarized or unpolarized macrophages interact with multiple components within the bone to ensure bone homeostasis. Different macrophage phenotypes are prone to resorption and formation of bone differently. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate bone homeostasis and concludes that macrophages can control bone homeostasis from osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the blood/vasculature system. The elaboration of these mechanisms in this narrative review facilitates the development of macrophage-based strategies for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and bone defects.

Leukotriene B4 Receptor 2 Mediates the Production of G-CSF That Plays a Critical Role in Steroid-Resistant Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been suggested to be closely associated with neutrophilic asthma pathogenesis. However, little is known about the factors regulating the production of G-CSF in neutrophilic asthma. We previously reported that a leukotriene B₄ receptor 2, BLT2, played an important role in neutrophilic airway inflammation. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated whether BLT2 plays a role in the production of G-CSF in lipopolysaccharide/ovalbumin (LPS/OVA)-induced steroid-resistant neutrophilic asthma. The data showed that BLT2 critically mediated G-CSF production, contributing to the progression of neutrophilic airway inflammation. We also observed that 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), which catalyzes the synthesis of the BLT2 ligand 12(S)-HETE, was also necessary for G-CSF production. Together, these results suggest that the 12-LO-BLT2-linked signaling network is critical for the production of G-CSF, contributing to the development of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Our findings can provide a potential new target for the therapy of severe neutrophilic asthma.

New Mechanistic Advances in FcεRI-Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Signaling

Mast cells originate from the CD34⁺/CD117⁺ hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow, migrate into circulation, and ultimately mature and reside in peripheral tissues. Microbiota/metabolites and certain immune cells (e.g., Treg cells) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance. Cross-linking of allergen-specific IgE on mast cells activates the high-affinity membrane-bound receptor FcεRI, thereby initiating an intracellular signal cascade, leading to degranulation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. The intracellular signal transduction is intricately regulated by various kinases, transcription factors, and cytokines. Importantly, multiple signal components in the FcεRI-mast cell–mediated allergic cascade can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Pharmacological interventions that include therapeutic antibodies against IgE, FcεRI, and cytokines as well as inhibitors/activators of several key intracellular signaling molecues have been used to inhibit allergic reactions. Other factors that are not part of the signal pathway but can enhance an individual’s susceptibility to allergen stimulation are referred to as cofactors. Herein, we provide a mechanistic overview of the FcεRI-mast cell–mediated allergic signaling. This will broaden our scope and visions on specific preventive and therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of mast cell–associated hypersensitivity reactions.

Network-based integrated analysis for toxic effects of high-concentration formaldehyde inhalation exposure through the toxicogenomic approach

Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent, highly reactive, and toxic environmental pollutant used in various industries and products. Inhaled formaldehyde is a human and animal carcinogen that causes genotoxicity, such as reactive oxygen species formation and DNA damage. This study aimed to identify the toxic effects of inhaled formaldehyde through an integrated toxicogenomic approach utilizing database information. Microarray datasets (GSE7002 and GSE23179) were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and differentially expressed genes were identified. The network analyses led to the construction of the respiratory system-related biological network associated with formaldehyde exposure, and six upregulated hub genes (AREG, CXCL2, HMOX1, PLAUR, PTGS2, and TIMP1) were identified. The expression levels of these genes were verified via qRT-PCR in 3D reconstructed human airway tissues exposed to aerosolized formaldehyde. Furthermore, NRARP was newly found as a potential gene associated with the respiratory and carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde by comparison with human in vivo and in vitro formaldehyde-exposure data. This study improves the understanding of the toxic mechanism of formaldehyde and suggests a more applicable analytic pipeline for predicting the toxic effects of inhaled toxicants.

Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Profiles in Nasal Polyps of Glucocorticoid Responders and Non-Responders: Before and After Treatment

Background: The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and mechanisms underlying different responses to systemic glucocorticoids (GC) remain unclear. The major aim of this study was to explore the transcriptomic and oxidative lipidomic signatures and the effects of GC in patients with different clinical responses.

Methods: Nasal polyp biopsies were obtained before and after 14-day oral GC treatment from 16 patients with CRSwNP, and normal nasal mucosa specimens were collected from 12 control subjects. RNA sequencing and oxidative lipidomics were performed, and differential gene expression analysis was conducted in the Responder and Non-responder groups at baseline and after treatment.

Results: In the Responder group, GC significantly improved clinical symptoms and reduced tissue eosinophil infiltration. Meanwhile, GC led to a pronounced transcriptomic reversion with robust suppression of inflammatory responses and abnormal metabolism of extracellular matrix, as well as restoration of cilia function. However, non-responders were mainly characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and keratinization, with much less transcriptomic improvement after GC treatment. Higher expression of type 2 inflammatory molecules (CCL13, IGHE, CCL18, CCL23, CCR3, and CLC) with lower levels of LACRT, PPDPFL, DES, C6, MUC5B, and SCGB3A1 were related to a stronger clinical response to GC. Besides decreased prostaglandins and increased leukotrienes, increased dysregulation in other oxylipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids was determined in nasal polyps, which was ameliorated by GC treatment.

Conclusion: Systemic GC exert anti-inflammatory effects, improve tissue remodeling, restore cilia function, and ameliorate dysregulation of oxylipid mediator pathway in CRSwNP. GC-responders exhibited different transcriptomic signatures from non-responders.

Shared Genetic Architecture and Causal Relationship Between Asthma and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Large-Scale Cross-Trait Analysis

Background: Accumulating evidence has suggested that there is a positive association between asthma and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), implying a common architecture between them. However, the shared genetic architecture and causality of asthma and CVDs remain unclear.

Methods: Based on the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of recently published studies, our study examined the genetic correlation, shared genetic variants, and causal relationship between asthma (N = 127,669) and CVDs (N = 86,995–521,612). Statistical methods included high-definition likelihood (HDL), cross-trait meta-analyses of large-scale GWAS, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), and Mendelian randomization (MR).

Results: First, we observed a significant genetic correlation between asthma and heart failure (HF) (Rg = 0.278, P = 5 × 10⁻⁴). Through cross-trait analyses, we identified a total of 145 shared loci between asthma and HF. Fifteen novel loci were not previously reported for association with either asthma or HF. Second, we mapped these 145 loci to a total of 99 genes whose expressions are enriched in a broad spectrum of tissues, including the seminal vesicle, tonsil, appendix, spleen, skin, lymph nodes, breast, cervix and uterus, skeletal muscle, small intestine, lung, prostate, cardiac muscle, and liver. TWAS analysis identified five significant genes shared between asthma and HF in tissues from the hemic and immune system, digestive system, integumentary system, and nervous system. GSDMA, GSDMB, and ORMDL3 are statistically independent genetic effects from all shared TWAS genes between asthma and HF. Third, through MR analysis, genetic liability to asthma was significantly associated with heart failure at the Bonferroni-corrected significance level. The odds ratio (OR) is 1.07 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.12; p = 1.31 × 10⁻³] per one-unit increase in log_e odds of asthma.

Conclusion: These findings provide strong evidence of genetic correlations and causal relationship between asthma and HF, suggesting a shared genetic architecture for these two diseases.

Lipid Behavior in Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology

Undeniably, lipid plays an extremely important role in the homeostasis balance since lipid contributes to the regulation of the metabolic processes. The metabolic syndrome pathogenesis is multi-pathway that composes neurohormonal disorders, endothelial cell dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, genetic predisposition, in addition to gut commensal microbiota. The heterogenicity of the possible mechanisms gives the metabolic syndrome its complexity and limitation of therapeutic accesses. The main pathological link is that lipid contributes to the emergence of metabolic syndrome via central obesity and visceral obesity that consequently lead to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response promotion. Physiologically, a balance is kept between the adiponectin and adipokines levels to maintain the lipid level in the organism. Clinically, extremely important to define the borders of the lipid level in which the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is reversible, otherwise it will be accompanied by irreversible complications and sequelae of the metabolic syndrome (cardiovascular, insulin resistance). The present paper is dedicated to providing novel insights into the role of lipid in the development of metabolic syndrome; hence dyslipidemia is the initiator of insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome).

Roles of EP Receptors in the Regulation of Fluid Balance and Blood Pressure

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important prostanoid expressing throughout the kidney and cardiovascular system. Despite the diverse effects on fluid metabolism and blood pressure, PGE2 is implicated in sustaining volume and hemodynamics homeostasis. PGE2 works through four distinct E-prostanoid (EP) receptors which are G protein-coupled receptors. To date, pharmacological specific antagonists and agonists of all four subtypes of EP receptors and genetic targeting knockout mice for each subtype have helped in uncoupling the diverse functions of PGE2 and discriminating the respective characteristics of each receptor. In this review, we summarized the functions of individual EP receptor subtypes in the renal and blood vessels and the molecular mechanism of PGE2-induced fluid metabolism and blood pressure homeostasis.

Packaging and Delivery of Asthma Therapeutics

Asthma is a life-altering, chronic disease of heterogenous origin that features a complex interplay of immune and environmental signaling. Although very little progress has been made in prevention, diverse types of medications and delivery systems, including nanoscale systems, have been or are currently being developed to control airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations and fibrosis. These medications are delivered through mechanical methods, with various inhalers (with benefits and drawbacks) existing, and new types offering some variety in delivery. Of particular interest is the progress being made in nanosized materials for efficient penetration into the epithelial mucus layer and delivery into the deepest parts of the lungs. Liposomes, nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles, both natural and synthetic, have been explored in animal models of asthma and have produced promising results. This review will summarize and synthesize the latest developments in both macro-(inhaler) and micro-sized delivery systems for the purpose of treating asthma patients.

Bridging micro/nano-platform and airway allergy intervention

Allergic airway diseases, with incidence augmenting visibly as industrial development and environmental degradation, are characterized by sneezing, itching, wheezing, chest tightness, airway obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness. Current medical modalities attempt to combat these symptoms mostly by small molecule chemotherapeutants, such as corticosteroids, antihistamines, etc., via intranasal approach which is one of the most noninvasive, rapid-absorbed, and patient-friendly routes. Nevertheless, inherent defects for irritation to respiratory mucosa, drug inactivation and degradation, and rapid drug dispersal to off-target sites are inevitable. Lately, intratracheal micro/nano therapeutic systems are emerging as innovative alternatives for airway allergy interventions. This overview introduces several potential application directions of mic/nano-platform in the treatment of airway allergic diseases, including carriers, therapeutic agents, and immunomodulators. The improvement of the existing drug therapy of respiratory allergy management by micro/nano-platform is described in detail. The challenges of the micro/nano-platform nasal approach in the treatment of airway allergy are summarized and the development of micro/nano-platform is also prospected. Although still a burgeoning area, micro/nano therapeutic systems are gradually turning to be realistic orientations as crucial future alternative therapeutic options in allergic airway inflammation interventions.

Abnormalities in Gut Microbiota and Metabolism in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Background

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays a role in the pathogenesis of allergy and autoimmunity. The association between abnormalities in the gut microbiota and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) remains largely undefined.

Methods

Fecal samples were obtained from 39 patients with CSU and 40 healthy controls (HCs). 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing (39 patients with CSU and 40 HCs) and untargeted metabolomics (12 patients with CSU and 12 HCs) were performed to analyze the compositional and metabolic alterations of the gut microbiome in CSU patients and HCs.

Results

The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed a significant difference in the β-diversity of the gut microbiota, presented as the Jaccard distance, between CSU patients and HCs. No significant differences were found in the α-diversity of the gut microbiota between patients and HCs. At the phylum level, the major bacteria in the gut microbiome of patients with CSU were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Lachnobacterium were significantly increased and Phascolarctobacterium was decreased in patients with CSU. PICRUSt and correlation analysis indicated that Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Phascolarctobacterium were positively related to G protein-coupled receptors. Metabolomic analysis showed that α-mangostin and glycyrrhizic acid were upregulated and that 3-indolepropionic acid, xanthine, and isobutyric acid were downregulated in patients with CSU. Correlation analysis between the intestinal microbiota and metabolites suggested that there was a positive correlation between Lachnobacterium and α-mangostin.

Conclusions

This study suggests that disturbances in the gut microbiome composition and metabolites and their crosstalk or interaction may participate in the pathogenesis of CSU.

[Inhibition of the Notch1/Jagged1 pathway promotes homing of bone mesenchymal stem cells to improve asthma in rats]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association of the Notch1/Jagged1 pathway with the homing of mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to regulate Th1/Th2 drift in asthma.

METHODS

Twenty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, BMSC transplantation group, and BMSC+Notch inhibitor group. Ovalbumin sensitization was used to establish rat models of asthma, and BMSCs were transplanted via the tail vein. The pathology of the lung tissue was examined with HE staining, and the contents of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in lung tissue homogenate were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of Notch1 and Jagged1 mRNA were detected with RT-PCR, and CXCR4 expression in the bronchial epithelial cells was examined using immunofluorescence staining; Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of T-bet, GATA-3, Notch1, and Jagged1 in the lung tissue.

RESULTS

Compared with those in the control group, the expressions of IFN-γ and T-bet proteins decreased significantly and the pulmonary expressions of IL-5, IL-13, and GATA-3 proteins as well as Notch1 and Jagged1 mRNA and protein expressions all increased significantly in the model group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Compared with those in the model group, CXCR4, IFN-γ, and T-bet protein expressions in BMSC group and BMSCs+Notch inhibitor group all increased significantly, and Notch1 and Jagged1 protein expressions in BMSCs group and IL-5, IL-13, Notch1, and Jagged1 mRNA and protein expressions in BMSCs + Notch inhibitor group all decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The expressions of CXCR4 and IFN-γ were significantly higher and the expressions of IL-13 and Notch1 mRNA were significantly lower in BMSCs+Notch inhibitor group than in BMSC group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In asthmatic rats, the homing of the BMSCs to the lung tissue has a regulatory effect on Th1/Th2 drift, and the Notch1/Jagged1 pathway may participate in the homing of the BMSCs.

Redressing the interactions between stem cells and immune system in tissue regeneration

Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity reflecting the rapid activation and effective differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In the course of muscle regeneration, MuSCs are reprogrammed by immune cells. In turn, MuSCs confer immune cells anti-inflammatory properties to resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Indeed, MuSCs can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory ability, including effects primed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). At the molecular level, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine or kynurenic acid, produced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), augment the expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition, insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) produced by MuSCs can endow maturing macrophages oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent anti-inflammatory functions. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory characteristics of MuSCs and the issues related to their potential applications in pathological conditions, including COVID-19.

Recent advances in studies of 15-PGDH as a key enzyme for the degradation of prostaglandins

15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH; encoded by HPGD) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and catalyzes the degradation of prostaglandins (PGs; mainly PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2α) in a process mediated by solute carrier organic anion transport protein family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1; also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2). As a key enzyme, 15-PGDH catalyzes the rapid oxidation of 15-hydroxy-PGs into 15-keto-PGs with lower biological activity. Increasing evidence suggests that 15-PGDH plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammals and is considered a potential pharmacological target for preventing organ damage, promoting bone marrow graft recovery, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Additionally, results of whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of an HPGD mutation is associated with idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Interestingly, as a tumor suppressor, 15-PGDH inhibits proliferation and induces the differentiation of cancer cells (including those associated with colorectal, lung, and breast cancers). Furthermore, a recent study identified 15-PGDH as a marker of aging tissue and a potential novel therapeutic target for resisting the complex pathology of aging-associated diseases. Here, we review and summarise recent information on the molecular functions of 15-PGDH and discuss its pathophysiological implications.

Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma

Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Macrophage Crosstalk and Maintenance of Inflammatory Microenvironment Homeostasis

Macrophages are involved in almost every aspect of biological systems and include development, homeostasis and repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have good clinical application prospects due to their ability to regulate adaptive and innate immune cells, particularly macrophages, and they have been used successfully for many immune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), acute lung injury, and wound healing, which have been reported as macrophage-mediated disorders. In the present review, we focus on the interaction between MSCs and macrophages and summarize their methods of interaction and communication, such as cell-to-cell contact, soluble factor secretion, and organelle transfer. In addition, we discuss the roles of MSC-macrophage crosstalk in the development of disease and maintenance of homeostasis of inflammatory microenvironments. Finally, we provide optimal strategies for applications in immune-related disease treatments.

Eicosanoid profiling in patients with complete form of pachydermoperiostosis carrying SLCO2A1 mutations

Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) is a genetic disease characterized by digital clubbing, periostosis, and pachydermia caused by mutated HPGD or SLCO2A1. Plasma prostaglandin (PG)E₂ levels are increased in these patients. However, other eicosanoids have not been quantitated. We aimed to quantitate plasma eicosanoid levels in four patients carrying SLCO2A1 mutations by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PGE₂ level was elevated in all patients; PGD₂ and 11β-PGF₂ α levels were also increased in some patients, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid levels were decreased in all patients. Our data indicate a dysfunctional eicosanoid homeostasis and varied levels of PG in patients with a complete form of PDP carrying SLCO2A1 mutations. PGE₂ levels seem to mostly affect the symptoms, with other eicosanoids possibly having a minor effect.

Prostaglandin E2 Enhances Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Clonal Epithelial Cells

Prostaglandins are a group of lipids that produce diverse physiological and pathological effects. Among them, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stands out for the wide variety of functions in which it participates. To date, there is little information about the influence of PGE2 on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in any type of tissue, including epithelia. In this work, we set out to determine whether PGE2 influences GJIC in epithelial cells (MDCK cells). To this end, we performed dye (Lucifer yellow) transfer assays to compare GJIC of MDCK cells treated with PGE2 and untreated cells. Our results indicated that (1) PGE2 induces a statistically significant increase in GJIC from 100 nM and from 15 min after its addition to the medium, (2) such effect does not require the synthesis of new mRNA or proteins subunits but rather trafficking of subunits already synthesized, and (3) such effect is mediated by the E2 receptor, which, in turn, triggers a signaling pathway that includes activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA). These results widen the knowledge regarding modulation of gap junctional intercellular communication by prostaglandins.

Systemic and breath biomarkers for asthma: an update

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Finding suitable biomarkers to phenotype asthma, identify individuals at risk of worsening and guide treatment is highly prioritized in asthma research. We aimed to provide an analysis of currently used and upcoming biomarkers, focusing on developments published in the past 2 years.

RECENT FINDINGS

Type 2 inflammation is the most studied asthma mechanism with the most biomarkers in the pipeline. Blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) are those most used clinically. Recent developments include their ability to identify individuals at higher risk of exacerbations, faster decline in lung function and more likely to benefit from anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-4/-13 treatment. Certain patterns of urinary eicosanoid excretion also relate to type 2 inflammation. Results of recent trials investigating the use of serum periostin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 to guide anti-IL-13 therapy were somewhat disappointing. Less is known about non-type 2 inflammation but blood neutrophils and YKL-40 may be higher in patients with evidence of non-type 2 asthma. Volatile organic compounds show promise in their ability to distinguish both eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma.

SUMMARY

The ultimate panel of biomarkers for identification of activated inflammatory pathways and treatment strategies in asthma patients still lies in the future, particularly for non-type 2 asthma, but potential candidates are available.

Present State and Future Perspectives of Prostaglandins as a Differentiation Factor in Motor Neurons

Spinal motor neurons have the longest axons that innervate the skeletal muscles of the central nervous system. Motor neuron diseases caused by spinal motor neuron cell death are incurable due to the unique and irreplaceable nature of their neural circuits. Understanding the mechanisms of neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptogenesis in motor neurons will allow investigators to develop new in vitro models and regenerative therapies for motor neuron diseases. In particular, small molecules can directly reprogram and convert into neural stem cells and neurons, and promote neuron-like cell differentiation. Prostaglandins are known to have a role in the differentiation and tissue regeneration of several cell types and organs. However, the involvement of prostaglandins in the differentiation of motor neurons from neural stem cells is poorly understood. The general cell line used in research on motor neuron diseases is the mouse neuroblastoma and spinal motor neuron fusion cell line NSC-34. Recently, our laboratory reported that prostaglandin E₂ and prostaglandin D₂ enhanced the conversion of NSC-34 cells into motor neuron-like cells with neurite outgrowth. Moreover, we found that prostaglandin E₂-differentiated NSC-34 cells had physiological and electrophysiological properties of mature motor neurons. In this review article, we provide contemporary evidence on the effects of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E₂ and prostaglandin D₂, on differentiation and neural conversion. We also discuss the potential of prostaglandins as candidates for the development of new therapeutic drugs for motor neuron diseases.

The Roles of Various Prostaglandins in Fibrosis: A Review

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological result of various chronic diseases with multiple causes. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and eventually leads to the destruction of the tissue structure and impaired organ function. Prostaglandins are produced by arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenases and various prostaglandin-specific synthases. Prostaglandins bind to homologous receptors on adjacent tissue cells in an autocrine or paracrine manner and participate in the regulation of a series of physiological or pathological processes, including fibrosis. This review summarizes the properties, synthesis, and degradation of various prostaglandins, as well as the roles of these prostaglandins and their receptors in fibrosis in multiple models to reveal the clinical significance of prostaglandins and their receptors in the treatment of fibrosis.

A novel therapeutic modality using CRISPR-engineered dendritic cells to treat allergies

Despite the important roles of dendritic cells (DCs) in airway allergies, current therapeutic strategies such as drugs, allergen immunotherapy and biologics haven't been targeted at them. In this study, we established a promising DC-based therapeutic approach for the alleviation of allergic rhinitis (AR)-associated allergic reactions, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated targeted gene disruption. RNA sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of vacuolar protein sorting 37 B (VPS37B) in AR-derived DCs, indicating a novel molecular target. Following antigen presentation, VPS37A and VPS37B enabled endocytosis of the mannose receptor, which recognizes the house dust mite (HDM) allergen Der p 1. DCs with targeted disruption of VPS37A/B alleviated Th2 cytokine production when co-cultured in vitro with allogeneic naïve CD4⁺ T cell from patients with AR. Furthermore, nasal administration of Vps37a/b-disrupted bone marrow DCs to a mouse model of AR resulted in strongly reduced AR-related symptoms. Thus, this novel modality using genetically engineered DCs can provide an effective therapeutic and preventative strategy for allergic diseases.

Composition and Acute Inflammatory Response from Tetraponera rufonigra Venom on RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells

Tetraponera rufonigra (Arboreal Bicoloured Ant) venom induces pain, inflammation, and anaphylaxis in people and has an increased incident in Southeast Asia regions. The bioactive components and mechanism of action of the ant venom are still limited. The aim of this research was to identify the protein composition and inflammatory process of the ant venom by using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The major venom proteins are composed of 5' nucleotidase, prolyl endopeptidase-like, aminopeptidase N, trypsin-3, venom protein, and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). The venom showed PLA₂ activity and represented 0.46 μg of PLA₂ bee venom equivalent/μg crude venom protein. The venom induced cytotoxic in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC₂₀ approximately at 4.01 µg/mL. The increased levels of COX-2 and PGE₂ were observed after 1 h of treatment correlating with an upregulation of COX-2 expression. Moreover, the level of mPGES-1 expression was obviously increased after 12 h of venom induction. Hence, our results suggested that the induction of COX-2/mPGEs-1 pathway could be a direct pathway for the ant venom-induced inflammation.

Gu-Ben-Fang-Xiao decoction modulates lipid metabolism by activating the AMPK pathway in asthma remission

Gu-Ben-Fang-Xiao decoction (GBFXD), derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Yu-Ping-Feng-San, is widely used in clinical settings and has obvious curative effects in respiratory diseases. GBFXD regulates cholesterol transport and lipid metabolism in chronic persistent asthma. There is evidence for its beneficial effects in the remission stage of asthma; however, its metabolic regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms during asthma remission are unclear. In the present study, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyse the metabolic profile of mouse serum during asthma remission. The acquired LC-MS data were subjected to a multivariate analysis for identification of significantly altered metabolites. In total, 42 metabolites were significantly differentially expressed among the control, model, and GBFXD groups. In particular, levels of fatty acids, acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, triglycerides, and diacylglycerols were altered during asthma remission. GBFXD may maintain lipid homeostasis on the lung surface by modulating lipid metabolism and may thereby alleviate asthma. We further quantified hypogeic acid (FA 16:1) based on targeted metabolomics and found that GBFXD may regulate fatty acid metabolism by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. These results support the use of GBFXD in patients with asthma remission.

RGS proteins, GRKs, and beta-arrestins modulate G protein-mediated signaling pathways in asthma

Asthma is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by chronic lung inflammation and reversible airways obstruction. Pathophysiological features of asthma include episodic and reversible airway narrowing due to increased bronchial smooth muscle shortening in response to external and host-derived mediators, excessive mucus secretion into the airway lumen, and airway remodeling. The aberrant airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype observed in asthma manifests as increased sensitivity to contractile mediators (EC₅₀) and an increase in the magnitude of contraction (E_max); collectively these attributes have been termed "airways hyper-responsiveness" (AHR). This defining feature of asthma can be promoted by environmental factors including airborne allergens, viruses, and air pollution and other irritants. AHR reduces airway caliber and obstructs airflow, evoking clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing and shortness of breath. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a central function in asthma through their impact on ASM and airway inflammation. Many but not all treatments for asthma target GPCRs mediating ASM contraction or relaxation. Here we discuss the roles of specific GPCRs, G proteins, and their associated signaling pathways, in asthma, with an emphasis on endogenous mechanisms of GPCR regulation of ASM tone and lung inflammation including regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestin.