1
|
Herron ICT, Laws TR, Nelson M. Marmosets as models of infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1340017. [PMID: 38465237 PMCID: PMC10921895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1340017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models of infectious disease often serve a crucial purpose in obtaining licensure of therapeutics and medical countermeasures, particularly in situations where human trials are not feasible, i.e., for those diseases that occur infrequently in the human population. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a Neotropical new-world (platyrrhines) non-human primate, has gained increasing attention as an animal model for a number of diseases given its small size, availability and evolutionary proximity to humans. This review aims to (i) discuss the pros and cons of the common marmoset as an animal model by providing a brief snapshot of how marmosets are currently utilized in biomedical research, (ii) summarize and evaluate relevant aspects of the marmoset immune system to the study of infectious diseases, (iii) provide a historical backdrop, outlining the significance of infectious diseases and the importance of developing reliable animal models to test novel therapeutics, and (iv) provide a summary of infectious diseases for which a marmoset model exists, followed by an in-depth discussion of the marmoset models of two studied bacterial infectious diseases (tularemia and melioidosis) and one viral infectious disease (viral hepatitis C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. T. Herron
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu G, Zhang M, Wu B, Zhang C, Wang Y, Han X, Wang R, Li L, Wei Y, Sun Y, Cao X, Wang Y, Li Y, Li M, Zhao G, Ke Y, Guo Z, Yin Q, Sun Y. A highly susceptible hACE2-transgenic mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 research. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348405. [PMID: 38389533 PMCID: PMC10883650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several animal models have been used to assist the development of vaccines and therapeutics since the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the lack of binding affinity of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) to the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), increasing the susceptibility of mice to SARS-CoV-2 infection was considered in several ways. Here, we generated a COVID-19 mouse model expressing human ACE2 (hACE2) under the control of the CAG promoter. Overexpression of hACE2 did not pose a significant effect on weight growth. After SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, mice showed obvious viral replication and production of inflammation within 7 days, with a gradual decrease in body weight until death. Virological testing found that the virus can replicate in the respiratory system, small intestine, and brain. Additionally, this mouse model was applied to compare two antibody drug candidates, the anti-RBD antibody (MW06) and the mouse CD24-conjugated anti-RBD antibody (mCD24-MW06). Differences in antiviral effects between these two antibodies can be demonstrated in this mouse model when a challenge dose that invalidates the anti-RBD antibody treatment was used. This study provided a new mouse model for studying SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evaluating potential interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolei Wu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yan Wang
- SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Xuelian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjuan Wang
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Yuwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yuehua Ke
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zayou L, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Quadiri A, Ibraim IC, Singer M, Salem A, Shaik AM, Suzer B, Chilukuri A, Tran J, Nguyen PC, Sun M, Hormi-Carver KK, Belmouden A, Vahed H, Gil D, Ulmer JB, BenMohamed L. A multi-epitope/CXCL11 prime/pull coronavirus mucosal vaccine boosts the frequency and the function of lung-resident memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and enhanced protection against COVID-19-like symptoms and death caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109623. [PMID: 38038432 PMCID: PMC10734477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01096-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although the current rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections has decreased significantly, COVID-19 still ranks very high as a cause of death worldwide. As of October 2023, the weekly mortality rate is still at 600 deaths in the United States alone, which surpasses even the worst mortality rates recorded for influenza. Thus, the long-term outlook of COVID-19 is still a serious concern outlining the need for the next-generation vaccine. This study found that a prime/pull coronavirus vaccine strategy increased the frequency of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected triple transgenic HLA-DR*0101/HLA-A*0201/hACE2 mouse model, thereby resulting in low viral titer and reduced COVID-19-like symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nisha Rajeswari Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Izabela Coimbra Ibraim
- High containment facility, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amirah Salem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Amruth Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Tran
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pauline Chau Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Miyo Sun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kathy K. Hormi-Carver
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ahmed Belmouden
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cong Y, Lee JH, Perry DL, Cooper K, Wang H, Dixit S, Liu DX, Feuerstein IM, Solomon J, Bartos C, Seidel J, Hammoud DA, Adams R, Anthony SM, Liang J, Schuko N, Li R, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tarbet EB, Hischak AMW, Hart R, Isic N, Burdette T, Drawbaugh D, Huzella LM, Byrum R, Ragland D, St Claire MC, Wada J, Kurtz JR, Hensley LE, Schmaljohn CS, Holbrook MR, Johnson RF. Longitudinal analyses using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography as a measure of COVID-19 severity in the aged, young, and humanized ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 hamster models. Antiviral Res 2023; 214:105605. [PMID: 37068595 PMCID: PMC10105383 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study compared disease progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in three different models of golden hamsters: aged (≈60 weeks old) wild-type (WT), young (6 weeks old) WT, and adult (14-22 weeks old) hamsters expressing the human-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. After intranasal (IN) exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Washington isolate (WA01/2020), 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was used to monitor disease progression in near real time and animals were euthanized at pre-determined time points to directly compare imaging findings with other disease parameters associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Consistent with histopathology, 18F-FDG-PET/CT demonstrated that aged WT hamsters exposed to 105 plaque forming units (PFU) developed more severe and protracted pneumonia than young WT hamsters exposed to the same (or lower) dose or hACE2 hamsters exposed to a uniformly lethal dose of virus. Specifically, aged WT hamsters presented with a severe interstitial pneumonia through 8 d post-exposure (PE), while pulmonary regeneration was observed in young WT hamsters at that time. hACE2 hamsters exposed to 100 or 10 PFU virus presented with a minimal to mild hemorrhagic pneumonia but succumbed to SARS-CoV-2-related meningoencephalitis by 6 d PE, suggesting that this model might allow assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system (CNS). Our group is the first to use (18F-FDG) PET/CT to differentiate respiratory disease severity ranging from mild to severe in three COVID-19 hamster models. The non-invasive, serial measure of disease progression provided by PET/CT makes it a valuable tool for animal model characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Irwin M Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jurgen Seidel
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Schuko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nejra Isic
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - David Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Danny Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marisa C St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Mao N, Guo L, Guo L, Chen L, Zhao L, Wang Q, Long E. Review of animal transmission experiments of respiratory viruses: Implications for transmission risk of SARS-COV-2 in humans via different routes. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023. [PMID: 36973964 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploring transmission risk of different routes has major implications for epidemic control. However, disciplinary boundaries have impeded the dissemination of epidemic information, have caused public panic about "air transmission," "air-conditioning transmission," and "environment-to-human transmission," and have triggered "hygiene theater." Animal experiments provide experimental evidence for virus transmission, but more attention is paid to whether transmission is driven by droplets or aerosols and using the dichotomy to describe most transmission events. Here, according to characteristics of experiment setups, combined with patterns of human social interactions, we reviewed and grouped animal transmission experiments into four categories-close contact, short-range, fomite, and aerosol exposure experiments-and provided enlightenment, with experimental evidence, on the transmission risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) in humans via different routes. When referring to "air transmission," context should be showed in elaboration results, rather than whether close contact, short or long range is uniformly described as "air transmission." Close contact and short range are the major routes. When face-to-face, unprotected, horizontally directional airflow does promote transmission, due to virus decay and dilution in air, the probability of "air conditioning transmission" is low; the risk of "environment-to-human transmission" highly relies on surface contamination and human behavior based on indirect path of "fomite-hand-mucosa or conjunctiva" and virus decay on surfaces. Thus, when discussing the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, we should comprehensively consider the biological basis of virus transmission, environmental conditions, and virus decay. Otherwise, risk of certain transmission routes, such as long-range and fomite transmission, will be overrated, causing public excessive panic, triggering ineffective actions, and wasting epidemic prevention resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Wang
- China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, China
| | - Enshen Long
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gressett TE, Leist SR, Ismael S, Talkington G, Dinnon KH, Baric RS, Bix G. Mouse Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Model Induces "Long-COVID" Neuropathology in BALB/c Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533204. [PMID: 36993423 PMCID: PMC10055301 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant global morbidity and mortality and continues to burden patients with persisting neurological dysfunction. COVID-19 survivors develop debilitating symptoms to include neuro-psychological dysfunction, termed "Long COVID", which can cause significant reduction of quality of life. Despite vigorous model development, the possible cause of these symptoms and the underlying pathophysiology of this devastating disease remains elusive. Mouse adapted (MA10) SARS-CoV-2 is a novel mouse-based model of COVID-19 which simulates the clinical symptoms of respiratory distress associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. In this study, we evaluated the long-term effects of MA10 infection on brain pathology and neuroinflammation. 10-week and 1-year old female BALB/cAnNHsd mice were infected intranasally with 10 4 plaque-forming units (PFU) and 10 3 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 MA10, respectively, and the brain was examined 60 days post-infection (dpi). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a decrease in the neuronal nuclear protein NeuN and an increase in Iba-1 positive amoeboid microglia in the hippocampus after MA10 infection, indicating long-term neurological changes in a brain area which is critical for long-term memory consolidation and processing. Importantly, these changes were seen in 40-50% of infected mice, which correlates to prevalence of LC seen clinically. Our data shows for the first time that MA10 infection induces neuropathological outcomes several weeks after infection at similar rates of observed clinical prevalence of "Long COVID". These observations strengthen the MA10 model as a viable model for study of the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Establishing the viability of this model is a key step towards the rapid development of novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neuroinflammation and restore brain function in those suffering from the persistent cognitive dysfunction of "Long-COVID".
Collapse
|
7
|
Thieulent CJ, Dittmar W, Balasuriya UBR, Crossland NA, Wen X, Richt JA, Carossino M. Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 MA10 Strain Displays Differential Pulmonary Tropism and Accelerated Viral Replication, Neurodissemination, and Pulmonary Host Responses in K18-hACE2 Mice. mSphere 2023; 8:e0055822. [PMID: 36728430 PMCID: PMC9942576 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00558-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several models were developed to study the pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as the in vivo efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics. Since wild-type mice are naturally resistant to infection by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains, several transgenic mouse models expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) were developed. An alternative approach has been to develop mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains. Here, we compared the clinical progression, viral replication kinetics and dissemination, pulmonary tropism, and host innate immune response dynamics between the mouse-adapted MA10 strain and its parental strain (USA-WA1/2020) following intranasal inoculation of K18-hACE2 mice, a widely used model. Compared to its parental counterpart, the MA10 strain induced earlier clinical decline with significantly higher viral replication and earlier neurodissemination. Importantly, the MA10 strain also showed a wider tropism, with infection of bronchiolar epithelia. While both SARS-CoV-2 strains induced comparable pulmonary cytokine/chemokine responses, many proinflammatory and monocyte-recruitment chemokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IP-10/CXCL10, and MCP-1/CCL2, showed an earlier peak in MA10-infected mice. Furthermore, both strains induced a similar downregulation of murine Ace2, with only a transient downregulation of Tmprss2 and no alterations in hACE2 expression. Overall, these data demonstrate that in K18-hACE2 mice, the MA10 strain has a pulmonary tropism that more closely resembles SARS-CoV-2 tropism in humans (airways and pneumocytes) than its parental strain. Its rapid replication and neurodissemination and early host pulmonary responses can have a significant impact on the clinical outcomes of infection and are, therefore, critical features to consider for study designs using these strains and mouse model. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is still significantly impacting health care systems around the globe. Refined animal models are needed to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity as well as efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics. In line with this, thorough evaluation of animal models and virus strains/variants are paramount for standardization and meaningful comparisons. Here, we demonstrated differences in replication dynamics between the Wuhan-like USA-WA1/2020 strain and the derivative mouse-adapted MA10 strain in K18-hACE2 mice. The MA10 strain showed accelerated viral replication and neurodissemination, differential pulmonary tropism, and earlier pulmonary innate immune responses. The observed differences allow us to better refine experimental designs when considering the use of the MA10 strain in the widely utilized K18-hACE2 murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Côme J. Thieulent
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wellesley Dittmar
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xue Wen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez-Pulido M, Calvo-Pinilla E, Polo M, Saiz JC, Fernández-González R, Pericuesta E, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA, Sáiz M. Non-coding RNAs derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome trigger broad antiviral activity against coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166725. [PMID: 37063925 PMCID: PMC10090856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of a potentially severe respiratory disease, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic with limited therapeutic options. Here, we assessed the anti-coronavirus activity of synthetic RNAs mimicking specific domains in the non-coding regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome (ncRNAs). These molecules are known to exert broad-spectrum antiviral activity in cell culture, mice and pigs effectively triggering the host innate immune response. The ncRNAs showed potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 after transfection in human intestinal Caco-2 and lung epithelium Calu-3 2B4 cells. When the in vivo efficacy of the FMDV ncRNAs was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice, administration of naked ncRNA before intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the viral load and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs compared with untreated infected mice. The ncRNAs were also highly efficacious when assayed against common human HCoV-229E and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 and swine testis ST cells, respectively. These results are a proof of concept of the pan-coronavirus antiviral activity of the FMDV ncRNAs including human and animal divergent coronaviruses and potentially enhance our ability to fight future emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miryam Polo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-González
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pericuesta
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Margarita Sáiz,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amruta N, Ismael S, Leist SR, Gressett TE, Srivastava A, Dinnon KH, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Maness NJ, Qin X, Kolls JK, Baric RS, Bix G. Mouse Adapted SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) Viral Infection Induces Neuroinflammation in Standard Laboratory Mice. Viruses 2022; 15:114. [PMID: 36680154 PMCID: PMC9863644 DOI: 10.3390/v15010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection impacts neurological function both acutely and chronically, even in the absence of pronounced respiratory distress. Developing clinically relevant laboratory mouse models of the neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is an important step toward elucidating the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological dysfunction. Although various transgenic models and viral delivery methods have been used to study the infection potential of SARS-CoV-2 in mice, the use of commonly available laboratory mice would facilitate the study of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathology. Herein we show neuroinflammatory profiles of immunologically intact mice, C57BL/6J and BALB/c, as well as immunodeficient (Rag2-/-) mice, to a mouse-adapted strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 (MA10)). Our findings indicate that brain IL-6 levels are significantly higher in BALB/c male mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 MA10. Additionally, blood-brain barrier integrity, as measured by the vascular tight junction protein claudin-5, was reduced by SARS-CoV-2 MA10 infection in all three strains. Brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA was also elevated in male C57BL/6J infected mice compared with the mock group. Lastly, immune-vascular effects of SARS-CoV-2 (MA10), as measured by H&E scores, demonstrate an increase in perivascular lymphocyte cuffing (PLC) at 30 days post-infection among infected female BALB/c mice with a significant increase in PLC over time only in SARS-CoV-2 MA10) infected mice. Our study is the first to demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) infection induces neuroinflammation in laboratory mice and could be used as a novel model to study SARS-CoV-2-mediated cerebrovascular pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy E. Gressett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Akhilesh Srivastava
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Dinnon
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
KIANI AYSHAKARIM, PHEBY DEREK, HENEHAN GARY, BROWN RICHARD, SIEVING PAUL, SYKORA PETER, MARKS ROBERT, FALSINI BENEDETTO, CAPODICASA NATALE, MIERTUS STANISLAV, LORUSSO LORENZO, DONDOSSOLA DANIELE, TARTAGLIA GIANLUCAMARTINO, ERGOREN MAHMUTCERKEZ, DUNDAR MUNIS, MICHELINI SANDRO, MALACARNE DANIELE, BONETTI GABRIELE, DAUTAJ ASTRIT, DONATO KEVIN, MEDORI MARIACHIARA, BECCARI TOMMASO, SAMAJA MICHELE, CONNELLY STEPHENTHADDEUS, MARTIN DONALD, MORRESI ASSUNTA, BACU ARIOLA, HERBST KARENL, KAPUSTIN MYKHAYLO, STUPPIA LIBORIO, LUMER LUDOVICA, FARRONATO GIAMPIETRO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E255-E266. [PMID: 36479489 PMCID: PMC9710398 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees' adoption of the 'four Rs' principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AYSHA KARIM KIANI
- Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
| | - DEREK PHEBY
- Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, UK
| | - GARY HENEHAN
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - RICHARD BROWN
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - PAUL SIEVING
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - PETER SYKORA
- Department of Philosophy and Applied Philosophy, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - ROBERT MARKS
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - BENEDETTO FALSINI
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - STANISLAV MIERTUS
- Department of Biotechnology, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - DANIELE DONDOSSOLA
- Center for Preclincal Research and General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca‘ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - GIANLUCA MARTINO TARTAGLIA
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MAHMUT CERKEZ ERGOREN
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - MUNIS DUNDAR
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - SANDRO MICHELINI
- Vascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, Marino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | - TOMMASO BECCARI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - DONALD MARTIN
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, SyNaBi, Grenoble, France
| | - ASSUNTA MORRESI
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - ARIOLA BACU
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - KAREN L. HERBST
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills California and Tucson Arizona, USA
| | | | - LIBORIO STUPPIA
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - LUDOVICA LUMER
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - GIAMPIETRO FARRONATO
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choudhary S, Kanevsky I, Tomlinson L. Animal models for studying covid-19, prevention, and therapy: Pathology and disease phenotypes. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:516-527. [PMID: 35451341 PMCID: PMC9208071 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translational models have played an important role in the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutic agents for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Animal models recapitulating the clinical and underlying pathological manifestations of COVID-19 have been vital for identification and rational design of safe and effective vaccines and therapies. This manuscript provides an overview of commonly used COVID-19 animal models and the pathologic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these models in relation to their clinical presentation in humans. Also discussed are considerations for selecting appropriate animal models for infectious diseases such as COVID-19, the host determinants that can influence species-specific susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, and the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Finally, the limitations of currently available COVID-19 animal models are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isis Kanevsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
RIG-I-induced innate antiviral immunity protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1225-1234. [PMID: 35186439 PMCID: PMC8841011 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has underscored the need for rapidly usable prophylactic and antiviral treatments against emerging viruses. The targeted stimulation of antiviral innate immune receptors can trigger a broad antiviral response that also acts against new, unknown viruses. Here, we used the K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19 to examine whether activation of the antiviral RNA receptor RIG-I protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduces disease severity. We found that prophylactic, systemic treatment of mice with the specific RIG-I ligand 3pRNA, but not type I interferon, 1–7 days before viral challenge, improved survival of mice by up to 50%. Survival was also improved with therapeutic 3pRNA treatment starting 1 day after viral challenge. This improved outcome was associated with lower viral load in oropharyngeal swabs and in the lungs and brains of 3pRNA-treated mice. Moreover, 3pRNA-treated mice exhibited reduced lung inflammation and developed a SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody response. These results demonstrate that systemic RIG-I activation by therapeutic RNA oligonucleotide agonists is a promising strategy to convey effective, short-term antiviral protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it has great potential as a broad-spectrum approach to constrain the spread of newly emerging viruses until virus-specific therapies and vaccines become available.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are co-circulating in the human population. However, only a few cases of viral co-infection with these two viruses have been documented in humans with some people having severe disease and others mild disease. In order to examine this phenomenon, ferrets were co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and human seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1 or H3N2) and were compared to animals that received each virus alone. Ferrets were either immunologically naïve to both viruses or vaccinated with the 2019-2020 split-inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Co-infected naive ferrets lost significantly more body weight than ferrets infected with each virus alone and induced more severe inflammation in both the nose and lungs than ferrets single-infected with each virus. Co-infected naïve animals had predominantly higher IAV titers than SARS-CoV-2 titers, and IAVs efficiently transmitted to the co-housed ferrets by direct contact. Comparatively, SARS-CoV-2 failed to transmit to the ferrets that co-housed with co-infected ferrets by direct contact. Moreover, vaccination significantly reduced IAVs virus titers and shortened the viral shedding, but did not completely block influenza virus direct contact transmission. Notably, vaccination significantly ameliorated the influenza associated disease by protecting vaccinated animals from severe morbidity after IAV single infection or IAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, suggesting that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is pivotal to prevent severe disease induced by IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Importance
Influenza A viruses cause severe morbidity and mortality during each influenza virus season. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population offers the opportunity to potential co-infections of both viruses. The development of useful animal models to asses pathogenesis, transmission, and viral evolution of these viruses as the co-infect a host is of critical importance for the development of vaccines and therapeutics. The ability to prevent the most severe effects of viral co-infections can be studied using effect co-infection ferret models described in this report.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kant R, Kareinen L, Smura T, Freitag TL, Jha SK, Alitalo K, Meri S, Sironen T, Saksela K, Strandin T, Kipar A, Vapalahti O. Common Laboratory Mice Are Susceptible to Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant. Viruses 2021; 13:2263. [PMID: 34835069 PMCID: PMC8619350 DOI: 10.3390/v13112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal models are of crucial importance for assessing COVID-19 countermeasures. Common laboratory mice would be well-suited for this purpose but are not susceptible to infection with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. However, the development of mouse-adapted virus strains has revealed key mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that increase infectivity, and interestingly, many of these mutations are also present in naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. This suggests that these variants might have the ability to infect common laboratory mice. Herein we show that the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant attains infectibility to BALB/c mice and causes pulmonary changes within 2-3 days post infection, consistent with results seen in other murine models of COVID-19, at a reasonable virus dose (2 × 105 PFU). The findings suggest that common laboratory mice can serve as the animal model of choice for testing the effectiveness of antiviral drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Teemu Smura
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
| | - Tobias L. Freitag
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.K.J.); (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.K.J.); (K.A.)
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3RF, UK
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Zoonosis Unit, Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (T.S.); (K.S.); (O.V.)
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|