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Ma F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Cao Q, Ma H, Xie D, Zhang B, Yu J, Li X, Xie Q, Wan G, Guo M, Guo J, Yin J, Liu G. Effects of umami substances as taste enhancers on salt reduction in meat products: A review. Food Res Int 2024; 185:114248. [PMID: 38658067 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sodium is one of the essential additives in meat processing, but excessive sodium intake may increase risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, reducing salt content while preserving its preservative effect, organoleptic properties, and technological characteristics poses challenges. In this review, the mechanism of salt reduction of umami substances was introduced from the perspective of gustation-taste interaction, and the effects of the addition of traditional umami substances (amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids(OAs)) and natural umami ingredients (mushrooms, seaweeds, tomatoes, soybeans, tea, grains) on the sensory properties of the meat with reduced-salt contents were summarized. In addition, the impacts of taste enhancers on eating quality (color, sensory, textural characteristics, and water-holding capacity (WHC)), and processing quality (lipid oxidation, pH) of meat products (MP) and their related mechanisms were also discussed. Among them, natural umami ingredients exhibit distinct advantages over traditional umami substances in terms of enhancing quality and nutritional value. On the basis of salt reduction, natural umami ingredients improve the flavor, texture, WHC and antioxidant capacity. This comprehensive review may provide the food industry with a theoretical foundation for mitigating salt consumption through the utilization of umami substances and natural ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yuanlv Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Haiyang Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Delang Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Qiwen Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guoling Wan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Mei Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Jiajun Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guishan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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2
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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3
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Gates CA, Backos DS, Reigan P, Natale NR. The Lateral Metalation of Isoxazolo[3,4- d]pyridazinones towards Hit-to-Lead Development of Selective Positive Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2023; 28:6800. [PMID: 37836643 PMCID: PMC10574779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazolo[3,4-d] pyridazinones ([3,4-d]s) were previously shown to have selective positive modulation at the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) Subtypes 2 and 4, with no functional cross-reactivity at mGluR1a, mGluR5, or mGluR8. Additional analogs were prepared to access more of the allosteric pocket and achieve higher binding affinity, as suggested by homology modeling. Two different sets of analogs were generated. One uses the fully formed [3,4-d] with an N6-aryl with and without halogens. These underwent successful selective lateral metalation and electrophilic quenching (LM&EQ) at the C3 of the isoxazole. In a second set of analogs, a phenyl group was introduced at the C4 position of the [3,4-d] ring via a condensation of 4-phenylacetyl-3-ethoxcarbonyl-5-methyl isoxazole with the corresponding hydrazine to generate the 3,4-ds 2b and 2j to 2n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Gates
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas R Natale
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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4
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Luo ML, Zhao Q, He XH, Xie X, Zhu HP, You FM, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Research progress of indole-fused derivatives as allosteric modulators: Opportunities for drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114574. [PMID: 36996677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation is a direct and effective method for regulating the function of biological macromolecules, which play vital roles in various cellular activities. Unlike orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators bind to sites distant from the protein's orthosteric/active site and can have specific effects on the protein's function or activity without competing with endogenous ligands. Compared to traditional orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators offer several advantages, including reduced side effects, greater specificity, and lower toxicity, making them a promising strategy for developing novel drugs. Indole-fused architectures are widely distributed in natural products and bioactive drug leads, displaying diverse biological activities that attract the interest of both chemists and biologists in drug discovery. Currently, an increasing number of indole-fused compounds have exhibited potent activities in allosteric modulation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of examples of allosteric modulators based on the indole-fused complex architecture, highlighting the strategies for drug design/discovery and the structure-activity relationships of allosteric modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
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Verdelli C, Tavanti GS, Forno I, Vaira V, Maggiore R, Vicentini L, Dalino Ciaramella P, Perticone F, Lombardi G, Corbetta S. Osteocalcin modulates parathyroid cell function in human parathyroid tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129930. [PMID: 37065733 PMCID: PMC10098338 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bone matrix protein osteocalcin (OC), secreted by osteoblasts, displays endocrine effects. We tested the hypothesis that OC modulates parathyroid tumor cell function. METHODS Primary cell cultures derived from parathyroid adenomas (PAds) and HEK293 cells transiently transfected with the putative OC receptor GPRC6A or the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) were used as experimental models to investigate γ-carboxylated OC (GlaOC) or uncarboxylated OC (GluOC) modulation of intracellular signaling. RESULTS In primary cell cultures derived from PAds, incubation with GlaOC or GluOC modulated intracellular signaling, inhibiting pERK/ERK and increasing active β-catenin levels. GlaOC increased the expression of PTH, CCND1 and CASR, and reduced CDKN1B/p27 and TP73. GluOC stimulated transcription of PTH, and inhibited MEN1 expression. Moreover, GlaOC and GluOC reduced staurosporin-induced caspase 3/7 activity. The putative OC receptor GPRC6A was detected in normal and tumor parathyroids at membrane or cytoplasmic level in cells scattered throughout the parenchyma. In PAds, the membrane expression levels of GPRC6A and its closest homolog CASR positively correlated; GPRC6A protein levels positively correlated with circulating ionized and total calcium, and PTH levels of the patients harboring the analyzed PAds. Using HEK293A transiently transfected with either GPRC6A or CASR, and PAds-derived cells silenced for CASR, we showed that GlaOC and GluOC modulated pERK/ERK and active β-catenin mainly through CASR activation. CONCLUSION Parathyroid gland emerges as a novel target of the bone secreted hormone osteocalcin, which may modulate tumor parathyroid CASR sensitivity and parathyroid cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stefania Tavanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Forno
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca` Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca` Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strenght and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sabrina Corbetta,
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Cramer JF, Miller ET, Ko MC, Liang Q, Cockburn G, Nakagita T, Cardinale M, Fusani L, Toda Y, Baldwin MW. A single residue confers selective loss of sugar sensing in wrynecks. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4270-4278.e5. [PMID: 35985327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors evolve, and changes to their response profiles can directly impact sensory perception and affect diverse behaviors, from mate choice to foraging decisions.1-3 Although receptor sensitivities can be highly contingent on changes occurring early in a lineage's evolutionary history,4 subsequent shifts in a species' behavior and ecology may exert selective pressure to modify and even reverse sensory receptor capabilities.5-7 Neither the extent to which sensory reversion occurs nor the mechanisms underlying such shifts is well understood. Using receptor profiling and behavioral tests, we uncover both an early gain and an unexpected subsequent loss of sugar sensing in woodpeckers, a primarily insectivorous family of landbirds.8,9 Our analyses show that, similar to hummingbirds10 and songbirds,4 the ancestors of woodpeckers repurposed their T1R1-T1R3 savory receptor to detect sugars. Importantly, whereas woodpeckers seem to have broadly retained this ability, our experiments demonstrate that wrynecks (an enigmatic ant-eating group sister to all other woodpeckers) selectively lost sugar sensing through a novel mechanism involving a single amino acid change in the T1R3 transmembrane domain. The identification of this molecular microswitch responsible for a sensory shift in taste receptors provides an example of the molecular basis of a sensory reversion in vertebrates and offers novel insights into structure-function relationships during sensory receptor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Cramer
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Glenn Cockburn
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan; Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Austrian Ornithological Centre, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
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Liauw BWH, Foroutan A, Schamber MR, Lu W, Samareh Afsari H, Vafabakhsh R. Conformational fingerprinting of allosteric modulators in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. eLife 2022; 11:78982. [PMID: 35775730 PMCID: PMC9299836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an allosteric process. It involves conformational coupling between the orthosteric ligand binding site and the G protein binding site. Factors that bind at non-cognate ligand binding sites to alter the allosteric activation process are classified as allosteric modulators and represent a promising class of therapeutics with distinct modes of binding and action. For many receptors, how modulation of signaling is represented at the structural level is unclear. Here, we developed FRET sensors to quantify receptor modulation at each of the three structural domains of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). We identified the conformational fingerprint for several allosteric modulators in live cells. This approach enabled us to derive a receptor-centric representation of allosteric modulation and to correlate structural modulation to the standard signaling modulation metrics. Single-molecule FRET analysis revealed that a NAM increases the occupancy of one of the intermediate states while a PAM increases the occupancy of the active state. Moreover, we found that the effect of allosteric modulators on the receptor dynamics is complex and depend on the orthosteric ligand. Collectively, our findings provide a structural mechanism of allosteric modulation in mGluR2 and suggest possible strategies for design of future modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Foroutan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Michael R Schamber
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Weifeng Lu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | | | - Reza Vafabakhsh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
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Liu L, Fan Z, Rovira X, Xue L, Roux S, Brabet I, Xin M, Pin JP, Rondard P, Liu J. Allosteric ligands control the activation of a class C GPCR heterodimer by acting at the transmembrane interface. eLife 2021; 10:70188. [PMID: 34866572 PMCID: PMC8700296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most promising drug targets. They often form homo- and heterodimers with allosteric cross-talk between receptor entities, which contributes to fine-tuning of transmembrane signaling. Specifically controlling the activity of GPCR dimers with ligands is a good approach to clarify their physiological roles and validate them as drug targets. Here, we examined the mode of action of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that bind at the interface of the transmembrane domains of the heterodimeric GABAB receptor. Our site-directed mutagenesis results show that mutations of this interface impact the function of the three PAMs tested. The data support the inference that they act at the active interface between both transmembrane domains, the binding site involving residues of the TM6s of the GABAB1 and the GABAB2 subunit. Importantly, the agonist activity of these PAMs involves a key region in the central core of the GABAB2 transmembrane domain, which also controls the constitutive activity of the GABAB receptor. This region corresponds to the sodium ion binding site in class A GPCRs that controls the basal state of the receptors. Overall, these data reveal the possibility of developing allosteric compounds able to specifically modulate the activity of GPCR homo- and heterodimers by acting at their transmembrane interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhiran Fan
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xavier Rovira
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Xue
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Salomé Roux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Brabet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mingxia Xin
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Nakagita T, Taketani C, Narukawa M, Hirokawa T, Kobayashi T, Misaka T. Ibuprofen, a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, is a Potent Inhibitor of the Human Sweet Taste Receptor. Chem Senses 2021; 45:667-673. [PMID: 32832995 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A sweet taste receptor is composed of heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors T1R2 and T1R3. Although there are many sweet tastants, only a few compounds have been reported as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), such as lactisole, its structural derivative 2,4-DP, and gymnemic acid. In this study, candidates for NAMs of the sweet taste receptor were explored, focusing on the structural motif of lactisole. Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has an α-methylacetic acid moiety, and this structure is also shared by lactisole and 2,4-DP. When ibuprofen was applied together with 1 mM aspartame to the cells that stably expressed the sweet taste receptor, it inhibited the receptor activity in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value of ibuprofen against the human sweet taste receptor was calculated as approximately 12 μM, and it was almost equal to that of 2,4-DP, which is known as the most potent NAM for the receptor to date. On the other hand, when the inhibitory activities of other profens were examined, naproxen also showed relatively potent NAM activity against the receptor. The results from both mutant analysis for the transmembrane domain (TMD) of T1R3 and docking simulation strongly suggest that ibuprofen and naproxen interact with T1R3-TMD, similar to lactisole and 2,4-DP. However, although 2,4-DP and ibuprofen had almost the same inhibitory activities, these activities were acquired by filling different spaces of the ligand pocket of T1R3-TMD; this knowledge could lead to the rational design of a novel NAM against the sweet taste receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Chiaki Taketani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Narukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Structural mechanism of cooperative activation of the human calcium-sensing receptor by Ca 2+ ions and L-tryptophan. Cell Res 2021; 31:383-394. [PMID: 33603117 PMCID: PMC8115157 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responsible for maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood. The general consensus is that extracellular Ca2+ is the principal agonist of CaSR. Aliphatic and aromatic L-amino acids, such as L-Phe and L-Trp, increase the sensitivity of CaSR towards Ca2+ and are considered allosteric activators. Crystal structures of the extracellular domain (ECD) of CaSR dimer have demonstrated Ca2+ and L-Trp binding sites and conformational changes of the ECD upon Ca2+/L-Trp binding. However, it remains to be understood at the structural level how Ca2+/L-Trp binding to the ECD leads to conformational changes in transmembrane domains (TMDs) and consequent CaSR activation. Here, we determined the structures of full-length human CaSR in the inactive state, Ca2+- or L-Trp-bound states, and Ca2+/L-Trp-bound active state using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Structural studies demonstrate that L-Trp binding induces the closure of the Venus flytrap (VFT) domain of CaSR, bringing the receptor into an intermediate active state. Ca2+ binding relays the conformational changes from the VFT domains to the TMDs, consequently inducing close contact between the two TMDs of dimeric CaSR, activating the receptor. Importantly, our structural and functional studies reveal that Ca2+ ions and L-Trp activate CaSR cooperatively. Amino acids are not able to activate CaSR alone, but can promote the receptor activation in the presence of Ca2+. Our data provide complementary insights into the activation of class C GPCRs and may aid in the development of novel drugs targeting CaSR.
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11
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Yang D, Zhou Q, Labroska V, Qin S, Darbalaei S, Wu Y, Yuliantie E, Xie L, Tao H, Cheng J, Liu Q, Zhao S, Shui W, Jiang Y, Wang MW. G protein-coupled receptors: structure- and function-based drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:7. [PMID: 33414387 PMCID: PMC7790836 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most successful therapeutic target families, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have experienced a transformation from random ligand screening to knowledge-driven drug design. We are eye-witnessing tremendous progresses made recently in the understanding of their structure-function relationships that facilitated drug development at an unprecedented pace. This article intends to provide a comprehensive overview of this important field to a broader readership that shares some common interests in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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13
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Ellaithy A, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Logothetis DA, Levitz J. Structural and Biophysical Mechanisms of Class C G Protein-Coupled Receptor Function. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1049-1064. [PMID: 32861513 PMCID: PMC7642020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Groundbreaking structural and spectroscopic studies of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as rhodopsin and the β2 adrenergic receptor, have provided a picture of how structural rearrangements between transmembrane helices control ligand binding, receptor activation, and effector coupling. However, the activation mechanism of other GPCR classes remains more elusive, in large part due to complexity in their domain assembly and quaternary structure. In this review, we focus on the class C GPCRs, which include metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptors (GABABRs) most prominently. We discuss the unique biophysical questions raised by the presence of large extracellular ligand-binding domains (LBDs) and constitutive homo/heterodimerization. Furthermore, we discuss how recent studies have begun to unravel how these fundamental class C GPCR features impact the processes of ligand binding, receptor activation, signal transduction, regulation by accessory proteins, and crosstalk with other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ellaithy
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Diomedes A Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Ahmad R, Dalziel JE. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587664. [PMID: 33390961 PMCID: PMC7774309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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15
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Bernardor J, Flammier S, Ranchin B, Gaillard S, Platel D, Peyruchaud O, Machuca-Gayet I, Bacchetta J. Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation by 1.25-D and the Calcimimetic KP2326 Reveals 1.25-D Resistance in Advanced CKD. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2265-2274. [PMID: 32598518 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Active vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics are the main therapies used for treating secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 19 pediatric patients with CKD1-5D and 6 healthy donors (HD) were differentiated into mature osteoclasts with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The effects of single or combined treatment with active vitamin D (1.25-D) and/or calcimimetic KP2326 were evaluated on osteoclastic differentiation and osteoclastic-mediated bone resorption. Although 1.25-D inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, a significant resistance to 1.25-D was observed when glomerular filtration rate decreased. A significant albeit less important inhibitory effect of KP2326 on osteoclastic differentiation was also found both in cells derived from HD and CKD patients, through a putative activation of the Erk pathway. This inhibitory effect was not modified by CKD stage. Combinatorial treatment with 1.25-D and KP2326 did not result in synergistic effects. Last, KP2326 significantly inhibited osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Both 1.25-D and KP2326 inhibit osteoclastic differentiation, however, to a different extent. There is a progressive resistance to 1.25-D in advanced CKD that is not found with KP2326. KP2326 also inhibits bone resorption. Given that 1.25-D has no effect on osteoclastic resorption activity and that calcimimetics also have direct anabolic effects on osteoblasts, there is an experimental rationale that could favor the use of decreased doses of 1.25-D with low doses of calcimimetics in SHPT in dialysis to improve the underlying osteodystrophy. However, this last point deserves confirmatory clinical studies. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bernardor
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sacha Flammier
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Bruno Ranchin
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Ségolène Gaillard
- INSERM CIC 1407, CNRS UMR 5558 and Service de Pharmacotoxicologie Clinique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Diane Platel
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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16
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Wingler LM, Lefkowitz RJ. Conformational Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:736-747. [PMID: 32622699 PMCID: PMC7483927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are privileged structural scaffolds in biology that have the versatility to regulate diverse physiological processes. Interestingly, many GPCR ligands exhibit significant 'bias' - the ability to preferentially activate subsets of the many cellular pathways downstream of these receptors. Recently, complementary information from structural and spectroscopic approaches has made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of these biased ligands. The consistently emerging theme is that GPCRs are highly dynamic proteins, and ligands with varying pharmacological properties differentially modulate the equilibrium among multiple conformations. Biased signaling and other recently appreciated complexities of GPCR signaling thus appear to be a natural consequence of the conformational heterogeneity of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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17
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Lo Giudice C, Zhang H, Wu B, Alsteens D. Mechanochemical Activation of Class-B G-Protein-Coupled Receptor upon Peptide-Ligand Binding. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5575-5582. [PMID: 32578992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon binding to the class-B G-protein-coupled glucagon receptor (GCGR) triggers the release of glucose from the liver during fasting. Recently, GCGR crystal structures have highlighted the conformation and molecular details of inactive and active receptor states. However, the dynamics of the conformational changes accompanying GCGR activation remains unclear. Here, we use multiplex force-distance curve-based atomic force microscopy (FD-based AFM) to probe in situ glucagon binding to individual GCGRs and monitor dynamically the transition to the active conformer. After a "dock" step, in which glucagon is partially bound to the GCGR extracellular domain, further interactions of the N-terminus with the transmembrane domain trigger an increase in the stiffness of the complex, adopting a highly stable and rigid "lock" conformer. This mechanotransduction is key for G-protein recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lo Giudice
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Haonan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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18
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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19
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Sengmany K, Hellyer SD, Christopoulos A, Lapinsky DJ, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Differential contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 common allosteric binding site residues to biased allosteric agonism. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Probe dependence and biased potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is mediated by differential ligand interactions in the common allosteric binding site. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Current Progress in Understanding the Structure and Function of Sweet Taste Receptor. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:234-244. [PMID: 32607758 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor, which was identified approximately 20 years ago, mediates sweet taste recognition in humans and other vertebrates. With the development of genomics, metabonomics, structural biology, evolutionary biology, physiology, and neuroscience, as well as technical advances in these areas, our understanding of this important protein has resulted in substantial progress. This article reviews the structure, function, genetics, and evolution of the sweet taste receptor and offers meaningful insights into this G protein-coupled receptor, which may be helpful guidances for personalized feeding, diet, and medicine. Prospective directions for research on sweet taste receptors have also been proposed.
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22
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Patel BS, Ravix J, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Class C GPCRs in the airway. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:19-28. [PMID: 32375079 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and targeting of GPCRs remain a critical aspect of airway pharmacology and therapeutics for diseases such as asthma or COPD. Most attention has been on the large Class A GPCRs towards improved bronchodilation and blunting of remodeling. Better known in the central or peripheral nervous system, there is increasing evidence that Class C GPCRs which include metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors, the calcium sensing receptor, sweet/umami taste receptors and a number of orphan receptors, can contribute to airway structure and function. In this review, we will summarize current state of knowledge regarding the pharmacology of Class C GPCRs, their expression and potential functions in the airways, and the application of pharmacological agents targeting this group in the context of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijeshkumar S Patel
- Department of Anesthesiologyand Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jovanka Ravix
- Department of Anesthesiologyand Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christina Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiologyand Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiologyand Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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23
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Jmaeff S, Sidorova Y, Lippiatt H, Barcelona PF, Nedev H, Saragovi LM, Hancock MA, Saarma M, Saragovi HU. Small-Molecule Ligands that Bind the RET Receptor Activate Neuroprotective Signals Independent of but Modulated by Coreceptor GFR α1. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:1-12. [PMID: 32362584 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds the GFRα1 receptor, and the GDNF-GFRα1 complex binds to and activates the transmembrane RET tyrosine kinase to signal through intracellular Akt/Erk pathways. To dissect the GDNF-GFRα1-RET signaling complex, agents that bind and activate RET directly and independently of GFRα1 expression are valuable tools. In a focused naphthalenesulfonic acid library from the National Cancer Institute database, we identified small molecules that are genuine ligands binding to the RET extracellular domain. These ligands activate RET tyrosine kinase and afford trophic signals irrespective of GFRα1 coexpression. However, RET activation by these ligands is constrained by GFRα1, likely via an allosteric mechanism that can be overcome by increasing RET ligand concentration. In a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, monotherapy with a small-molecule RET agonist activates survival signals and reduces neuronal death significantly better than GDNF, suggesting therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A genuine ligand of RET receptor ectodomain was identified, which acts as an agonist. Binding and agonism are independent of a coreceptor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α, which is required by the natural growth factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and are selective for cells expressing RET. The lead agent protects neurons from death in vivo. This work validates RET receptor as a druggable therapeutic target and provides for potential leads to evaluate in neurodegenerative states. We also report problems that arise when screening chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Yulia Sidorova
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Hayley Lippiatt
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Pablo F Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Hinyu Nedev
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Lucia M Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Mark A Hancock
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Mart Saarma
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
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24
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Arsova A, Møller TC, Vedel L, Hansen JL, Foster SR, Gregory KJ, Bräuner-Osborne H. Detailed In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Clinically Tested Negative Allosteric Modulators of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:49-60. [PMID: 32358164 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor has emerged as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurologic disorders. Despite the success in preclinical studies, many mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) that have reached clinical trials failed due to lack of efficacy. In this study, we provide a detailed in vitro pharmacological characterization of nine clinically and preclinically tested NAMs. We evaluated inhibition of l-glutamate-induced signaling with Ca2+ mobilization, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and real-time receptor internalization assays on rat mGlu5 expressed in HEK293A cells. Moreover, we determined association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff), as well as NAM affinities with [3H]methoxy-PEPy binding experiments. kon and koff values varied greatly between the nine NAMs (34- and 139-fold, respectively) resulting in long receptor residence times (>400 min) for basimglurant and mavoglurant, medium residence times (10-30 min) for AZD2066, remeglurant, and (RS)-remeglurant, and low residence times (<10 mins) for dipraglurant, F169521, F1699611, and STX107. We found that all NAMs inhibited l-glutamate-induced mGlu5 receptor internalization, generally with a similar potency to IP1 accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas Ca2+ mobilization was less potently inhibited. Operational model of allosterism analyses revealed that dipraglurant and (RS)-remeglurant were biased toward (affinity) receptor internalization and away (cooperativity) from the ERK1/2 phosphorylation pathway, respectively. Our study is the first to measure mGlu5 NAM binding kinetics and negative allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptor internalization and adds significant new knowledge about the molecular pharmacology of a diverse range of clinically relevant NAMs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor is important in many brain functions and implicated in several neurological pathologies. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have shown promising results in preclinical models but have so far failed in human clinical trials. Here we provide the most comprehensive and comparative molecular pharmacological study to date of nine preclinically/clinically tested NAMs at the mGlu5 receptor, which is also the first study to measure ligand binding kinetics and negative allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arsova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Line Vedel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Jakob Lerche Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
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25
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Structure-Dependent Activity of Plant-Derived Sweeteners. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081946. [PMID: 32331403 PMCID: PMC7221985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sensation for sweet tastes and the thus resulting over-consumption of sugar in recent decades has led to an increasing number of people suffering from caries, diabetes, and obesity. Therefore, a demand for sugar substitutes has arisen, which increasingly has turned towards natural sweeteners over the last 20 years. In the same period, thanks to advances in bioinformatics and structural biology, understanding of the sweet taste receptor and its different binding sites has made significant progress, thus explaining the various chemical structures found for sweet tasting molecules. The present review summarizes the data on natural sweeteners and their most important (semi-synthetic) derivatives until the end of 2019 and discusses their structure–activity relationships, with an emphasis on small-molecule high-intensity sweeteners.
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26
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Josephs TM, Keller AN, Khajehali E, DeBono A, Langmead CJ, Conigrave AD, Capuano B, Kufareva I, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Negative allosteric modulators of the human calcium-sensing receptor bind to overlapping and distinct sites within the 7-transmembrane domain. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1917-1930. [PMID: 31881094 PMCID: PMC7070164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) that target the calcium-sensing receptor (CaS receptor) were originally developed for the treatment of osteoporosis by stimulating the release of endogenous parathyroid hormone, but failed in human clinical trials. Several chemically and structurally distinct NAM scaffolds have been described, but it is not known how these different scaffolds interact with the CaS receptor to inhibit receptor signalling in response to agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present study, we used a mutagenesis approach combined with analytical pharmacology and computational modelling to probe the binding sites of four distinct NAM scaffolds. KEY RESULTS Although all four scaffolds bind to the 7-transmembrane and/or extracellular or intracellular loops, they occupy distinct regions, as previously shown for positive allosteric modulators of the CaS receptor. Furthermore, different NAM scaffolds mediate negative allosteric modulation via distinct amino acid networks. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings aid our understanding of how different NAMs bind to and inhibit the CaS receptor. Elucidation of allosteric binding sites in the CaS receptor has implications for the discovery of novel allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M. Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Andrew N. Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Arthur D. Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
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27
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Johnson KA, Lovinger DM. Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in alcohol use disorder: Insights from preclinical investigations. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 88:193-232. [PMID: 32416868 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are family C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission throughout the nervous system. Owing to recent advances in development of subtype-selective allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors, individual members of the mGlu receptor family have been proposed as targets for treating a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. In this chapter, we highlight preclinical evidence that allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors could be useful for reducing alcohol consumption and preventing relapse in alcohol use disorder (AUD). We begin with an overview of the preclinical models that are used to study mGlu receptor involvement in alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol exposure causes adaptations in both expression and function of various mGlu receptor subtypes, and pharmacotherapies aimed at reversing these adaptations have the potential to reduce alcohol consumption and seeking. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu2 and negative allosteric modulators of mGlu5 show particular promise for reducing alcohol intake and/or preventing relapse. Finally, this chapter discusses important considerations for translating preclinical findings toward the development of clinically useful drugs, including the potential for PAMs to avoid tolerance issues that are frequently observed with repeated administration of GPCR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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28
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Hellyer SD, Albold S, Sengmany K, Singh J, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu 5 )-positive allosteric modulators differentially induce or potentiate desensitization of mGlu 5 signaling in recombinant cells and neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 151:301-315. [PMID: 31376155 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5 ) are a promising therapeutic strategy for a number of neurological disorders. Multiple mGlu5 -positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes have been discovered that act as either pure PAMs or as PAM-agonists in recombinant and native cells. While these compounds have been tested in paradigms of receptor activation, their effects on receptor regulatory processes are largely unknown. In this study, acute desensitization of mGlu5 mediated intracellular calcium mobilization by structurally diverse mGlu5 orthosteric and allosteric ligands was assessed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and primary murine neuronal cultures from both striatum and cortex. We aimed to determine the intrinsic efficacy and modulatory capacity of diverse mGlu5 PAMs [(R)-5-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)-N-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl)picolinamide (VU0424465), N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)picolinamide (VU0360172), 1-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)ethanone (DPFE), ((4-fluorophenyl) (2-(phenoxymethyl)-6,7-dihydrooxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methanone) (VU0409551), 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB)] on receptor desensitization and whether cellular context influences receptor regulatory processes. Only VU0424465 and VU0409551 induced desensitization alone in human embryonic kidney 293-mGlu5 cells, while all PAMs enhanced (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced desensitization. All mGlu5 PAMs induced receptor desensitization alone and enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in striatal neurons. VU0424465 and VU0360172 were the only PAMs that induced desensitization alone in cortical neurons. With the exception of (CDPPB), PAMs enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in cortical neurons. Moreover, differential apparent affinities, efficacies, and cooperativities with DHPG were observed for VU0360172, VU0409551, and VU0424465 when comparing receptor activation and desensitization in a cell type-dependent manner. These data indicate that biased mGlu5 allosteric modulator pharmacology extends to receptor regulatory processes in a tissue dependent manner, adding yet another layer of complexity to rational mGlu5 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Albold
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junaid Singh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Zhang J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Su G, Zhao M. New insight into umami receptor, umami/umami-enhancing peptides and their derivatives: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Chen ANY, Hellyer SD, Trinh PNH, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Identification of monellin as the first naturally derived proteinaceous allosteric agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:104-115. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Y. Chen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Shane D. Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Phuc N. H. Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
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31
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Makita N, Ando T, Sato J, Manaka K, Mitani K, Kikuchi Y, Niwa T, Ootaki M, Takeba Y, Matsumoto N, Kawakami A, Ogawa T, Nangaku M, Iiri T. Cinacalcet corrects biased allosteric modulation of CaSR by AHH autoantibody. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126449. [PMID: 30996138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism is a paradigm that may explain the selective activation of a signaling pathway via a GPCR that activates multiple signals. The autoantibody-induced inactivation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) causes acquired hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (AHH). Here, we describe an instructive case of AHH in which severe hypercalcemia was accompanied by an increased CaSR antibody titer. These autoantibodies operated as biased allosteric modulators of CaSR by targeting its Venus flytrap domain near the Ca2+-binding site. A positive allosteric modulator of CaSR, cinacalcet, which targets its transmembrane domain, overcame this autoantibody effect and successfully corrected the hypercalcemia in this patient. Hence, this is the first study to our knowledge that identifies the interaction site of a disease-causing GPCR autoantibody working as its biased allosteric modulator and demonstrates that cinacalcet can correct the AHH autoantibody effects both in vitro and in our AHH patient. Our observations provide potentially new insights into how biased agonism works and how to design a biased allosteric modulator of a GPCR. Our observations also indicate that the diagnosis of AHH is important because the severity of hypercalcemia may become fatal if the autoantibody titer increases. Calcimimetics may serve as good treatment options for some patients with severe AHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Makita
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Ando
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junichiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Manaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Mitani
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kikuchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Niwa
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ogawa
- Breast Center, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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32
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Thomas P. Membrane Androgen Receptors Unrelated to Nuclear Steroid Receptors. Endocrinology 2019; 160:772-781. [PMID: 30753403 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid (nongenomic) membrane-initiated androgen actions have been described in nuclear androgen receptor-null cells. Four distinct proteins have been proposed as membrane androgen receptors (mARs) or sensors. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a calcium channel that acts as a pain receptor and mediates androgen- and menthol-induced increases in calcium levels and survival of prostate cancer cells. Testosterone (T) directly interacts with TRPM8, but extensive androgen receptor binding studies to confirm its role as an mAR are lacking. Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues, and its major ligand, 5-oxoeicosatretraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), is a potent inducer of prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. T competes for 5-oxo-ETE binding to OXER1 and antagonizes 5-oxo-ETE-mediated inhibition of cAMP production. However, OXER1 does not meet a traditional criterion for its designation as an mAR because T treatment alone does not alter cAMP signaling. GPRC6A is a class C G protein-coupled receptor activated by l-α-amino acids and is modulated by calcium. Although there has been controversy over the proposed role of T as a GPRC6A ligand, androgen induction of GPRC6A signaling has recently been confirmed by several researchers. ZIP9 belongs to the zinc transporter ZIP (SLC39A) family and displays specific T binding characteristic of an mAR. ZIP9 mediates androgen-dependent intracellular signaling and apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells through activation of G proteins. Androgen-signaling functions of ZIP9 have been confirmed in other cells, but the overall importance of ZIP9 in androgen physiology remains unclear. Here, the current status of these four proteins as mARs or sensors is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
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33
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Park J, Selvam B, Sanematsu K, Shigemura N, Shukla D, Procko E. Structural architecture of a dimeric class C GPCR based on co-trafficking of sweet taste receptor subunits. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4759-4774. [PMID: 30723160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are obligatory dimers that are particularly important for neuronal responses to endogenous and environmental stimuli. Ligand recognition through large extracellular domains leads to the reorganization of transmembrane regions to activate G protein signaling. Although structures of individual domains are known, the complete architecture of a class C GPCR and the mechanism of interdomain coupling during receptor activation are unclear. By screening a mutagenesis library of the human class C sweet taste receptor subunit T1R2, we enhanced surface expression and identified a dibasic intracellular retention motif that modulates surface expression and co-trafficking with its heterodimeric partner T1R3. Using a highly expressed T1R2 variant, dimerization sites along the entire subunit within all the structural domains were identified by a comprehensive mutational scan for co-trafficking with T1R3 in human cells. The data further reveal that the C terminus of the extracellular cysteine-rich domain needs to be properly folded for T1R3 dimerization and co-trafficking, but not for surface expression of T1R2 alone. These results guided the modeling of the T1R2-T1R3 dimer in living cells, which predicts a twisted arrangement of domains around the central axis, and a continuous folded structure between transmembrane domain loops and the cysteine-rich domains. These insights have implications for how conformational changes between domains are coupled within class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Balaji Selvam
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
| | - Keisuke Sanematsu
- the Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, and.,the Division of Sensory Physiology-Medical Application Sensing, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- the Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Science, and.,the Division of Sensory Physiology-Medical Application Sensing, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
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34
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Hannan FM, Kallay E, Chang W, Brandi ML, Thakker RV. The calcium-sensing receptor in physiology and in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 15:33-51. [PMID: 30443043 PMCID: PMC6535143 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family C G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and signals via G proteins and β-arrestin. The CaSR has a pivotal role in bone and mineral metabolism, as it regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, urinary Ca2+ excretion, skeletal development and lactation. The importance of the CaSR for these calcitropic processes is highlighted by loss-of-function and gain-of-function CaSR mutations that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, respectively, and also by the fact that alterations in parathyroid CaSR expression contribute to the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, the CaSR is an established therapeutic target for hyperparathyroid disorders. The CaSR is also expressed in organs not involved in Ca2+ homeostasis: it has noncalcitropic roles in lung and neuronal development, vascular tone, gastrointestinal nutrient sensing, wound healing and secretion of insulin and enteroendocrine hormones. Furthermore, the abnormal expression or function of the CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as in asthma, and the CaSR is reported to protect against colorectal cancer and neuroblastoma but increase the malignant potential of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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35
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Gregory K, Kufareva I, Keller AN, Khajehali E, Mun HC, Goolam MA, Mason RS, Capuano B, Conigrave AD, Christopoulos A, Leach K. Dual Action Calcium-Sensing Receptor Modulator Unmasks Novel Mode-Switching Mechanism. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:96-109. [PMID: 32219206 PMCID: PMC7089027 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have previously failed to show efficacy in human osteoporosis clinical trials, but there is now significant interest in repurposing these drugs for hypocalcemic disorders and inflammatory lung diseases. However, little is known about how CaSR NAMs inhibit the response to endogenous activators. An improved understanding of CaSR negative allosteric modulation may afford the opportunity to develop therapeutically superior CaSR-targeting drugs. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanistic and structural basis of allosteric modulation mediated by the previously reported NAM, calhex231, we herein demonstrate that calhex231 actually potentiates or inhibits the activity of multiple CaSR agonists depending on whether it occupies one or both protomers in a CaSR dimer. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of mode-switching at a Class C G protein-coupled receptor that has implications for drug discovery and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen
J. Gregory
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California MC 0747, United States
| | - Andrew N. Keller
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hee-Chang Mun
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mahvash A. Goolam
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur D. Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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36
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Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:638-653. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Ramirez VT, van Oeffelen WEPA, Torres-Fuentes C, Chruścicka B, Druelle C, Golubeva AV, van de Wouw M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists. FASEB J 2018; 33:518-531. [PMID: 30020830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800655r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a] represents a promising pharmacologic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity and cachexia, via central appetite modulation. The GHSR-1a has a complex pharmacology, highlighted by G-protein-dependent and -independent downstream signaling pathways and high basal constitutive activity. The functional selectivity and signaling bias of many GHSR-1a-specific ligands has not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the pharmacologic properties of ghrelin, MK-0677, L692,585, and [d-Lys3]-growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (Dlys), JMV2959, and [d-Arg(1),d-Phe(5),d-Trp(7, 9),Leu(11)]-substance P (SP-analog). We investigated their effect on basal GHSR-1a constitutive signaling, ligand-directed downstream GHSR-1a signaling, functional selectivity, and signaling bias. Dlys behaved as a partial antagonist with a strong bias toward GHSR-1a-β-arrestin signaling, whereas JMV2959 acted as a full unbiased GHSR-1a antagonist. Moreover, the SP-analog behaved as an inverse agonist increasing G-protein-dependent signaling, but only at high concentrations, whereas, at low concentrations, the SP-analog attenuated β-arrestin-dependent signaling. Considering the limited success in the clinical development of GHSR-1a-targeted drugs so far, these findings provide a novel insight into the pharmacologic characteristics of GHSR-1a ligands and their signaling bias, which has important implications in the design of novel, more selective GHSR-1a ligands with predictable functional outcome and selectivity for preclinical and clinical drug development.-Ramirez, V. T., van Oeffelen, W. E. P. A., Torres-Fuentes, C., Chruścicka, B., Druelle, C., Golubeva, A. V., van de Wouw, M., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., Schellekens, H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Ramirez
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clementine Druelle
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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38
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Fu T, Zheng G, Tu G, Yang F, Chen Y, Yao X, Li X, Xue W, Zhu F. Exploring the Binding Mechanism of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Negative Allosteric Modulators in Clinical Trials by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29522307 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) plays a key role in synaptic information storage and memory, which is a well-known target for a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the increasing efforts have been focused on the design of allosteric modulators, and the negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) are the front-runners. Recently, the architecture of the transmembrane (TM) domain of mGlu5 receptor has been determined by crystallographic experiment. However, it has been not well understood how the pharmacophores of NAMs accommodated into the allosteric binding site. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on mGlu5 receptor bound with NAMs in preclinical or clinical development to shed light on this issue. In order to identify the key residues, the binding free energies as well as per-residue contributions for NAMs binding to mGlu5 receptor were calculated. Subsequently, the in silico site-directed mutagenesis of the key residues was performed to verify the accuracy of simulation models. As a result, the shared common features of the studied 5 clinically important NAMs (mavoglurant, dipraglurant, basimglurant, STX107, and fenobam) interacting with 11 residues in allosteric site were obtained. This comprehensive study presented a better understanding of mGlu5 receptor NAMs binding mechanism, which would be further used as a useful framework to assess and discover novel lead scaffolds for NAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gao Tu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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39
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Keller AN, Kufareva I, Josephs TM, Diao J, Mai VT, Conigrave AD, Christopoulos A, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Identification of Global and Ligand-Specific Calcium Sensing Receptor Activation Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:619-630. [PMID: 29636377 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are therapeutically important. However, few are approved for clinical use, in part due to complexities in assessing allostery at a receptor where the endogenous agonist (extracellular calcium) is present in all biologic fluids. Such complexity impedes efforts to quantify and optimize allosteric drug parameters (affinity, cooperativity, and efficacy) that dictate PAM structure-activity relationships (SARs). Furthermore, an underappreciation of the structural mechanisms underlying CaSR activation hinders predictions of how PAM SAR relates to in vitro and in vivo activity. Herein, we combined site-directed mutagenesis and calcium mobilization assays with analytical pharmacology to compare modes of PAM binding, positive modulation, and agonism. We demonstrate that 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-((1R)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-1-propanamine (NPS R568) binds to a 7 transmembrane domain (7TM) cavity common to class C G protein-coupled receptors and used by (αR)-(-)-α-methyl-N-[3-[3-[trifluoromethylphenyl]propyl]-1-napthalenemethanamine (cinacalcet) and 1-benzothiazol-2-yl-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanol (AC265347); however, there are subtle distinctions in the contribution of select residues to the binding and transmission of cooperativity by PAMs. Furthermore, we reveal some common activation mechanisms used by different CaSR activators, but also demonstrate some differential contributions of residues within the 7TM bundle and extracellular loops to the efficacy of the PAM-agonist, AC265347, versus cooperativity. Finally, we show that PAMS potentiate the affinity of divalent cations. Our results support the existence of both global and ligand-specific CaSR activation mechanisms and reveal that allosteric agonism is mediated in part via distinct mechanisms to positive modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Jiayin Diao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Vyvyan T Mai
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
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Hellyer SD, Albold S, Wang T, Chen ANY, May LT, Leach K, Gregory KJ. “Selective” Class C G Protein-Coupled Receptor Modulators Are Neutral or Biased mGlu5 Allosteric Ligands. Mol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Lu S, Zhang J. Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Drug–Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2018; 62:24-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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König C, Alquézar R, Vellido A, Giraldo J. Systematic Analysis of Primary Sequence Domain Segments for the Discrimination Between Class C GPCR Subtypes. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 10:43-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-018-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vass M, Kooistra AJ, Verhoeven S, Gloriam D, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. A Structural Framework for GPCR Chemogenomics: What's In a Residue Number? Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1705:73-113. [PMID: 29188559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7465-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent surge of crystal structures of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as well as comprehensive collections of sequence, structural, ligand bioactivity, and mutation data, has enabled the development of integrated chemogenomics workflows for this important target family. This chapter will focus on cross-family and cross-class studies of GPCRs that have pinpointed the need for, and the implementation of, a generic numbering scheme for referring to specific structural elements of GPCRs. Sequence- and structure-based numbering schemes for different receptor classes will be introduced and the remaining caveats will be discussed. The use of these numbering schemes has facilitated many chemogenomics studies such as consensus binding site definition, binding site comparison, ligand repurposing (e.g. for orphan receptors), sequence-based pharmacophore generation for homology modeling or virtual screening, and class-wide chemogenomics studies of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Vass
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Verhoeven
- Netherlands eScience Center, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review summarizes and discusses current knowledge on sweeteners and sweetness enhancers. RECENT FINDINGS The perception of sweet taste is mediated by the type 1 taste receptor 2 (T1R2)/type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1R3) receptor, which is expressed in the oral cavity, where it provides input on the caloric and macronutrient contents of ingested food. This receptor recognizes all the compounds (natural or artificial) perceived as sweet by people. Sweeteners are highly chemically diverse including natural sugars, sugar alcohols, natural and synthetic sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins. This single receptor is also the target for developing novel sweet enhancers. Importantly, the expression of a functional T1R2/T1R3 receptor is described in numerous extraoral tissues. In this review, the physiological impact of sweeteners is discussed. SUMMARY Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers are perceived through the T1R2/T1R3 taste receptor present both in mouth and numerous extraoral tissues. The accumulated knowledge on sugar substitutes raises the issue of potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Belloir
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du GoÛt et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
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