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Zhang H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Xiao K, Wang Y, Si J, Li Y, Sun L, Sun J, Yi M, Chu X, Li J. Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction. Environ Health 2024; 23:63. [PMID: 38978038 PMCID: PMC11229304 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of air pollution on endothelial function remain unclear across populations. We aimed to use brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) to identify demographic differences in the effects of air pollution exposure on endothelial dysfunction. METHODS We measured FMD in 850 participants from October 2016 to January 2020. Location-specific concentrations of fine particulate matter < 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter < 10 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured by fixed ambient air monitoring stations were collected for short- and long-term exposure assessment. Multiple linear regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the associations before and after stratification by age and sex. RESULTS This study eventually included 828 participants [551 (66.5%) younger than 65 years and 553 (66.8%) men]. Each 10 µg/m3 increase in 7-day exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly linearly associated with a 0.07% (β = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.004) and 0.05% (β = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.004) decrease in FMD in the fully adjusted model. After full adjustment, long-term exposure to all air pollutants was significantly associated with impaired FMD. Each 10 µg/m3 increase in long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly associated with a -0.18% (95% CI: -0.34 to -0.03) and - 0.23% (95% CI: -0.40 to -0.06) change in FMD, respectively. After stratification, the associations of lower FMD with long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO significantly persisted in men and participants younger than 65 years instead of women or older participants. For short-term exposure, we observed differences consistent with long-term exposure and a stronger effect of 7-day exposure to SO2 in men due to a significant interaction effect. CONCLUSION Short- and long-term exposure to different air pollutants are strongly associated with decreased endothelial function, and susceptibility to air pollution varies significantly with age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Keling Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jin Si
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lijie Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jinghao Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Health Management Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Ilaghi M, Kafi F, Shafiei M, Zangiabadian M, Nasiri MJ. Dietary supplementations to mitigate the cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution toxicity: A systematic review of clinical trials. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304402. [PMID: 38870164 PMCID: PMC11175466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a consistent association between exposure to air pollution and elevated rates of cardiopulmonary illnesses. As public health activities emphasize the paramount need to reduce exposure, it is crucial to examine strategies like the antioxidant diet that could potentially protect individuals who are unavoidably exposed. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to March 31, 2023, for clinical trials assessing dietary supplements against cardiovascular (blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, brachial artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation, and lipid profile) or pulmonary outcomes (pulmonary function and airway inflammation) attributed to air pollution exposure. RESULTS After reviewing 4681 records, 18 studies were included. There were contradictory findings on the effects of fish oil and olive oil supplementations on cardiovascular outcomes. Although with limited evidence, fish oil offered protection against pulmonary dysfunction induced by pollutants. Most studies on vitamin C did not find protective cardiovascular effects; however, the combination of vitamin C and E offered protective effects against pulmonary dysfunction but showed conflicting results for cardiovascular outcomes. Other supplements like sulforaphane, L-arginine, n-acetylcysteine, and B vitamins showed potential beneficial effects but need further research due to the limited number of existing trials. CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed to determine the efficacy and optimal dose of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant dietary supplements against air pollution toxicity, this low-cost preventative strategy has the potential to offer protection against outcomes of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ilaghi
- Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kafi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Shafiei
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moein Zangiabadian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bai L, Kwong JC, Kaufman JS, Benmarhnia T, Chen C, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Kim J, Lu H, Burnett RT, Chen H. Effect modification by statin use status on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and cardiovascular mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae084. [PMID: 38961644 PMCID: PMC11222296 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have linked fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to increased cardiovascular mortality. Less is known how the PM2.5-cardiovascular mortality association varies by use of cardiovascular medications. This study sought to quantify effect modification by statin use status on the associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality from any cardiovascular cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. METHODS In this nested case-control study, we followed 1.2 million community-dwelling adults aged ≥66 years who lived in Ontario, Canada from 2000 through 2018. Cases were patients who died from the three causes. Each case was individually matched to up to 30 randomly selected controls using incidence density sampling. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between PM2.5 and mortality. We evaluated the presence of effect modification considering both multiplicative (ratio of ORs) and additive scales (the relative excess risk due to interaction, RERI). RESULTS Exposure to PM2.5 increased the risks for cardiovascular, CHD, and stroke mortality. For all three causes of death, compared with statin users, stronger PM2.5-mortality associations were observed among non-users [e.g. for cardiovascular mortality corresponding to each interquartile range increase in PM2.5, OR = 1.042 (95% CI, 1.032-1.053) vs OR = 1.009 (95% CI, 0.996-1.022) in users, ratio of ORs = 1.033 (95% CI, 1.019-1.047), RERI = 0.039 (95% CI, 0.025-0.050)]. Among users, partially adherent users exhibited a higher risk of PM2.5-associated mortality than fully adherent users. CONCLUSIONS The associations of chronic exposure to PM2.5 with cardiovascular and CHD mortality were stronger among statin non-users compared to users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Primary Care & Population Health Research Program, ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Kwong
- Primary Care & Population Health Research Program, ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - JinHee Kim
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Lu
- Primary Care & Population Health Research Program, ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- Primary Care & Population Health Research Program, ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Miller MR, Landrigan PJ, Arora M, Newby DE, Münzel T, Kovacic JC. Environmentally Not So Friendly: Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Wildfires: JACC Focus Seminar, Part 1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2291-2307. [PMID: 38839204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental stresses are increasingly recognized as significant risk factors for adverse health outcomes. In particular, various forms of pollution and climate change are playing a growing role in promoting noncommunicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. Given recent trends, global warming and air pollution are now associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As a vicious cycle, global warming increases the occurrence, size, and severity of wildfires, which are significant sources of airborne particulate matter. Exposure to wildfire smoke is associated with cardiovascular disease, and these effects are underpinned by mechanisms that include oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired cardiac function, and proatherosclerotic effects in the circulation. In the first part of a 2-part series on pollution and cardiovascular disease, this review provides an overview of the impact of global warming and air pollution, and because of recent events and emerging trends specific attention is paid to air pollution caused by wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Scientific Center of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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5
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Bridge LA, Hernández Vargas JA, Trujillo-Cáceres SJ, Beigrezaei S, Chatelan A, Salehi-Abargouei A, Muka T, Uriza-Pinzón JP, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Franco OH, Grompone G, Artola Arita V. Two cosmoses, one universe: a narrative review exploring the gut microbiome's role in the effect of urban risk factors on vascular ageing. Maturitas 2024; 184:107951. [PMID: 38471294 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the face of rising global urbanisation, understanding how the associated environment and lifestyle impact public health is a cornerstone for prevention, research, and clinical practice. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with urban risk factors contributing greatly to its burden. The current narrative review adopts an exposome approach to explore the effect of urban-associated physical-chemical factors (such as air pollution) and lifestyle on cardiovascular health and ageing. In addition, we provide new insights into how these urban-related factors alter the gut microbiome, which has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We focus on vascular ageing, before disease onset, to promote preventative research and practice. We also discuss how urban ecosystems and social factors may interact with these pathways and provide suggestions for future research, precision prevention and management of vascular ageing. Most importantly, future research and decision-making would benefit from adopting an exposome approach and acknowledging the diverse and boundless universe of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Anne Bridge
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juliana Alexandra Hernández Vargas
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Juliana Trujillo-Cáceres
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Beigrezaei
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Angeline Chatelan
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Julieth Pilar Uriza-Pinzón
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vicente Artola Arita
- Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Sliwa K, Viljoen CA, Stewart S, Miller MR, Prabhakaran D, Kumar RK, Thienemann F, Piniero D, Prabhakaran P, Narula J, Pinto F. Cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries associated with environmental factors. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024; 31:688-697. [PMID: 38175939 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that the profound environmental changes that have occurred over the past century pose threats to human health. Many of these environmental factors, including air pollution, noise pollution, as well as exposure to metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and other metals, are particularly detrimental to the cardiovascular health of people living in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Low-to-middle income countries are likely to be disproportionally burdened by cardiovascular diseases provoked by environmental factors. Moreover, they have the least capacity to address the core drivers and consequences of this phenomenon. This review summarizes the impact of environmental factors such as climate change, air pollution, and metal exposure on the cardiovascular system, and how these specifically affect people living in LMICs. It also outlines how behaviour changes and interventions that reduce environmental pollution would have significant effects on the cardiovascular health of those from LMICs, and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sliwa
- Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charle André Viljoen
- Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Stewart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, 32 Mouat St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
- Eduardo Mondlane University, 3435 Avenida Julius Nyerere, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH4 3RL, UK
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, C1/52, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Raman Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Ponekkara PO, Cochin 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 100 Rämistrasse, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Piniero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Arenales 2463, Buenos Aires, C1124AAN, Argentina
| | - Poornima Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, C1/52, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jagat Narula
- Department of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fausto Pinto
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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Liu Q, Yang Y, Wu M, Wang M, Yang P, Zheng J, Du Z, Pang Y, Bao L, Niu Y, Zhang R. Hub gene ELK3-mediated reprogramming lipid metabolism regulates phenotypic switching of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells to develop pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by PM 2.5. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133190. [PMID: 38071773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as an environmental pollutant is related with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was characterized by incremental pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arterial remodeling, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy, and finally cardiac failure and death. The adverse effects on pulmonary artery and the molecular biological mechanism underlying PM2.5-caused PAH has not been elaborated clearly. In the current study, the ambient PM2.5 exposure mice model along with HPASMCs models were established. Based on bioinformatic methods and machine learning algorithms, the hub genes in PAH were screened and then adverse effects on pulmonary artery and potential mechanism was studied. Our results showed that chronic PM2.5 exposure contributed to increased pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in mice. In vitro, PM2.5 induced phenotypic switching in HPASMCs, which served as the early stage of PAH. In mechanism, we investigated that PM2.5-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction could induce phenotypic switching in HPASMCs, which was possibly through reprogramming lipid metabolism. Next, we used machine learning algorithm to identify ELK3 as potential hub gene for mitochondrial fission. Besides, the effect of DNA methylation on ELK3 was further detected in HPASMCs after PM2.5 exposure. The results provided novel directions for protection of pulmonary vasculature injury, against adverse environmental stimuli. This work also provided a new idea for the prevention of PAH, as well as provided experimental evidence for the targeted therapy of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yizhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mengruo Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Peihao Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhe Du
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yaxian Pang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Lei Bao
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, PR China.
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8
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Fu Z, Ma Y, Yang C, Liu Q, Liang J, Weng Z, Li W, Zhou S, Chen X, Xu J, Xu C, Huang T, Zhou Y, Gu A. Association of air pollution exposure and increased coronary artery disease risk: the modifying effect of genetic susceptibility. Environ Health 2023; 22:85. [PMID: 38062446 PMCID: PMC10704645 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-01038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic factors and air pollution are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), but their combined effects on CAD are uncertain. The study aimed to comprehensively investigate their separate, combined and interaction effects on the onset of CAD. METHODS We utilized data from the UK Biobank with a recruitment of 487,507 participants who were free of CAD at baseline from 2006 to 2010. We explored the separate, combined effect or interaction association among genetic factors, air pollution and CAD with the polygenic risk score (PRS) and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of CAD for 10-µg/m3 increases in PM2.5, NO2 and NOx concentrations were 1.25 (1.09, 1.44), 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) and 1.01 (1.00, 1.02), respectively. Participants with high PRS and air pollution exposure had a higher risk of CAD than those with the low genetic risk and low air pollution exposure, and the HRs (95% CI) of CAD in the PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and NOx high joint exposure groups were 1.56 (1.48, 1.64), 1.55(1.48, 1.63), 1.57 (1.49, 1.65), and 1.57 (1.49, 1.65), respectively. Air pollution and genetic factors exerted significant additive effects on the development of CAD (relative excess risk due to the interaction [RERI]: 0.12 (0.05, 0.19) for PM2.5, 0.17 (0.10, 0.24) for PM10, 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) for NO2, and 0.17 (0.10, 0.24) for NOx; attributable proportion due to the interaction [AP]: 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) for PM2.5, 0.12 (0.07, 0.18) for PM10, 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) for NO2, and 0.13 (0.08, 0.18) for NOx). CONCLUSION Exposure to air pollution was significantly related to an increased CAD risk, which could be further strengthened by CAD gene susceptibility. Additionally, there were positive additive interactions between genetic factors and air pollution on the onset of CAD. This can provide a more comprehensive, precise and individualized scientific basis for the risk assessment, prevention and control of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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9
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Liang X, Liang L, Fan Y. Two-sample mendelian randomization analysis investigates ambient fine particulate matter's impact on cardiovascular disease development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20129. [PMID: 37978283 PMCID: PMC10656567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5, a key component of air pollution, significantly threatens public health. Cardiovascular disease is increasingly associated with air pollution, necessitating more research. This study used a meticulous two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the potential causal link between elevated PM2.5 levels and 25 types of cardiovascular diseases. Data sourced from the UK Biobank, focusing on individuals of European ancestry, underwent primary analysis using Inverse Variance Weighting. Additional methods such as MR-Egger, weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode provided support. Sensitivity analyses assessed instrument variable heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and potential weak instrument variables. The study revealed a causal link between PM2.5 exposure and higher diagnoses of Atherosclerotic heart disease (primary or secondary, OR [95% CI] 1.0307 [1.0103-1.0516], p-value = 0.003 and OR [95% CI] 1.0179 [1.0028-1.0333], p-value = 0.0202) and Angina pectoris (primary or secondary, OR [95% CI] 1.0303 [1.0160-1.0449], p-value = 3.04e-05 and OR [95% CI] 1.0339 [1.0081-1.0603], p-value = 0.0096). Additionally, PM2.5 exposure increased the likelihood of diagnoses like Other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease (secondary, OR [95% CI] 1.0193 [1.0042-1.0346], p-value = 0.0121), Essential hypertension (secondary, OR [95% CI] 1.0567 [1.0142-1.1010], p-value = 0.0085), Palpitations (OR [95% CI] 1.0163 [1.0071-1.0257], p-value = 5e-04), and Stroke (OR [95% CI] 1.0208 [1.0020-1.0401], p-value = 0.0301). Rigorous sensitivity analyses confirmed these significant findings' robustness and validity. Our study revealed the causal effect between higher PM2.5 concentrations and increased cardiovascular disease risks. This evidence is vital for policymakers and healthcare providers, urging targeted interventions to reduce PM2.5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lianjing Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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10
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Tabaghi S, Sheibani M, Khaheshi I, Miri R, Haji Aghajani M, Safi M, Eslami V, Pishgahi M, Alipour Parsa S, Namazi MH, Beyranvand MR, Sohrabifar N, Hassanian‐Moghaddam H, Pourmotahari F, Khaiat S, Akbarzadeh MA. Associations between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and acute myocardial infarction: A case-crossover study. Clin Cardiol 2023; 46:1319-1325. [PMID: 37501642 PMCID: PMC10642339 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies evaluated the impact of particle matters (PM) on the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) based on local registries. HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to evaluate possible short term effect of air pollutants on occurrence of AMI based on a specific case report sheet that was designed for this purpose. METHODS AMI was documented among 982 patients who referred to the emergency departments in Tehran, Iran, between July 2017 to March 2019. For each patient, case period was defined as 24 hour period preceding the time of emergency admission and referent periods were defined as the corresponding time in 1, 2, and 3 weeks before the admission. The associations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2 .5 ) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10 ) with AMI were analyzed using conditional logistic regression in a case-crossover design. RESULT Increase in PM2.5 and PM10 was significantly associated with the occurrence of AMI with and without adjustment for the temperature and humidity. In the adjusted model each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5 in case periods was significantly associated with increase myocardial infarction events (95% CI = 1.041-1.099, OR = 1.069 and 95% CI = 1.073-1.196, and OR = 1.133, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that increase in PM10 did not increase AMI events in diabetic subgroup, but in all other subgroups PM10 and PM2 .5 concentration showed positive associations with increased AMI events. CONCLUSION Acute exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of AMI irrespective of temperature and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Tabaghi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Sheibani
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Isa Khaheshi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Reza Miri
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Haji Aghajani
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Morteza Safi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Eslami
- Department of CardiologyShahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Pishgahi
- Department of CardiologyShohada‐e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeed Alipour Parsa
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Beyranvand
- Department of CardiologyTaleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nasim Sohrabifar
- Cardiovascular Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Fatemeh Pourmotahari
- Department of Community MedicineSchool of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical SciencesDezfulIran
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11
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Mahmood R, Said A, Kanagala SG, Gupta V, Jain R. Unraveling the link: exploring the effects of environmental change on the cardiovascular system. Future Cardiol 2023; 19:649-659. [PMID: 37830331 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2023-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has a particularly detrimental effect on the cardiovascular system, which is highly vulnerable to harmful impacts. The accumulation of particulate matter (PM) and greenhouse gasses in the environment negatively impacts the cardiovascular system through several mechanisms. The burden of climate change-related diseases falls disproportionately on vulnerable populations, including the elderly, the poor, and those with pre-existing health conditions. A key component of addressing the complex interplay between climate change and cardiovascular diseases is acknowledging health disparities among vulnerable populations resulting from climate change, familiarizing themselves with strategies for adapting to changing conditions, educating patients about climate-related cardiovascular risks, and advocating for policies that promote cleaner environments and sustainable practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Mahmood
- Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Aimen Said
- CMH Lahore Medical College, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Vasu Gupta
- Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine Institution: Avalon University School of Medicine, WTC, Piscaderaweg z/n, Willemstad, Curaçao
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12
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Abstract
As the world's population becomes increasingly urbanized, there is growing concern about the impact of urban environments on cardiovascular health. Urban residents are exposed to a variety of adverse environmental exposures throughout their lives, including air pollution, built environment, and lack of green space, which may contribute to the development of early cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. While epidemiological studies have examined the role of a few environmental factors with early cardiovascular disease, the relationship with the broader environment remains poorly defined. In this article, we provide a brief overview of studies that have examined the impact of the environment including the built physical environment, discuss current challenges in the field, and suggest potential directions for future research. Additionally, we highlight the clinical implications of these findings and propose multilevel interventions to promote cardiovascular health among children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuanfei Li
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Lee MK, Kim HD, Lee SH, Lee JH. Curcumin Ameliorates Particulate Matter-Induced Pulmonary Injury through Bimodal Regulation of Macrophage Inflammation via NF-κB and Nrf2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031858. [PMID: 36768180 PMCID: PMC9915121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct effects of particulate matter (PM) on lung injury and its specific molecular mechanisms are unclear. However, experimental evidence has shown that oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in macrophages is the main pathological outcome of PM exposure. Curcumin has been reported to protect organs against the disturbance of homeostasis caused by various toxic agents through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. However, the protective action of curcumin against PM-induced pulmonary inflammation and the underlying mechanism have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we established a PM-induced pulmonary inflammation mouse model using the intratracheal instillation method to investigate the protective ability of curcumin against PM-induced pulmonary inflammation. Compared to the mice treated with PM only, the curcumin-treated mice showed alleviated alveolar damage, decreased immune cell infiltration, and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in both lung tissue and BALF. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used. Pretreatment with curcumin prevented the production of PM-induced proinflammatory cytokines by deactivating NF-κB through the suppression of MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, curcumin appears to attenuate PM-induced oxidative stress through the activation of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant signaling. Our findings demonstrate that curcumin protects against PM-induced lung injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Group for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Dam Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Group for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Group for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- Biological Clock-Based Anti-Aging Convergence RLRC, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.L.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-044-860-1764 (J.H.L.)
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Group for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- Biological Clock-Based Anti-Aging Convergence RLRC, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.H.L.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-044-860-1764 (J.H.L.)
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14
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Zhu Z, Zhao X, Zhu L, Xiong Y, Cong S, Zhou M, Zhang M, Cheng M, Luo X. Effects of short-term waterfall forest aerosol air exposure on rat lung proteomics. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1223. [PMID: 36544689 PMCID: PMC9761115 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to airborne microparticles has been shown to increase the incidence of several chronic diseases. Previous studies have found that waterfall forest aerosols contribute to a diminished immune stress response in patients with asthma. However, the specific effects of short-term waterfall forest aerosol exposure on lung proteins have not been fully elucidated. Methods This study used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze changes in protein expression in the lungs of rats exposed to short-term waterfall forest aerosol environments. Specific protein markers were identified using bioconductivity analysis screening and validated using immunohistochemistry. Results Waterfall forest aerosol environment exposure on day 5 downregulated the expression of the classical inflammatory pathway nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. As the waterfall forest aerosol environment increased due to the duration of exposure, it was involved in oxidative phosphorylation and then hormone signaling in lung cells from the very beginning. In contrast, at day 15 of exposure, there is an effect on the regulation of the immune-related high-affinity IgE receptor pathway. In addition, iron-sulfur Rieske protein (Uqcrfs1), mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor (Tufm) and ribosomal protein L4 (Rpl4) were identified as possible bioindicators for the evaluation of air quality. Conclusions These results provide a comprehensive proteomic analysis that supports the positive contribution of a good air quality environment to lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Cong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingyu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingliang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinhua Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
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15
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Abstract
Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented.
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