Bakuchiol: A newly discovered warrior against organ damage

Cannabidiol alleviates suture-induced corneal pathological angiogenesis and inflammation by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells

BACKGROUND

Currently, no perfect treatment for neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis exist, and each treatment method has its complications and side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol and its mechanism of action.

METHOD

An in vivo corneal neovascularization (CNV) model was established using the suture method to investigate the inhibitory effects of CBD on suture-induced corneal inflammation, pathological blood vessel formation, and lymphangiogenesis. Additionally, the impact of CBD on immune cells was studied. In vitro methodologies, including cell sorting and co-culture, were employed to elucidate its mechanism of action.

RESULTS

Compared with the CNV group, CBD can inhibit CNV, lymphangiogenesis, and inflammation induced via the suture method. In addition, CBD specifically induced CD45+CD11b+Gr-1+ cell upregulation, which significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro and exhibited a CD31+ phenotype, proving that they were myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We administered anti-Gr-1 to mice to eliminate MDSCs in vivo and found that anti-Gr-1 partially reversed the anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects of CBD. Furthermore, we found that compared with MDSCs in the normal group, CBD-induced MDSCs overexpress peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Administering PPAR-γ inhibitor in mice almost reversed the induction of MDSCs by CBD, demonstrating the role of PPAR-γ in the function of CBD.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that CBD may induce MDSCs upregulation by activating the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, exerting anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and lymphangiogenic effects, and revealing potential therapeutic targets for corneal neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis.

Novel roles of κ-opioid receptor in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Acute heart attack is the primary cause of cardiovascular-related death worldwide. A common treatment is reperfusion of ischemic tissue, which can cause irreversible damage to the myocardium. The number of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes is large, which generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to sustain proper cardiac contractile function, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in cell death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, leading to an increasing number of studies investigating the impact of mitochondria on ischemia-reperfusion injury. The disarray of mitochondrial dynamics, excessive Ca2+ accumulation, activation of mitochondrial permeable transition pores, swelling of mitochondria, ultimately the death of cardiomyocyte are the consequences of ischemia-reperfusion injury. κ-opioid receptors can alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, regulate mitochondrial dynamics, mitigate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, exert protective effects on myocardium. The mechanism of κ-OR activation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury will be discussed, so as to provide theoretical basis for the protection of ischemic myocardium.

Clinical effects of neuroendoscopic infratentorial supracerebellar approach surgical technique for resecting pineal tumors: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVE

Pineal tumors are relatively rare central nervous system lesions with a predilection for the pediatric population. This article aims to explore the clinical effects of neuroendoscopic infratentorial supracerebellar approach for resecting tumors in the pineal area.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study that included patients who underwent neuroendoscopic infratentorial supracerebellar approach to resect nine tumors in the pineal area at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from December 2017 to October 2023.

RESULTS

The results of postoperative MRI revealed that all tumors were resected. Five patients received postoperative radiotherapy, three patients received radiotherapy along with chemotherapy, and one patient received neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy. The pathological results showed that four patients were diagnosed with germinoma, two patients with teratoma, two patients with mixed germ cell tumors, and one patient with central neurocytoma. After surgery, one patient developed psychiatric symptoms, two patients developed binocular upward vision and diplopia, and one patient developed unstable walking and diplopia. With a follow-up of 1.7-4.8 years, all nine patients lived normally. Furthermore, none of them had tumor recurrence or death.

CONCLUSION

The simple neuroendoscopic infratentorial supracerebellar approach has some safety and efficacy. It is suitable for tumors in the pineal region where the disease is mainly located below the Galen vein complex.

CircRNA CDR1as affects functional repair after spinal cord injury and regulates fibrosis through the SMAD pathway

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex problem in modern medicine. Fibroblast activation and fibroscarring after SCI impede nerve recovery. Non-coding RNA plays an important role in the progression of many diseases, but the study of its role in the progression of spinal fibrosis is still emerging. Here, we investigated the function of circular RNAs, specifically antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 (CDR1as), in spinal fibrosis and characterized its molecular mechanism and pathophysiology. The presence of CDR1as in the spinal cord was verified by sequencing and RNA expression assays. The effects of inhibition of CDR1as on scar formation, inflammation and nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Further, gene expression of miR-7a-5p and protein expression of transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor II (TGF-βR2) were measured to evaluate their predicted interactions with CDR1as. The regulatory effects and activation pathways were subsequently verified by miR-7a-5p inhibitor and siCDR1as. These results indicate that CDR1as/miR-7a-5p/TGF-βR2 interactions may exert scars and nerves functions and suggest potential therapeutic targets for treating spinal fibrotic diseases.

Novel targets and therapies of metformin in dementia: old drug, new insights

Dementia is a devastating disorder characterized by progressive and persistent cognitive decline, imposing a heavy public health burden on the individual and society. Despite numerous efforts by researchers in the field of dementia, pharmacological treatments are limited to relieving symptoms and fail to prevent disease progression. Therefore, studies exploring novel therapeutics or repurposing classical drugs indicated for other diseases are urgently needed. Metformin, a first-line antihyperglycemic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been shown to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases including dementia. This review discusses and evaluates the neuroprotective role of metformin in dementia, from the perspective of basic and clinical studies. Mechanistically, metformin has been shown to improve insulin resistance, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and decrease oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Collectively, the current data presented here support the future potential of metformin as a potential therapeutic strategy for dementia. This study also inspires a new field for future translational studies and clinical research to discover novel therapeutic targets for dementia.

Bakuchiol regulates TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathways to protect against LPS-induced acute lung injury in vitro and in vivo

Bakuchiol (Bak) possesses a protective effect in acute lung injury (ALI). Nonetheless, the molecular processes that regulate the protective activity of Bak in ALI remain elusive. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats and RLE-6TN cells were used as the ALI models in vivo and in vitro to investigate the function and mechanism of Bak. Rats were divided into four groups: control, LPS, LPS + Bak (30 mg/kg), and LPS + Bak (60 mg/kg). RLE-6TN cells were assigned into four groups: control, LPS, LPS + Bak (10 µM), and LPS + Bak (20 µM). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) levels were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were quantified by ELISA. Apoptosis was analyzed by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and flow cytometry. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assayed to evaluate oxidative stress. In LPS-induced rats, Bak attenuated pathological injury, lung wet/dry weight ratio, MPO expression, and protein concentration and cell number in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Bak decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in BALF. Bak reduced MDA content and 4-HNE expression, and increased SOD and GSH-Px activities in lung tissues. Bak also repressed pulmonary apoptosis by decreasing Bax expression and enhancing Bcl-2 expression. In LPS-treated RLE-6TN cells, Bak downregulated the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX2. Bak decreased MDA level and ROS production and increased SOD and GSH-Px activities. Bak also suppressed cell apoptosis, reduced Bax expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, Bak decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-IκBα, and p-p65. Additionally, Bak inhibited Keap1 expression and increased Nrf2 and HO-1 levels. Bak protects against LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in ALI by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

LncRNA CARMN inhibits abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation by interacting with SRF

Phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a crucial role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. CARMN, a highly conserved, VSMC-enriched long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), is integral in orchestrating various vascular pathologies by modulating the phenotypic dynamics of VSMCs. The influence of CARMN on AAA formation, particularly its mechanisms, remains enigmatic. Our research, employing single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, has uncovered a significant suppression of CARMN in AAA specimens, which correlates strongly with the contractile function of VSMCs. This reduced expression of CARMN was consistent in both 7- and 14-day porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced mouse models of AAA and in human clinical cases. Functional analyses disclosed that the diminution of CARMN exacerbated PPE-precipitated AAA formation, whereas its augmentation conferred protection against such formation. Mechanistically, we found CARMN's capacity to bind with SRF, thereby amplifying its role in driving the transcription of VSMC marker genes. In addition, our findings indicate an enhancement in CAMRN transcription, facilitated by the binding of NRF2 to its promoter region. Our study indicated that CARMN plays a protective role in preventing AAA formation and restrains the phenotypic transformation of VSMC through its interaction with SRF. Additionally, we observed that the expression of CARMN is augmented by NRF2 binding to its promoter region. These findings suggest the potential of CARMN as a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of AAA.

Mechanisms of Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Advancements of Natural Small Molecules in Its Treatment

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by widespread lung dysfunction, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments available clinically. Small-molecule compounds derived from natural products represent an innovative source and have demonstrated therapeutic potential against sepsis-induced ALI. These natural small molecules may provide a promising alternative treatment option for sepsis-induced ALI. This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. It assembles critical updates (from 2014 to 2024) on natural small molecules with therapeutic potential against sepsis-induced ALI, detailing their sources, structures, effects, and mechanisms of action.

Bakuchiol, a natural constituent and its pharmacological benefits

Background and aims

Natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants have recently gained attention in therapeutics as they are considered to have lower Toxicity and higher tolerability relative to chemically synthesized compounds. Bakuchiol from Psoralea corylifolia L. is one such compound; it is a type of meroterpene derived from the leaves and seeds of Psoralea corylifolia plants. Natural sources of bakuchiol have been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for centuries due to its preventive benefits against tumors and inflammation. It plays a strong potential role as an antioxidant with impressive abilities to remove Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). This review has focused on bakuchiol's extraction, therapeutic applications, and pharmacological benefits.

Methods

A search strategy has been followed to retrieve the relevant newly published literature on the pharmacological benefits of bakuchiol. After an extensive study of the retrieved articles and maintaining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 110 articles were finally selected for this review.

Results

Strong support of primary research on the protective effects via antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities are delineated.

Conclusions

From ancient to modern life, medicinal plants have always been drawing the attention of human beings to alleviate ailments for a healthy and balanced lifestyle. This review is a comprehensive approach to highlighting bona fide essential pharmacological benefits and mechanisms underlying their therapeutic applications.

Progress in overactive bladder: novel avenues from psychology to clinical opinions

Rationale

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common, distressing condition that worsens with age and impacts quality of life significantly. As a results of its clinical symptoms, patients suffer from serious physical and mental health issues, have a poor quality of life, and participate in a serious economic burden. The key social-psychological factors include living habits, eating habits, and personality characteristics on this disease, even though the pathogenesis of OAB is complex. However, there is few cognitions and research on OAB in the field of psychology.

Methods/Search Strategy

Between 2000 and 2022, two electronic databases were systematically searched in accordance with Cochrane library guidelines (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science). An analysis of the remaining articles with relevant information was conducted using a data extraction sheet. An itemized flow diagram was adopted and used to report systematic reviews and meta-analysis. A systematic review of studies published from 2000 to 2022 in English language were conducted and included in the review.

The intended audience

Urological surgeon and psychologists majoring in urinary diseases.

Implication

As a result of this information, we are able to develop a better understanding of the role of psychological factors in the development of OAB and suggest potential therapeutic directions for OAB patients. This may benefit the recovery of OAB patients.

Revealing Edible Bird Nest as Novel Functional Foods in Combating Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies

Metabolic dysfunction, which includes intra-abdominal adiposity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, manifests into metabolic syndrome and related diseases. Therefore, the discovery of new therapies in the fight against metabolic syndrome is very challenging. This study aims to reveal the existence of an edible bird nest (EBN) as a functional food candidate that may be a new alternative in fighting metabolic syndrome. The study included three approaches: in silico molecular docking simulation, in vitro, and in vivo in rats fed on cholesterol- and fat-enriched diets. Four terpenoids of Bakuchiol, Curculigosaponin A, Dehydrolindestrenolide, and 1-methyl-3-(1-methyl-ethyl)-benzene in EBN have been identified through LCMS/MS-QTOF. In molecular docking simulations, Bakuchiol and Dehydrolindestrenolide are considered very potent because they have higher inhibitory power on the four receptors (iNOS, ROS1 kinase, FTO, and lipase) than standard drugs. In vitro tests also provide insight into the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities of EBN, which is quite feasible due to the smaller EC50 value of EBN compared to standard drugs. Interestingly, in vivo studies also showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the lipid profile, blood glucose, enzymatic levels, and inflammatory biomarkers in rats given high-dose dietary supplementation of EBN. More interestingly, high-dose dietary supplementation of EBN upregulates PGC-1α and downregulates HMG-CoA reductase. Comprehensively, it has been revealed that EBN can be novel functional foods for combating metabolic syndrome.

Synthesis and new skin-relevant properties of the salicylic acid ester of bakuchiol

Bakusylan (bakuchiol salicylate) is a bipartite compound obtained by merging two skin-active entities with complementary bioactivities-bakuchiol and salicylic acid-for the purpose of generating a new class of functional retinoids with enhanced skin benefits. Here, we describe its preparation process and report that pure bakusylan exhibits potential for an improved permeation through the stratum corneum, enhances type IV collagen gene expression in organotypic skin substitutes containing both epidermal and dermal layers, and upregulates this protein in adult human dermal fibroblast cultures. The mechanism of action underlying these effects appears to involve the components of the IP3K/Akt signaling pathway selectively implicated in the maintenance of skin integrity, further underlying the suitability of this ester for skin care applications requiring enhanced cutaneous permeation targeting the dermal-epidermal junction.

Network Pharmacology and in vitro Experimental Verification on Intervention of Quercetin, Present in Chinese Medicine Yishen Qutong Granules, on Esophageal Cancer

OBJECTIVE

To explore the potential mechanism of Yishen Qutong Granules (YSQTG) for the treatment of esophageal cancer using network pharmacology and experimental research.

METHODS

The effective components and molecular mechanism of YSQTG in treating esophageal cancer were expounded based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The key compound was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to verify the malignant phenotype of the key compounds in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Then, the interaction proteins of key compounds were screened by pull-down assay combined with mass spectrometry. RNA-seq was used to screen the differential genes in the treatment of esophageal cancer by key compounds, and the potential mechanism of key compounds on the main therapeutic targets was verified.

RESULTS

Totally 76 effective compounds of YSQTG were found, as well as 309 related targets, and 102 drug and disease interaction targets. The drug-compound-target network of YSQTG was constructed, suggesting that quercetin, luteolin, wogonin, kaempferol and baicalein may be the most important compounds, while quercetin had higher degree value and degree centrality, which might be the key compound in YSQTG. The HPLC-MS results also showed the stable presence of quercetin in YSQTG. By establishing a protein interaction network, the main therapeutic targets of YSQTG in treating esophageal cancer were Jun proto-oncogene, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and RELA proto-oncogene. The results of cell function experiments in vitro showed that quercetin could inhibit proliferation, invasion, and clonal formation of esophageal carcinoma cells. Quercetin mainly affected the biological processes of esophageal cancer cells, such as proliferation, cell cycle, and cell metastasis. A total of 357 quercetin interacting proteins were screened, and 531 genes were significantly changed. Further pathway enrichment analysis showed that quercetin mainly affects the metabolic pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B) signaling pathway, etc. Quercetin, the key compound of YSQTG, had stronger binding activity by molecular docking. Pull-down assay confirmed that NF- κ B was a quercetin-specific interaction protein, and quercetin could significantly reduce the protein level of NF- κ B, the main therapeutic target.

CONCLUSION

YSQTG can be multi-component, multi-target, multi-channel treatment of esophageal cancer, it is a potential drug for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Targeting Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Prospects of the Natural Products Approach

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the second most common subtype of stroke, remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathological mechanism of ICH is very complex, and it has been demonstrated that oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. Previous studies have shown that OS is a therapeutic target after ICH, and antioxidants have also achieved some benefits in the treatment of ICH. This review aimed to explore the promise of natural products therapy to target OS in ICH. We searched PubMed using the keywords “oxidative stress in intracerebral hemorrhage” and “natural products in intracerebral hemorrhage”. Numerous animal and cell studies on ICH have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of natural products, including polyphenols and phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, etc. In summary, natural products such as antioxidants offer the possibility of treatment of OS after ICH. However, researchers still have a long way to go to apply these natural products for the treatment of ICH more widely in the clinic.

Lycorine and organ protection: Review of its potential effects and molecular mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Multiorgan dysfunction, especially sepsis-related multiorgan damage, remains a major cause of high mortality in the late stages of infection and a great clinical challenge. In recent years, natural drugs have received widespread attention because of their low cost, wide sources, high efficacy, low toxicity, and limited side effects. Lycorine, a natural compound extracted from Amaryllidaceae, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including in the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor activities. However, studies on lycorine have mainly focused on its antitumor properties, and research on its use for organ protection, especially in sepsis-related organ injury, is relatively limited.

PURPOSE

To review and discuss the effects and mechanisms of lycorine in the treatment of multi-organ dysfunction, especially sepsis.

METHODS

Literature searches in electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were performed using 'Lycorine', 'Amaryllidaceae', 'Pharmacology', 'Pharmacokinetics', 'Anti-inflammation', 'Autophagy', 'Apoptosis', 'Anti-microbial and anti-parasitic', 'Antitumor', 'Organ protection', and 'Sepsis' as keywords, the correlated literature was extracted and conducted from the databases mentioned above.

RESULTS

By summarizing the progress made in existing research, we found that the general effects of lycorine involve the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor effects; through these pathways, the compound can ameliorate organ damage. In addition, lycorine was found to have an important effect on organ damage in sepsis.

CONCLUSION

Lycorine is a promising natural organ protective agent. This review will provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of organ protection, especially in sepsis.

Multidirectional activity of bakuchiol against cellular mechanisms of facial aging - Experimental evidence for a holistic treatment approach

Objective

Skin ageing is a multifactorial process involving formation of reactive oxygen species, consecutive inflammation with reduced epidermal and dermal cell viability and resulting damage to the extracellular matrix. Effective dermocosmetic treatment modalities should ideally address these hallmarks in a holistic approach. Here, we determined the corresponding activity profile of bakuchiol, a plant‐derived meroterpene, in an array of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies and compared it to retinol, currently considered as gold standard in topical antiageing cosmetics.

Methods

The antioxidative capacity and power of bakuchiol and retinol were analysed by measuring 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction via its absorption decay and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Effects on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), collagen type I and VII (COL1A1, COL7A1), fibronectin (FN) levels as well as the metabolization of water‐soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST‐1) were determined in human dermal fibroblasts. Epidermal regeneration was assessed utilizing an in vitro wound healing model. FN protein levels were analysed ex vivo after treatment with a formulation containing bakuchiol, retinol or vehicle using suction blister fluid. Skin condition improvement was determined in vivo in a split‐face comparison study after application of bakuchiol or vehicle.

Results

In contrast to retinol, bakuchiol demonstrated high antioxidative efficacy. Levels of PGE2 and MIF were significantly decreased by both bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol but not retinol significantly increased FGF7 protein levels. WST‐1 metabolization levels were significantly augmented by bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol and retinol application led to a significant augmentation of COL1A1, COL7A1 and FN protein levels. Wounds supplemented with bakuchiol but not retinol displayed a significant increase in epidermis regeneration. Clinically, areas treated with a bakuchiol‐containing formulation showed a statistically significant increase in FN protein values after a 4‐week application compared to untreated areas and areas treated with vehicle.

Conclusion

These data provide evidence for the multidirectional efficacy of bakuchiol against cellular hallmarks of skin ageing. Its activity profile shares some common features with retinol but demonstrates several hitherto unknown biopositive effects in our studies, namely stimulation of the critical extracellular matrix component FN, and accelerated epidermal regeneration and wound healing.

Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Quercitrin

Quercitrin is a naturally available type of flavonoid that commonly functions as the dietary ingredient and supplement. So far, a wide spectrum of bioactivities of quercitrin have been revealed, including antioxidative stress, antiinflammation, anti-microorganisms, immunomodulation, analgesia, wound healing, and vasodilation. Based on these various pharmacological activities, increasing studies have focused on the potency of quercitrin in diverse diseases in recent years, such as bone metabolic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and others. In this paper, by collecting and summarizing publications from the recent years, the natural sources, pharmacological activities and roles in various diseases, pharmacokinetics, structure-activity relationship, as well as the toxicity of quercitrin were systematically reviewed. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanisms of quercitrin in treating related diseases, the dose-effect relationships, and the novel preparations were discussed on the purpose of broadening the application prospect of quercitrin as functional food and providing reference for its clinical application. Notably, clinical studies of quercitrin are insufficient at present, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of quercitrin.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Bakuchiol Derivatives as Potent Anti-inflammatory Agents in Vitro and in Vivo

Bakuchiol, a prenylated phenolic monoterpene derived from the fruit of Psoralen corylifolia L. (Buguzhi), is widely used to treat tumors, viruses, inflammation, and bacterial infections. In this study, we designed and synthesized 30 bakuchiol derivatives to identify new anti-inflammatory drugs. The anti-inflammatory activities of the derivatives were screened using lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds, we measured nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α production. Based on the screening results, compound 7a displayed more pronounced activity than bakuchiol and celecoxib. Furthermore, the mechanistic studies indicated that 7a inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release, which was correlated with activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway and blockade of the nuclear factor-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in zebrafish indicated that 7a inhibited NO and reactive oxygen species production in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that 7a is a potential candidate for development as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Evolving Roles of Natural Terpenoids From Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic skeletal disease which can lead to reduction in bone mass and increased risk of bone fracture due to the microstructural degradation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been applied in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for a long time. Terpenoids, a class of natural products that are rich in TCM, have been widely studied for their therapeutic efficacy on bone resorption, osteogenesis, and concomitant inflammation. Terpenoids can be classified in four categories by structures, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids. In this review, we comprehensively summarize all the currently known TCM-derived terpenoids in the treatment of OP. In addition, we discuss the possible mechanistic-of-actions of all four category terpenoids in anti-OP and assess their therapeutic potential for OP treatment.

New bakuchiol dimers from Psoraleae Fructus and their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide production

BACKGROUND

Dried fruits of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Psoraleae Fructus) is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicine with treatment for nephritis, spermatorrhea, pollakiuria, asthma, and various inflammatory diseases. Bakuchiol is main meroterpenoid with bioactive diversity from Psoraleae Fructus. This study was designed to seek structural diverse bakuchiol derivants with anti-inflammatory activities from this plant.

METHODS

Various column chromatography methods were used for isolation experiment. Structures and configurations of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by the Griess reaction.

RESULTS

Twelve unpresented bakuchiol dimmers, bisbakuchiols M-U (1-9) and bisbakuchiol ethers A-C (10-12), along with five known compounds (13-17), were isolated from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia L. Compounds 1-3, 10-12, 16 and 17 exhibited inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, and the inhibition of compound 1 (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value = 11.47 ± 1.57 μM) was equal to that of L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (IC50 = 10.29 ± 1.10 μM) as a positive control.

CONCLUSIONS

Some compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against NO production, and the study of structure-activity relationship suggested that uncyclized compounds with oxygen substitution at C-12/12' showed strong inhibitory activities, and carbonyl units contributed to enhanced activities.

Effect of chronic administration with human thioredoxin-1 transplastomic lettuce on diabetic mice

SCOPE

Human thioredoxin-1 (hTrx-1) is a defensive protein induced by various stresses and exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Previously, we described a transplastomic lettuce overexpressing hTrx-1 that exerts a protective effect against oxidative damage in a pancreatic β-cell line. In this study, we treated diabetic mice (Akita mice) with exogenous hTrx-1 and evaluated the effects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Treatment with drinking water and single applications of exogenous hTrx-1 did not influence the feeding, drinking behavior, body weight, blood glucose, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in Akita mice. However, chronic administration of a 10% hTrx-1 lettuce-containing diet was associated with a significant reduction from the baseline of HbA1c levels compared with mice fed a wild-type lettuce-containing diet. It also resulted in an increased number of goblet cells in the small intestine, indicating that mucus was synthesized and secreted.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that the administration of an hTrx-1 lettuce-containing diet improves the baseline level of HbA1c in Akita mice. This effect is mediated through goblet cell proliferation and possibly related to protection against postprandial hyperglycemia by mucus, which results in the improvement of blood glucose control. These findings suggest that the hTrx-1 lettuce may be a useful tool for the continuous antioxidative and antidiabetic efficacies of the hTrx-1 protein.

Bakuchiol ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2 signaling

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality. Bakuchiol (BAK), extracted from the seeds of psoralea corylifolia, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on lung, kidney and heart injuries. However, the effect of BAK on brain I/R injury remains elusive. In our study, a cerebral I/R model in mice was established by 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion (1-h MCAO/24-h R). Prior to it, mice were gavaged with BAK (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) per day for 5 days. BAK pre-treatment improved neurological deficit, and reduced infarct volume, cerebral edema and neuronal injury in MCAO/R-injured mice. BAK decreased the number of Iba1-immunoreactive cells in the brain, indicating a reduction of microglial activation. BAK also reduced the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18. BAK triggered Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and elevated HO-1 level. Further, the role of BAK was explored in BV-2 microglia with 3-h oxygen-glucose deprivation/24-h reperfusion (3-h OGD/24-h R). It was found that the functions of BAK in vitro were consistent with those in vivo, as manifested by reduced NLRP3 inflammasome and activated Nrf2 signaling. In addition, BV-2 cells were treated with Brusatol, an Nrf2 inhibitor. Results showed that Brusatol partially reversed the protective effect of BAK on OGD/R-injured BV-2 cells, further confirming that BAK might exhibit its anti-inflammatory property via activating Nrf2 signaling. In short, BAK is more meaningful in improving cerebral ischemic injury through suppressing NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Membrane-Active Bakuchiol Derivatives as Effective Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents

Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria seriously endanger human health and global public health. Therefore, it is urgent to discover and develop novel antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of new membrane-active bakuchiol derivatives by biomimicking the structure and function of cationic antibacterial peptides. The most promising compound 28 displayed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 1.56-3.125 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 3.125 μg/mL), very weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Compound 28 had rapid bactericidal properties and avoided bacterial resistance. More importantly, compound 28 showed strong in vivo antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in murine corneal infection models. This design strategy is expected to provide an effective solution to the antibiotic crisis.

Organic synthesis and anti-influenza A virus activity of cyclobakuchiols A, B, C, and D

Novel antiviral agents for influenza, which poses a substantial threat to humans, are required. Cyclobakuchiols A and B have been isolated from Psoralea glandulosa, and cyclobakuchiol C has been isolated from P. corylifolia. The structural differences between cyclobakuchiol A and C arise due to the oxidation state of isopropyl group, and these compounds can be derived from (+)-(S)-bakuchiol, a phenolic isoprenoid compound present in P. corylifolia seeds. We previously reported that bakuchiol induces enantiospecific anti-influenza A virus activity involving nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. However, it remains unclear whether cyclobakuchiols A–C induce anti-influenza A virus activity. In this study, cyclobakuchiols A, B, and C along with cyclobakuchiol D, a new artificial compound derived from cyclobakuchiol B, were synthesized and examined for their anti-influenza A virus activities using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. As a result, cyclobakuchiols A–D were found to inhibit influenza A viral infection, growth, and the reduction of expression of viral mRNAs and proteins in influenza A virus-infected cells. Additionally, these compounds markedly reduced the mRNA expression of the host cell influenza A virus-induced immune response genes, interferon-β and myxovirus-resistant protein 1. In addition, cyclobakuchiols A–D upregulated the mRNA levels of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, an Nrf2-induced gene, in influenza A virus-infected cells. Notably, cyclobakuchiols A, B, and C, but not D, induced the Nrf2 activation pathway. These findings demonstrate that cyclobakuchiols have anti-influenza viral activity involving host cell oxidative stress response. In addition, our results suggest that the suitably spatial configuration between oxidized isopropyl group and phenol moiety in the structure of cyclobakuchiols is required for their effect.

Bakuchiol from Psoralea corylifolia L. Ameliorates acute kidney injury and improves survival in experimental polymicrobial sepsis

Bakuchiol (BAK) is a prenylated phenolic mono-terpene extracted from the fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which exerts a protective effect on organs. However, whether BAK has a protective effect on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is not clear. In our study we have demonstrated for the first time that pretreatment with BAK significantly reduced bacterial load, inflammation and renal oxidative stress in caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Moreover, CLP-induced renal histological damage, mortality and clinical signs were markedly attenuated by BAK. Additionally, BAK inhibited sepsis-induced activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling in the kidneys. The evidence presented here has confirmed that BAK exerts multifunctional activity in protection against S-AKI. This action of BAK is probably due to the blockade of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Our findings offer a novel potential for BAK in protection against sepsis and S-AKI.

Bakuchiol Alleviates Hyperglycemia-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Reducing Myocardial Oxidative Stress via Activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Bakuchiol (BAK), a monoterpene phenol reported to have exerted a variety of pharmacological effects, has been related to multiple diseases, including myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, liver fibrosis, and cancer. However, the effects of BAK on hyperglycemia-caused diabetic cardiomyopathy and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, streptozotocin-induced mouse model and high-glucose-treated cell model were conducted to investigate the protective roles of BAK on diabetic cardiomyopathy, in either the presence or absence of SIRT1-specific inhibitor EX527, SIRT1 siRNA, or Nrf2 siRNA. Our data demonstrated for the first time that BAK could significantly abate diabetic cardiomyopathy by alleviating the cardiac dysfunction, ameliorating the myocardial fibrosis, mitigating the cardiac hypertrophy, and reducing the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, BAK achieved its antifibrotic and antihypertrophic actions by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, as well as decreasing the expressions of fibrosis- and hypertrophy-related markers. Intriguingly, these above effects of BAK were largely attributed to the remarkable activation of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling, which eventually strengthened cardiac antioxidative capacity by elevating the antioxidant production and reducing the reactive oxygen species generation. However, all the beneficial results were markedly abolished with the administration of EX527, SIRT1 siRNA, or Nrf2 siRNA. In summary, these novel findings indicate that BAK exhibits its therapeutic properties against hyperglycemia-caused diabetic cardiomyopathy by attenuating myocardial oxidative damage via activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling.

Bakuchiol Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuron Damage by Regulating Trx1/TXNIP and the Phosphorylation of AMPK After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a fatal cerebrovascular condition with complex pathophysiology that reduces brain perfusion and causes cerebral functional impairments. An increasing number of studies indicate that early brain injury (EBI), which occurs within the first 72 h of SAH, plays a crucial role in the poor prognosis of SAH. Bakuchiol (Bak) has been demonstrated to have multiorgan protective effects owing to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Bak on EBI after SAH and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, 428 adult male C57BL/6J mice weighing 20 to 25 g were observed to investigate the effects of Bak administration in an SAH animal model. The neurological function and brain edema were assessed. Content of MDA/3-NT/8-OHdG/superoxide anion and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px were tested. The function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the protein levels of claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were observed. TUNEL staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining were conducted to evaluate the death of neurons. Ultrastructural changes of the neurons were observed under the transmission electron microscope. Finally, the roles of Trx, TXNIP, and AMPK in the protective effect of Bak were investigated. The data showed that Bak administration 1) increased the survival rate and alleviated neurological functional deficits; 2) alleviated BBB disruption and brain edema; 3) attenuated oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species, MDA, 3-NT, 8-OHdG, gp91^phox, and 4-HNE; increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px; and alleviated the damage to the ultrastructure of mitochondria; 4) inhibited cellular apoptosis by regulating the protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3; and 5) upregulated the protein levels of Trx1 as well as the phosphorylation of AMPK and downregulated the protein levels of TXNIP. Moreover, the protective effects of Bak were partially reversed by PX-12 and compound C. To summarize, Bak attenuates EBI after SAH by alleviating BBB disruption, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via regulating Trx1/TXNIP expression and the phosphorylation of AMPK. Its powerful protective effects might make Bak a promising novel drug for the treatment of EBI after SAH.

Efficacy of a Dermocosmetic Serum Combining Bakuchiol and Vanilla Tahitensis Extract to Prevent Skin Photoaging in vitro and to Improve Clinical Outcomes for Naturally Aged Skin

Background

Skin aging is characterized by slacking and loss of density, especially under ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure.

Objective

To investigate the beneficial effects of a combination containing bakuchiol (BK) and vanilla tahitensis extract (VTE) to prevent skin photoaging in vitro and to improve clinical outcomes for naturally aged skin.

Materials and Methods

Human dermal fibroblasts were treated with active compounds, exposed to an acute dose of UVA and analyzed by confocal microscopy: actin network for morphology, interleukin-8 (IL-8) for inflammation and p16 for senescence. Human skin was used to evaluate chronic UVA-induced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and to assess the benefit of topical application of a BK+VTE serum (Alcian blue staining). An open-label clinical trial was conducted in women applying the serum twice daily for 56 days (n=43). Skin remodeling was assessed by FaceScan^®. Firmness was evaluated through Dynaskin^® and clinical scoring. Skin radiance was also rated on standardized full-face photographs.

Results

UVA induced a significant increase in IL-8 and p16 expression and marked morphological changes in fibroblasts. Treatment with BK or VTE alone prevented both actin network alteration and IL-8 upregulation. Interestingly, BK+VTE demonstrated synergistic protection against IL-8 and p16 overexpression. Serum application prevented GAG loss at the dermo-epidermal junction and increased dermal GAG in UVA-exposed skin explants. In the clinical trial, face ptosis was reduced by 11% on average for 26 responsive subjects and up to 23%. Depth of skin deformation was also reduced by 24% on average for 30 responsive subjects and up to 30%. This firming effect was confirmed by clinical scoring. Radiance was significantly improved by 29% on average for 33 responsive subjects. The serum demonstrated good tolerance/safety.

Conclusion

BK+VTE combination demonstrated anti-aging efficacy and might provide a substantial benefit in the daily care of naturally aged skin in women, through their synergistic effect on inflammaging and senescence.

Clinicopathological features of Bu Gu Zhi-induced liver injury, a long-term follow-up cohort study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Bu Gu Zhi (BGZ) is a Chinese herb consumed mainly for osteoporosis treatment. Only small case series of BGZ-induced liver injury (BGZILI) have been reported. We describe the clinicopathological features and clinical course of BGZILI.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) at Beijing Friendship Hospital from 2005 to 2017 were reviewed. Clinical and follow-up data were analysed.

RESULTS

Of the 547 DILI patients, 40 cases (7.3%) were attributed to BGZILI. About 34/40 (85.0%) patients were females with a median age of 63 (range, 54-70) years. The median latency period was 45 (range, 29-90) days. Patients commonly presented with loss of appetite (57.5%), dark urine (57.5%) and fatigue (55.0%). The median level of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase at BGZILI onset was 673.5 and 423.0 U/L respectively. Total bilirubin (TB) and direct bilirubin (DB) were 59.0 and 39.4 µmol/L respectively. The biochemical liver injury pattern was hepatocellular (92.5%), cholestatic (5.0%) and mixed (2.5%). They were categorized into 'mild' (N = 23, 57.5%), 'moderate' (6, 15.0%) or 'severe' (11, 27.5%) according to severity assessment by DILI network. The main histological injury pattern in 9/40 patients with liver biopsy was acute hepatitis with/without cholestasis. Median duration of follow-up was 26.3 months with recovery in 37 patients within 6 months. No patients died or required transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

BGZ-induced liver injury manifested more often as a hepatocellular injury pattern with mild to moderate hepatocellular damage. Most patients recovered after cessation of BGZ within 6 months, and none developed end-stage liver disease or died.

Five Constituents in Psoralea corylifolia L. Attenuate Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Injury via Inhibiting the Protein Kinase C-α/Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Pathway

Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) is a traditional Chinese herb used to treat yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney in pediatric disease. Our previous studies have found that PC can alleviate the liver oxidative stress of juvenile mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of the protein kinase C-α (PKC-α)/nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to confirm the aforementioned drug target in vitro and to conduct preliminary screening for some effective compounds of PC on the treatment of NASH. A primary hepatocyte model of non alcoholic fatty liver disease was established by palmitic acid. The existence of Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Neobavaisoflavone, Isobavachalcone, and Bakuchiol were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Then, five PC compounds were administered. Intracellular triglyceride and total cholesterol content, the cell supernatant alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and hepatocellular superoxide anion were examined. The changes of PKC-α/NOX signaling pathways in hepatocytes were also determined. Furthermore, PKC-α activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was administered for 4 h before Psoralen intervention was conducted again to detect the changes of PKC-α/NOX signaling pathways. Our data demonstrated that Psoralen, Isopsoralen, and Isobavachalcone decreased intracellular content of triglyceride while all five PC compounds improved hepatocellular total cholesterol accumulation and hepatocyte damage in palmitic acid-induced primary hepatocyte model of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. All five PC compounds could also reduce hepatocytic superoxide anion levels, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate/reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate ratio, NOX activity as well as p47^phox protein expression and PKCα activation in hepatocytes. Psoralen exhibited the best efficacy but the effectiveness was lost when pre-stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The results suggest that Psoralen, Isopsoralen, and Isobavachalcone could improve hepatocyte steatosis; five PC compounds could ameliorate hepatocyte injury, relieve oxidative stress, and downregulate the PKC-α/NOX signaling pathway of hepatocytes. In addition, Psoralen exhibits the best efficacy and a prospective PKC-α inhibitor pharmaceutical activity.

Detection of four phenolic oestrogens by a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on a hexestrol monoclonal antibody

A novel HEX monoclonal antibody/MACA/nanogold electrochemical immunosensor was constructed to detect four phenolic oestrogens by a nanosized effect, layer by layer self-assembly and antigen–antibody specific immune technology.

Fluorene-9-bisphenol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells by repressing TGF-β signaling pathway

Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), a new derivative of bisphenol A (BPA), has been introduced for treatment with estrogen-related tumors, such as endometrial cancer. This study investigated the potential mechanism underlying the action of BHPF against endometrial cancer in vitro. We used the cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) method on Ishikawa cells to screen sub-lethal doses of BHPF and established the optimal concentration at which BHPF influenced the proliferation of Ishikawa cells. Effect of BHPF on cell migration and invasion was investigated by cell scratch assay and transwell assay, respectively. Expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. BHPF was found to inhibit the proliferation of Ishikawa cells, whose migration and invasion abilities were also reduced. Western blot indicated that BHPF can significantly inhibit the EMT process of Ishikawa cells by blocking transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. This is the first report of the effect of BHPF on the biological behavior of endometrial cancer cells and its inhibition of endometrial cancer progression by repressing both endometrial cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hence suggesting it as a novel anti-cancer drug. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the molecular basis underlying BHPF treatment. BHPF repressed the EMT process by regulating EMT-related genes, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin as well as the TGF-β signaling pathway-related genes, including p-Smad2/3 and slug, in a BHPF-dependent manner.